Evaluation of correlation of serum lipid profile in patients with oral cancer and precancer and its association with tobacco abuse

Health effects associated with chewing tobacco: a Burden of Proof study

Chewing tobacco use poses serious health risks; yet it has not received as much attention as other tobacco-related products. This study synthesizes existing evidence regarding the health impacts of chewing tobacco while accounting for various sources of uncertainty. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of chewing tobacco and seven health outcomes, drawing on 103 studies published from 1970 to 2023. We use a Burden of Proof meta-analysis to generate conservative risk estimates and find weak-to-moderate evidence that tobacco chewers have an increased risk of stroke, lip and oral cavity cancer, esophageal cancer, nasopharynx cancer, other pharynx cancer, and laryngeal cancer. We additionally find insufficient evidence of an association between chewing tobacco and ischemic heart disease. Our findings highlight a need for policy makers, researchers, and communities at risk to devote greater attention to chewing tobacco by both advancing tobacco control efforts and investing in strengthening the existing evidence base.

Integrated fragment-based drug design and virtual screening techniques for exploring the antidiabetic potential of thiazolidine-2,4-diones: Design, synthesis and in vivo studies

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood sugar levels and related complications. This study focuses on harnessing and integrating fragment-based drug design and virtual screening techniques to explore the antidiabetic potential of newly synthesized thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives. The research involves the design of novel variations of thiazolidine-2,4-dione compounds by Fragment-Based Drug Design. The screening process involves pharmacophore based virtual screening through docking algorithms, and the identification of newly twelve top-scoring compounds. The molecular docking analysis revealed that compounds SP4e, SP4f showed highest docking scores of -9.082 and -10.345. The binding free energies of the compounds SP4e, SP4f and pioglitazone was found to be -19.9, -16.1 and -13 respectively, calculated using the Prime MM/GBSA approach. The molecular dynamic study validates the docking results. Furthermore, In the Swiss albino mice model, both SP4e and SP4f exhibited significant hypoglycaemic effects, comparable to the reference drug pioglitazone. Furthermore, these compounds demonstrated favorable effects on the lipid profile, reducing total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels while increasing HDL levels. In mice tissue, the disease control group showed PPAR-γ expression of 4.200 ± 0.24, while compound SP4f displayed higher activation at 7.84 ± 0.431 compared to compound SP4e with an activation of 7.68 ± 0.65. In zebrafish model, SP4e and SP4f showed significant reductions in blood glucose levels and lipid peroxidation, along with increased glutathione levels and catalase activity. These findings highlighted the potential of SP4e and SP4f as antidiabetic agents, warranting further exploration for therapeutic applications. The in vitro study was performed in HEK-2 cell line, the pioglitazone group demonstrated PPAR-γ expression of EC50 = 575.2, while compound SP4f exhibited enhanced activation at EC50 = 739.0 in contrast to compound SP4e activation of EC50 = 826.7.

Lipid metabolism reprogramming in head and neck cancer

Lipid metabolism reprogramming is one of the most prominent metabolic anomalies in cancer, wherein cancer cells undergo dysregulation of lipid metabolism to acquire adequate energy, cell membrane building blocks, as well as signaling molecules essential for cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis. These adaptations enable cancer cells to effectively respond to challenges posed by the tumor microenvironment, leading to cancer therapy resistance and poor cancer prognosis. Head and neck cancer, ranking as the seventh most prevalent cancer, exhibits numerous abnormalities in lipid metabolism. Nevertheless, the precise role of lipid metabolic rewiring in head and neck cancer remains unclear. In line with the LIPID MAPS Lipid Classification System and cancer risk factors, the present review delves into the dysregulated molecules and pathways participating in the process of lipid uptake, biosynthesis, transportation, and catabolism. We also present an overview of the latest advancements in understanding alterations in lipid metabolism and how they intersect with the carcinogenesis, development, treatment, and prognosis of head and neck cancer. By shedding light on the significance of metabolic therapy, we aspire to improve the overall prognosis and treatment outcomes of head and neck cancer patients.

Clinical relevance of serum lipids in the carcinogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Dyslipidaemia is associated with cancers. However, the specific expression of serum lipids in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unclear, and it remains unknown whether serum lipids are associated with the development of OPMD and OSCC. This study investigated the serum lipid profiles of OPMD and OSCC patients, and the association of serum lipids with the occurrence of OPMD and OSCC.

METHODS

A total of 532 patients were recruited from the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University. Serum lipid parameters including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A (Apo-A), apolipoprotein B (Apo-B), and lipoprotein (a) (Lpa) were analysed, and clinicopathological data were collected for further analysis. Furthermore, a regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between serum lipids and the occurrence of OSCC and OPMD.

RESULTS

After adjusting for age and sex, no significant differences were observed in serum lipid or body mass index (BMI) between OSCC patients and controls (P > 0.05). HDL-C, Apo-A, and Apo-B levels were lower in OSCC patients than in OPMD patients (P < 0.05); HDL-C and Apo-A levels were higher in OPMD patients than in controls (P < 0.05). Furthermore, female OSCC patients had higher Apo-A and BMI values than males. The HDL-C level was lower in patients under 60 years of age than in elders (P < 0.05); and age was related to a higher risk of developing OSCC. Female patients with OPMD had higher TC, HDL-C, and Apo-A levels than males (P < 0.05); OPMD patients over 60 years of age had higher HDL-C than youngers (P < 0.05), whereas the LDL-C level was lower in elders (P < 0.05). The HDL-C and BMI values of the patients with oral leukoplakia (OLK) with dysplasia were more elevated than those of the oral lichen planus group, and the LDL-C, and Apo-A levels in patients with OLK with dysplasia were decreased (P < 0.05). Sex, high HDL-C and Apo-A values were associated with the development of OPMD.

