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Guilherme Neto JL, Rodrigues Venturini LG, Schneider AH, Taira TM, Duffles Rodrigues LF, Veras FP, Oliveira SR, da Silva TA, Cunha FQ, Fukada SY. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Aggravate Apical Periodontitis by Stimulating Osteoclast Formation. J Endod 2023; 49:1514-1521. [PMID: 37619708 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been described as structures composed of DNA and proteins, such as elastase and myeloperoxidase, that are able to kill bacteria extracellularly. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of NETs in bone resorption observed in pulp infection-induced apical periodontitis in mice. METHODS Apical periodontitis was experimentally induced by exposing the dental pulp of the mandibular first molar of mice to the oral microenvironment. The expression of NETs was evaluated by immunofluorescence in mice and biopsies of apical periodontitis. Mice were treated with vehicle or DNase I to degrade NETs, and the samples were collected after 7 days. The size of the apical lesion and the osteoclast number were determined in hematoxylin-eosin- and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-stained sections, respectively. Osteoclast differentiation and function markers were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The level of NETs in the serum was determined by the myeloperoxidase-DNA PicoGreen assay. RESULTS We first confirmed the presence of neutrophils and NETs at the site of the lesion in mice and in biopsies of patients with apical periodontitis. The treatment of mice with DNase I reduced the level of NETs in the serum and led to a reduction in apical lesion size and alveolar bone resorption. This effect was associated with a reduction of local inflammatory infiltrate and a reduced number of osteoclasts. We found that the increased expression of Acp5, Ctsk, and Rankl genes associated with osteoclast formation and function were abrogated by the absence of NETs. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight NETs as an important player in the pathogenesis of apical periodontitis with regard to the local inflammation and consequent bone resorption after pulp infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Luiz Guilherme Neto
- Laboratory of Bone Biology, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Gabriel Rodrigues Venturini
- Laboratory of Bone Biology, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ayda Henriques Schneider
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaise Mayumi Taira
- Laboratory of Bone Biology, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Fernanda Duffles Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Bone Biology, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Protásio Veras
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sicília Rezende Oliveira
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Dentistry School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tarcília Aparecida da Silva
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Dentistry School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Yasuyo Fukada
- Laboratory of Bone Biology, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Castro-Jara S, Antilef B, Osbén C, Alcántara R, Fraga M, Nova-Lamperti E, Sánchez-Sanhueza G. Bioactivity analysis of calcium silicate-based sealers and repair cements on the phenotype and cytokine secretion profile of CD14 + monocytes: An ex vivo study. Int Endod J 2023; 56:80-91. [PMID: 36226465 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study evaluated the immune bioactivity of testing media (TM) obtained from different calcium silicate-based sealers and cements on monocyte morphology, activation, differentiation and cytokine secretion. METHODS Blood-derived CD14+ monocytes were isolated and cultured for 5 days with 25% TM from the following calcium silicate-based materials: TotalFill BC RRM Fast-Set Putty, Biodentine, TotalFill BC Sealer and BioRoot-Root-Canal-Sealer (RCS). A resin-based endodontic cement was used as a control. The expression of surface markers such as CD86, HLA-DR, CD16, CD309 and CD209, and cytokine secretion were analysed by flow cytometry. Data were analysed using the one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (anova) multiple comparison test and a Holm-Sidak multiple comparison post-hoc test (p < .05). RESULTS This comparative analysis revealed that monocytes co-cultured with calcium silicate-based materials showed a spindle-shaped morphology compared with the round shape observed in the control. Regarding activation markers, BioRoot-RCS and Biodentine significantly increased CD86 expression compared with the control sample, whereas no significant differences (p > .05) were observed in HLA-DR expression. In addition, no differences were observed among the differentiation markers. When the inflammatory cytokines were analysed, BioRoot-RCS increased the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α, whereas BioRoot-RCS and Biodentine significantly decreased IL-8 production (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS These data showed that the calcium silicate-based materials tested changed the morphology of CD14+ monocytes; however, only BioRoot-RCS and Biodentine significantly upregulated CD86. In addition, BioRoot-RCS was the sealer with the highest immunomodulatory properties for cytokine production which means that it can contribute with the in vivo healing process and regeneration of periapical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Castro-Jara
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Discipline, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Bárbara Antilef
- Molecular & Translational Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carolina Osbén
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Discipline, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Raúl Alcántara
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Discipline, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marco Fraga
- Molecular & Translational Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Estefanía Nova-Lamperti
- Molecular & Translational Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gabriela Sánchez-Sanhueza
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Discipline, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Lyu P, Song Y, Bi R, Li Z, Wei Y, Huang Q, Cui C, Song D, Zhou X, Fan Y. Protective Actions in Apical Periodontitis: The Regenerative Bioactivities Led by Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121737. [PMID: 36551165 PMCID: PMC9776067 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Resulting from bacterial infection, apical periodontitis (AP) is a common inflammatory disease of the periapical region of the tooth. The regeneration of the destroyed periapical alveolar bone and the surrounding periodontium tissues has long been a difficult task in clinical practice. These lesions are closely related to pathogen invasion and an overreactive immune response. It is worth noting that the protective healing process occurs simultaneously, in which mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a crucial function in mediating the immune system and promoting regeneration. Here, we review the recent studies related to AP, with a focus on the regulatory network of MSCs. We also discuss the potential therapeutic approaches of MSCs in inflammatory diseases to provide a basis for promoting tissue regeneration and modulating inflammation in AP. A deeper understanding of the protective action of MSCs and the regulatory networks will help to delineate the underlying mechanisms of AP and pave the way for stem-cell-based regenerative medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lyu
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yiming Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ruiye Bi
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zucen Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yali Wei
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qin Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chen Cui
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Dongzhe Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Fan
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence:
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Tazawa K, Azuma Presse MM, Furusho H, Stashenko P, Sasaki H. Revisiting the role of IL-1 signaling in the development of apical periodontitis. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022; 3:985558. [PMID: 36938490 PMCID: PMC10021022 DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.985558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis (AP) develops as a result of an immune response to pulpal bacterial infection, and various cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of AP, with Interleukin (IL)-1 being considered a key cytokine. The role of IL-1 in the pathogenesis of AP has been well studied. It is known that IL-1 expression in periapical lesions correlates closely with the development of AP. IL-1 is a potent bone-resorptive cytokine that induces osteoclast formation and activation. Hence, inhibiting its signaling with IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) results in a reduction in periapical lesion size. On the other hand, IL-1 is also a central cytokine that combats bacterial infection by activating innate immune responses. Therefore, a complete loss of IL-1 signaling leads to a failure to limit bacterial dissemination and consequently exacerbates AP. In vivo, IL-1 expression is tightly regulated and its signaling is modulated to optimize the immune response. Obesity causes systemic low-grade chronic inflammation and increases the risk of cardiovascular, renal, and other disorders. In experimentally induced AP, obesity significantly increases periapical bone loss, albeit the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Recent technological innovations have enabled more comprehensive and detailed analyses than previously, leading to new insights into the role of IL-1RA in regulating IL-1 signaling, and modulating apical lesion progression in obesity. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the function of IL-1 in AP development, with special emphasis on the latest findings in normal weight and obese states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Tazawa
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariane Maffei Azuma Presse
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hisako Furusho
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Philip Stashenko
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine and Department of Endodontics, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hajime Sasaki
