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Zhang XQ, Liang YJ, Zhang BQ, Yan MX, Wang ZP, Huang DM, Huang YX, Lei JC, Song XP, Huang DL. Screening of Sugarcane Proteins Associated with Defense against Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli, Agent of Ratoon Stunting Disease. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:448. [PMID: 38337981 PMCID: PMC10857455 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Sugarcane is the most important sugar crop and one of the leading energy-producing crops in the world. Ratoon stunting disease (RSD), caused by the bacterium Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli, poses a huge threat to ratoon crops, causing a significant yield loss in sugarcane. Breeding resistant varieties is considered the most effective and fundamental approach to control RSD in sugarcane. The exploration of resistance genes forms the foundation for breeding resistant varieties through molecular technology. The pglA gene is a pathogenicity gene in L. xyli subsp. xyli, encoding an endopolygalacturonase. In this study, the pglA gene from L. xyli subsp. xyli and related microorganisms was analyzed. Then, a non-toxic, non-autoactivating pglA bait was successfully expressed in yeast cells. Simultaneously the yeast two-hybrid library was generated using RNA from the L. xyli subsp. xyli-infected sugarcane. Screening the library with the pglA bait uncovered proteins that interacted with pglA, primarily associated with ABA pathways and the plant immune system, suggesting that sugarcane employs these pathways to respond to L. xyli subsp. xyli, triggering pathogenicity or resistance. The expression of genes encoding these proteins was also investigated in L. xyli subsp. xyli-infected sugarcane, suggesting multiple layers of regulatory mechanisms in the interaction between sugarcane and L. xyli subsp. xyli. This work promotes the understanding of plant-pathogen interaction and provides target proteins/genes for molecular breeding to improve sugarcane resistance to L. xyli subsp. xyli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (X.-Q.Z.); (B.-Q.Z.); (M.-X.Y.); (Z.-P.W.); (D.-M.H.); (Y.-X.H.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Yong-Jian Liang
- Guangxi South Subtropical Agricultural Science Research Institute, Chongzuo 532415, China;
| | - Bao-Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (X.-Q.Z.); (B.-Q.Z.); (M.-X.Y.); (Z.-P.W.); (D.-M.H.); (Y.-X.H.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Mei-Xin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (X.-Q.Z.); (B.-Q.Z.); (M.-X.Y.); (Z.-P.W.); (D.-M.H.); (Y.-X.H.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Ze-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (X.-Q.Z.); (B.-Q.Z.); (M.-X.Y.); (Z.-P.W.); (D.-M.H.); (Y.-X.H.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Dong-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (X.-Q.Z.); (B.-Q.Z.); (M.-X.Y.); (Z.-P.W.); (D.-M.H.); (Y.-X.H.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Yu-Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (X.-Q.Z.); (B.-Q.Z.); (M.-X.Y.); (Z.-P.W.); (D.-M.H.); (Y.-X.H.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Jing-Chao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (X.-Q.Z.); (B.-Q.Z.); (M.-X.Y.); (Z.-P.W.); (D.-M.H.); (Y.-X.H.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Xiu-Peng Song
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (X.-Q.Z.); (B.-Q.Z.); (M.-X.Y.); (Z.-P.W.); (D.-M.H.); (Y.-X.H.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Dong-Liang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (X.-Q.Z.); (B.-Q.Z.); (M.-X.Y.); (Z.-P.W.); (D.-M.H.); (Y.-X.H.); (J.-C.L.)
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Bloch-Zupan A, Rey T, Jimenez-Armijo A, Kawczynski M, Kharouf N, Dure-Molla MDL, Noirrit E, Hernandez M, Joseph-Beaudin C, Lopez S, Tardieu C, Thivichon-Prince B, Dostalova T, Macek M, Alloussi ME, Qebibo L, Morkmued S, Pungchanchaikul P, Orellana BU, Manière MC, Gérard B, Bugueno IM, Laugel-Haushalter V. Amelogenesis imperfecta: Next-generation sequencing sheds light on Witkop's classification. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1130175. [PMID: 37228816 PMCID: PMC10205041 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1130175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a heterogeneous group of genetic rare diseases disrupting enamel development (Smith et al., Front Physiol, 2017a, 8, 333). The clinical enamel phenotypes can be described as hypoplastic, hypomineralized or hypomature and serve as a basis, together with the mode of inheritance, to Witkop's classification (Witkop, J Oral Pathol, 1988, 17, 547-553). AI can be described in isolation or associated with others symptoms in syndromes. Its occurrence was estimated to range from 1/700 to 1/14,000. More than 70 genes have currently been identified as causative. Objectives: We analyzed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) a heterogeneous cohort of AI patients in order to determine the molecular etiology of AI and to improve diagnosis and disease management. Methods: Individuals presenting with so called "isolated" or syndromic AI were enrolled and examined at the Reference Centre for Rare Oral and Dental Diseases (O-Rares) using D4/phenodent protocol (www.phenodent.org). Families gave written informed consents for both phenotyping and molecular analysis and diagnosis using a dedicated NGS panel named GenoDENT. This panel explores currently simultaneously 567 genes. The study is registered under NCT01746121 and NCT02397824 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/). Results: GenoDENT obtained a 60% diagnostic rate. We reported genetics results for 221 persons divided between 115 AI index cases and their 106 associated relatives from a total of 111 families. From this index cohort, 73% were diagnosed with non-syndromic amelogenesis imperfecta and 27% with syndromic amelogenesis imperfecta. Each individual was classified according to the AI phenotype. Type I hypoplastic AI represented 61 individuals (53%), Type II hypomature AI affected 31 individuals (27%), Type III hypomineralized AI was diagnosed in 18 individuals (16%) and Type IV hypoplastic-hypomature AI with taurodontism concerned 5 individuals (4%). We validated the genetic diagnosis, with class 4 (likely pathogenic) or class 5 (pathogenic) variants, for 81% of the cohort, and identified candidate variants (variant of uncertain significance or VUS) for 19% of index cases. Among the 151 sequenced variants, 47 are newly reported and classified as class 4 or 5. The most frequently discovered genotypes were associated with MMP20 and FAM83H for isolated AI. FAM20A and LTBP3 genes were the most frequent genes identified for syndromic AI. Patients negative to the panel were resolved with exome sequencing elucidating for example the gene involved ie ACP4 or digenic inheritance. Conclusion: NGS GenoDENT panel is a validated and cost-efficient technique offering new perspectives to understand underlying molecular mechanisms of AI. Discovering variants in genes involved in syndromic AI (CNNM4, WDR72, FAM20A … ) transformed patient overall care. Unravelling the genetic basis of AI sheds light on Witkop's AI classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Bloch-Zupan
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut d’études avancées (USIAS), Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-dentaires, Hôpital Civil, Centre de référence des maladies rares orales et dentaires, O-Rares, Filiére Santé Maladies rares TETE COU, European Reference Network ERN CRANIO, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), IN-SERM U1258, CNRS- UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tristan Rey
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), IN-SERM U1258, CNRS- UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Laboratoires de diagnostic génétique, Institut de Génétique Médicale d’Alsace, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandra Jimenez-Armijo
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), IN-SERM U1258, CNRS- UMR7104, Illkirch, France
| | - Marzena Kawczynski
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-dentaires, Hôpital Civil, Centre de référence des maladies rares orales et dentaires, O-Rares, Filiére Santé Maladies rares TETE COU, European Reference Network ERN CRANIO, Strasbourg, France
| | - Naji Kharouf
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie, Inserm UMR_S 1121, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Muriel de La Dure-Molla
- Rothschild Hospital, Public Assistance-Paris Hospitals (AP-HP), Reference Center for Rare Oral and Den-tal Diseases (O-Rares), Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Noirrit
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Rangueil, Toulouse, Competence Center for Rare Oral and Den-tal Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Hernandez
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Competence Center for Rare Oral and Dental Diseases, Nancy, France
| | - Clara Joseph-Beaudin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Competence Center for Rare Oral and Dental Diseases, Nice, France
| | - Serena Lopez
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Competence Center for Rare Oral and Dental Diseases, Nantes, France
| | - Corinne Tardieu
- APHM, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Hôpital Timone, Competence Center for Rare Oral and Dental Diseases, Marseille, France
| | - Béatrice Thivichon-Prince
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lyon, Competence Center for Rare Oral and Dental Diseases, Lyon, France
| | | | - Tatjana Dostalova
- Department of Stomatology (TD) and Department of Biology and Medical Genetics (MM) Charles University 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Milan Macek
- Department of Stomatology (TD) and Department of Biology and Medical Genetics (MM) Charles University 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Mustapha El Alloussi
- Faculty of Dentistry, International University of Rabat, CReSS Centre de recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Leila Qebibo
- Unité de génétique médicale et d’oncogénétique, CHU Hassan II, Fes, Morocco
| | | | | | - Blanca Urzúa Orellana
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marie-Cécile Manière
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-dentaires, Hôpital Civil, Centre de référence des maladies rares orales et dentaires, O-Rares, Filiére Santé Maladies rares TETE COU, European Reference Network ERN CRANIO, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bénédicte Gérard
