1
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Chaudhary DS, Parwani SR, Barkhade S, Gajbhiye M, Parwani R, Sikka G, Kawadkar K, Soni NJ, Armogida NG, Dadlani H, Spagnuolo G. Physiological Gingival Melanin Hyperpigmentation Treatment with Injectable Vitamin C and Scalpel Technique: A Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Dent 2023; 2023:4586923. [PMID: 37252615 PMCID: PMC10212675 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4586923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmony between facial complexion and gingival health goes hand in hand. Gingival depigmentation is an aesthetic correction of hyperactive melanocytes in gingival tissues that lead to hyperpigmentation. Current study compares depigmentation, pain scores, and itching with scalpel technique and nonsurgical intramucosal Vitamin C injection. 30 individuals in the age range of 18-40 years conscious of dark gums were randomly allocated to test and control group by lottery method. Thorough Phase I therapy was performed one week before the procedure. Area and intensity of depigmentation were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively; pain score, itching, and repigmentation percentage were the postoperative parameters. After 24 hrs, test group showed significantly lesser VAS score for pain as compared to control group. There was no statistically significant difference in preoperative area of pigmentation between the test and control group (p=0.936). Postoperatively also, there was no statistically significant difference in area of pigmentation between the test and control group (p=0.932). For comparing area of pigmentation, an independent t-test was applied and Mann-Whitney test was used for differentiating the intensity of pigmentation, repigmentation, and VAS score between the groups. The study concluded that Vitamin C mesotherapy and scalpel technique showed comparable results in reduction of areas and intensity of gingival hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanashree S. Chaudhary
- Department of Periodontology, V.Y.W.S. Dental College and Hospital, Amravati, Maharashtra 444602, India
| | - Simran R. Parwani
- Department of Periodontology, V.Y.W.S. Dental College and Hospital, Amravati, Maharashtra 444602, India
| | - Shital Barkhade
- Department of Periodontology, V.Y.W.S. Dental College and Hospital, Amravati, Maharashtra 444602, India
| | - Minal Gajbhiye
- Department of Periodontology, V.Y.W.S. Dental College and Hospital, Amravati, Maharashtra 444602, India
| | - Rajkumar Parwani
- Department of Oral Pathology, V.Y.W.S. Dental College and Hospital, Amravati, Maharashtra 444602, India
| | - Geetanjali Sikka
- Department of Periodontology, Eklavya Dental College & Hospital Kotpulti, Rajasthan 303108, India
| | - Kshipra Kawadkar
- Department of Periodontology, V.Y.W.S. Dental College and Hospital, Amravati, Maharashtra 444602, India
| | - Nishita Jaju Soni
- Department of Periodontology, V.Y.W.S. Dental College and Hospital, Amravati, Maharashtra 444602, India
| | - Niccolò Giuseppe Armogida
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Himanshu Dadlani
- Department of Periodontology, Kalka Dental College, Meerut 250002, India
- Kalka Dental College, Meerut 250016, India
| | - Gianrico Spagnuolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
- Therapeutic Dentistry Department, Institute for Dentistry, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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2
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Domingues L, Hurbain I, Gilles-Marsens F, Sirés-Campos J, André N, Dewulf M, Romao M, Viaris de Lesegno C, Macé AS, Blouin C, Guéré C, Vié K, Raposo G, Lamaze C, Delevoye C. Coupling of melanocyte signaling and mechanics by caveolae is required for human skin pigmentation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2988. [PMID: 32532976 PMCID: PMC7293304 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16738-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis requires regulation of cell-cell communication, which relies on signaling molecules and cell contacts. In skin epidermis, keratinocytes secrete factors transduced by melanocytes into signaling cues promoting their pigmentation and dendrite outgrowth, while melanocytes transfer melanin pigments to keratinocytes to convey skin photoprotection. How epidermal cells integrate these functions remains poorly characterized. Here, we show that caveolae are asymmetrically distributed in melanocytes and particularly abundant at the melanocyte-keratinocyte interface in epidermis. Caveolae in melanocytes are modulated by ultraviolet radiations and keratinocytes-released factors, like miRNAs. Preventing caveolae formation in melanocytes increases melanin pigment synthesis through upregulation of cAMP signaling and decreases cell protrusions, cell-cell contacts, pigment transfer and epidermis pigmentation. Altogether, we identify that caveolae serve as molecular hubs that couple signaling outputs from keratinocytes to mechanical plasticity of pigment cells. The coordination of intercellular communication and contacts by caveolae is thus crucial to skin pigmentation and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Domingues
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Ilse Hurbain
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Floriane Gilles-Marsens
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005, Paris, France
- Institut NeuroMyoGene, UCBL1, UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Génétique et Neurobiologie de C. Elegans, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Julia Sirés-Campos
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie André
- Laboratoire Clarins, 5 rue Ampère, 95000, Pontoise, France
| | - Melissa Dewulf
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1143, CNRS UMR 3666, Membrane Mechanics and Dynamics of Intracellular Signaling Laboratory, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Maryse Romao
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Christine Viaris de Lesegno
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1143, CNRS UMR 3666, Membrane Mechanics and Dynamics of Intracellular Signaling Laboratory, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Macé
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Blouin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1143, CNRS UMR 3666, Membrane Mechanics and Dynamics of Intracellular Signaling Laboratory, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Katell Vié
- Laboratoire Clarins, 5 rue Ampère, 95000, Pontoise, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Lamaze
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1143, CNRS UMR 3666, Membrane Mechanics and Dynamics of Intracellular Signaling Laboratory, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005, Paris, France.