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Teixeira FFC, Cardoso FGR, Ferreira NS, Corazza BJM, Valera MC, Nascimento GG, Martinho FC. Effects of calcium hydroxide intracanal medications on T helper (Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, and Tfh) and regulatory T (Treg) cell cytokines in apical periodontitis: a CONSORT RCT. J Endod 2022; 48:975-984. [PMID: 35487475 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This CONSORT RCT investigated T helper (Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, and Tfh), regulatory T (Treg) cell-type cytokines, and their networks in apical periodontitis (AP). We also assessed the effects of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] intracanal medications (ICMs) on helper T and Treg cell-type cytokines. METHODS Twenty teeth with primary endodontic infection and apical periodontitis (PEIAP) were randomly divided into two groups: Ca(OH)2 + saline solution (SSL; n = 10) and Ca (OH)2 + 2% Chlorhexidine-gel (2% CHX-gel; n = 10). Samples were collected from the periradicular tissue fluid (PTF) before (PTFs1) and after 14 days of ICMs (PTFs2). The Human High Sensitivity T Cell Panel was used to quantify target T-helper (Th)1: IL-2, 12, and IFN-γ; Th2: IL-4, -5, -13; Th9: IL-9; Th17: IL-17; T follicular helper cells (Tfh): IL-21; and Treg-cell-type cytokine: IL-10. RESULTS Th1-type cytokines were higher, compared to Th2-type, at PTFs1. Positive (+) associations were found among all Th1-type cytokines and all Th2-type cytokines. There were negative (-) correlations between all Th1- and Th2-type cytokines. Size of radiolucent lesions (SRL) and symptoms (TTP and/or POP) were positively correlated with Th1-type cytokines, IL-17, and IL-21 but negatively correlated with Th2-type cytokines and IL-10 (all, p < 0.001). Both ICMs increased Th2-type cytokines and IL-10 (P < 0.05) and decreased Th1- type cytokines, IL-17, and IL-21 (P < 0.05), with no differences among them (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Complex T-cell cytokine networks are involved in AP. Both Ca(OH)2 ICMs effectively increased IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 and lowered IL-2, IL-12, IL-17, IL-21, and IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F C Teixeira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - F G R Cardoso
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N S Ferreira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B J M Corazza
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M C Valera
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G G Nascimento
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health - Section for Periodontology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - F C Martinho
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Džopalić T, Tomić S, Bekić M, Vučević D, Mihajlović D, Eraković M, Čolić M. Ex vivo study of IL-6 expression and function in immune cell subsets from human periapical lesions. Int Endod J 2022; 55:480-494. [PMID: 35150455 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Even though IL-6 is a key inflammatory cytokine in periapical lesions (PLs), its function in stable periapical disease is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate following: first, the ex vivo production of IL-6 by clinically different PLs; next, subsets of immune cells expressing IL-6 in PLs according to their inflammatory status and finally, modulatory effect of IL-6 on T-cell cytokine production in cell cultures. METHODOLOGY Inflammatory cells were isolated from a total of 95 human PLs. Detection of IL-6+ cells within the myeloid and lymphoid populations was performed by multicolour flow cytometry. ELISA and FlowCytomix Microbeads Assay were used to measure cytokine levels in culture supernatants. To study the role of IL-6 in PLs, mononuclear cells (MNC) from symptomatic (Sy) or asymptomatic (Asy) PLs were treated with IL-6 or Tocilizumab, an IL-6R blocking antibody. The differences between groups were tested by unpaired t-test, Mann-Whitney or Friedman tests. RESULTS The levels of IL-6 in PL MNC culture supernatants were significantly higher compared to total PL cells and PL granulocytes (p<0.001). MNC from Sy PLs produced significantly hihger levels of IL-6 than MNC from Asy PLs (p<0.001). Flow cytometry analysis showed that NKT cells, CD8+ T cells and M2 macrophages (MØ), were dominant IL-6+ cells, in contrast to CD4+ T cells. However, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells contributed the most to IL-6 production. IL-6hi producing MNC cultures had higher levels of Th1 (IFN-γ), Th17 (IL-17A), Tfh (IL-21) and RANKL, whereas Th2 (IL-4) and Tregs cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) were lower, compared to IL-6low producing cultures. Exogenous IL-6 stimulated 17A, IL-21 and RANKL, independently of PL activation status, but decreased IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-33 levels in IL-6hi producing cultures. Tocilizumab increased IL-10 and TGF-β in IL-6low producing cultures. All differences were p<0.05. CONCLUSIONS Most immune cells from Sy PLs expressed higher levels of IL-6 compared to Asy PLs, which correlated with IL-6 production in culture. Analysis of cytokines suggested a dominant pro-inflammatory T-cell response and osteodestructive function of IL-6 in PLs judging by Th17/Tfh cell activation, Tregs inhibition and increased RANKL/OPG ratio. Excessive IL-6 production decreased Th1/Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Džopalić
- University of Niš, Medical Faculty, Niš, Serbia.,University of Defense in Belgrade, Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Tomić
- University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Bekić
- University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Vučević
- University of Defense in Belgrade, Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Mihajlović
- University of Defense in Belgrade, Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Eraković
- Clinic for Stomatology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Čolić
- University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, Belgrade, Serbia.,University of East Sarajevo, Medical Faculty Foča, Foča R. Srpska Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Wang L, Yang F, Qiu Y, Ye L, Song D, Huang D. The Potential Roles of T Cells in Periapical Lesions. J Endod 2021; 48:70-79. [PMID: 34627784 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periapical lesions are inflammatory diseases mainly caused by microbial infection from the root canal system, affecting the integrity of alveolar bone, periapical cementum, and periodontal ligament. The invasion of pathogenic microorganisms activates local inflammation and host immune response, especially the recruitment and differentiation of T cells. Many studies have discussed the fundamental roles of T cell-related immunological regulation and the possible clinical significance of cytokine disorders in periapical lesions. However, oral pathogen-mediated T cell immune response is far more clarified. Therefore, the aim of this study was to discuss the research status of T cell-related immunology involved in the progression of periapical lesions and potential future directions. METHODS We conducted a literature review focusing on T cell-related immunology in periapical lesions by searching PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and ScienceDirect online databases. RESULTS In total 108 articles were involved in this narrative review. During the development of periapical lesions, the infiltrated number of different types of T cells and the secretion of T cell-related cytokines in root apex region reflected the inflammatory status of periapical lesions. In addition, it was also highly correlated with the periapical bone destruction. Future study could attempt to provide a wider and deeper study on the expression profile and regulatory function of T cells in the development of periapical lesions. CONCLUSION This review would help us understand the essence of the T cell-related pathology of periapical lesions and raise the potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongzhe Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Dingming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Zivanovic S, Papic M, Vucicevic T, Miletic Kovacevic M, Jovicic N, Nikolic N, Milasin J, Paunovic V, Trajkovic V, Mitrovic S, Lukic ML, Lukic A, Ljujic B. Periapical lesions in two inbred strains of rats differing in immunological reactivity. Int Endod J 2021; 55:64-78. [PMID: 34614243 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the influence of strain differences in immune responses on the pathogenesis of experimental periapical lesions in Dark Agouti (DA) and Albino Oxford (AO) inbred strains of rats. METHODOLOGY Periapical lesions were induced in male DA and AO rats by pulp exposure of the first mandibular right molars to the oral environment. Animals were killed 21 days after pulp exposure. The mandibular jaws were retrieved and prepared for radiographic, pathohistological, immunohistochemical analysis, real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Blood samples and the supernatant of periapical lesions were collected for measurement of cytokines and oxidative stress marker levels. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney U non-parametric tests or parametric One-Way anova and Independent Samples T-test to determine the differences between groups depending on the normality of the data. A significant difference was considered when p values were <.05. RESULTS DA rats developed significantly larger (p < .05) periapical lesions compared to AO rats as confirmed by radiographic and pathohistological analysis. The immunohistochemical staining intensity for CD3 was significantly greater in periapical lesions of DA rats compared to AO rats (p < .05). In DA rats, periapical lesions had a significantly higher (p < .05) percentage of CD3+ cells compared to AO rats. Also, the percentage of INF-γ, IL-17 and IL-10 CD3+CD4+ cells was significantly higher in DA rats (p < .05). DA rats had a significantly higher Th17/Th10 ratio. RT-PCR expression of IL-1β, INF-γ and IL-17 genes was significantly higher in periapical lesions of DA compared to AO rats (p < .05). The receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio was higher in DA compared to AO rats with periapical lesions (p < .05). Systemic levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly higher in DA compared to AO rats (p < .05). Levels of lipid peroxidation measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and reduced glutathione were significantly higher (p < .05) in the supernatant in the periapical lesions of DA rats. CONCLUSION After pulp exposure, DA rats developed much larger periapical lesions compared to AO rats. Genetically determined differences in immunopathology have been demonstrated to be a significant element defining the severity of periapical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Zivanovic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milos Papic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Tamara Vucicevic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marina Miletic Kovacevic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Jovicic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nadja Nikolic
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milasin