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Laboratoires de diagnostic génétique, Institut de Génétique Médicale d’Alsace, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isaac Maximiliano Bugueno
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-dentaires, Hôpital Civil, Centre de référence des maladies rares orales et dentaires, O-Rares, Filiére Santé Maladies rares TETE COU, European Reference Network ERN CRANIO, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), IN-SERM U1258, CNRS- UMR7104, Illkirch, France
| | - Virginie Laugel-Haushalter
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), IN-SERM U1258, CNRS- UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Laboratoires de diagnostic génétique, Institut de Génétique Médicale d’Alsace, Strasbourg, France
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de Castro Oliveira L, Marchetti VM, de Souza E Silva Ramos F, Delbem ACB, Souza MT, Ganss B, Theodoro LH, Fagundes TC. In vitro dentin permeability and tubule occlusion of experimental in-office desensitizing materials. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:1265-1276. [PMID: 36305964 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04760-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigates the dentin permeability (by hydraulic conductance) and tubule occlusion (by confocal and scanning electron microscopies) of in-office desensitizing materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bovine dentin blocks were immersed in EDTA to open dentinal tubules. Placebo varnish (PLA), fluoride varnish (FLU), NaF 5% + 5% nanoparticulate sodium trimetaphosphate varnish (TMP), universal adhesive system (SBU), S-PRG filler varnish (SPRG), Biosilicate (BIOS), and amelotin (AMTN) solution were the materials tested. After application, the specimens underwent an erosive-abrasive challenge. Dentin permeability was evaluated at T0 (initial), T1 (after treatment), and T2 (after challenge). Confocal and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to evaluate, respectively, length and number of dentinal tubule occlusions and opened dentinal tubules, after challenge. Permeability and SEM data were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's tests. Confocal data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, Tukey's test, and Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests. Spearman and Pearson's correlation tests were also used. Significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS At T1, the AMTN group showed the lowest permeability value, following the increasing order at T2: AMTN = SBU < BIOS = SPRG < TMP < FLU < PLA. The SBU group had the highest value of occluded dentinal tubule length. The AMTN group presented more occluded dentinal tubules compared to PLA and FLU. AMTN and SBU had the lowest values of opened dentin tubules. Results showed a negative correlation between the analyses. CONCLUSION The SBU and AMTN solution were more effective in reducing dentin permeability by occluding dentin tubules. CLINICAL RELEVANCE All materials reduced permeability after challenge, except fluoride varnish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laryssa de Castro Oliveira
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Vitória Marega Marchetti
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Souza E Silva Ramos
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Marina Trevelin Souza
- Vitreous Materials Laboratory, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bernhard Ganss
- Faculty of Dentistry and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontário, Canada
| | - Leticia Helena Theodoro
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ticiane Cestari Fagundes
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP, 16015-050, Brazil.
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Fischer NG, Aparicio C. Junctional epithelium and hemidesmosomes: Tape and rivets for solving the "percutaneous device dilemma" in dental and other permanent implants. Bioact Mater 2022; 18:178-198. [PMID: 35387164 PMCID: PMC8961425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The percutaneous device dilemma describes etiological factors, centered around the disrupted epithelial tissue surrounding non-remodelable devices, that contribute to rampant percutaneous device infection. Natural percutaneous organs, in particular their extracellular matrix mediating the "device"/epithelium interface, serve as exquisite examples to inspire longer lasting long-term percutaneous device design. For example, the tooth's imperviousness to infection is mediated by the epithelium directly surrounding it, the junctional epithelium (JE). The hallmark feature of JE is formation of hemidesmosomes, cell/matrix adhesive structures that attach surrounding oral gingiva to the tooth's enamel through a basement membrane. Here, the authors survey the multifaceted functions of the JE, emphasizing the role of the matrix, with a particular focus on hemidesmosomes and their five main components. The authors highlight the known (and unknown) effects dental implant - as a model percutaneous device - placement has on JE regeneration and synthesize this information for application to other percutaneous devices. The authors conclude with a summary of bioengineering strategies aimed at solving the percutaneous device dilemma and invigorating greater collaboration between clinicians, bioengineers, and matrix biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G. Fischer
- MDRCBB-Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, 16-212 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Conrado Aparicio
- MDRCBB-Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, 16-212 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Division of Basic Research, Faculty of Odontology, UIC Barcelona – Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, C/. Josep Trueta s/n, 08195, Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), C/. Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Nouri S, Holcroft J, Caruso LL, Vuong TV, Simmons CA, Master ER, Ganss B. An SCPPPQ1/LAM332 protein complex enhances the adhesion and migration of oral epithelial cells: Implications for dentogingival regeneration. Acta Biomater 2022; 147:209-220. [PMID: 35643199 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Common periodontal disease treatment procedures often fail to restore the structural integrity of the junctional epithelium (JE), the epithelial attachment of the gum to the tooth, leaving the tooth-gum interface prone to bacterial colonization. To address this issue, we introduced a novel bio-inspired protein complex comprised of a proline-rich enamel protein, SCPPPQ1, and laminin 332 (LAM332) to enhance the JE attachment. Using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), we showed that SCPPPQ1 and LAM332 interacted and assembled into a protein complex with high-affinity adsorption of 5.9e-8 [M] for hydroxyapatite (HA), the main component of the mineralized tooth surfaces. We then designed a unique shear device to study the adhesion strength of the oral epithelial cells to HA. The SCPPPQ1/LAM332 complex resulted in a twofold enhancement in adhesion strength of the cells to HA compared to LAM332 (from 31 dyn/cm2 to 63 dyn/cm2). In addition, using a modified wound-healing assay, we showed that gingival epithelial cells demonstrated a significantly high migration rate of 2.7 ± 0.24 µm/min over SCPPPQ1/LAM332-coated surfaces. Our collective data show that this protein complex has the potential to be further developed in designing a bioadhesive to enhance the JE attachment and protect the underlying connective tissue from bacterial invasion. However, its efficacy for wound healing requires further testing in vivo. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work is the first functional study towards understanding the combined role of the enamel protein SCPPPQ1 and laminin 332 (LAM332) in the epithelial attachment of the gum, the junctional epithelium (JE), to the tooth hydroxyapatite surfaces. Such studies are essential for developing therapeutic approaches to restore the integrity of the JE in the destructive form of gum infection. We have developed a model system that provided the first evidence of the strong interaction between SCPPPQ1 and LAM332 on hydroxyapatite surfaces that favored protein adsorption and subsequently oral epithelial cell attachment and migration. Our collective data strongly suggested using the SCPPPQ1/LAM332 complex to accelerate the reestablishment of the JE after surgical gum removal to facilitate gum regeneration.
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Amelotin Promotes Mineralization and Adhesion in Collagen-Based Systems. Cell Mol Bioeng 2022; 15:245-254. [PMID: 35611164 PMCID: PMC9124263 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-022-00722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Periodontitis is characterized by the destruction of tooth-supporting tissues including the alveolar bone. Barrier membranes are used in dentistry for tissue regenerative therapy. Nevertheless, conventional membranes have issues related to membrane stability and direct induction of bone mineralization. Amelotin (AMTN), an enamel matrix protein, regulates hydroxyapatite crystal nucleation and growth. To apply an AMTN membrane in clinical practice, we investigated the mineralizing and adhesive effects of recombinant human (rh) AMTN in vitro using a collagen-based system. Methods Collagen hydrogel incorporated with rhAMTN (AMTN gel) and rhAMTN-coated dentin slices were prepared. AMTN gel was then applied on a commercial membrane (AMTN membrane). Samples were incubated for up to 24 h in mineralization buffer, and the structures were observed. The peak adhesive tensile strength between the dentin and AMTN membrane was measured. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the release kinetics of rhAMTN from the membrane were investigated. Results The AMTN gel resulted in the formation of hydroxyapatite deposits both onto and within the collagen matrix. Furthermore, coating the dentin surface with rhAMTN promoted the precipitation of mineral deposits on the surface. Interestingly, site-specific mineralization was observed in the AMTN membrane. Only 1% of rhAMTN was released from the membrane. Hence, the AMTN membrane adhered to the dentin surface with more than twofold greater tensile strength than that detected for a rhAMTN-free barrier membrane. Conclusions RhAMTN can accelerate mineralization and adhesion in collagen-based systems. Furthermore, the AMTN membrane could inform the optimal design of calcified tissue regenerative materials. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-022-00722-2.