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 75005, Paris, France.
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3
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Hermyt M, Janiszewska K, Rupik W. Squamate egg tooth development revisited using three-dimensional reconstructions of brown anole (Anolis sagrei, Squamata, Dactyloidae) dentition. J Anat 2020; 236:1004-1020. [PMID: 32056203 PMCID: PMC7219623 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The egg tooth is a hatching adaptation, characteristic of all squamates. In brown anole embryos, the first tooth that starts differentiating is the egg tooth. It develops from a single tooth germ and, similar to the regular dentition of all the other vertebrates, the differentiating egg tooth of the brown anole passes through classic morphological and developmental stages named according to the shape of the dental epithelium: epithelial thickening, dental lamina, tooth bud, cap and bell stages. The differentiating egg tooth consists of three parts: the enamel organ, hard tissues and dental pulp. Shortly before hatching, the egg tooth connects with the premaxilla. Attachment tissue of the egg tooth does not undergo mineralization, which makes it different from the other teeth of most squamates. After hatching, odontoclasts are involved in resorption of the egg tooth's remains. This study shows that the brown anole egg tooth does not completely conform to previous reports describing iguanomorph egg teeth and reveals a need to investigate its development in the context of squamate phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Hermyt
- Faculty of Natural SciencesInstitute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental ProtectionUniversity of Silesia in KatowiceKatowicePoland
| | | | - Weronika Rupik
- Faculty of Natural SciencesInstitute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental ProtectionUniversity of Silesia in KatowiceKatowicePoland
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4
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Arnette CR, Roth-Carter QR, Koetsier JL, Broussard JA, Burks HE, Cheng K, Amadi C, Gerami P, Johnson JL, Green KJ. Keratinocyte cadherin desmoglein 1 controls melanocyte behavior through paracrine signaling. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:305-317. [PMID: 31563153 PMCID: PMC7028503 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is the first line of defense against ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun. Keratinocytes and melanocytes respond to UV exposure by eliciting a tanning response dependent in part on paracrine signaling, but how keratinocyte:melanocyte communication is regulated during this response remains understudied. Here, we uncover a surprising new function for the keratinocyte-specific cell-cell adhesion molecule desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) in regulating keratinocyte:melanocyte paracrine signaling to promote the tanning response in the absence of UV exposure. Melanocytes within Dsg1-silenced human skin equivalents exhibited increased pigmentation and altered dendrite morphology, phenotypes which were confirmed in 2D culture using conditioned media from Dsg1-silenced keratinocytes. Dsg1-silenced keratinocytes increased melanocyte-stimulating hormone precursor (Pomc) and cytokine mRNA. Melanocytes cultured in media conditioned by Dsg1-silenced keratinocytes increased Mitf and Tyrp1 mRNA, TYRP1 protein, and melanin production and secretion. Melanocytes in Dsg1-silenced skin equivalents mislocalized suprabasally, reminiscent of early melanoma pagetoid behavior. Together with our previous report that UV reduces Dsg1 expression, these data support a role for Dsg1 in controlling keratinocyte:melanocyte paracrine communication and raise the possibility that a Dsg1-deficient niche contributes to pagetoid behavior, such as occurs in early melanoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Arnette
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Quinn R. Roth-Carter
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jennifer L. Koetsier
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joshua A. Broussard
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hope E. Burks
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathleen Cheng
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christine Amadi
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pedram Gerami
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jodi L. Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathleen J. Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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5