CONCLUSION

Serum lipids exhibited certain differences according to the occurrence and development of OSCC; high levels of HDL-C and Apo-A might be markers for predicting OPMD.

Comparative Study of Serum Lipid Profile in Tobacco Addicts, Tobacco Non-addicts and Head-Neck Malignancy

The present study was undertaken to evaluate lipid profile in tobacco consumers with and without head and neck malignancy and to see whether tobacco consumption causes same degree of alteration in lipid profile. Prospective study of serum lipid profile in 90 patients was done at Govt. Medical College Hospital. Various details of all participants such as age and sex of patients, detailed history of tobacco consumption were taken. Patients were divided into group I, II and III. Serum lipid profile was studied in 30 patients with tobacco addicts for more than 5 years in the form of tobacco chewing and smoking without head-neck malignancy (Group I), 30 patients with tobacco addicts for more than 5 yrs in the form of tobacco chewing and smoking with head-neck malignancy (Group II) and 30 controls i.e., non-smokers and non-tobacco chewers (Group III). Statistical analysis was done to compare the serum lipid profile (Total Cholesterol, HDL, Ratio, Sr. triglyceride, VLDL, LDL) among the tobacco chewers with head and neck malignancy, non-tobacco consumers and tobacco consumers without malignancy and controls i.e., non-smokers and non-tobacco chewers. There was no significant change in total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, HDL in patients with tobacco addicts and tobacco non-addicts. Serum triglycerides are significantly decreased in tobacco addicts and in malignancy. Total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL are significantly increased in malignancy as compared to tobacco addicts and tobacco non-addicts. There was no significant change in total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, HDL in patients with tobacco addicts and tobacco non-addicts. Serum triglycerides are significantly decreased in tobacco addicts and in malignancy.

Plasma metabolic phenotypes of HPV-associated vs smoking-associated head and neck cancer and patient survival

BACKGROUND

Metabolic differences between human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and smoking-associated HNSCC may partially explain differences in prognosis. The former relies on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) while the latter relies on glycolysis. These differences have not been studied in blood.

METHODS

We extracted metabolites using untargeted liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry from pretreatment plasma in a cohort of 55 HPV-associated and 82 smoking-associated HNSCC subjects. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed metabolites produced pathway-based signatures. Significant pathways (P<0.05) were reduced via principal components analysis and assessed with overall survival via Cox models. We classified each subject as glycolytic or OXPHOS phenotype and assessed it with survival.

RESULTS

Of 2,410 analyzed metabolites, 191 were differentially expressed. Relative to smoking-associated HNSCC, bile acid biosynthesis (P<0.0001) and octadecatrienoic acid beta-oxidation (P=0.01), were upregulated in HPV-associated HNSCC, while galactose metabolism (P=0.001) and vitamin B6 metabolism (P=0.01) were downregulated; the first two suggest an OXPHOS phenotype while the latter two suggest glycolytic. First principal components of bile acid biosynthesis (HR=0.52 per standard deviation, 95% CI:0.38-0.72, P<0.001) and octadecatrienoic acid beta-oxidation (HR=0.54 per sd, 95% CI:0.38-0.78, P<0.001) were significantly associated with overall survival independent of HPV and smoking. The glycolytic vs OXPHOS phenotype was also independently associated with survival (HR=3.17, 95% CI:1.07-9.35; P=0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Plasma metabolites related to glycolysis and mitochondrial OXPHOS may be biomarkers of HNSCC patient prognosis independent of HPV or smoking. Future investigations should determine if they predict treatment efficacy.

IMPACT

Blood metabolomics may be a useful marker to aid HNSCC patient prognosis.

High Levels of Low-Density Lipoproteins Correlate with Improved Survival in Patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

Circulating lipoproteins as risk factors or prognostic indicators for various cancers have been investigated previously; however, no clear consensus has been reached. In this study, we aimed at evaluating the impact of serum lipoproteins on the prognosis of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), triglycerides and lipoprotein(a) were measured in serum samples from 106 patients and 28 healthy controls. We found that HDL was the only lipoprotein exhibiting a significant difference in concentration between healthy controls and patients (p = 0.012). Kaplan–Meier survival curves indicated that patients with high levels of total cholesterol or LDL had better overall survival than patients with normal levels (p = 0.028 and p = 0.007, respectively). Looking at patients without lipid medication (n = 89) and adjusting for the effects of TNM stage and weight change, multivariate Cox regression models indicated that LDL was an independent prognostic factor for both overall (p = 0.005) and disease-free survival (p = 0.013). In summary, our study revealed that high LDL level is beneficial for survival outcome in patients with SCCHN. Use of cholesterol-lowering medicines for prevention or management of SCCHN needs to be evaluated carefully.

New diagnostic markers in basal cell carcinoma

Background:

The clinical significance of plasma lipoprotein levels in the diagnosis and prognosis of certain diseases is known fact. Some studies have reported different and contradictory levels of blood lipoproteins in cancer patients. Therefore, we decided to compare lipid profiles in patients with basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and healthy individuals.