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Fischer NG, Kobe AC, Dai J, He J, Wang H, Pizarek JA, De Jong DA, Ye Z, Huang S, Aparicio C. Tapping basement membrane motifs: Oral junctional epithelium for surface-mediated soft tissue attachment to prevent failure of percutaneous devices. Acta Biomater 2022; 141:70-88. [PMID: 34971784 PMCID: PMC8898307 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Teeth, long-lasting percutaneous organs, feature soft tissue attachment through adhesive structures, hemidesmosomes, in the junctional epithelium basement membrane adjacent to teeth. This soft tissue attachment prevents bacterial infection of the tooth despite the rich - and harsh - microbial composition of the oral cavity. Conversely, millions of percutaneous devices (catheters, dental, and orthopedic implants) fail from infection yearly. Standard of care antibiotic usage fuels antimicrobial resistance and is frequently ineffective. Infection prevention strategies, like for dental implants, have failed in generating durable soft tissue adhesion - like that seen with the tooth - to prevent bacterial colonization at the tissue-device interface. Here, inspired by the impervious natural attachment of the junctional epithelium to teeth, we synthesized four cell adhesion peptide (CAPs) nanocoatings, derived from basement membranes, to promote percutaneous device soft tissue attachment. The two leading nanocoatings upregulated integrin-mediated hemidesmosomes, selectively increased keratinocyte proliferation compared to fibroblasts, which cannot form hemidesmosomes, and expression of junctional epithelium adhesive markers. CAP nanocoatings displayed marked durability under simulated clinical conditions and the top performer CAP nanocoating was validated in a percutaneous implant murine model. Basement membrane CAP nanocoatings, inspired by the tooth and junctional epithelium, may provide an alternative anti-infective strategy for percutaneous devices to mitigate the worldwide threat of antimicrobial resistance. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Prevention and management of medical device infection is a significant healthcare challenge. Overzealous antibiotic use has motivated alternative material innovations to prevent infection. Here, we report implant cell adhesion peptide nanocoatings that mimic a long-lasting, natural "medical device," the tooth, through formation of cell adhesive structures called hemidesmosomes. Such nanocoatings sidestep the use of antimicrobial or antibiotic elements to form a soft-tissue seal around implants. The top performing nanocoatings prompted expression of hemidesmosomes and defensive factors to mimic the tooth and was validated in an animal model. Application of cell adhesion peptide nanocoatings may provide an alternative to preventing, rather that necessarily treating, medical device infection across a range of device indications, like dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Fischer
- MDRCBB-Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, 16-212 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Alexandra C Kobe
- MDRCBB-Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, 16-212 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jinhong Dai
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, Wenzhou Medical University, 373 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jiahe He
- MDRCBB-Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, 16-212 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Hongning Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, Wenzhou Medical University, 373 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - John A Pizarek
- MDRCBB-Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, 16-212 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States; United States Navy Dental Corps, Naval Medical Leader and Professional Development Command, 8955 Wood Road Bethesda, MD 20889, United States
| | - David A De Jong
- MDRCBB-Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, 16-212 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Zhou Ye
- MDRCBB-Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, 16-212 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Shengbin Huang
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, Wenzhou Medical University, 373 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Conrado Aparicio
- MDRCBB-Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, 16-212 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.
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8
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Tsuruya Y, Yamaguchi A, Yamazaki-Takai M, Mezawa M, Takai H, Nakayama Y, Ogata Y. Transcriptional regulation of human odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein gene by tumor necrosis factor-α. Inflamm Res 2021; 71:119-129. [PMID: 34787682 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein (ODAM) is produced by maturation stage ameloblasts and junctional epithelium (JE). The function of ODAM is thought to be involved in the attachment of teeth and JE. To elucidate transcriptional regulation of human ODAM gene in inflamed gingiva, we have analyzed the effects of TNF-α on the expression of ODAM gene in Ca9-22 and Sa3 gingival epithelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Total RNAs were extracted from Ca9-22 and Sa3 cells after stimulation by TNF-α (10 ng/ml). ODAM mRNA and protein levels were analyzed by qPCR and Western blotting. Luciferase (LUC) analyses were performed using LUC constructs inserted in various lengths of ODAM gene promoter. Gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were carried out. RESULTS TNF-α increased ODAM mRNA and protein levels at 3 to 24 h. TNF-α induced LUC activities of the ODAM gene promoter constructs, and the activities were inhibited by protein kinase A, tyrosine kinase, MEK1/2, PI3-kinase and NF-κB inhibitors. Gel shift and ChIP assays revealed that TNF-α increased CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) β and Yin Yang1 (YY1) binding to three kinds of C/EBPs and YY1 elements. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that TNF-α stimulates ODAM gene transcription via C/EBPs and YY1 elements in the human ODAM gene promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Tsuruya
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Arisa Yamaguchi
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Mizuho Yamazaki-Takai
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Masaru Mezawa
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan.,Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Hideki Takai
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan.,Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Yohei Nakayama
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan.,Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Yorimasa Ogata
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan. .,Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan.
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9
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Danesi AL, Athanasiadou D, Mansouri A, Phen A, Neshatian M, Holcroft J, Bonde J, Ganss B, Carneiro KMM. Uniaxial Hydroxyapatite Growth on a Self-Assembled Protein Scaffold. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12343. [PMID: 34830225 PMCID: PMC8620880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is a crucial process whereby organisms produce mineralized tissues such as teeth for mastication, bones for support, and shells for protection. Mineralized tissues are composed of hierarchically organized hydroxyapatite crystals, with a limited capacity to regenerate when demineralized or damaged past a critical size. Thus, the development of protein-based materials that act as artificial scaffolds to guide hydroxyapatite growth is an attractive goal both for the design of ordered nanomaterials and for tissue regeneration. In particular, amelogenin, which is the main protein that scaffolds the hierarchical organization of hydroxyapatite crystals in enamel, amelogenin recombinamers, and amelogenin-derived peptide scaffolds have all been investigated for in vitro mineral growth. Here, we describe uniaxial hydroxyapatite growth on a nanoengineered amelogenin scaffold in combination with amelotin, a mineral promoting protein present during enamel formation. This bio-inspired approach for hydroxyapatite growth may inform the molecular mechanism of hydroxyapatite formation in vitro as well as possible mechanisms at play during mineralized tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. Danesi
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (A.L.D.); (D.A.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (J.H.); (B.G.)
| | - Dimitra Athanasiadou
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (A.L.D.); (D.A.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (J.H.); (B.G.)
| | - Ahmad Mansouri
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (A.L.D.); (D.A.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (J.H.); (B.G.)
| | - Alina Phen
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (A.L.D.); (D.A.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (J.H.); (B.G.)
| | - Mehrnoosh Neshatian
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (A.L.D.); (D.A.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (J.H.); (B.G.)
| | - James Holcroft
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (A.L.D.); (D.A.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (J.H.); (B.G.)
| | - Johan Bonde
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Center of Applied Life Sciences, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Bernhard Ganss
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (A.L.D.); (D.A.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (J.H.); (B.G.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Karina M. M. Carneiro
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (A.L.D.); (D.A.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (J.H.); (B.G.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
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10
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Ohki R, Matsuki-Fukushima M, Fujikawa K, Mayahara M, Matsuyama K, Nakamura M. In the absence of a basal lamina, ameloblasts absorb enamel in a serumless and chemically defined organ culture system. J Oral Biosci 2021; 63:66-73. [PMID: 33493674 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tooth organ development was examined in a serumless, chemically defined organ culture system to determine whether morphological and functional development was identical to that in in vivo and serum-supplemented organ cultures. METHODS Mouse mandibular first molar tooth organs at 16 days of gestation were cultured for up to 28 days in a Tronwell culture system using a serum-supplemented or serumless, chemically defined medium. After culture, specimens were processed for assessing tooth development using ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and mRNA expression analyses. RESULTS In serum-supplemented conditions, inner enamel epithelial cells differentiated into secretory-stage ameloblasts, which formed enamel and reached the maturation stage after 14 and 21 days of culture, respectively. Ameloblasts deposited a basal lamina on immature enamel. Conversely, in serumless conditions, ameloblasts formed enamel on mineralized dentin after 21 days. Moreover, maturation-stage ameloblasts did not form basal lamina and directly absorbed mineralized enamel after 28 days of culture. RT-PCR analysis indicated that tooth organs, cultured in serumless conditions for 28 days, had significantly reduced expression levels of ODAM, amelotin, and laminin-322. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that several differences were detected compared to the development in serum-supplemented conditions, such as delayed enamel and dentin formation and the failure of maturation-stage ameloblasts to form basal laminae. Therefore, our results suggest that some factors might be required for the steady formation of mineralized dentin, enamel, and a basal lamina. Additionally, our results indicate that a basal lamina is necessary for enamel maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retsu Ohki
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 4142-8555, Japan
| | - M Matsuki-Fukushima
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 4142-8555, Japan
| | - K Fujikawa
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 4142-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuori Mayahara
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 4142-8555, Japan
| | - Kayo Matsuyama
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 4142-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 4142-8555, Japan.