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Brás MM, Radmacher M, Sousa SR, Granja PL. Melanoma in the Eyes of Mechanobiology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:54. [PMID: 32117980 PMCID: PMC7027391 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the human body with several important functions that can be impaired by injury, genetic or chronic diseases. Among all skin diseases, melanoma is one of the most severe, which can lead to death, due to metastization. Mechanotransduction has a crucial role for motility, invasion, adhesion and metastization processes, since it deals with the response of cells to physical forces. Signaling pathways are important to understand how physical cues produced or mediated by the Extracellular Matrix (ECM), affect healthy and tumor cells. During these processes, several molecules in the nucleus and cytoplasm are activated. Melanocytes, keratinocytes, fibroblasts and the ECM, play a crucial role in melanoma formation. This manuscript will address the synergy among melanocytes, keratinocytes, fibroblasts cells and the ECM considering their mechanical contribution and relevance in this disease. Mechanical properties of melanoma cells can also be influenced by pigmentation, which can be associated with changes in stiffness. Mechanical changes can be related with the adhesion, migration, or invasiveness potential of melanoma cells promoting a high metastization capacity of this cancer. Mechanosensing, mechanotransduction, and mechanoresponse will be highlighted with respect to the motility, invasion, adhesion and metastization in melanoma cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Manuela Brás
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Susana R. Sousa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro L. Granja
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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6
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Škalamera D, Stevenson AJ, Ehmann A, Ainger SA, Lanagan C, Sturm RA, Gabrielli B. Melanoma mutations modify melanocyte dynamics in co-culture with keratinocytes or fibroblasts. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.234716. [PMID: 31767623 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytic cell interactions are integral to skin homeostasis, and affect the outcome of multiple diseases, including cutaneous pigmentation disorders and melanoma. By using automated-microscopy and machine-learning-assisted morphology analysis of primary human melanocytes in co-culture, we performed combinatorial interrogation of melanocyte genotypic variants and functional assessment of lentivirus-introduced mutations. Keratinocyte-induced melanocyte dendricity, an indicator of melanocyte differentiation, was reduced in the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) R/R variant strain and by NRAS.Q61K and BRAF.V600E expression, while expression of CDK4.R24C and RAC1.P29S had no detectable effect. Time-lapse tracking of melanocytes in co-culture revealed dynamic interaction phenotypes and hyper-motile cell states that indicated that, in addition to the known role in activating mitogenic signalling, MEK-pathway-activating mutations may also allow melanocytes to escape keratinocyte control and increase their invasive potential. Expanding this combinatorial platform will identify other therapeutic target mutations and melanocyte genetic variants, as well as increase understanding of skin cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubravka Škalamera
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, 4102 QLD, Australia
| | - Alexander J Stevenson
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, 4102 QLD, Australia
| | - Anna Ehmann
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, 4102 QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen A Ainger
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, 4102 QLD, Australia
| | - Catherine Lanagan
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, 4102 QLD, Australia
| | - Richard A Sturm
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, 4102 QLD, Australia
| | - Brian Gabrielli
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, 4102 QLD, Australia
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7
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Sutton SK, Cheung BB, Massudi H, Tan O, Koach J, Mayoh C, Carter DR, Marshall GM. Heterozygous loss of keratinocyte TRIM16 expression increases melanocytic cell lesions and lymph node metastasis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:2241-2250. [PMID: 31342168 PMCID: PMC6708510 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02981-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The tripartite motif (TRIM)16 acts as a tumour suppressor in both squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and melanoma. TRIM16 is known to be secreted by keratinocytes, but no studies have been reported yet to assess the relationship between TRIM16 keratinocyte expression and melanoma development. METHODS To study the role of TRIM16 in skin cancer development, we developed a keratinocyte TRIM16-specific knockout mouse model, and used the classical two-stage skin carcinogenesis challenge method, to assess the loss of keratinocyte TRIM16 on both papilloma, SCC and melanoma development in the skin after topical carcinogen treatment. RESULTS Heterozygous, but not homozygous, TRIM16 knockout mice exhibited an accelerated development of skin papillomas and melanomas, larger melanoma lesions and an increased potential for lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence that keratinocyte loss of the putative melanoma tumour suppressor protein, TRIM16, enhances melanomagenesis. Our data also suggest that TRIM16 expression in keratinocytes is involved in cross talk between keratinocytes and melanocytes, and has a role in melanoma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina K Sutton