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Verica Paunovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Trajkovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodanka Mitrovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Miodrag L Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Lukic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Biljana Ljujic
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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9
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Thuller KABR, Armada L, Valente MI, Pires FR, Vilaça CMM, Gomes CC. Immunoexpression of Interleukin 17, 6, and 1 Beta in Primary Chronic Apical Periodontitis in Smokers and Nonsmokers. J Endod 2021; 47:755-761. [PMID: 33548327 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to compare the immunoexpression of biomarkers interleukin (IL)-17, IL-6, and IL-1β in primary chronic apical periodontitis in smokers and nonsmokers. METHODS Teeth with primary chronic apical periodontitis indicated for extraction in 16 cigarette smokers and 16 nonsmokers were selected. Silanized sections of tissue were used for immunohistochemical analysis after being stained with hematoxylin-eosin for histopathologic categorization. Subsequently, the images were analyzed with an optical microscope, and each slide was subdivided into 5 high-magnification fields, with scores (0-2) being assigned according to the amount of staining for each antibody. RESULTS The qualitative analysis of IL-17 cytokine expression showed no focal expression in 5.8%, weak to moderate expression in 17.6%, and strong expression in 76.4% of the smokers and no focal expression in 78.5% and weak to moderate expression in 21.4% of the nonsmokers. IL-6 expression was negative to focal in 13.3%, weak to moderate in 53.3%, and strong in 33.3% of the smokers and negative to focal in 33.3%, weak to moderate in 25%, and strong in 41.6% of the nonsmokers. IL-1β expression was weak to moderate in 87.5% and negative to focal expression in 12.5% of the smokers and negative to focal expression in 100% of the nonsmokers. Quantitative evaluation of the data using the Mann-Whitney U test showed a significant difference in the immunoexpression of IL-17 (P < .0001) and IL-1β (P < .0001) and no significant difference in the immunoexpression of IL-6 (P = .46) between the 2 groups (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The cytokines IL-17 and IL-1β were more highly expressed in smokers than nonsmokers, whereas IL-6 expression was similar in the 2 groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A B R Thuller
- Postgraduate Program, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Armada
- Postgraduate Program, School of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Valente
- Department of Specific Formation, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio Ramoa Pires
- Postgraduate Program, School of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiano M M Vilaça
- Postgraduate Program, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cinthya Cristina Gomes
- Department of Specific Formation, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Eraković M, Duka M, Bekić M, Tomić S, Ismaili B, Vučević D, Čolić M. Anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of Biodentine on human periapical lesion cells in culture. Int Endod J 2020; 53:1398-1412. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Eraković
- Clinic for Stomatology Military Medical Academy BelgradeSerbia
| | - M. Duka
- Clinic for Stomatology Military Medical Academy BelgradeSerbia
| | - M. Bekić
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy Zemun Serbia
| | - S. Tomić
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy Zemun Serbia
| | - B. Ismaili
- Polyclinic, Ismaili Gostivar North Macedonia
| | - D. Vučević
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy University of Defense Belgrade Serbia
| | - M. Čolić
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy Zemun Serbia
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy University of Defense Belgrade Serbia
- Medical Faculty Foča University of East Sarajevo R.Srpska Bosnia and Herzegovina
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11
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Georgiou AC, Crielaard W, Armenis I, de Vries R, van der Waal SV. Apical Periodontitis Is Associated with Elevated Concentrations of Inflammatory Mediators in Peripheral Blood: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Endod 2019; 45:1279-1295.e3. [PMID: 31542282 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apical periodontitis (AP), except for the local known consequences, may also be a systemic burden. Circulating inflammatory mediators that are released to sustain the AP lesion can in theory harm other bodily tissues. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the existing evidence on the influence of AP on the peripheral blood levels of inflammatory mediators and markers of systemic stress. METHODS A search of MEDLINE-PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane was conducted up to and including February 2019 to identify studies in 5 different languages. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for quality assessment of the included studies. RESULTS Twelve of the 20 included studies were case-control studies, and 8 were intervention studies. The data of all the included studies were analyzed descriptively, whereas the data of 11 studies were available for meta-analyses. The study designs were heterogeneous. Nevertheless, the meta-analyses revealed statistically significant differences in C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and asymmetric dimethylarginine levels between AP subjects and controls in peripheral blood. In addition, the concentration of C3 complement fragment in peripheral blood was significantly lower after the treatment and resolution of AP than before. CONCLUSIONS The existing literature indicates that AP adds on to systemic inflammation by elevating C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, asymmetric dimethylarginine, and C3 levels. In order to overcome the issue of large variation between study designs, future studies should have clear inclusion criteria, preferably larger cohorts, adequate follow-up of all subjects, and a thorough presentation of the data to enable further exploration of the possible burden of AP on general human health. Nevertheless, there is now stronger evidence that AP contributes to low-grade systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Christina Georgiou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Iakovos Armenis
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Centre, Athens, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine, "Laiko" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Ralph de Vries
- Medical Library, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Suzette V van der Waal
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Endodontics, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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12
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Xiong H, Wei L, Peng B. The Presence and involvement of interleukin-17 in apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 2019; 52:1128-1137. [PMID: 30859589 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Apical periodontitis (AP) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by periapical tissue inflammation and destruction of the associated alveolar bone. It is caused by microbial infections within the root canal and the resultant host immune responses in the periapical tissues. The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-17 has been shown to play an important role in many inflammatory diseases. There is increasing evidence of the presence of IL-17 in AP, which might be associated with disease pathogenesis. Moreover, several animal studies indicate the potential role of IL-17 in periapical inflammation and the resultant bone resorption in AP. This article reviews recent studies regarding the collective in vitro, in vivo and clinical evidence of the presence and involvement of IL-17 in AP. A search related to IL-17 in apical periodontitis was conducted on PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases using keywords and controlled vocabulary. Two independent reviewers first screened titles and abstracts and then the full texts that were included. A total of 25 papers were identified, of the 25 included articles, 7 involved laboratory studies on cell cultures, 11 involved animal experimentations, and 7 were observational studies using human clinical samples. In conclusion, evidence for the presence of IL-17 in AP from human and animal models is clear. However, there is relatively little information currently available that would highlight the specific role of IL-17 in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Xiong
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - L Wei
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - B Peng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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13
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Production of Soluble Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-Β Ligand and Osteoprotegerin by Apical Periodontitis Cells in Culture and Their Modulation by Cytokines. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:8325380. [PMID: 31011287 PMCID: PMC6442274 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8325380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
RANKL, a bone-destructive cytokine, and OPG, its osteoprotective counterpart, are expressed in periapical lesions (PLs), which represent hystopatological manifestations of apical periodontitis. However, their regulation in PLs has not been elucidated yet. Therefore, our aim was to study the production of RANKL and OPG and their modulation by pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in PL cell cultures. Isolated PL cells were cultured alone or with addition of TNF-α, IFN-ϒ, IL-17, IL-4, IL-10, and IL- 33, respectively. The levels of RANKL and OPG in supernatants were measured by ELISA. The proportion of CD3+ (T cells) and CD19+/CD138+ (B cells/plasma cells) within isolated PLs was determined by immunocytochemistry. The levels of RANKL were higher in cultures of symptomatic PLs compared to asymptomatic PLs and PLs with the dominance of T cells (T-type lesions) over B cells/plasma cells (B-type lesions). A higher proportion of osteodestructive processes (RANKL/OPG ratio > 1.0) were detected in symptomatic PLs. The production of RANKL was upregulated by IFN-ϒ and IL-17 and higher concentrations of IL-33. IL-10 and lower concentrations of IL-33 augmented the production of OPG. The addition of either RANKL or anti-RANKL antibody to the cultures did not modify significantly the production of OPG. In conclusion, this original PL cell culture model suggests that increased bone destruction through upregulated production of RANKL could be associated with exacerbation of inflammation in PLs with the predominance of Th1 and Th17 responses and increased secretion of IL-33. In contrast, IL-10 and lower levels of IL-33, through upregulation of OPG, may suppress osteolytic processes.