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11
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Nakayama Y, Inoue E, Kato A, Iwai Y, Takai-Yamazaki M, Tsuruya Y, Yamaguchi A, Noda K, Nomoto T, Ganss B, Ogata Y. Follicular dendritic cell-secreted protein gene expression is upregulated and spread in nifedipine-induced gingival overgrowth. Odontology 2020; 108:532-544. [PMID: 31955298 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-020-00483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Follicular dendritic cell-secreted protein (FDC-SP) is secreted protein expressed in follicular dendritic cells, periodontal ligament and junctional epithelium (JE). Its expression could be controlled during inflammatory process of gingiva; however, responsible mechanism for gingival overgrowth and involvement of FDC-SP in clinical condition is still unclear. We hypothesized that JE-specific genes are associated with the initiation of drug-induced gingival enlargement (DIGE) called gingival overgrowth, and investigated the changes of JE-specific gene's expression and their localization in overgrown gingiva from the patients. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the FDC-SP localization was spread in overgrown gingival tissues. FDC-SP mRNA levels in GE1 and Ca9-22 cells were increased by time-dependent nifedipine treatments, similar to other JE-specific genes, such as Amelotin (Amtn) and Lamininβ3 subunit (Lamβ3), whereas type 4 collagen (Col4) mRNA levels were decreased. Immunocytochemical analysis showed that FDC-SP, AMTN, and Lamβ3 protein levels were increased in GE1 and Ca9-22 cells. Transient transfection analyses were performed using luciferase constructs including various lengths of human FDC-SP gene promoter, nifedipine increased luciferase activities of -345 and -948FDC-SP constructs. These results raise the possibility that the nifedipine-induced FDC-SP may be related to the mechanism responsible for gingival overgrowth does not occur at edentulous jaw ridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Nakayama
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry At Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan.
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry At Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan.
| | - Eiko Inoue
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry At Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Ayako Kato
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry At Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry At Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Iwai
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry At Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Mizuho Takai-Yamazaki
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry At Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Yuto Tsuruya
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry At Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Arisa Yamaguchi
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry At Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Keisuke Noda
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry At Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Takato Nomoto
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry At Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
- Department of Special Needs Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry At Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Bernhard Ganss
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yorimasa Ogata
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry At Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan.
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry At Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan.
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12
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Nakayama Y, Kobayashi R, Iwai Y, Noda K, Yamazaki M, Kurita-Ochiai T, Yoshimura A, Ganss B, Ogata Y. C/EBPβ and YY1 bind and interact with Smad3 to modulate lipopolysaccharide-induced amelotin gene transcription in mouse gingival epithelial cells. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:276-290. [PMID: 30761253 PMCID: PMC6356155 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Junctional epithelium (JE) develops from reduced enamel epithelium during tooth formation and is critical for the maintenance of healthy periodontal tissue through ensuring appropriate immune responses and the rapid turnover of gingival epithelial cells. We have previously shown a relationship between inflammatory cytokines and expression of JE‐specific genes, such as amelotin (AMTN), in gingival epithelial cells. Here, we elucidated the effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis‐derived lipopolysaccharide (PgLPS) on Amtn gene transcription and the interaction of transcription factors. To determine the molecular basis of transcriptional regulation of the Amtn gene by PgLPS, we performed real‐time PCR and carried out luciferase assays using a mouse Amtn gene promoter linked to a luciferase reporter gene in mouse gingival epithelial GE1 cells. Gel mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to identify response elements bound to LPS‐induced transcription factors. Next, we analyzed protein levels of the LPS‐induced transcription factors and the interaction of transcription factors by western blotting and immunoprecipitation. LPS increased Amtn mRNA levels and elevated luciferase activities of constructs containing regions between −116 and −238 of the mouse Amtn gene promoter. CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein (C/EBP) 1–, C/EBP2– and Ying Yang 1 (YY1)–nuclear protein complexes were increased by LPS treatment. Furthermore, we identified LPS‐modulated interactions with C/EBPβ, YY1 and Smad3. These results demonstrate that PgLPS regulates Amtn gene transcription via binding of C/EBPβ–Smad3 and YY1–Smad3 complexes to C/EBP1, C/EBP2 and YY1 response elements in the mouse Amtn gene promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Nakayama
- Department of Periodontology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan.,Research Institute of Oral Science Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan
| | - Ryoki Kobayashi
- Research Institute of Oral Science Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan.,Department of Oral Immunology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan
| | - Yasunobu Iwai
- Department of Periodontology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan
| | - Keisuke Noda
- Department of Periodontology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan
| | - Mizuho Yamazaki
- Department of Periodontology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan
| | - Tomoko Kurita-Ochiai
- Research Institute of Oral Science Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan.,Department of Oral Immunology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan
| | - Atsutoshi Yoshimura
- Department of Periodontology Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Japan
| | - Bernhard Ganss
- Matrix Dynamics Group Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Canada
| | - Yorimasa Ogata
- Department of Periodontology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan.,Research Institute of Oral Science Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Chiba Japan
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13
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Potential function of TGF-β isoforms in maturation-stage ameloblasts. J Oral Biosci 2019; 61:43-54. [PMID: 30929801 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate potential functions of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) isoforms in maturation-stage ameloblasts during amelogenesis. METHODS In vivo activation of TGF-β was characterized by using matrix metalloproteinase 20 null (Mmp20-/-) and wild-type (Mmp20+/+) mice. Using mHAT9d cells cultured in the presence of each TGF-β isoform, (1) cell proliferation was determined by MTS assay, (2) immunostaining with anti-cleaved caspase-3 monoclonal antibody was performed and apoptotic indices were measured, (3) gene expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR, and (4) the uptake of amelogenin into mHAT9d cells was directly observed using a fluorescence microscope. RESULTS TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 were present in the enamel matrix of developing teeth which were activated by MMP20 in vivo. A genetic study revealed that the three TGF-β isoforms upregulate kallikrein 4 (KLK4) mRNA levels but downregulate carbonic anhydrase II. Moreover, TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 significantly upregulated the mRNA level of amelotin, whereas TGF-β3 dramatically downregulated the mRNA levels of odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein (ODAM), family with sequence similarity 83 member H (FAM83H), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Immunostaining analysis showed that the apoptosis of mHAT9d cells is induced by three TGF-β isoforms, with TGF-β3 being most effective. Both TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 induced endocytosis of amelogenin. CONCLUSIONS We propose that TGF-β is regulated in an isoform-specific manner to perform multiple biological functions such as gene expression related to the structure of basal lamina/ameloblasts, mineral ion transport, apoptosis, and endocytosis in maturation-stage ameloblasts.