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Belamy B Cheung
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia. .,School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
| | - Hassina Massudi
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Owen Tan
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica Koach
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Chelsea Mayoh
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel R Carter
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Glenn M Marshall
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia. .,Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
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8
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Zöller NN, Hofmann M, Butting M, Hrgovic I, Bereiter-Hahn J, Bernd A, Kaufmann R, Kippenberger S, Valesky E. Assessment of Melanogenesis in a Pigmented Human Tissue-Cultured Skin Equivalent. Indian J Dermatol 2019; 64:85-89. [PMID: 30983601 PMCID: PMC6440179 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_410_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Organotypic tissue-cultured skin equivalents are used for a broad range of applications either as possible substitute for animal tests or for transplantation in patient-centered care. Aims: In this study, we implemented melanocytes in a tissue-cultured full-thickness skin equivalent, consisting of epidermis and dermis. The versatility of this skin-like model with respect to pigmentation and morphological criteria was tested. Materials and Methods: Pigmented skin equivalents were morphologically characterized, and melanogenesis was evaluated after treatment with kojic acid – a tyrosinase inhibitor and forskolin – a well-known activator of the cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate pathway. Pigmentation was measured either by determination of the extinction at 400 nm after melanin extraction with KOH correlated to a melanin standard curve or by reflectance colorimetric analysis, monitoring reflectance of 660 nm and 880 nm emitting diodes. Results: The morphological analysis revealed characteristic epidermal stratification with melanocytes located at the basal layer. Stimulation with forskolin increased the pigmentation, whereas treatment with kojic acid caused bleaching. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that the herein-introduced organotypic tissue-cultured skin equivalent is comparable to the normal human skin and its versatility in tests regarding skin pigmentation. Therefore, this model might help understand diseases with dysfunctional pigmentation such as melasma, vitiligo, and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Nicole Zöller
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Hofmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Manuel Butting
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Igor Hrgovic
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - August Bernd
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Kippenberger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Eva Valesky
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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9
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Minimally invasive non-surgical locally injected vitamin C versus the conventional surgical depigmentation in treatment of gingival hyperpigmentation of the anterior esthetic zone: A prospective comparative study. CLINICAL NUTRITION EXPERIMENTAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yclnex.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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10
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OCT4 impedes cell fate redirection by the melanocyte lineage master regulator MITF in mouse ESCs. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1022. [PMID: 29044103 PMCID: PMC5647326 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic expression of lineage master regulators induces transdifferentiation. Whether cell fate transitions can be induced during various developmental stages has not been systemically examined. Here we discover that amongst different developmental stages, mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) are resistant to cell fate conversion induced by the melanocyte lineage master regulator MITF. By generating a transgenic system we exhibit that in mESCs, the pluripotency master regulator Oct4, counteracts pro-differentiation induced by Mitf by physical interference with MITF transcriptional activity. We further demonstrate that mESCs must be released from Oct4-maintained pluripotency prior to ectopically induced differentiation. Moreover, Oct4 induction in various differentiated cells represses their lineage identity in vivo. Alongside, chromatin architecture combined with ChIP-seq analysis suggest that Oct4 competes with various lineage master regulators for binding promoters and enhancers. Our analysis reveals pluripotency and transdifferentiation regulatory principles and could open new opportunities in the field of regenerative medicine.