Materials and Methods:

In this case-control study, lipid biomarkers in blood plasma of 64 patients with BCC compared with biomarkers in 64 healthy subjects. According to including criteria's both group selected. 5 cc blood samples taken after 8–12 h of fasting. Ultimately, the diagnosis of biopsy samples confirmed by the dermatopathologist. The information data entered into the PASS II software and then characterized by a descriptive and analytical statistics of the lipid profile. The role of the related factors was assessed by two sample t-test power analysis.

Results:

In this research, mean age of patient group and the healthy one was 67.13 ± 11.33 and 64.31 ± 6.98, respectively. The average amount of triglyceride, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein in the BCC patients were 147.97 ± 87.11 mg/dl, 188.25 ± 38.90 mg/dl, 61.98 ± 18.61 mg/dl and 95.98 ± 31.69 mg/dl, respectively, whereas these amounts in the control group were 137.34 ± 61.41 mg/dl, 173.22 ± 38.79 mg/dl, 42.34 ± 7.83 mg/dl and 106.44 ± 35.17 mg/dl, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between cholesterol and HDL in patients with BCC and healthy controls, respectively (P = 0.030) (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

It seems that changes in lipid profile can help as a diagnostic marker for detecting cancer like BCC. Although this change could be different in lipid markers and also among different types of cancer.

Assessment of the Predictive Role of Serum Lipid Profiles in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Purpose

Effective predictors of the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) are still insufficient. This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of serum lipid profiles for the response to NAC in breast cancer patients.

Methods

A total of 533 breast cancer patients who had received NAC were retrospectively studied. The pretreatment of serum lipids, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and lipoprotein-α, and clinicopathological characteristics were collected to assess their predictive roles.

Results

Breast cancer patients had significantly lower TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C levels than normal individuals. Among these indicators, TG and LDL-C levels and HDL-C level increased and decreased significantly after NAC, respectively. In estrogen receptor (ER)-positive patients, increased LDL-C level was associated with better outcomes. Moreover, the receiver operating characteristic curve analyses suggested that TG and HDL-C levels at diagnosis can be used as predictors of the response to NAC only in the ER-positive subgroup. According to univariate analyses, patients with low TG level (< 1.155 mmol/L) or high HDL-C level (≥ 1.305 mmol/L) in the ER-positive subgroup had more favorable clinical responses than the other patients in the subgroup. Furthermore, according to multivariate analyses, a high HDL-C level (≥ 1.305 mmol/L, p = 0.007) was an independent predictor of NAC efficacy.

Conclusion

High HDL-C level (≥ 1.305 mmol/L) before NAC and increased LDL-C level after NAC were associated with the better treatment response in ER-positive breast cancer patients. These results are potentially considered beneficial in establishing treatment decisions.

Chronic disease comorbidity in patients with oral leukoplakia: A matched case-control study

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of chronic diseases in patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) compared to controls matched for age group, gender, smoking and alcohol use.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

This case-control study examined the general demographics, medical and social histories of 105 OL cases and 391 controls matched for age group, gender, tobacco and alcohol use. All OL cases were diagnosed based on both clinical and histopathological findings.

RESULTS

Chronic diseases were significantly associated with OL, namely dyslipidaemia (p < .0001), musculoskeletal diseases (p = .0101) and asthma (p = .0052). The use of ACE inhibitors (p = .0177), opioid analgesics (p = .0300), anticoagulants (p = .0055) and statins (p = .0010) was significantly associated with OL. Dyslipidaemia (p < .0001; odds ratio [95% CI]: 6.4 [3.5-11.6]) and asthma (p = .0110; odds ratio [95% CI]: 2.2 [1.2-4.0]) were identified as independent predictors of OL in multivariate analysis, both of which were significantly more common amongst cases than controls.

CONCLUSIONS

Results from this first Australian study suggest that dyslipidaemia and asthma may constitute independent predictors for the presence of OL. However, longitudinal studies are needed to ascertain the temporal relationship between OL and chronic disease comorbidity and the mechanisms underlying these associations.

Fatty acids distribution and content in oral squamous cell carcinoma tissue and its adjacent microenvironment

Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity mucosa grows under conditions of poor oxygenation and nutrient scarcity. Reprogramming of lipid biosynthesis accompanies tumor growth, but the conditions under which it occurs are not fully understood. The fatty acid content of the serum, tumor tissue and adjacent tumor microenvironment was measured by gas chromatography in 30 patients with squamous cell carcinoma grade 1-3. Twenty-five fatty acids were identified; their frequencies and percentages in each of the environments were assessed. Nineteen of the twenty-five fatty acids were found in tumor tissue, tumor adjacent tissue and blood serum. Of them, 8 were found in all thirty patients. Percentages of C16:0 and C18:1n9 were highest in the tumor, C18:1n9 and C16:0 were highest in tumor adjacent tissue, and C16:0 and C18:0 were highest in blood serum. The frequencies and amounts of C22:1n13, C22:4n6, C22:5n3 and C24:1 in tumor adjacent tissues were higher than those in blood serum, independent of the tumor grade. The correlations between the amount of fatty acid and tumor grade were the strongest in tumor adjacent tissues. The correlations between particular fatty acids were most prevalent for grade 1+2 tumors and were strongest for grade 3 tumors. In the adjacent tumor microenvironment, lipogenesis was controlled by C22:6w3. In blood serum, C18:1trans11 limited the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids. Our research reveals intensive lipid changes in oral cavity SCC adjacent to the tumor microenvironment and blood serum of the patients. Increase in percentage of some of the FAs in the path: blood serum-tumor adjacent microenvironment-tumor, and it is dependent on tumor grade. This dependency is the most visible in the tumor adjacent environment.