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14
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Ikeda Y, Neshatian M, Holcroft J, Ganss B. The enamel protein ODAM promotes mineralization in a collagen matrix. Connect Tissue Res 2018; 59:62-66. [PMID: 29745811 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2017.1408603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Purpose/aim of the study: Odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein (ODAM) is predominantly expressed during the maturation stage of enamel formation and interacts strongly with amelotin (AMTN). AMTN is involved in enamel mineralization, but the effect of ODAM on mineralization has not been investigated. This study determined whether ODAM was able to induce hydroxyapatite (HA) mineralization in modified simulated body fluid (SBF) and in a collagen matrix in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS To monitor the kinetics of calcium phosphate mineralization, recombinant human (rh) ODAM protein in SBF buffer was incubated at 37°C and a light-scattering assay was conducted at intervals. To investigate the nucleation of ODAM in collagen matrix, the ODAM-impregnated collagen hydrogel was incubated in SBF buffer for 24 hours. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as negative control. Mineral deposits were visualized using electron microscopy. RESULTS The presence of rh-ODAM protein in SBF resulted in higher light-scattering values after 18-24 hours. Calcium phosphate precipitates were observed on the surface of the ODAM-treated, but not BSA-treated collagen hydrogel after 24 hours in SBF. TEM and SAED analyses showed that these crystals consisted of needle-like HA. CONCLUSION Similar to AMTN, ODAM is able to promote HA nucleation in a dose-dependent manner in SBF, and even outside of its biological context in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Ikeda
- a Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,b Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Mehrnoosh Neshatian
- a Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - James Holcroft
- a Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Bernhard Ganss
- a Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
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15
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Yamazaki M, Mezawa M, Noda K, Iwai Y, Matsui S, Takai H, Nakayama Y, Ogata Y. Transcriptional regulation of human amelotin gene by interleukin-1β. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:974-985. [PMID: 29928577 PMCID: PMC5986040 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major causes of tooth loss is chronic inflammation of the periodontium, the tissues surrounding the tooth. Amelotin (AMTN) is a tooth enamel protein which is expressed in maturation‐stage ameloblasts and also in the internal basal lamina of junctional epithelium, a unique epithelial structure attached to the tooth surface which protects against the constant microbiological challenge to the periodontium. Localization of AMTN suggests that its function could be involved in the dentogingival attachment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) on AMTN gene transcription in human gingival epithelial Ca9‐22 cells. IL‐1β increased AMTN mRNA and protein levels at 3 h, and the levels reached maximum at 6 and 12 h. IL‐1β induced luciferase activities of human AMTN gene promoter constructs (−211, −353, −501, −769, and −950AMTN), but these activities were partially inhibited in −353AMTN constructs that included 3‐bp mutations in CCAAT/enhancer binding protein 1 (C/EBP1), C/EBP2, and Ying Yang 1 (YY1) elements. Transcriptional activities induced by IL‐1β were abrogated by protein kinase A (PKA), tyrosine kinase, mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK1/2), and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitors. Gel shift and ChIP assays showed that IL‐1β increased C/EBPβ binding to C/EBP1 and C/EBP2, and YY1 binding to YY1 elements after 3 h, and that these DNA–protein interactions were inhibited by PKA, tyrosine kinase, MEK1/2, and PI3K inhibitors. These results demonstrated that IL‐1β increases AMTN gene transcription in human gingival epithelial cells mediated through C/EBP1, C/EBP2, and YY1 elements in the human AMTN gene promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Yamazaki
- Departments of Periodontology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Japan
| | - Masaru Mezawa
- Departments of Periodontology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Japan.,Research Institute of Oral Science Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Japan
| | - Keisuke Noda
- Departments of Periodontology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Japan
| | - Yasunobu Iwai
- Departments of Periodontology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Japan
| | - Sari Matsui
- Departments of Periodontology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Japan
| | - Hideki Takai
- Departments of Periodontology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Japan.,Research Institute of Oral Science Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Japan
| | - Yohei Nakayama
- Departments of Periodontology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Japan.,Research Institute of Oral Science Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Japan
| | - Yorimasa Ogata
- Departments of Periodontology Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Japan.,Research Institute of Oral Science Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Japan
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16
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Nakayama Y, Matsui S, Noda K, Yamazaki M, Iwai Y, Matsumura H, Izawa T, Tanaka E, Ganss B, Ogata Y. Amelotin gene expression is temporarily being upregulated at the initiation of apoptosis induced by TGFβ1 in mouse gingival epithelial cells. Apoptosis 2018; 21:1057-70. [PMID: 27502207 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Amelotin (AMTN) is expressed and secreted by ameloblasts in the maturation stage of amelogenesis and persist with low levels in the junctional epithelium (JE) of erupted teeth. The purpose of this study is to investigate the transcriptional regulation of the AMTN gene by transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFβ1) in gingival epithelial (GE1) cells in the apoptosis phase. Apoptosis was evaluated by the fragmentation of chromosomal DNA and TUNEL staining. A real-time PCR was carried out to examine the AMTN mRNA levels induced by TGFβ1 and Smad3 overexpression. Transient transfection analyses were completed using the various lengths of mouse AMTN gene promoter constructs with or without TGFβ1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were performed to investigate the Smad3 bindings to the AMTN gene promoter by TGFβ1. TGFβ1-induced apoptosis in GE1 cells were detected at 24 and 48 h by DNA fragmentation and TUNEL staining. AMTN mRNA levels increased at 6 h and reached maximum at 24 h in GE1 cells. Luciferase activities of the mouse AMTN gene promoter constructs were induced by TGFβ1. The results of the ChIP assays showed that there was an increase in Smad3 binding to Smad-binding element (SBE)#1 and SBE#2 after stimulation by TGFβ1. Immunohistochemical localization of AMTN was detected in the JE, and the AMTN protein levels in Smad3-deficient mice were decreased compared with wild-type mice. AMTN mRNA levels were induced at the initiation of apoptosis by TGFβ1, which mediated through the Smad3 bindings to SBEs in the mouse AMTN gene promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Nakayama
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan. .,Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Sari Matsui
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Noda
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mizuho Yamazaki
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Iwai
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Izawa
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Bernhard Ganss
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yorimasa Ogata
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan. .,Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.
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17
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Tumor necrosis factor-α stimulates human amelotin gene transcription in gingival epithelial cells. Inflamm Res 2017; 67:351-361. [PMID: 29282478 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Amelotin (AMTN) is an enamel protein that is localized in the basal lamina of ameloblasts in their maturation stage and the internal basal lamina of junctional epithelium (JE) and it is suggested that AMTN could be involved in the dentogingival attachment. To elucidate the transcriptional regulation of human AMTN gene in inflamed gingiva, we have analyzed the effect of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on the expression of AMTN gene in Ca9-22 and Sa3 human gingival epithelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Total RNAs were extracted from Ca9-22 and Sa3 cells after stimulation by TNF-α (10 ng/ml). AMTN mRNA and protein levels were measured by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Transient transfection analyses were completed using the various lengths of human AMTN gene promoter constructs with or without TNF-α. Gel mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to investigate the transcription factors bindings to the human AMTN gene promoter by TNF-α. RESULTS TNF-α (10 ng/ml) increased AMTN mRNA and protein levels after 12 h. TNF-α induced luciferase activities of human AMTN gene promoter constructs (- 211AMTN, - 353AMTN, and - 501AMTN). TNF-α-induced luciferase activities were partially inhibited in the mutation - 353AMTN constructs that included 3-bp mutations in CCAAT enhancer-binding protein 1 (C/EBP1), C/EBP2 and Ying Yang 1 (YY1) elements. Transcriptional activities induced by TNF-α were inhibited by protein kinase A, Src-tyrosine kinase, MEK1/2, p38 kinase, NF-κB, and PI3-kinase inhibitors. Gel shift assays showed that TNF-α increased nuclear proteins binding to two types of C/EBP elements (C/EBP1 and C/EBP2) and YY1 element. The results of the chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that C/EBPβ binding to C/EBP1 and C/EBP2, and YY1 binding to YY1 were increased by TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that TNF-α stimulates AMTN gene transcription in human gingival epithelial cells via C/EBP1, C/EBP2, and YY1 elements in the human AMTN gene promoter.
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18
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Li S, Pan Y. Immunolocalization of connective tissue growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta1 and phosphorylated-SMAD2/3 during the postnatal tooth development and formation of junctional epithelium. Ann Anat 2017; 216:52-59. [PMID: 29175126 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a downstream mediator of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and TGF-β1-induced CTGF expression is regulated through SMAD pathway. However, there is no literature showing the expression of TGF-β1-SMAD2/3-CTGF signaling pathway during postnatal tooth development and the formation of junctional epithelium (JE). Hence, we aimed to analyze the localization of TGF-β1, CTGF and phosphorylated SMAD2/3 (p-SMAD2/3) in the developing postnatal rat molars. Wistar rats were killed at postnatal (PN) 0.5, 3.5, 7, 14 and 21days and the upper jaws were processed for immunohistochemistry. At PN0.5 and PN3.5, weak staining for TGF-β1 and CTGF was evident in preameloblasts (PA), while moderate to strong staining was seen in odontoblasts (OD), dental papilla (DPL), secretary ameloblasts (SA), preodontoblasts (PO) and polarized odontoblasts (PoO). There was no staining for p-SMAD2/3 in PA, SA, PO and PoO, although strong staining was localized in DPL. OD was initially moderately positive and then negative for p-SMAD2/3. At PN7, intense staining for TGF-β1 and CTGF was observed in SA, OD, dental pulp (DP) and predentin respectively. p-SMAD2/3 was strongly expressed in DP and moderately expressed in SA and OD. At PN14 and PN21, both reduced enamel epithelium (REE) and JE showed a strong reaction for TGF-β1 and CTGF. p-SMAD2/3 was intensely and weakly expressed in REE and JE respectively. These data demonstrate that the expression of CTGF, TGF-β1 and p-SNAD2/3 is tissue-specific and stage-specific, and indicate a regulatory role for a TGF-β1-SMAD2/3-CTGF signaling pathway in amelogenesis, dentinogenesis and formation of JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Li
- The Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihuai Pan