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11
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Mounessa JS, Shagalov D, Levine A, Glick SA. A clinical variant of a rare hyperkeratotic disease. Clin Exp Dermatol 2017; 42:690-692. [PMID: 28543889 DOI: 10.1111/ced.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J S Mounessa
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - D Shagalov
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - A Levine
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - S A Glick
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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12
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da Silva LP, Oliveira S, Pirraco RP, Santos TC, Reis RL, Marques AP, Correlo VM. Eumelanin-releasing spongy-like hydrogels for skin re-epithelialization purposes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 12:025010. [PMID: 28181477 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa5f79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Melanin function in the skin has been associated with pigmentation but other properties such as electrical conductance, photoprotection, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity have also been recognized. Nonetheless, the use of melanin in a skin wound healing context has never been considered. In this sense, eumelanin particles with a typical round and nano-sized morphology and electrical conductivity of 2.09 × 10-8 S cm-1 were extracted from the ink of Sepia officinalis. The ability of primary human keratinocytes (hKCs) to phagocyte eumelanin, which was then accumulated in cytosolic vesicles and nuclei surroundings, was demonstrated. Keratinocyte viability and maturation was not affected by eumelanin contact, but at eumelanin amounts higher than 0.1 mg l-1 cell morphology was altered and cell proliferation was inhibited. A time and eumelanin amount-dependent reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) released by eumelanin-containing ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated keratinocytes was observed. Eumelanin-containing gellan gum (GG) spongy-like hydrogels allowed a sustained release of eumelanin in the range of 0.1 to 5 mg l-1, which was shown in vitro to not be harmful to hKCs, and the absence of a strong host reaction after subcutaneous implantation in mice. Herein, we propose spongy-like hydrogels as sustained release matrices of S. officinalis eumelanin for predicting a beneficial role in skin wound healing through a direct effect over keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucília P da Silva
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, 4805-017 Barco, Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal. ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Terrom M, Dhaille F, Baltazard T, Dadban A, Sevestre H, Lok C, Chaby G. Guttate leukoderma in Darier disease: case report and review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 30:e205-e209. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Terrom
- Department of Dermatology; Amiens University Hospital; Amiens France
| | - F. Dhaille
- Department of Dermatology; Amiens University Hospital; Amiens France
| | - T. Baltazard
- Department of Dermatology; Amiens University Hospital; Amiens France
| | - A. Dadban
- Department of Dermatology; Amiens University Hospital; Amiens France
| | - H. Sevestre
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Cytology; Amiens University Hospital; Amiens France
| | - C. Lok
- Department of Dermatology; Amiens University Hospital; Amiens France
| | - G. Chaby
- Department of Dermatology; Amiens University Hospital; Amiens France
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Morin CB, Netchiporouk E, Billick RC, Srolovitz HD, Roshdy O. Hypopigmented Segmental Darier Disease. J Cutan Med Surg 2015; 19:69-72. [DOI: 10.2310/7750.2014.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Darier disease is a genodermatosis caused by a mutation in the ATP2A2 gene. It classically presents as hyperkeratotic greasy papules in a seborrheic distribution. Several variants have been reported, notably the hypopigmented variant, which predominantly targets dark-skinned individuals, and a segmental variant that often follows the lines of Blaschko. Methods: We report a case of a 41-year-old African-Canadian female with a long-standing history of macular hypopigmented pruritic eruption following the lines of Blaschko on her back. The eruption was persistent and recalcitrant to various treatments. Dyskeratosis with corps ronds and grains, acantholysis, and parakeratosis were observed on histopathology. Those findings were consistent with the diagnosis of segmental hypopigmented Darier disease. Results and conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first case reporting a combined segmental and hypopigmented variant of Darier disease. We further present a literature review for hypopigmented and segmental variants of Darier disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Besner Morin
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, and Divisions of Dermatology and Pathology, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC
| | - Elena Netchiporouk
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, and Divisions of Dermatology and Pathology, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC
| | - Robin C. Billick
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, and Divisions of Dermatology and Pathology, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC
| | - Herbert D. Srolovitz
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, and Divisions of Dermatology and Pathology, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC
| | - Osama Roshdy
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, and Divisions of Dermatology and Pathology, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC
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15
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Lee JH, Chen H, Kolev V, Aull KH, Jung I, Wang J, Miyamoto S, Hosoi J, Mandinova A, Fisher DE. High-throughput, high-content screening for novel pigmentation regulators using a keratinocyte/melanocyte co-culture system. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:125-9. [PMID: 24438532 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is a complex process including melanogenesis within melanocytes and melanin transfer to the keratinocytes. To develop a comprehensive screening method for novel pigmentation regulators, we used immortalized melanocytes and keratinocytes in co-culture to screen large numbers of compounds. High-throughput screening plates were subjected to digital automated microscopy to quantify the pigmentation via brightfield microscopy. Compounds with pigment suppression were secondarily tested for their effects on expression of microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) and several pigment regulatory genes, and further validated in terms of non-toxicity to keratinocytes/melanocytes and dose-dependent activity. The results demonstrate a high-throughput, high-content screening approach, which is applicable to the analysis of large chemical libraries using a co-culture system. We identified candidate pigmentation inhibitors from 4000 screened compounds including zoxazolamine, 3-methoxycatechol and alpha-mangostin, which were also shown to modulate expression of MITF and several key pigmentation factors and are worthy of further evaluation for potential translation to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Tsai CC, Chang CK, Hsu KY, Ho TS, Lin MY, Tjiu JW, Huang SL. Full-depth epidermis tomography using a Mirau-based full-field optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:3001-10. [PMID: 25401013 PMCID: PMC4230872 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.003001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
With a Gaussian-like broadband light source from high brightness Ce(3+):YAG single-clad crystal fiber, a full-field optical coherence tomography using a home-designed Mirau objective realized high quality images of in vivo and excised skin tissues. With a 40 × silicone-oil-immersion Mirau objective, the achieved spatial resolutions in axial and lateral directions were 0.9 and 0.51 μm, respectively. Such a high spatial resolution enables the separation of lamellar structure of the full epidermis in both the cross-sectional and en face planes. The number of layers of stratum corneum and its thickness were quantitatively measured. This label free and non-invasive optical probe could be useful for evaluating the water barrier of skin tissue in clinics. As a preliminary in vivo experiment, the blood vessel in dermis was also observed, and the flowing of the red blood cells and location of the melanocyte were traced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chung Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Kai Chang
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Yu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tuan-Shu Ho
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yi Lin
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Wei Tjiu
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Lung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Mouhari-Toure A, Kombaté K, Saka B, Amégbor K, Darré T, Akakpo SA, Tchangaï-Walla K, Pitche P. [Early guttate leukoderma in Darier's disease in a patient with black skin]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2011; 138:664-7. [PMID: 21978502 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2011.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical manifestations of Darier's disease are polymorphic and diverse. Guttate leukoderma has been described in around twenty patients with genetically pigmented skin. We report a case of widespread guttate leukoderma several years before the classic signs of Darier's disease in a patient with black skin. CASE REPORT A 19-year-old woman consulted for characteristic signs of Darier's disease evolving for the previous four years. Examination revealed perifollicular, non-confluent hypopigmented macules and papules in small drop size (1-5mm in diameter) scattered on the trunk, limbs and the jaw and chin. These hypopigmented lesions had been present since the age of six years. Histology of the keratotic papules confirmed the diagnosis of Darier's disease. Histological inspection of a hypopigmented lesion showed hyperkeratosis, acantholysis and a considerable reduction of epidermal melanin pigment. DISCUSSION Our observation suggests that a guttate leukoderma could be an early sign, readily accessible to dermatologists, in the diagnosis of Darier's disease in black-skinned patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mouhari-Toure
- Service de dermatologie, université de Lomé, CHU Tokoin, Lomé, Togo.
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Vie K, Fitoussi R, Mathieu É, Benetti LD, Gooris É, Hemmerlé J. Ultrastructural assessments of the melanosome distribution patterns and pigmentation features in human epidermal cells after UV irradiation and kojic acid treatment. Int J Cosmet Sci 2009; 31:461-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2009.00529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yang Z, Yang S, Misner BJ, Chiu R, Liu F, Meyskens FL. Nitric oxide initiates progression of human melanoma via a feedback loop mediated by apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1/redox factor-1, which is inhibited by resveratrol. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 7:3751-60. [PMID: 19074850 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is well recognized that nitric oxide (NO) is involved in tumor progression, including melanoma. Measurement of proliferative and metastatic capacity by MTS and Matrigel invasion assays, respectively, was done and showed that NO-treated melanoma cells exhibited a higher capacity compared with control, especially metastatic Lu1205 cells. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1/redox factor-1 (APE/Ref-1) is a multifunctional protein and its role in tumor biology has attracted considerable attention. To determine whether APE/Ref-1 plays a role in mediating NO stimulation of melanoma progression, we investigated the effect of DETA/NO on levels of APE/Ref-1 and related downstream targets [activator protein-1 (AP-1)/JunD, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), Bcl-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)] by Western blot and reverse transcription-PCR analysis. Following DETA/NO treatment, APE/Ref-1 and other downstream molecules were induced. Knockdown of APE/Ref-1 or AP-1/JunD by specific small interfering RNA markedly reversed the induction by NO stress of target proteins. These results present evidence for the existence of a functional feedback loop contributing to progression and metastasis of melanoma cells. Resveratrol has been shown to be an APE/Ref-1 inhibitor and significant decreases in AP-1/JunD, MMP-1, Bcl-2, and iNOS protein levels occurred after exposure to resveratrol. This phenolic antioxidant may be an appropriate choice for combining with other compounds that develop resistance by up-regulation of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California, USA
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20
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Liu SH, Chu IM, Pan IH. Effects of hydroxybenzyl alcohols on melanogenesis in melanocyte-keratinocyte co-culture and monolayer culture of melanocytes. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 23:526-34. [PMID: 18666000 DOI: 10.1080/14756360701654894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian skin, melanocyte proliferation and melanogenesis can be stimulated by keratinocytes, fibroblasts and other regulatory factors. To determine whether hydroxybenzyl alcohols (HBAs) show more inhibitory in melanocytes cultured alone or in melanocytes co-cultured with keratinocytes, we developed a murine melanocyte-keratinocyte co-culture model to investigate the pigmentation regulators in company with other melanogenic inhibitors and stimulators. It was found that the effects of HBAs and melanogenic factors were more evident in melanocytes co-cultured with keratinocytes. Keratinocytes may play a synergistic role in melanocyte melanogenesis and influence the pigment production. The tests in the co-culture model also imply that the inhibitory effects of HBAs on melanogenesis are due to the direct inhibition of melanosomal tyrosinase activity. HBAs showed a low cytotoxicity. The eventual results proved that HBAs are promising and safe agents for skin whitening in melanocyte alone and in co-culture systems. The co-culture model provides a more physiologically realistic condition to study the interaction between melanocytes and keratinocytes, which enables a reliable screening system for depigmenting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, ROC
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21
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Roberts DW, Newton RA, Leonard JH, Sturm RA. Melanocytes expressing MC1R polymorphisms associated with red hair color have altered MSH-ligand activated pigmentary responses in coculture with keratinocytes. J Cell Physiol 2008; 215:344-55. [PMID: 17960564 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of red hair and pale skin in individuals, which is associated with UV-radiation sensitivity and increased skin cancer risk, is mainly due to polymorphisms in the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) expressed in melanocytes. We have established a serum free human melanocyte-keratinocyte coculture system to study the behavior and functional abilities of melanocytes expressing MC1R red hair color (RHC) variants in order to identify differences from their wild type (WT) counterparts. This model revealed the importance of elevated calcium levels in promoting strong melanocyte interaction with the surrounding keratinocytes and resulted in a dendritic melanocyte morphology similar to that in skin. However, the dendricity response following agonist activation of the MC1R receptor by NDP-MSH peptide, was markedly enhanced in WT melanocytes in comparison to RHC strains. Analysis of mRNA expression and protein levels of the major pigmentation markers following NDP-MSH treatment distinguished the enzyme dopachrome tautomerase as preferentially upregulated in cocultures of WT strains, with negligible or a much reduced response in melanocytes with RHC variant alleles. These results highlight the use of the coculture system in determining fundamental differences in the physiology of melanocytes expressing RHC MC1R receptors and those of WT genotype, which are likely to contribute to the increased skin cancer risk for individuals that carry these variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald W Roberts