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TOLEDO AOND, COUTO AMD, MADEIRA MFM, CALDEIRA PC, QUEIROZ-JUNIOR CM, AGUIAR MCFD. Cytokines and chemokines associated with Treg/Th17 response in chronic inflammatory periapical disease. Braz Oral Res 2019; 33:e093. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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15
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Azuma MM, Gomes-Filho JE, Prieto AKC, Samuel RO, de Lima VMF, Sumida DH, Ervolino E, Cintra LTA. Diabetes increases interleukin-17 levels in periapical, hepatic, and renal tissues in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 83:230-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Martins R, Armada L, Dos Santos TC, Pires FR. Comparative immunoexpression of ICAM-1, TGF-β1 and ki-67 in periapical and residual cysts. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2017; 22:e24-e30. [PMID: 27918735 PMCID: PMC5217493 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.21346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study compared the immunohistochemical expression of ki-67, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in inflammatory periapical cysts and residual cysts. Material and Methods The study sample was composed by 25 periapical cysts and 25 residual cysts and immunohistochemical reactions were carried out using antibodies directed against ICAM-1, TGF-β1 and ki-67. Clinical, radiological, gross, histological and immunohistochemical data were tabulated for descriptive and comparative analysis using the SPSS software and differences were considered statistically significant when p<0.05%. Results There were no differences between the expression of ICAM-1 (p=0.239) and TGF-β1 (p=0.258) when comparing both groups. Ki-67 labeling index was higher in residual cysts compared to periapical cysts (p=0.017). Conclusions Results from the present study suggest that some specific inflammatory stimuli on residual cysts would modulate their mechanisms of etiopathogenesis, growing and repair. Key words:Periapical cyst, radicular cyst, residual cyst, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), ki-67.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martins
- Post Graduation Program in Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Av. Alfredo Baltazar da Silveira, 580 cobertura, CEP 22790-701, Recreio dos Bandeirantes, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil,
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Ferreira LGV, Rosin FCP, Corrêa L. Analysis of Interleukin 17A in periapical abscess and granuloma lesions. Braz Oral Res 2016; 30:S1806-83242016000100235. [PMID: 27050938 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2016.vol30.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 17A (IL-17A) is a proinflammatory cytokine responsible for the initiation and propagation of inflammation. One of its actions is the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is association between IL-17A expression and neutrophil infiltration in periapical abscesses and periapical granulomas, as well as to find which type of T lymphocyte effector (CD4+ or CD8+) expresses IL-17A in these lesions. Elastase, CD4, CD8, and IL-17A were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, in the biopsies of periapical lesions. Abscess lesions exhibited the highest labeling area for IL-17A (p = 0.011). During double immunofluorescence staining, there were significantly more CD4+/IL-17A+ cells compared to CD8+/IL-17A+ cells, both in the abscesses (p = 0.025) and granulomas (p = 0.011). In conclusion, IL-17A was intensively expressed in periapical abscesses rich in neutrophils. The high percentage of IL-17A in these cases suggests the participation of this cytokine particularly in the acute stages of the inflammatory process of the periapical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luciana Corrêa
- Department Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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18
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Karthikeyan B, Talwar, Arun KV, Kalaivani S. Evaluation of transcription factor that regulates T helper 17 and regulatory T cells function in periodontal health and disease. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2015; 7:S672-6. [PMID: 26538941 PMCID: PMC4606683 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.163602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The differentiation of naοve T helper (Th) cells towards Th17 and regulatory T cells (Treg) is regulated by the transcription factors retinoic acid related orphan receptor gamma transcription (RORYt) and Forkhead box p3 (Foxp3), respectively. An imbalance in the activity of these transcription factors could result in the dysregulation of Th17/Treg response. Materials and Methods: Total RNA was isolated from gingival tissue obtained from 10 patients, each from periodontally healthy and diseased groups. The gene expression of RORYt and Foxp3 was measured by real-time reverse transcription polymerization chain reaction using total RNA isolates from gingival tissues group when compared to the healthy group, while Foxp3 demonstrated a 6.68 ± 0.03 fold decrease of expression in diseased group when compared to healthy group. Conclusion: Our results indicate a functional imbalance in the Th17/Treg response in periodontal disease group when compared to the periodontally healthy group.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Karthikeyan
- Department of Periodontics, CSI College of Dental Science and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Talwar
- Department of Periodontics, AB Shetty Memorial and Institute of Dental Science, Veralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - K V Arun
- Department of Periodontics, Ragas Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Kalaivani
- Department of Periodontics, CSI College of Dental Science and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Velickovic M, Pejnovic N, Petrovic R, Mitrovic S, Jeftic I, Kanjevac T, Lukic A. Expression of interleukin-33 and its receptor ST2 in periapical granulomas and radicular cysts. J Oral Pathol Med 2015; 45:70-6. [PMID: 25677987 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a recently identified cytokine belonging to the IL-1 family and ligand for the IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2. IL-33/ST2 signaling plays a critical role in allergy, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammatory disorders, but its role in the pathogenesis of periapical lesions is unknown. We aimed to investigate the expression patterns of IL-33 and ST2 in human periapical lesions. METHODS Periapical lesions (n = 36) and healthy periapical tissues (n = 10) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry using antibodies specific for human IL-33 and ST2. Lesion samples were further analyzed by double immunofluorescence to assess IL-33/ST2 co-expression. RESULTS The numbers of IL-33- and ST2-positive fibroblasts were significantly higher in periapical lesions compared to healthy periapical tissues (both P < 0.05), while the numbers of IL-33- and ST2-positive endothelial cells were similar (both P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in the numbers of IL-33- and ST2-positive fibroblasts and endothelial cells between periapical granulomas and radicular cysts (all P > 0.05). Similarly, numbers of ST2-positive mononuclear cells did not differ between periapical granulomas and radicular cysts (P > 0.05). The majority of epithelial cells in radicular cysts were IL-33 positive, while the small proportion of epithelial cells was ST2 positive. Double immunofluorescence analysis revealed IL-33/ST2 co-expression in fibroblasts and endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS IL-33 and ST2 are expressed in periapical granulomas and radicular cysts. Increased numbers of IL-33- and ST2-positive fibroblasts in periapical lesions when compared to healthy periapical tissues suggest that IL-33/ST2 signaling may be involved in periapical inflammation and tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renata Petrovic
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Stomatology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Ilija Jeftic
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Kanjevac
- Department of Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Lukic
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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20
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Velickovic M, Pejnovic N, Mitrovic S, Radosavljevic G, Jovanovic I, Kanjevac T, Jovicic N, Lukic A. ST2 deletion increases inflammatory bone destruction in experimentally induced periapical lesions in mice. J Endod 2015; 41:369-75. [PMID: 25595464 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ST2 is a member of the interleukin (IL)-1 receptor family, and IL-33 is its natural ligand. ST2 signaling promotes Th2 immune response in allergy, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammatory disorders, but its role in the pathogenesis of periapical lesions is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether ST2 gene deletion affects the development of experimentally induced periapical lesions in mice. METHODS Pulps of mandibular molars from wild-type (WT) and ST2 knockout (ST2(-)/(-)) BALB/c mice were exposed and left open to the oral environment. After death, hemi-mandibles were isolated and prepared for histologic, immunohistochemical, and flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS The expression of IL-33 and its receptor ST2 was higher in periapical lesions in WT mice compared with normal root apices (both P < .05). The increased periapical bone loss observed in ST2(-)/(-) mice was associated with enhanced influx of neutrophils, CD3+ CXCR3+ Th1 cells, and CD3+ CCR6+ Th17 cells and increased number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase+ osteoclasts (all P < .05). Furthermore, periapical lesions in ST2(-)/(-) mice contained increased percentages of T cells expressing interferon-γ, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6 (all P < .05). In comparison with WT mice, CD3+ receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand+ T cells were increased, whereas CD3+ osteoprotegerin+ T cells were decreased in the lesions of ST2(-)/(-) mice (both P < .05). CONCLUSIONS ST2 deletion increases inflammatory bone loss in experimental periapical lesions in mice, which is associated with enhanced Th1/Th17 cell mediated periapical immune responses and increased osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tatjana Kanjevac