- The Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Lacruz RS, Habelitz S, Wright JT, Paine ML. DENTAL ENAMEL FORMATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ORAL HEALTH AND DISEASE. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:939-993. [PMID: 28468833 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental enamel is the hardest and most mineralized tissue in extinct and extant vertebrate species and provides maximum durability that allows teeth to function as weapons and/or tools as well as for food processing. Enamel development and mineralization is an intricate process tightly regulated by cells of the enamel organ called ameloblasts. These heavily polarized cells form a monolayer around the developing enamel tissue and move as a single forming front in specified directions as they lay down a proteinaceous matrix that serves as a template for crystal growth. Ameloblasts maintain intercellular connections creating a semi-permeable barrier that at one end (basal/proximal) receives nutrients and ions from blood vessels, and at the opposite end (secretory/apical/distal) forms extracellular crystals within specified pH conditions. In this unique environment, ameloblasts orchestrate crystal growth via multiple cellular activities including modulating the transport of minerals and ions, pH regulation, proteolysis, and endocytosis. In many vertebrates, the bulk of the enamel tissue volume is first formed and subsequently mineralized by these same cells as they retransform their morphology and function. Cell death by apoptosis and regression are the fates of many ameloblasts following enamel maturation, and what cells remain of the enamel organ are shed during tooth eruption, or are incorporated into the tooth's epithelial attachment to the oral gingiva. In this review, we examine key aspects of dental enamel formation, from its developmental genesis to the ever-increasing wealth of data on the mechanisms mediating ionic transport, as well as the clinical outcomes resulting from abnormal ameloblast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Lacruz
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stefan Habelitz
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - J Timothy Wright
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael L Paine
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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20
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Pham CD, Smith CE, Hu Y, Hu JCC, Simmer JP, Chun YHP. Endocytosis and Enamel Formation. Front Physiol 2017; 8:529. [PMID: 28824442 PMCID: PMC5534449 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel formation requires consecutive stages of development to achieve its characteristic extreme mineral hardness. Mineralization depends on the initial presence then removal of degraded enamel proteins from the matrix via endocytosis. The ameloblast membrane resides at the interface between matrix and cell. Enamel formation is controlled by ameloblasts that produce enamel in stages to build the enamel layer (secretory stage) and to reach final mineralization (maturation stage). Each stage has specific functional requirements for the ameloblasts. Ameloblasts adopt different cell morphologies during each stage. Protein trafficking including the secretion and endocytosis of enamel proteins is a fundamental task in ameloblasts. The sites of internalization of enamel proteins on the ameloblast membrane are specific for every stage. In this review, an overview of endocytosis and trafficking of vesicles in ameloblasts is presented. The pathways for internalization and routing of vesicles are described. Endocytosis is proposed as a mechanism to remove debris of degraded enamel protein and to obtain feedback from the matrix on the status of the maturing enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Dat Pham
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Charles E. Smith
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jan C-C. Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, United States
| | - James P. Simmer
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yong-Hee P. Chun
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, United States
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21
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Smith CEL, Poulter JA, Antanaviciute A, Kirkham J, Brookes SJ, Inglehearn CF, Mighell AJ. Amelogenesis Imperfecta; Genes, Proteins, and Pathways. Front Physiol 2017; 8:435. [PMID: 28694781 PMCID: PMC5483479 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is the name given to a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by inherited developmental enamel defects. AI enamel is abnormally thin, soft, fragile, pitted and/or badly discolored, with poor function and aesthetics, causing patients problems such as early tooth loss, severe embarrassment, eating difficulties, and pain. It was first described separately from diseases of dentine nearly 80 years ago, but the underlying genetic and mechanistic basis of the condition is only now coming to light. Mutations in the gene AMELX, encoding an extracellular matrix protein secreted by ameloblasts during enamel formation, were first identified as a cause of AI in 1991. Since then, mutations in at least eighteen genes have been shown to cause AI presenting in isolation of other health problems, with many more implicated in syndromic AI. Some of the encoded proteins have well documented roles in amelogenesis, acting as enamel matrix proteins or the proteases that degrade them, cell adhesion molecules or regulators of calcium homeostasis. However, for others, function is less clear and further research is needed to understand the pathways and processes essential for the development of healthy enamel. Here, we review the genes and mutations underlying AI presenting in isolation of other health problems, the proteins they encode and knowledge of their roles in amelogenesis, combining evidence from human phenotypes, inheritance patterns, mouse models, and in vitro studies. An LOVD resource (http://dna2.leeds.ac.uk/LOVD/) containing all published gene mutations for AI presenting in isolation of other health problems is described. We use this resource to identify trends in the genes and mutations reported to cause AI in the 270 families for which molecular diagnoses have been reported by 23rd May 2017. Finally we discuss the potential value of the translation of AI genetics to clinical care with improved patient pathways and speculate on the possibility of novel treatments and prevention strategies for AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E L Smith
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, St. James's University Hospital, University of LeedsLeeds, United Kingdom.,Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, St. James's University Hospital, University of LeedsLeeds, United Kingdom
| | - James A Poulter
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, St. James's University Hospital, University of LeedsLeeds, United Kingdom
| | - Agne Antanaviciute
- Section of Genetics, School of Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, University of LeedsLeeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Kirkham
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, St. James's University Hospital, University of LeedsLeeds, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Brookes
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, St. James's University Hospital, University of LeedsLeeds, United Kingdom
| | - Chris F Inglehearn
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, St. James's University Hospital, University of LeedsLeeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Mighell
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, St. James's University Hospital, University of LeedsLeeds, United Kingdom.,Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of LeedsLeeds, United Kingdom
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22
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Fouillen A, Dos Santos Neves J, Mary C, Castonguay JD, Moffatt P, Baron C, Nanci A. Interactions of AMTN, ODAM and SCPPPQ1 proteins of a specialized basal lamina that attaches epithelial cells to tooth mineral. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46683. [PMID: 28436474 PMCID: PMC5402393 DOI: 10.1038/srep46683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A specialized basal lamina (sBL) mediates adhesion of certain epithelial cells to the tooth. It is distinct because it does not contain collagens type IV and VII, is enriched in laminin-332, and includes three novel constituents called amelotin (AMTN), odontogenic ameloblast-associated (ODAM), and secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein proline-glutamine rich 1 (SCPPPQ1). The objective of this study was to clarify the structural organization of the sBL. Fluorescence and immunogold labeling showed that the three proteins co-localize. Quantitative analysis of the relative position of gold particles on the sBL demonstrates that the distribution of ODAM is skewed towards the cell while that of AMTN and SCPPPQ1 tends towards the tooth surface. Bacterial two-hybrid analysis and co-immunoprecipitation, gel filtration of purified proteins and transmission electron and atomic force microscopies highlight the propensity of AMTN, ODAM, and SCPPPQ1 to interact with and among themselves and form supramolecular aggregates. These data suggest that AMTN, ODAM and SCPPPQ1 participate in structuring an extracellular matrix with the distinctive capacity of attaching epithelial cells to mineralized surfaces. This unique feature is particularly relevant for the adhesion of gingival epithelial cells to the tooth surface, which forms a protective seal that is the first line of defense against bacterial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Fouillen
- Laboratory for the Study of Calcified Tissues and Biomaterials, Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dental medicine Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Juliana Dos Santos Neves
- Laboratory for the Study of Calcified Tissues and Biomaterials, Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dental medicine Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Charline Mary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Daniel Castonguay
- Laboratory for the Study of Calcified Tissues and Biomaterials, Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dental medicine Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Moffatt
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christian Baron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Antonio Nanci
- Laboratory for the Study of Calcified Tissues and Biomaterials, Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dental medicine Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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23
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Nakayama Y, Kobayashi R, Matsui S, Matsumura H, Iwai Y, Noda K, Yamazaki M, Kurita-Ochiai T, Yoshimura A, Shinomura T, Ganss B, Ogata Y. Localization and expression pattern of amelotin, odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein and follicular dendritic cell-secreted protein in the junctional epithelium of inflamed gingiva. Odontology 2016; 105:329-337. [PMID: 27807653 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-016-0277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to elucidate the localization of amelotin (AMTN), odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein (ODAM) and follicular dendritic cell-secreted protein (FDC-SP) at the junctional epithelium (JE) in Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans infected mice and inflamed and non-inflamed human gingiva. We performed immunostaining to determine the localization and expression pattern of AMTN, ODAM and FDC-SP. AMTN, ODAM and FDC-SP in A. actinomycetemcomitans infected mice did not change dramatically compared with non-infected mice. AMTN and FDC-SP expressions were observed stronger in P. gingivalis infected mice at early stage. However, at the following stage, the coronal part of the AMTN expression disappeared from the JE, and FDC-SP expression decreased due to severe inflammation by P. gingivalis. ODAM expressed internal and external basal lamina, and the expression increased not only at early stage but also at the following stage in the inflammatory JE induced by P. gingivalis. In the human gingival tissues, AMTN was detected at the surface of the sulcular epithelium and JE in the non-inflamed and inflamed gingiva, and the localization did not change the process of inflammation. ODAM and FDC-SP were more widely detected at the sulcular epithelium and JE in the non-inflamed gingiva. In the inflamed gingiva, localization of ODAM and FDC-SP was spread into the gingival epithelium, compared to AMTN. These studies demonstrated that the expression pattern of AMTN, ODAM and FDC-SP at the JE were changed during inflammation process and these three proteins might play an important role in the resistance to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Nakayama
- Department of Periodontology and Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan.,Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Ryoki Kobayashi
- Department of Oral Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Sari Matsui
- Department of Periodontology and Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Periodontology and Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Iwai
- Department of Periodontology and Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Keisuke Noda
- Department of Periodontology and Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Mizuho Yamazaki
- Department of Periodontology and Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kurita-Ochiai
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan.,Department of Oral Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Atsutoshi Yoshimura
- Department of Periodontology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Tamayuki Shinomura
- Tissue Regeneration, Department of Bio-Matrix, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Bernhard Ganss
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yorimasa Ogata
- Department of Periodontology and Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan. .,Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan.