Delineating metabolic dysfunction in cellular metabolism of oral submucous fibrosis using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

OBJECTIVE

To delineate the metabolism involved in oral submucous fibrosis progression towards carcinogenesis by ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

METHODS

The proposed study was designed using ¹H-NMR by comparing the metabolites in the serum sample of oral submucous fibrosis (n = 20) compared to the normal group (n = 20) using ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Various statistical analysis like multivariate statistical analysis, Principle component analysis, Partial least squares Discriminant Analysis, Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to analyze potential serum metabolites.

RESULTS

The results generated from the principle component analysis, partial least squares discriminant analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis are sufficient to distinguish between oral submucous fibrosis group and normal group. A total of 15 significant metabolites associated with main pathways were identified, which correlated with the progression of cancer. Up-regulation of glucose metabolism-related metabolites indicated the high energy demand due to enhanced cell division rate in the oral submucous fibrosis group. A significant increase in lipid metabolism-related metabolites revealed the reprogramming of the fatty acids metabolic pathway to fulfilling the need for cell membrane formation in cancer cells. On the other hand, metabolites related to choline phosphocholine, the metabolic pathway was also altered.

CONCLUSION

Our findings could identify the differentiating metabolites in the oral submucous fibrosis group. Significant alteration in metabolites in the oral submucous fibrosis group exhibited deregulation in metabolic events. The findings reported in the study can be beneficial to further explain the molecular aspects that lead to the progression of oral submucous fibrosis towards carcinogenesis.

Alteration of Serum Lipid in Oral Sub Mucous Fibrosis in Central India

Oral sub mucous fibrosis is the most common precancerous lesion in India. Lipids are the major cell membrane components essential for various biological function including cell growth and division for the maintenance of cell integrity of normal and malignant tissue. Low levels of lipids serves as a marker and prognostic indicator in the early detection of oral precancerous and cancerous states. In spite of high prevalence and its potential to undergo malignant transformation, this condition has not widely been investigated with respect to serum lipid levels. In present study an attempt is made to analyze the complete serum profile, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein. Low density lipoprotein, and very low density lipoprotein in oral precancerous lesion and control. Study was conducted in 30 clinically and histopathologically diagnosed cases of premalignant lesion and 30 age and sex match controls. The complete lipid profile including TC, TG, HDL, LDL, and VLDL was analyzed. Serum lipid levels were significantly lower in patients with oral lesion than in controls. From the finding it appears that the decreases in the lipid levels may be considered as useful marker in the early diagnosis of oral premalignant lesion.

Serum-based diagnostic prediction of oral submucous fibrosis using FTIR spectrometry

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is found to have the highest malignant potentiality among all other pre-cancerous lesions. However, its detection prior to tissue biopsy can be challenging in clinics. Moreover, biopsy examination is invasive and painful. Hence, there is an urgent need of new technology that facilitates accurate diagnostic prediction of OSF prior to biopsy. Here, we used FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometric techniques to distinguish the serum metabolic signatures of OSF patients (n=30) and healthy controls (n=30). Serum biochemical analyses have been performed to further support the FTIR findings. Absorbance intensities of 45 infrared wavenumbers differed significantly between OSF and normal serum FTIR spectra representing alterations in carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Nineteen prominent significant wavenumbers (P≤0.001) at 1020, 1025, 1035, 1039, 1045, 1078, 1055, 1100, 1117, 1122, 1151, 1169, 1243, 1313, 1398, 1453, 1544, 1650 and 1725cm^-1 provided excellent segregation of OSF spectra from normal using multivariate statistical techniques. These findings provided essential information on the metabolic features of blood serum of OSF patients and established that FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometric analysis can be potentially useful in the rapid and accurate preoperative screening/diagnosis of OSF.

Comparative Evaluation of Serum Lipid Profile in Patients with Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma with that of Control Subjects: A Case Control Study

Aim

The aim of the study was to evaluate the serum lipid profile among untreated oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) patients.

Materials and Methods

This study was done in three groups of patients - OSMF, OSCC, and control. There are twenty participants in each group. Calorimetric method using semi-autoanalyzer was used for analyzing the lipid levels (cholesterol, triglycerides [TGL], and high-density lipids [HDL]) after collecting 2 ml of fasting blood from these patients. Low-density lipid [LDL] values were obtained by calculator method.

Results

There was a significant decrease in serum lipid levels of patients with OSMF and OSCC.

Conclusion

The decrease in lipid levels in OSMF and OSCC patients is due to its utilization by the cells during the cancer process.

Hypertension, serum lipids and cancer risk: A review of epidemiological evidence

Although the association between blood pressure, serum lipids and cancer risk has been investigated, the results are controversial. The aim of this literature review was to examine the epidemiological evidence and provide overview of the association between blood pressure, serum lipids and cancer risk. The arterial hypertension is closely linked with renal cell cancer development. Risk of renal cell cancer was 2-4 times higher for persons with arterial hypertension, independently of sex. In some studies arterial hypertension as one of the components of the metabolic syndrome, was associated with a higher risk of colorectal, prostate cancer and malignant melanoma. Studies suggest that a higher total serum cholesterol level is linked with higher risk of colorectum, colon, prostate and testicular cancer and lower risk of stomach, liver and hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues cancer. There was positive association between serum triglycerides and esophageal, colorectal, lung, renal, thyroid cancer. Given that hypertension is a common risk factor worldwide and its control remains inadequate, our analysis supports the relevance of public health programs aimed at reducing hypertension to reduce the incidence of a number of cancers including renal cell cancer. Effective cholesterol control may lower the risk of cancer, but further studies with longer follow-up and repeated measurements of cholesterol and other lipids are needed.