- Department of Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Aleksandra Lukic
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
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Araujo-Pires AC, Francisconi CF, Biguetti CC, Cavalla F, Aranha AMF, Letra A, Trombone APF, Faveri M, Silva RM, Garlet GP. Simultaneous analysis of T helper subsets (Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, Tfh, Tr1 and Tregs) markers expression in periapical lesions reveals multiple cytokine clusters accountable for lesions activity and inactivity status. J Appl Oral Sci 2014; 22:336-46. [PMID: 25141207 PMCID: PMC4126831 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720140140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies demonstrate that the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators determines the stable or progressive nature of periapical granulomas by modulating the balance of the osteoclastogenic factor RANKL and its antagonist OPG. However, the cytokine networks operating in the development of periapical lesions are quite more complex than what the simple pro- versus anti-inflammatory mediators' paradigm suggests. Here we simultaneously investigated the patterns of Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, Thf, Tr1 and Tregs cytokines/markers expression in human periapical granulomas. METHODS The expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL23, IL21, IL-33, IL-10, IL-4, IL-9, IL-22, FOXp3 markers (via RealTimePCR array) was accessed in active/progressive (N=40) versus inactive/stable (N=70) periapical granulomas (as determined by RANKL/OPG expression ratio), and also to compare these samples with a panel of control specimens (N=26). A cluster analysis of 13 cytokine levels was performed to examine possible clustering between the cytokines in a total of 110 granulomas. RESULTS The expression of all target cytokines was higher in the granulomas than in control samples. TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17A and IL-21 mRNA levels were significantly higher in active granulomas, while in inactive lesions the expression levels of IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IL-22 and FOXp3 were higher than in active granulomas. Five clusters were identified in inactive lesion groups, being the variance in the expression levels of IL-17, IL-10, FOXp3, IFN-γ, IL-9, IL-33 and IL-4 statistically significant (KW p<0.05). Three clusters were identified in active lesions, being the variance in the expression levels of IL-22, IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-33, FOXp3, IL-21 and RANKL statistically significant (KW p<0.05). CONCLUSION There is a clear dichotomy in the profile of cytokine expression in inactive and active periapical lesions. While the widespread cytokine expression seems to be a feature of chronic lesions, hierarchical cluster analysis demonstrates the association of TNF-α, IL-21, IL-17 and IFN-γ with lesions activity, and the association of FOXP3, IL-10, IL-9, IL-4 and IL-22 with lesions inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudia Araujo-Pires
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Cristina Biguetti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Franco Cavalla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Andreza Maria Fabio Aranha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Ariadne Letra
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
| | | | - Marcelo Faveri
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Menezes Silva
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Gustavo Pompermaier Garlet
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Costa Neto H, de Andrade ALDL, Gordón-Núñez MA, Freitas RDA, Galvão HC. Immunoexpression of tryptase-positive mast cells in periapical granulomas and radicular cysts. Int Endod J 2014; 48:729-35. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Costa Neto
- Department of Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte; Natal RN Brazil
| | | | | | - R. de A. Freitas
- Department of Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte; Natal RN Brazil
| | - H. C. Galvão
- Department of Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte; Natal RN Brazil
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Immunoexpression of Interleukin 17 in Apical Periodontitis Lesions. J Endod 2014; 40:1400-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Xiong H, Wei L, Peng B. IL-17 stimulates the production of the inflammatory chemokines IL-6 and IL-8 in human dental pulp fibroblasts. Int Endod J 2014; 48:505-11. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Xiong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - L. Wei
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - B. Peng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
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Apical periodontitis and periodontal disease increase serum IL-17 levels in normoglycemic and diabetic rats. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 18:2123-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Imbalance of Interleukin-17+ T-cell and Foxp3+ Regulatory T-cell Dynamics in Rat Periapical Lesions. J Endod 2014; 40:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Napimoga MH, Clemente-Napimoga JT, Macedo CG, Freitas FF, Stipp RN, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Casagrande R, Verri WA. Quercetin inhibits inflammatory bone resorption in a mouse periodontitis model. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:2316-21. [PMID: 24246038 DOI: 10.1021/np400691n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a disease that leads to bone destruction and represents the main cause of tooth loss in adults. The development of aggressive periodontitis has been associated with increased inflammatory response that is induced by the presence of a subgingival biofilm containing Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The flavonoid quercetin (1) is widespread in vegetables and fruits and exhibits many biological properties for possible medical and clinical applications such as its anti-inflamatory and antioxidant effects. Thus, in the present study, the properties of 1 have been evaluated in bone loss and inflammation using a mouse periodontitis model induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans infection. Subcutaneous treatment with 1 reduced A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced bone loss and IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17, RANKL, and ICAM-1 production in the gingival tissue without affecting bacterial counts. These results demonstrated that quercetin exhibits protective effects in A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced periodontitis in mice by modulating cytokine and ICAM-1 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo H Napimoga
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center , 13045-755 Campinas, Brazil
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Andrade ALDLD, Nonaka CFW, Gordón-Núñez MA, Freitas RDA, Galvão HC. Immunoexpression of interleukin 17, transforming growth factor β1, and forkhead box P3 in periapical granulomas, radicular cysts, and residual radicular cysts. J Endod 2013; 39:990-4. [PMID: 23880265 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Different cell types and cytokines have been identified as contributors to the formation of periapical lesions. In this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the immunoexpression of interleukin (IL)-17, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and the forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) in periapical lesions, correlating them with the type of lesion, the intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate, and the thickness of the cystic epithelial lining. METHODS Twenty periapical granulomas (PGs), 20 radicular cysts (RCs), and 20 residual radicular cysts (RRCs) were submitted to immunohistochemical analysis using anti-IL-17, anti-TGF-β1, and anti-FoxP3 antibodies. RESULTS In comparison with PGs and RCs, RRCs exhibited a lower immunoexpression of IL-17 and TGF-β1 (P = .021 and P < .001, respectively). The number of FoxP3+ cells increased in this order: RRCs, RCs, and PGs (P < .001). In comparison with lesions with inflammatory infiltrates grades I and II, lesions with inflammatory infiltrate grade III exhibited a higher number of FoxP3+ cells (P = .002). Similarly, in comparison with lesions with inflammatory infiltrates grades II and III, lesions with inflammatory infiltrate grade I showed a tendency for a lower expression of IL-17 and TGF-β1 (P = .085 and P = .051, respectively). For all groups, there was a positive correlation between the immunoexpressions of IL-17 and TGF-β1 (P < .05). Positive correlations between the number of FoxP3+ cells and the immunoexpressions of IL-17 and TGF-β1 (P < .05) were found only in PGs. CONCLUSIONS Th17 and Treg cells seem to interact at the site of injury, suggesting the involvement of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of periapical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza Dias Leite de Andrade