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24
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Nakayama Y, Takai H, Matsui S, Matsumura H, Zhou L, Kato A, Ganss B, Ogata Y. Proinflammatory cytokines induce amelotin transcription in human gingival fibroblasts. J Oral Sci 2016; 56:261-8. [PMID: 25500923 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.56.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Amelotin (AMTN) is a secreted protein transcribed predominantly during the maturation stage of enamel formation and localized in the junctional epithelium. We investigated differences in the levels of AMTN gene expression between non-inflamed gingiva and inflamed gingiva from patients with chronic periodontitis. Total RNAs were isolated from these tissues and their gene expression profiles were monitored by DNA microarray. The observed induction of AMTN mRNA in inflamed gingiva and cultured human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) was confirmed by real-time PCR. Transient transfection assays were performed using chimeric constructs of mouse AMTN gene promoter fragments linked to a luciferase reporter gene. Immunohistochemical localization of AMTN in inflamed and non-inflamed gingiva was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Among many differentially expressed genes, the level of AMTN mRNA was significantly increased in inflamed gingiva. Treatment of HGF with interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced the expression of AMTN mRNA, and increased the luciferase activities of the AMTN promoter constructs. AMTN protein was detected in inflamed gingival connective tissue and junctional epithelium. These findings demonstrate that proinflammatory cytokines induce AMTN gene expression in human gingival fibroblasts and suggest a role for AMTN in gingival inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Nakayama
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
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25
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Smith CEL, Murillo G, Brookes SJ, Poulter JA, Silva S, Kirkham J, Inglehearn CF, Mighell AJ. Deletion of amelotin exons 3-6 is associated with amelogenesis imperfecta. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3578-3587. [PMID: 27412008 PMCID: PMC5179951 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a heterogeneous group of genetic conditions that result in defective dental enamel formation. Amelotin (AMTN) is a secreted protein thought to act as a promoter of matrix mineralization in the final stage of enamel development, and is strongly expressed, almost exclusively, in maturation stage ameloblasts. Amtn overexpression and Amtn knockout mouse models have defective enamel with no other associated phenotypes, highlighting AMTN as an excellent candidate gene for human AI. However, no AMTN mutations have yet been associated with human AI. Using whole exome sequencing, we identified an 8,678 bp heterozygous genomic deletion encompassing exons 3-6 of AMTN in a Costa Rican family segregating dominant hypomineralised AI. The deletion corresponds to an in-frame deletion of 92 amino acids, shortening the protein from 209 to 117 residues. Exfoliated primary teeth from an affected family member had enamel that was of a lower mineral density compared to control enamel and exhibited structural defects at least some of which appeared to be associated with organic material as evidenced using elemental analysis. This study demonstrates for the first time that AMTN mutations cause non-syndromic human AI and explores the human phenotype, comparing it with that of mice with disrupted Amtn function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E L Smith
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.,Department of Oral Biology, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Gina Murillo
- University of Costa Rica, School of Dentistry, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Steven J Brookes
- Department of Oral Biology, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - James A Poulter
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Sandra Silva
- University of Costa Rica, Molecular Biology Cellular Centre (CBCM), San Pedro, Costa Rica and
| | - Jennifer Kirkham
- Department of Oral Biology, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Chris F Inglehearn
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Alan J Mighell
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK, .,School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9LU, UK
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Núñez SM, Chun YHP, Ganss B, Hu Y, Richardson AS, Schmitz JE, Fajardo R, Yang J, Hu JCC, Simmer JP. Maturation stage enamel malformations in Amtn and Klk4 null mice. Matrix Biol 2016; 52-54:219-233. [PMID: 26620968 PMCID: PMC4875837 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amelotin (AMTN) and kallikrein-4 (KLK4) are secreted proteins specialized for enamel biomineralization. We characterized enamel from wild-type, Amtn(-/-), Klk4(-/-), Amtn(+/-)Klk4(+/-) and Amtn(-/-)Klk4(-/-) mice to gain insights into AMTN and KLK4 functions during amelogenesis. All of the null mice were healthy and fertile. The mandibular incisors in Amtn(-/-), Klk4(-/-) and Amtn(-/-)Klk4(-/-) mice were chalky-white and chipped. No abnormalities except in enamel were observed, and no significant differences were detected in enamel thickness or volume, or in rod decussation. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) maximum intensity projections localized the onset of enamel maturation in wild-type incisors distal to the first molar, but mesial to this position in Amtn(-/-), Klk4(-/-) and Amtn(-/-)Klk4(-/-) mice, demonstrating a delay in enamel maturation in Amtn(-/-) incisors. Micro-CT detected significantly reduced enamel mineral density (2.5 and 2.4gHA/cm(3)) in the Klk4(-/-) and Amtn(-/-)Klk4(-/-) mice respectively, compared with wild-type enamel (3.1gHA/cm(3)). Backscatter scanning electron microscopy showed that mineral density progressively diminished with enamel depth in the Klk4(-/-) and Amtn(-/-)Klk4(-/-) mice. The Knoop hardness of the Amtn(-/-) outer enamel was significantly reduced relative to the wild-type and was not as hard as the middle or inner enamel. Klk4(-/-) enamel hardness was significantly reduced at all levels, but the outer enamel was significantly harder than the inner and middle enamel. Thus the hardness patterns of the Amtn(-/-) and Klk4(-/-) mice were distinctly different, while the Amtn(-/-)Klk4(-/-) outer enamel was not as hard as in the Amtn(-/-) and Klk4(-/-) mice. We conclude that AMTN and KLK4 function independently, but are both necessary for proper enamel maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Núñez
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1210 Eisenhower Pl., Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48108.
| | - Yong-Hee P Chun
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78240, USA.
| | - Bernhard Ganss
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Fitzgerald Building, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada.
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1210 Eisenhower Pl., Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48108.
| | - Amelia S Richardson
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1210 Eisenhower Pl., Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48108.
| | - James E Schmitz
- Department of Orthopaedics, RAYO, Carlisle Center for Bone and Mineral Imaging, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Roberto Fajardo
- Department of Orthopaedics, RAYO, Carlisle Center for Bone and Mineral Imaging, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1210 Eisenhower Pl., Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48108; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, 22 South Avenue, Zhongguancun Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Jan C-C Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1210 Eisenhower Pl., Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48108.
| | - James P Simmer
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1210 Eisenhower Pl., Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48108.
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Abbarin N, San Miguel S, Holcroft J, Iwasaki K, Ganss B. The enamel protein amelotin is a promoter of hydroxyapatite mineralization. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:775-85. [PMID: 25407797 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Amelotin (AMTN) is a recently discovered protein that is specifically expressed during the maturation stage of dental enamel formation. It is localized at the interface between the enamel surface and the apical surface of ameloblasts. AMTN knock-out mice have hypomineralized enamel, whereas transgenic mice overexpressing AMTN have a compact but disorganized enamel hydroxyapatite (HA) microstructure, indicating a possible involvement of AMTN in regulating HA mineralization directly. In this study, we demonstrated that recombinant human (rh) AMTN dissolved in a metastable buffer system, based on light scattering measurements, promotes HA precipitation. The mineral precipitates were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Colloidal gold immunolabeling of AMTN in the mineral deposits showed that protein molecules were associated with HA crystals. The binding affinity of rh-AMTN to HA was found to be comparable to that of amelogenin, the major protein of the forming enamel matrix. Overexpression of AMTN in mouse calvaria cells also increased the formation of calcium deposits in the culture medium. Overexpression of AMTN during the secretory stage of enamel formation in vivo resulted in rapid and uncontrolled enamel mineralization. Site-specific mutagenesis of the potential serine phosphorylation motif SSEEL reduced the in vitro mineral precipitation to less than 25%, revealing that this motif is important for the HA mineralizing function of the protein. A synthetic short peptide containing the SSEEL motif was only able to facilitate mineralization in its phosphorylated form ((P)S(P) SEEL), indicating that this motif is necessary but not sufficient for the mineralizing properties of AMTN. These findings demonstrate that AMTN has a direct influence on biomineralization by promoting HA mineralization and suggest a critical role for AMTN in the formation of the compact aprismatic enamel surface layer during the maturation stage of amelogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Abbarin
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Gasse B, Chiari Y, Silvent J, Davit-Béal T, Sire JY. Amelotin: an enamel matrix protein that experienced distinct evolutionary histories in amphibians, sauropsids and mammals. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:47. [PMID: 25884299 PMCID: PMC4373244 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Amelotin (AMTN) is an ameloblast-secreted protein that belongs to the secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein (SCPP) family, which originated in early vertebrates. In rodents, AMTN is expressed during the maturation stage of amelogenesis only. This expression pattern strongly differs from the spatiotemporal expression of other ameloblast-secreted SCPPs, such as the enamel matrix proteins (EMPs). Furthermore, AMTN was characterized in rodents only. In this study, we applied various approaches, including in silico screening of databases, PCRs and transcriptome sequencing to characterize AMTN sequences in sauropsids and amphibians, and compared them to available mammalian and coelacanth sequences. Results We showed that (i) AMTN is tooth (enamel) specific and underwent pseudogenization in toothless turtles and birds, and (ii) the AMTN structure changed during tetrapod evolution. To infer AMTN function, we studied spatiotemporal expression of AMTN during amelogenesis in a salamander and a lizard, and compared the results with available expression data from mouse. We found that AMTN is expressed throughout amelogenesis in non-mammalian tetrapods, in contrast to its expression limited to enamel maturation in rodents. Conclusions Taken together our findings suggest that AMTN was primarily an EMP. Its functions were conserved in amphibians and sauropsids while a change occurred early in the mammalian lineage, modifying its expression pattern during amelogenesis and its gene structure. These changes likely led to a partial loss of AMTN function and could have a link with the emergence of prismatic enamel in mammals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0329-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gasse
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Evolution Paris-Seine, Paris, UMR7138, France.