Serum lipid profile in oral squamous cell carcinoma: alterations and association with some clinicopathological parameters and tobacco use

Hypocholesterolemia has been observed in patients with cancers of various organs; however the potential role of alterations in serum lipid profile in oral cancer remains controversial. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the serum lipid profile in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its prognostic significance. Ninety untreated OSCC patients, who reported to the craniofacial unit for treatment between 2011 and 2014, were identified to obtain clinicopathological data and preoperative blood investigations including lipid profile. The fasting blood lipid profile, including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL), was evaluated using a fully automated biochemistry analyser. Data were analyzed statistically using the Student's t-test, analysis of variance, and post hoc tests. Statistically significant decreases in serum TC, HDL, and LDL levels were observed in OSCC patients as compared to healthy controls (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in mean lipid profile values in terms of stage, grade, or lymph node metastasis. This study identified changes in lipid profiles in OSCC. The results suggest that during the development and progression of OSCC, levels of serum lipids are decreased. A review of the literature confirmed that OSCC patients exhibit aberrant serum lipid patterns.

Evaluation of the Relationship between Serum Lipid Profile andOral Lichen Planus

Background and aims. Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an immunologic disorder. A large number of studies have reported that lipid rafts have a key role in receptor signaling of lymphocytes. Here, we explore the potential of lipid rafts as targets for the development of a new class of agents to down-modulate immune responses and treat autoimmune diseases. Materials and methods. The present cross-sectional study evaluated 88 patients referring to the Department of Oral Medicine in 3 groups (Group 1: erosive OLP; Group 2: non-erosive OLP; Group 3: healthy). A total of 3 mL of blood sample was taken from each subject and the serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL were determined. The mean outcomes of each group were compared with each other and analyzed two by two. Results. The results of statistical analyses showed no significant differences in mean HDL and LDL serum levels between the three groups. The results of post hoc LSD test showed that mean serum levels of subjects with erosive and non-erosive lichen planus were higher than those in healthy subjects. In relation to triglyceride serum levels, the mean serum levels of triglycerides were higher in erosive and non-erosive OLP patients compared to healthy subjects. Conclusion. Triglyceride and cholesterol can be considered to have a critical role in the incidence of lichen planus and in its manifestations as predisposing factors.

Analysis of lipid profile in cancer patients, smokers, and nonsmokers

Background:

Lipids play an important role in maintaining the cell membrane integrity. Lipid profile is a panel of blood tests that serve as an initial medical screening for abnormalities in lipids and approximate risk for cancer, cardiovascular diseases, pancreatitis, etc., The present study evaluates the alterations in lipid profile in cancer patients, smokers, and nonsmokers and aims to achieve a correlation between them.

Materials and Methods:

The study is an in vitro type of cross-sectional study with 25 oral cancer patients, 25 chronic smokers (habit persisting for 15 years or more), and 15 nonsmokers as control group. Blood samples had been collected, and triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were analyzed using a lipid profile kit and an autoanalyzer. The results were analyzed using the unpaired t-test and ANOVA test (P < 0.05).

Results:

There was a significant increase in TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL and decrease in HDL in the smokers group when compared to the controls (P < 0.05). A significant increase in LDL, but a decrease in values of HDL, VLDL, TG, and TC was observed in the cancer patients group when compared to the controls (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

There is an inverse relationship between serum lipid profile in smokers and cancer patients. The decrease in lipid profile in cancer patients might be due to their increased utilization of lipids by neoplastic cells in membrane biogenesis. Therefore, a decrease in lipid profile in smokers can be assumed that they might be more prone to develop cancerous conditions.

Serum lipid profile in oral submucous fibrosis: A clinico pathological study

Background:

Lipids play a key role in the maintenance of cell integrity. These are major cell membrane components essential for various biological functions, including cell growth and division of normal and malignant tissues. Abnormal changes have long been associated with alterations in lipid profile.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the alterations in lipid profile in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) patients and to compare the levels with respect to the clinical staging and histological grading.

Materials and Methods:

Fifty patients of OSMF, diagnosed clinically and histopathologically, were included as the study subjects. A group of 50 age and sex matched normal subjects without any oral pernicious habits were taken as controls. The serum lipid profile consisting of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), high density lipoprotein (HDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were analyzed using Erba Chem-5 Plus Analyzer.

Results:

Serum TC, HDL and LDL levels were significantly decreased in OSMF patients as compared to controls. As the clinical stage progresses, the TC and HDL levels were gradually reduced. All the lipid profile parameters such as TC, TG, HDL, VLDL and LDL progressively reduced as the histological grade advanced.

Conclusion:

The results of the present study showed that there is an inverse relationship between lipid profile and the presence of OSMF. The decreased serum lipid profile may be considered as a useful indicator for initial changes occurring in the cells of potentially malignant disorders like OSMF.