- Oral Pathology Postgraduate Program, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Tavares WLF, de Brito LCN, Henriques LCF, Oliveira RR, Maciel KF, Vieira LQ, Sobrinho APR. The impact of chlorhexidine-based endodontic treatment on periapical cytokine expression in teeth. J Endod 2013; 39:889-92. [PMID: 23791257 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Root canal treatment typically involves cleaning and shaping procedures followed by treatment with antibacterial endodontic dressing between appointments and, ultimately, 3-dimensional,hermetic filling. Chlorhexidine (CHX) is effective as an irrigation solution and is used as an endodontic dressing. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of CHX on periapical cytokine expression. METHODS Expression levels of the cytokines interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-17A, IL-10, and the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2/MCP-1) were assayed by real-time polymerase chain reaction immediately after root canal cleaning and 15 days later. RESULTS Messenger RNA expression of IL-1β, interferon γ, IL-10, and CCL2/MCP-1 was increased on day 15 in teeth without endodontic dressing. No statistical change was observed in the messenger RNA expression of cytokines when comparing sampling times for teeth that received endodontic dressing. CONCLUSIONS The results show that CHX application between appointments prevented the increase of both proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines 15 days after the dental procedure.
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Wu Y, Zhu L, Wei H, Peng B. Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases, Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1, and Extracellular Metalloproteinase Inducer by Interleukin-17 in Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts. J Endod 2013; 39:62-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Dolieslager SMJ, Lappin DF, Bennett D, Graham L, Johnston N, Riggio MP. The influence of oral bacteria on tissue levels of Toll-like receptor and cytokine mRNAs in feline chronic gingivostomatitis and oral health. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 151:263-74. [PMID: 23287555 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is an inflammatory disease of the oral cavity that causes severe pain and distress in affected cats. Treatment methods are currently very limited. The aims of this study were to assess the feline innate immune response by investigating the levels of cytokine and Toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNAs in tissue biopsies of cats with and without FCGS, and to relate this to the presence or absence of putative oral pathogens identified previously within these cats. Mucosal biopsies were collected from 28 cats with FCGS and eight healthy cats. The levels of TLR (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9) and cytokine (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ) mRNA was determined using quantitative PCR. In the FCGS group a statistically significant increase was seen in TLR2, TLR7, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA levels compared to the healthy group. In cats where Tannerella forsythia was present, statistically significant increases were seen in TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9, TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA levels compared to cats where this putative pathogen was absent. Statistically significant increases in mRNA expression were also seen in cats harbouring feline calicivirus (FCV) (TLR2, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ) and Porphyromonas circumdentaria (TLR2, TLR3) compared to cats where these putative pathogens were absent. Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida and Pseudomonas sp. did not significantly alter the expression of any TLR or cytokine mRNAs when compared to animals who tested negative for these species, while cats colonised with P. multocida subsp. septica demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in the expression of TLR7, TNF-α and IFN-γ mRNAs compared to cats free of this species. The expression of mRNA for several TLRs and cytokines is elevated in FCGS. A positive correlation was observed between clinical disease severity and the presence of FCV (p=0.001; Rho=0.58). Although the number of cats harbouring T. forsythia was low by comparison, 80% of samples in which it was present were from cases with the highest clinical disease severity. Positive correlations with clinical disease severity were seen for TLR2 (p=0.00086), TLR7 (p=0.049), TNF-α (p=0.027), IFN-γ (p=0.0015), IL-1β (p=0.004) and IL-6 (p=0.00001) mRNAs. The putative pathogens FCV and T. forsythia may be important in stimulating a host immune response to FCGS and may play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Maria Johanna Dolieslager
- Infection & Immunity Research Group, Dental School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Dental Hospital & School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, United Kingdom
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Ehsani M, Moghadamnia AA, Zahedpasha S, Maliji G, Haghanifar S, Mir SMA, Kani NM. The role of prophylactic ibuprofen and N-acetylcysteine on the level of cytokines in periapical exudates and the post-treatment pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 20:30. [PMID: 23351387 PMCID: PMC3555796 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-20-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Periapical lesions are inflammatory diseases that result in periapical bone destruction because of host defensive–microbial disturbances. Objective To evaluate the role of prophylactic ibuprofen and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α), interleukin- 6(IL-6) and IL-17 and post-treatment pain level in chronic periapical lesions. Materials and methods Eighty patients with chronic apical lesions less than 1 cm were randomly assigned to receive NAC tablets (400 mg), ibuprofen tablets (400 mg), NAC (400 mg)/ibuprofen (200 mg) combination and placebo 90 minutes prior to sampling. Periapical exudates were collected from root canals. TNF- α, IL-6 and IL-17 levels were determined by ELISA and post-treatment pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS). Results There was a significant difference in IL-6 level between ibuprofen group and placebo (p = 0.019). Significant difference in IL-17 level was observed between NAC/ibuprofen combination group and placebo (p = 0.043). Four hours after treatment, a significant difference was observed in VAS pain score between ibuprofen group and placebo (p = 0.017). Eight hours post-treatment, VAS pain score for NAC group was statistically lower than placebo group (p = 0.033). After 12 hours VAS pain score showed a significant decrease in NAC group compared to placebo (p = 0.049). Conclusion The prophylactic ibuprofen and NAC failed to clearly reflect their effect on cytokines levels in exudates of chronic periapical lesions. On the other hand it seems that NAC can be a substitute for ibuprofen in the management of post endodontic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ehsani
- Department of Endodontics, Dental Material Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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Graunaite I, Lodiene G, Maciulskiene V. Pathogenesis of apical periodontitis: a literature review. J Oral Maxillofac Res 2012; 2:e1. [PMID: 24421998 PMCID: PMC3886078 DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2011.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review article discusses the host response in apical periodontitis with the main focus on cytokines, produced under this pathological condition and contributing to the degradation of periradicular tissues. The pace of research in this field has greatly accelerated in the last decade. Here we provide an analysis of studies published in this area during this period. MATERIAL AND METHODS Literature was selected through a search of PubMed electronic database. The keywords used for search were pathogenesis of apical periodontitis cytokines, periapical granuloma cytokines, inflammatory infiltrate apical periodontitis. The search was restricted to English language articles, published from 1999 to December 2010. Additionally, a manual search in the cytokine production, cytokine functions and periapical tissue destruction in the journals and books was performed. RESULTS In total, 97 literature sources were obtained and reviewed. The topics covered in this article include cellular composition of an inflammatory infiltrate in the periapical lesions, mechanisms of the formation of the innate and specific immune response. Studies which investigated cytokine secretion and functions were identified and cellular and molecular interactions in the course of apical periodontitis described. CONCLUSIONS The abundance and interactions of various inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules can influence and alter the state and progression of the disease. Therefore, periapical inflammatory response offers a model, suited for the study of many facets of pathogenesis, biocompatibility of different materials to periapical tissues and development of novel treatment methods, based on the regulation of cytokines expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indre Graunaite
- Department of Dental and Oral Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Lithuanian University of Health SciencesLithuania.