| | - Ylenia Chiari
- Department of Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA.
| | - Jérémie Silvent
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Evolution Paris-Seine, Paris, UMR7138, France. .,Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Tiphaine Davit-Béal
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Evolution Paris-Seine, Paris, UMR7138, France.
| | - Jean-Yves Sire
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Evolution Paris-Seine, Paris, UMR7138, France.
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Nakayama Y, Holcroft J, Ganss B. Enamel Hypomineralization and Structural Defects in Amelotin-deficient Mice. J Dent Res 2015; 94:697-705. [PMID: 25715379 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514566214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Amelotin (AMTN) is a relatively recently discovered enamel protein that is predominantly expressed by ameloblasts during the maturation stage of amelogenesis and is present at lower levels in the junctional epithelium of erupted teeth. Previous studies have suggested a function of this protein in enamel mineralization and cell attachment. Genetic mouse models have been instrumental in defining the role of many enamel-related proteins, but a genetic mouse model lacking the Amtn gene has not been reported. Here, we describe the generation of amelotin-deficient mice and the analysis of their enamel phenotype in comparison with that of wild-type animals. Ablation of AMTN expression resulted in mechanically inferior enamel of mandibular incisors that showed chipping and fractures at the incisal edge. Enamel mineralization was delayed, resulting in hypomineralized inner enamel and structural defects in the outer enamel. Erupted enamel close to the gingival margin showed increased surface roughness. The expression levels of the enamel matrix proteins AMEL, AMBN, ENAM, and ODAM and the enamel proteases MMP-20 and KLK-4 were not significantly altered, although the expression of KLK-4 was delayed. The morphology of ameloblasts showing prominent Tomes' processes during the secretory stage was not altered, and there was no indication of disruption of cell structures or activities, but a residual layer, presumably consisting of organic material, remained at the enamel surface close to the gingival margin. The integrity of the dentogingival attachment at the junctional epithelium appeared unaffected by AMTN deficiency. These observations indicate that AMTN plays a subtle yet critical role in enamel biomineralization, particularly during the establishment of the outer and surface enamel layers. This role appears to be largely independent of other enamel proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakayama
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Holcroft
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - B Ganss
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Ganss B, Abbarin N. Maturation and beyond: proteins in the developmental continuum from enamel epithelium to junctional epithelium. Front Physiol 2014; 5:371. [PMID: 25309457 PMCID: PMC4174742 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel, covering the surface of teeth, is the hardest substance in mammals. It is designed to last a lifetime in spite of severe environmental challenges. Enamel is formed in a biomineralization process that is essentially divided into secretory and maturation stages. While the molecular events of enamel formation during the secretory stage have been elucidated to some extent, the mechanisms of enamel maturation are less defined, and little is known about the molecules present beyond the maturation stage. Several genes, all located within the secreted calcium-binding phosphoprotein (SCPP) gene cluster, were recently shown to be expressed during the developmental continuum from maturation stage ameloblasts to junctional epithelium (JE). This review introduces four such genes and their protein products, and presents our current state of knowledge on their roles, primarily in enamel formation and JE biology. The discovery of these proteins, and a more detailed analysis of their biological functions, will likely contribute to a more thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms of enamel maturation and dentogingival attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Ganss
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Mineralized Tissue Lab, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nastaran Abbarin
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Mineralized Tissue Lab, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
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31
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Pugach MK, Gibson CW. Analysis of enamel development using murine model systems: approaches and limitations. Front Physiol 2014; 5:313. [PMID: 25278900 PMCID: PMC4166228 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary goal of enamel research is to understand and potentially treat or prevent enamel defects related to amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). Rodents are ideal models to assist our understanding of how enamel is formed because they are easily genetically modified, and their continuously erupting incisors display all stages of enamel development and mineralization. While numerous methods have been developed to generate and analyze genetically modified rodent enamel, it is crucial to understand the limitations and challenges associated with these methods in order to draw appropriate conclusions that can be applied translationally, to AI patient care. We have highlighted methods involved in generating and analyzing rodent enamel and potential approaches to overcoming limitations of these methods: (1) generating transgenic, knockout, and knockin mouse models, and (2) analyzing rodent enamel mineral density and functional properties (structure and mechanics) of mature enamel. There is a need for a standardized workflow to analyze enamel phenotypes in rodent models so that investigators can compare data from different studies. These methods include analyses of gene and protein expression, developing enamel histology, enamel pigment, degree of mineralization, enamel structure, and mechanical properties. Standardization of these methods with regard to stage of enamel development and sample preparation is crucial, and ideally investigators can use correlative and complementary techniques with the understanding that developing mouse enamel is dynamic and complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Pugach
- Department of Mineralized Tissue Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn W Gibson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Characterisation of secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein-proline-glutamine-rich 1: a novel basal lamina component expressed at cell-tooth interfaces. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:843-55. [PMID: 25193156 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Functional genomic screening of the rat enamel organ (EO) has led to the identification of a number of secreted proteins expressed during the maturation stage of amelogenesis, including amelotin (AMTN) and odontogenic ameloblast-associated (ODAM). In this study, we characterise the gene, protein and pattern of expression of a related protein called secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein-proline-glutamine-rich 1 (SCPPPQ1). The Scpppq1 gene resides within the secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein (Scpp) cluster. SCPPPQ1 is a highly conserved, 75-residue, secreted protein rich in proline, leucine, glutamine and phenylalanine. In silico data mining has revealed no correlation to any known sequences. Northern blotting of various rat tissues suggests that the expression of Scpppq1 is restricted to tooth and associated tissues. Immunohistochemical analyses show that the protein is expressed during the late maturation stage of amelogenesis and in the junctional epithelium where it localises to an atypical basal lamina at the cell-tooth interface. This discrete localisation suggests that SCPPPQ1, together with AMTN and ODAM, participates in structuring the basal lamina and in mediating attachment of epithelia cells to mineralised tooth surfaces.
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New insights into the functions of enamel matrices in calcified tissues. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Nishio C, Wazen R, Moffatt P, Nanci A. Expression of odontogenic ameloblast-associated and amelotin proteins in the junctional epithelium. Periodontol 2000 2013; 63:59-66. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kawasaki K. Odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein (ODAM) and amelotin: Major players in hypermineralization of enamel and enameloid. J Oral Biosci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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Fu X, Gao X, He S, Huang D, Zhang P, Wang X, Zhang S, Dang R, Yin S, Du E, Yang Z. Design and selection of a camelid single-chain antibody yeast two-hybrid library produced de novo for the cap protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). PLoS One 2013; 8:e56222. [PMID: 23469171 PMCID: PMC3585807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies (or variable domain of the heavy chain of the heavy-chain antibodies, VHHs) are single-domain antigen-binding fragments derived from camelid heavy chain antibodies. Their comparatively small size, monomeric behavior, high stability, high solubility, and ability to bind epitopes inaccessible to conventional antibodies make them especially suitable for many therapeutic and biotechnological applications. In this paper, for the first time, we created the immunized Camelus Bactrianus VHH yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) library according to the Clontech Mate & Plate library construction system. The transformation efficiency and titer of the VHH Y2H library were 7.26×106 cfu/3 µg and 2×109 cfu/ml, which met the demand for Y2H library screening. Using as an example the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) Cap protein as bait, we screened 21 positive Cap-specific VHH sequences. Among these sequences, 7 of 9 randomly selected clones were strongly positive as indicated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, either using PCV2 viral lysis or purified Cap protein as coated antigen. Additionally, the immunocytochemistry results further indicated that the screened VHHs could specifically detected PCV2 in the infected cells. All this suggests the feasibility of in vivo VHH throughput screening based on Y2H strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjing Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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