Exploratory Study to Evaluate Changes in Serum Lipid Levels as Early Diagnostic and/or Prognostic Indicators for Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Cancer among Gutkha Consumers in India

BACKGROUND

In India smokeless tobacco users account for 25.9% of total tobacco use, Gutkha being the most common form. This study evaluated the association between serum lipid profile and Gutkha use as an early diagnostic and/or prognostic indicator for oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and oral cancer (Oral Ca) in non-smokers and non-alcohol consumers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 163 participants were recruited from two sites in India. Participants were divided into four groups: individuals without any Gutkha chewing habit and without any oral lesions (control group), individuals with Gutkha chewing habit but without any oral lesions (GWL), patients with a confirmed clinical diagnosis of OSMF, and patients with a confirmed diagnosis of Oral Ca. Mixed linear modelling (MLM) was conducted to detect the change in mean serum lipid levels among four groups.

RESULTS

The sample consisted of 69% males and 31% females. Results of MLM show an inverse relationship between serum lipid levels in OSMF, and Oral Ca groups when compared to the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of our study demonstrated that GWL, OSMF and Oral Ca patients had lower serum lipid levels. Low serum lipid levels could be an indicator of initial neoplastic changes in oral cancer.

Alteration of serum lipid profile and its prognostic value in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Several serum lipid components have been implicated in the development of cancer. However, the prognostic significance of serum lipid components in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is unknown. Here, we investigated the predictive value of serum lipid profile at diagnosis and in the overall survival of the patients.

METHODS

The study population consists of 136 pathologically confirmed head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cases diagnosed between years 2009 and 2014 at a tertiary medical center. Levels of preoperative serum lipid component's total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein A, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein (a) were compared between patients and normal controls matched for age and gender. Serum lipid profiles and their association with clinical parameters were analyzed. The effects of the serum lipid components on survival were examined using the proportional hazards regression model to estimate hazard ratio.

RESULTS

Significant lower levels of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein A, and apolipoprotein B were found in patients with oral cancer (P < 0.0001). However, a significantly higher level of lipoprotein (a) was found in the cancer group (P < 0.0001). Patients with higher lipoprotein (a) had significantly shorter overall survival than those with lower lipoprotein (a) (P = 0.0042). Multivariate analysis showed that both higher lipoprotein (a) and lymph node metastasis are independent prognostic factors in the patient population (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

A higher lipoprotein (a) was associated with poorer prognosis and might be a novel marker in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Impact of cholesterol on disease progression

Cholesterol-rich microdomains (also called lipid rafts), where platforms for signaling are provided and thought to be associated with microbe-induced pathogenesis and lead to cancer progression. After treatment of cells with cholesterol disrupting or usurping agents, raft-associated proteins and lipids can be dissociated, and this renders the cell structure nonfunctional and therefore mitigates disease severity. This review focuses on the role of cholesterol in disease progression including cancer development and infectious diseases. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of cholesterol in these diseases may provide insight into the development of novel strategies for controlling these diseases in clinical scenarios.

Alteration of Lipid Profile in Patients with Head and Neck Malignancy

Lipids are the major cell membrane components, essential for various biological functions including cell growth and division for the maintenance of cell integrity of normal and malignant tissues. The changes in lipid profile have been associated since long with cancer and hypocholesterolemia has been observed in patients with cancers of various organs. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the alterations and clinical significance of plasma lipid profiles in untreated head and neck malignancies. The present case-control study comprises of newly diagnosed and histologically confirmed, 100 head and neck malignancy cases diagnosed between 1st July 2013 and 30th June 2014 in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal. Fasting blood samples were collected and the lipid profile studied. In present study, the authors found that there is a preponderance of head and neck malignancy in the age group of 41-60 years, males having the higher incidence. Malignancy involving oral cavity were the commonest and majority were well differentiated. Statistically, there was a highly significant reduction of mean serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides and high density lipoproteins (HDL) in the subjects of head and neck malignancy as compared to the control group. TC and HDL were also found significantly lower among those with habit of tobacco consumption.

Estimation of serum lipids in patients with Oral Submucous Fibrosis in India

OBJECTIVES

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is the most prevalent precancerous condition in India. Low levels of lipids serves as a marker and prognostic indicator in the early detection of oral precancerous and cancerous states. In spite of the high prevalence and its potential to undergo malignant transformation, this condition has not widely been investigated with respect to the serum lipid levels. In the present study, an attempt was made to analyze the complete serum lipid profile, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol in OSMF and controls.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study was conducted in 45 clinically and histopathologically diagnosed cases of OSMF and 45 age and sex matched controls. The complete lipid profile including TC, TG, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and VLDL cholesterol was analyzed.

RESULTS

The serum lipid levels were significantly lower in the patients with OSMF than in the controls. When the values were compared between different disease stages, the maximum reduction of lipids was evident for stage 3 OSMF. From the present results, it is evident that the level of serum lipids decreases with progression of the disease.

CONCLUSIONS

From these findings, it appears that the decrease in the lipid levels may be considered as a useful marker in the early diagnosis of oral premalignant condition like OSMF. Key words:Oral submucous fibrosis, lipids, premalignant condition.