| | - Greta Lodiene
- Department of Dental and Oral Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Lithuanian University of Health SciencesLithuania.
| | - Vita Maciulskiene
- Department of Dental and Oral Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Lithuanian University of Health SciencesLithuania.
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Marçal JR, Samuel RO, Fernandes D, de Araujo MS, Napimoga MH, Pereira SA, Clemente-Napimoga JT, Alves PM, Mattar R, Rodrigues Jr. V. T-Helper Cell Type 17/Regulatory T-Cell Immunoregulatory Balance in Human Radicular Cysts and Periapical Granulomas. J Endod 2010; 36:995-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Colić M, Gazivoda D, Majstorović I, Dragicević A, Vasilijić S, Rudolf R, Milosavljević P, Vucević D. Immunomodulatory Activity of IL-27 in Human Periapical Lesions. J Dent Res 2009; 88:1142-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034509351407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-27, a cytokine with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties, is a new member of the IL-6/IL-12 family, whose function in periapical lesions is unknown. We hypothesized that the production of IL-27 and its effect depend upon the type of immune/inflammatory response and clinical presentation of periapical lesions. We tested this hypothesis by studying the expression and function of IL-27 in human periapical lesions, both in situ and in culture. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the strongest expression of IL-27 by endothelial cells and mononuclear phagocytes. Its production by periapical lesion mononuclear cells (PL-MNC), especially in symptomatic lesions, was significantly higher compared with that in peripheral blood MNC and correlated with the frequency of CD14+ and CD3+ cells. Exogenous IL-27 stimulated Th1 and down-regulated Th17 cytokine production by PL-MNC from symptomatic lesions, but down-regulated Th1 and Th2 responses in asymptomatic lesions. These findings suggest that IL-27 is an immunomodulatory cytokine in periapical lesions, with complex biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Colić
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11002 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Military Medical Academy Belgrade, Serbia; and
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - D. Gazivoda
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11002 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Military Medical Academy Belgrade, Serbia; and
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - I. Majstorović
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11002 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Military Medical Academy Belgrade, Serbia; and
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - A. Dragicević
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11002 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Military Medical Academy Belgrade, Serbia; and
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - S. Vasilijić
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11002 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Military Medical Academy Belgrade, Serbia; and
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - R. Rudolf
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11002 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Military Medical Academy Belgrade, Serbia; and
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - P. Milosavljević
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11002 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Military Medical Academy Belgrade, Serbia; and
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - D. Vucević
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11002 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Military Medical Academy Belgrade, Serbia; and
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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Colić M, Gazivoda D, Vucević D, Majstorović I, Vasilijić S, Rudolf R, Brkić Z, Milosavljević P. Regulatory T-cells in Periapical Lesions. J Dent Res 2009; 88:997-1002. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034509347090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25hiFoxp3+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are of crucial importance in regulating the immune response, including the control of any defense against infection. Their presence in periapical lesions has not been demonstrated, as yet. We hypothesized that Tregs infiltrate periapical lesions, where they inhibit T-cell proliferation. The aim of this study was to characterize Tregs in periapical lesions by confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and functional assays. We showed that CD4+CD25hiFoxp3+ cells in periapical lesions expressed IL-10 and TGF-β. Their frequency was significantly higher than in peripheral blood and correlated with the levels of TGF-β and IL-10 in culture supernatants of periapical lesion mononuclear cells. Tregs inhibited the proliferation of responder T-cells in vitro, at least in part, by stimulating the production of IL-10. These findings suggest that CD4+CD25hiFoxp3+ cells in periapical lesions may play regulatory roles in controlling local immune/inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Colić
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska
17, 11002 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Military Medical Academy
Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor,
Slovenia; and
- Clinic for Stomatology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade,
Serbia
| | - D. Gazivoda
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska
17, 11002 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Military Medical Academy
Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor,
Slovenia; and
- Clinic for Stomatology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade,
Serbia
| | - D. Vucević
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska
17, 11002 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Military Medical Academy
Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor,
Slovenia; and
- Clinic for Stomatology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade,
Serbia
| | - I. Majstorović
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska
17, 11002 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Military Medical Academy
Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor,
Slovenia; and
- Clinic for Stomatology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade,
Serbia
| | - S. Vasilijić
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska
17, 11002 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Military Medical Academy
Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor,
Slovenia; and
- Clinic for Stomatology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade,
Serbia
| | - R. Rudolf
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska
17, 11002 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Military Medical Academy
Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor,
Slovenia; and
- Clinic for Stomatology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade,
Serbia
| | - Z. Brkić
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska
17, 11002 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Military Medical Academy
Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor,
Slovenia; and
- Clinic for Stomatology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade,
Serbia
| | - P. Milosavljević
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska
17, 11002 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Military Medical Academy
Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor,
Slovenia; and
- Clinic for Stomatology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade,
Serbia
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Borch TS, Løbner M, Bendtzen K, Holmstrup P, Nielsen CH. Decreased interleukin-2 responses to Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis in generalized aggressive periodontitis. J Periodontol 2009; 80:800-7. [PMID: 19405834 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compromised T-cell responses to periodontal pathogens may contribute to the pathogenesis of generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP). In this study, we attempted to characterize T-helper cell (Th1, Th2, and Th17) responses in patients with GAgP and healthy controls upon stimulation with disease-relevant pathogens. METHODS Mononuclear cells (MNCs) from 10 white patients with GAgP and 10 white controls were stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 33277 (Pg), Prevotella intermedia ATCC 25611, Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 49256 (Fn), and similar bacteria isolated from the participants' inherent oral flora. Tetanus toxoid (TT) was used as control antigen. The resulting production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin (IL)-2, -4, -5 and -17 and the induced proliferation of CD4+ T cells were measured. RESULTS MNCs from patients with GAgP exhibited decreased IL-2 responses to Pg and Fn. No difference was observed between patients with GAgP and controls with regard to CD4+ T-cell proliferation or the production of IFN-gamma and IL-4, -5, and -17, irrespective of whether type strains or bacteria isolated from the participants' oral cavity were used for stimulation. Moreover, similar proliferative and cytokine responses to TT were observed. Notably, smoking patients with GAgP exhibited significantly lower IFN-gamma responses to the bacteria and to TT than non-smoking patients or controls. CONCLUSIONS The decreased IL-2 responses of patients with GAgP to Pg and Fn combined with adequate IL-2 responses to TT suggest an impaired antigen-specific T-cell reactivity with periodontal pathogens in GAgP. The decreased IFN-gamma responses of smokers within the patient group suggest that smoking may aggravate this impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Skuldbøl Borch