Serum lipid profile in patients with oral cancer and oral precancerous conditions

BACKGROUND

The present study was undertaken to estimate and compare the levels of plasma total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and triglycerides in patients with oral precancerous lesions/conditions, oral cancer and normal subjects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study comprised of 60 patients with oral precancerous lesions/conditions, 60 patients with oral cancer and a control group of 60 healthy individuals. The diagnosis of oral precancerous lesions/conditions and oral cancer was confirmed histopathologically. Under aseptic condition 5 ml venous blood of overnight fasting patient was withdrawn from each individual. Serum was separated by centrifugation and plasma levels of TC, LDL, HDL, VLDL and triglycerides were estimated. Descriptive statistical analysis has been carried out in the present study. Analysis of variance has been used to find the significance of study parameters between three or more groups of patients, Post-hoc test as Tukey has been used to find the pair wise significance. Significance is assessed at 5% level of significance.

RESULTS

Statistically significant decrease in levels of plasma TC, LDL, HDL, VLDL and triglycerides was observed in the precancerous and cancerous groups as compared to the control group. On comparison between precancerous and cancerous groups, significant decrease was observed in cancerous group.

CONCLUSION

The change in lipid levels may have an early diagnostic or prognostic role in the oral premalignant lesions/conditions and oral cancer. The presence of decreased plasma lipid profile should increase the suspicion of these lesions to be investigated further.

Evaluation of serum and salivary lipid profile: A correlative study

Context:

The correlation of serum and salivary lipid profile has been poorly characterized. The most commonly used laboratory diagnostic procedures for lipid profile involve analysis of cellular and chemical constituents of blood/plasma. As a diagnostic aid, saliva offers many advantages over serum.

Aims:

To evaluate and compare the serum and salivary lipid profile levels in healthy individuals and to validate the role of saliva as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for assessing lipid profile.

Settings and Design:

The present study was a prospective study.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 100 healthy study subjects who had no complaint or any major illness in recent past were selected. The parameters assessed included serum and salivary: total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDLC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDLC), very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDLC) and triglycerides (TGL).

Statistical Analysis Used:

Evaluation of results and statistical analysis was carried out using descriptive, correlation and regression analysis.

Results:

There was a moderate level of correlation between serum and salivary TC, TGL, HDLC and VLDLC and there was a low and quite small correlation between serum and salivary LDLC. For all the five parameters assessed as a part of lipid profile, the correlation coefficients were highly significant statistically and also, with an increase in the serum mean values, corresponding increase in the saliva mean values for all the five parameters was noted.

Conclusions:

From the present study we conclude that saliva can be used as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for assessing lipid profile.

Atypical plasma lipid profile in cancer patients: cause or consequence?

The aberrant blood lipoprotein levels in cancer patients are reported to be associated with cancer risk and mortality incidents however, there are several discrepancies in the previous reports. Hence the clinical usefulness of plasma/serum levels in risk stratification of a variety of cancers remains elusive. The present review highlights and compiles findings from different research groups regarding association of plasma lipoprotein levels with the risk of developing various types of cancer. We will discuss some prospective underlying mechanisms for this reported association. In addition to that the potential roles of plasma lipids in promoting carcinogenesis will be conferred.

Alteration in plasma lipid profile in oral submucous fibrosis patients: A case control study

Background:

Lipids are major cell membrane components essential for various biological functions including cell growth and division of normal and malignant tissue. They are also required for maintenance of structural and functional integrity of all biological membranes. Alteration in the plasma lipid profile has been associated with a variety of cancers and precancerous conditions including those of the head and neck region.

Aim:

The present study aimed to evaluate the alteration in plasma lipid profile in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) patients.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 30 patients were included in the study, 20 with oral submucous fibrosis and 10 healthy controls. Fasting plasma lipid profile including Total Cholesterol (TC), Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL), Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL), High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) and Tri-Glycerides (TG) were measured using semiautomatic analyser. The data obtained were analysed using independent sample ‘t’ test.

Results:

A statistically significant decrease in plasma total cholesterol, LDL and HDL was observed in patients with OSMF as compared to the controls, but it was not statistically significant for VLDL and TG values.

Conclusion:

The results of the present study show that there is an inverse relationship between lipid profile and the presence of oral submucous fibrosis. Hence, alteration in plasma lipid profile may have a diagnostic role in the future and can be used as a biochemical indicator to detect the initial changes seen in the neoplastic process.

The real role of prediagnostic high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the cancer risk: a concise review

BACKGROUND

In several observational and clinical studies, the association between serum cholesterol levels and cancer is still unsettled although serum total cholesterol has been associated with increased mortality from cancer. Moreover, the importance of abnormal levels of serum lipid components as the main features of dyslipidemia and the risk of individual cancers is unclear. The prevalence of dyslipidemia is increasing worldwide but, the precise aetiology of the link between risk of cancer and the behaviour of lipid profile, prior diagnosis, has yet to be determinated. Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) at baseline of many of the studies analyzed has to be taken into account, and continued low levels of HDL without explanation should be considered by clinicians.

AIMS

The main aim of this review was to undertake the assessment of the most recent studies implying the lipid profile and cancer risk, and focused on low HDL levels at baseline and follow up, and also analyzing this behaviour on the different cancer types.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A literature search was performed to identify publications. The most recent prospective and case-control studies with multivariate Cox models were analyzed and also were considered some recent meta-analyses.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

The findings exposed in this review suggest that the association with low HDL levels at baseline of different studies of cancer risk is shared among many types of cancer, and it is mainly linked to obesity and inflammation, suggesting a common pathway.