- Section of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Gazivoda D, Dzopalic T, Bozic B, Tatomirovic Z, Brkic Z, Colic M. Production of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines by inflammatory cells from periapical lesions in culture. J Oral Pathol Med 2009; 38:605-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00788.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
SUMMARY Our understanding of the role of T cells in human disease is undergoing revision as a result of the discovery of T-helper 17 (Th17) cells, a unique CD4(+) T-cell subset characterized by production of interleukin-17 (IL-17). IL-17 is a highly inflammatory cytokine with robust effects on stromal cells in many tissues. Recent data in humans and mice suggest that Th17 cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of a diverse group of immune-mediated diseases, including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and asthma. Initial reports also propose a role for Th17 cells in tumorigenesis and transplant rejection. Important differences, as well as many similarities, are emerging when the biology of Th17 cells in the mouse is compared with corresponding phenomena in humans. As our understanding of human Th17 biology grows, the mechanisms underlying many diseases are becoming more apparent, resulting in a new appreciation for both previously known and more recently discovered cytokines, chemokines, and feedback mechanisms. Given the strong association between excessive Th17 activity and human disease, new therapeutic approaches targeting Th17 cells are highly promising, but the potential safety of such treatments may be limited by the role of these cells in normal host defenses against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Tesmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rheumatic Disease Core Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5358, USA
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Abstract
SUMMARY Our understanding of the role of T cells in human disease is undergoing revision as a result of the discovery of T-helper 17 (Th17) cells, a unique CD4(+) T-cell subset characterized by production of interleukin-17 (IL-17). IL-17 is a highly inflammatory cytokine with robust effects on stromal cells in many tissues. Recent data in humans and mice suggest that Th17 cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of a diverse group of immune-mediated diseases, including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and asthma. Initial reports also propose a role for Th17 cells in tumorigenesis and transplant rejection. Important differences, as well as many similarities, are emerging when the biology of Th17 cells in the mouse is compared with corresponding phenomena in humans. As our understanding of human Th17 biology grows, the mechanisms underlying many diseases are becoming more apparent, resulting in a new appreciation for both previously known and more recently discovered cytokines, chemokines, and feedback mechanisms. Given the strong association between excessive Th17 activity and human disease, new therapeutic approaches targeting Th17 cells are highly promising, but the potential safety of such treatments may be limited by the role of these cells in normal host defenses against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Tesmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rheumatic Disease Core Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5358, USA
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Fukada SY, Silva TA, Garlet GP, Rosa AL, da Silva JS, Cunha FQ. Factors involved in the T helper type 1 and type 2 cell commitment and osteoclast regulation in inflammatory apical diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 24:25-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2008.00469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Immunohistochemical Localization of IL-17 in Induced Rat Periapical Lesions. J Endod 2009; 35:216-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Menezes R, Garlet TP, Letra A, Bramante CM, Campanelli AP, Figueira RDC, Sogayar MC, Granjeiro JM, Garlet GP. Differential patterns of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand/osteoprotegerin expression in human periapical granulomas: possible association with progressive or stable nature of the lesions. J Endod 2008; 34:932-8. [PMID: 18634923 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) are expressed in apical periodontitis, suggesting a role for these molecules during lesion development. However, the profiles of RANKL/OPG expression in periapical lesions remain unknown. In this study we investigated the patterns of RANKL and OPG mRNA expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction in human periapical granulomas (N = 44) and compared them with sites presenting characteristic bone resorbing activity: healthy (n = 14) and orthodontically stretched and compressed periodontal ligament (n = 26), healthy gingiva (n = 24), chronic gingivitis (n = 32), and chronic periodontitis (n = 34) samples. Both RANKL and OPG mRNA expression was higher in periapical granulomas when compared with healthy periodontal ligament. Distinct patterns of RANKL and OPG expression ratio were found in the granulomas and in different physiologic and pathologic conditions, with characteristic bone resorption activity potentially being indicative of the stable or progressive nature of the lesions. Lesions with radiographic image smaller than 5 mm showed higher RANKL/OPG expression than images greater than 5 mm. Periapical granulomas presented heterogeneous patterns of RANKL and OPG expression, ranging from samples with RANKL/OPG ratio similar to that seen in sites with minimal or absent bone resorption to samples with RANKL/OPG expression pattern comparable with active bone resorption sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Menezes
- Department of Endodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Gaffen SL, Hajishengallis G. A new inflammatory cytokine on the block: re-thinking periodontal disease and the Th1/Th2 paradigm in the context of Th17 cells and IL-17. J Dent Res 2008; 87:817-28. [PMID: 18719207 PMCID: PMC2692983 DOI: 10.1177/154405910808700908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For almost two decades, the Th1/Th2 paradigm has offered a productive conceptual framework for investigating the pathogenesis of periodontitis. However, as with many other inflammatory diseases, the observed role of T-cell-mediated immunity in periodontitis did not readily fit this model. A new subset of CD4+ T-cells was recently discovered that explains many of the discrepancies in the classic Th1/Th2 model, and has been termed "Th17" based on its secretion of the novel pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17. The identification of Th17 cells as a novel effector T-cell population compels re-examination of periodontitis in the context of the new subset and its signature cytokines. This review aims to offer a clarifying insight into periodontal pathogenesis under the extended Th1/Th2/Th17 paradigm, and is predicated on the principle that periodontal disease activity is determined by a complex interplay between the immune system and periodontal pathogens. The re-examination of existing periodontal literature and further studies in the light of these new discoveries may help explain how the inflammatory response results in damage to the periodontium while generally failing to control the pathogens. This knowledge is essential for the development of immunomodulatory intervention strategies for fine-tuning the host response to maximize the protective and minimize the destructive aspects of the periodontal host response. Moreover, with the advent of anti-cytokine biologic drugs that target the Th1 and Th17 pathways in autoimmunity, the potential consequences to periodontal disease susceptibility in humans need to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Gaffen
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, 36 Foster Hall, 3435 Main St., State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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Abdolsamadi HR, Vahedi M, Esmaeili F, Nazari S, Abdollahzadeh S. Serum Interleukin-6 as a Serologic Marker of Chronic Periapical Lesions: A Case-control Study. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2008; 2:43-7. [PMID: 23289057 PMCID: PMC3532733 DOI: 10.5681/joddd.2008.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims
Chronic periapical disease with pulpal origin is an inflammatory condition caused by bacterial infection. Chronic infection could affect general health by increasing the production of cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) that probably play a role in pathogenesis of pulpal and periapical diseases. The aim of the present study was a comparative evaluation of the level of serum IL 6 in patients with periapical lesions and healthy controls.
Materials and methods
This analytical case-control study included 40 patients with chronic peri-apical lesions and 40 individuals without any oral diseases. All of the participants were in good general health. After obtaining an informed consent, clinical and radiographic examinations were carried out and blood samples were collected. Serum IL-6 was measured using ELISA. Data were analyzed using t-test by SPSS 14.0 computer software.
Results
Serum IL-6 concentration was significantly higher in test group compared to the controls (P < 0.05).
Conclusion The results of the present study indicate that IL-6 produced in periapical lesions may serve as a marker of pathologic inflammatory activities in chronic periapical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Abdolsamadi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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