The magnitude of tobacco smoking-betel quid chewing-alcohol drinking interaction effect on oral cancer in South-East Asia. A meta-analysis of observational studies

Tobacco smoking, betel quid chewing and alcohol drinking are oral cancer risk factors. Observational studies unanimously report that oral cancer risk in smoking-drinking-chewing exposed subjects is exceptionally high. However, none of them assessed the fractions of this risk attributable to the three individual risk factors and to the smoking-drinking-chewing interaction. The present study sought to assess the magnitude of the smoking-drinking-chewing interaction effect on oral cancer. A meta-analysis of observational South-East Asian studies which reported oral cancer odds ratios (ORs) stratified for smoking-drinking-chewing exposures was performed. The pooled ORs were estimated and controlled for quality, heterogeneity, publication bias and inclusion criteria. The smoking-drinking-chewing interaction effect was estimated through the pooled Relative Excess Risk due to Interaction (RERI, excess risk in smoking-drinking-chewing exposed individuals with respect to the risk expected from the addition of the three individual risks of smoking, drinking and chewing). Fourteen studies were included with low between-study heterogeneity. The pooled ORs for smoking, drinking, chewing, smoking-drinking-chewing, respectively were 3.6 (95% confidence interval −95% CI, 1.9–7.0), 2.2 (95% CI, 1.6–3.0), 7.9 (95% CI, 6.7–9.3), 40.1 (95% CI, 35.1–45.8). The pooled RERI was 28.4 (95% CI, 22.9–33.7). Among smoking-drinking-chewing subjects, the individual effects accounted for 6.7% (smoking), 3.1% (drinking), 17.7% (chewing) of the risk, while the interaction effect accounted for the remaining 72.6%. These data suggest that 44,200 oral cancer cases in South-East Asia annually occur among smoking-drinking-chewing exposed subjects and 40,400 of these are exclusively associated with the interaction effect. Effective oral cancer control policies must consider concurrent tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, betel quid chewing usages as a unique unhealthy lifestyle.

Alterations in serum lipid profile patterns in oral cancer

BACKGROUND

Alterations in serum lipids have long been associated with cancer as lipids play an important role in maintenance of cell integrity.

AIMS

To evaluate alterations in plasma lipid profile in oral cancer patients, to compare and correlate the serum lipid profile in different grades of carcinoma and to evaluate the correlation of serum lipid profile between the tobacco habituates and non-habituates.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Among 75 study subjects, 50 individuals were oral carcinoma patients and 25 individuals were healthy controls. The parameters assessed included total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDLC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides (TGL). These groups were subdivided into subjects with no habit of tobacco (NHT) and subjects with habit of tobacco (WHT).

STASTICAL ANALYSIS USED

Evaluation of results and statistical analysis was carried out using Student's t-test and one-way Analysis of Variance.

RESULTS

There was a significant decrease in TC, HDLC and TGL in the oral cancer group as compared with the control group. The lipid profile levels between histological grading of the oral cancer and between WHT and NHT had no statistical significance.

CONCLUSIONS

There was an inverse relationship between serum lipid profile and oral cancer. The lower serum lipid status may be considered a useful indicator for initial changes occurring in the neoplastic cells.

Estimation of plasma lipids and its significance on histopathological grades in oral cancer: Prognostic significance an original research

Background Objectives:

Alterations in the lipid profile have long been associated with various cancers because lipids play a key role in maintenance of cell integrity. This study was to estimate the plasma lipid levels in patients with oral cancer and to correlate the values with the histopathological grades.

Materials and Methods:

The study group included 50 patients with oral cancer aged between 20 and 60 years who had visited the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology during the period of September 2005 to July 2007. After the histotopathological confirmation, their plasma lipid levels were estimated using auto analyzer and the data was statistically analyzed.

Results:

The study revealed a significant decrease in the total plasma lipid levels in patients with oral cancer in comparison with the standard values. Comparing the plasma lipid levels with the histopathological grades, we observed a significant variation in the levels of total cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides

Conclusion:

The variation in the levels of plasma cholesterol and other lipid constituents in patients with cancer might be due to their increased utilization by neoplastic cells for new membrane biosynthesis. This study was an attempt to estimate the plasma lipids in oral cancer patients and its significance on histopathological grades. We observed a relationship between lower plasma lipids and oral cancer. The result of our study strongly warrants an in-depth research with larger samples and a longer follow-up to consider the low plasma lipid status in oral cancer patients as a useful indicator to assess the course and prognosis of the disease.

The relationship between serum lipid levels and the risk of oral cancer

Background:

Lipids are the major cell membrane components essential for various biological functions including cell growth and division for the maintenance of cell integrity of normal and malignant tissues. The changes in lipid profile have long been associated with cancer. Hypocholesterolemia has been observed in patients with cancers of various organs. Therefore, a causative relationship might exist between plasma lipid levels and oral cancer patients.

Aim:

The objective of this study was to investigate the alterations and clinical significance of plasma lipid profiles in untreated head and neck cancer patients.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 30 subjects (25 oral cancer patients and 5 controls) were included. Fasting blood lipid profile including cholesterol (C), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) were evaluated using spectrophotometric kits, with CHOD PAP technique. The values were then statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc methods.

Results:

The levels of total lipids, cholesterol and HDL were significantly lower in oral cancer patients as compared to controls, but LDL and VLDL values were not significant.

Conclusion:

An inverse relationship was found between the lipid levels and the occurrence of oral cancer. Hence, the lower plasma lipid status may be a useful indicator to detect the initial changes seen in neoplastic process.