- Melanogenix Group, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Kippenberger S, Loitsch S, Thaçi D, Müller J, Guschel M, Kaufmann R, Bernd A. Restoration of E-cadherin sensitizes human melanoma cells for apoptosis. Melanoma Res 2006; 16:393-403. [PMID: 17013088 DOI: 10.1097/01.cmr.0000222595.42685.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell adhesion is considered to be important in the development and maintenance of organ tissue. The spatial association between melanocytes and keratinocytes within human epidermis is achieved by homophilic interaction of E-cadherin molecules located on adjacent cells. In contrast, downregulation of E-cadherin expression in melanoma cells is considered as a key event in metastasis. Besides the adhesive properties, E-cadherin serves as a signal receptor linking to the cadherin-catenin signaling complex. As cadherins act as negative regulators of beta-catenin, a contribution to tumor formation seems likely. In the present study, it was tested whether ectopic expression of E-cadherin triggers apoptosis in human melanoma cell lines (G-361, JPC-298, SK-Mel-13). It was found that restoration of E-cadherin caused sensitization against drug-induced apoptosis. Particularly, the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c was increased in response to staurosporine. Moreover, activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8 was elevated. Similarly, DNA fragmentation, serving as a marker for advanced apoptosis, was amplified in cells transduced with E-cadherin. Interestingly, transduction with an E-cadherin construct lacking the extracellular domain showed no modified apoptosis. In conclusion, our findings suggest therapeutic strategies that enable expression of E-cadherin in order to sensitize human melanoma cells towards apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kippenberger
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Pneumology, University of Frankfurt Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Goh BK, Kumarasinghe SPW, Ng SK. Two Singaporean cases of guttate leucoderma in Darier's disease. Clin Exp Dermatol 2004; 29:313-4. [PMID: 15115521 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yoon TJ, Lei TC, Yamaguchi Y, Batzer J, Wolber R, Hearing VJ. Reconstituted 3-dimensional human skin of various ethnic origins as an in vitro model for studies of pigmentation. Anal Biochem 2003; 318:260-9. [PMID: 12814630 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(03)00172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reconstituted 3-dimensional human skin equivalents containing melanocytes and keratinocytes on an artificial dermal substitute are gaining popularity for studies of skin metabolism because they exhibit morphological and growth characteristics similar to human epidermis. In this study, we show that such a pigmented epidermis model can be used to assess the regulation of pigmentation by known melanogenic compounds. In monolayers or in melanocyte-keratinocyte co-cultures, melanocyte-keratinocyte interactions are missing or are spatially limited. The commercial skin equivalents used in this study were derived from epidermal cells obtained from donors of three different ethnic origins (African- American, Asian, and Caucasian), and they reflect those distinct skin phenotypes. We used these pigmented human epidermis models to test compounds for potential effects on pigmentation in a more physiologically relevant context, which allows further characterization and validation of interesting melanogenic factors. We used known melanogenic stimulators (alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) and inhibitors (hydroquinone, arbutin, kojic acid, and niacinamide) and examined their effects on the production of melanin and its distribution in upper layers of the skin. Our studies indicate that commercial skin equivalents provide a convenient and cost-effective alternative to animal testing for evaluating the regulation of mammalian pigmentation by melanogenic factors and for elucidating their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jin Yoon
- Pigment Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Duval C, Smit NPM, Kolb AM, Régnier M, Pavel S, Schmidt R. Keratinocytes control the pheo/eumelanin ratio in cultured normal human melanocytes. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 2002; 15:440-6. [PMID: 12453186 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0749.2002.02055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The pheo/eumelanin ratio of cultured normal human melanocytes is distinct from the ratio observed for the same cells in vivo where they are in close contact with keratinocytes. To study the possible involvement of keratinocytes in the control of melanogenesis, we compared quantitatively and qualitatively the melanin production in melanocyte mono-cultures, in melanocyte-keratinocyte co-cultures and in pigmented reconstructed epidermis. Pheomelanin and eumelanin contents were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical and fluorometric detection of their specific degradation products and revealed striking differences in the presence of keratinocytes. In the absence of keratinocytes (melanocyte mono-cultures), we observed a very limited eumelanin production and a very high pheomelanin synthesis. The pheo/eumelanin ratio in mono-cultures could be slightly influenced by changing the composition of the culture medium, however, the very strong imbalance in favor of pheomelanin remained unchanged. An induction of eumelanin synthesis accompanied by an important reduction of pheomelanin formation was only observed in the presence of keratinocytes. The pheo/eumelanin ratio in melanocyte mono-culture dropped from 1043 down to about 25 in the presence of keratinocytes (co-cultures). The same observations were made when the melanocytes were integrated into a reconstructed human epidermis. Interestingly, under co-culture conditions resulting in only a partial contact between melanocytes and keratinocytes, the reduction of the pheo/eumelanin ratio were less pronounced. From these results we conclude that keratinocytes play an important role in the melanin production, affecting the melanogenic pathways.
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Melanocyte destruction and repigmentation in vitiligo: A model for nerve cell damage and regrowth. J Biomed Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02254984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Lei TC, Virador VM, Vieira WD, Hearing VJ. A melanocyte-keratinocyte coculture model to assess regulators of pigmentation in vitro. Anal Biochem 2002; 305:260-8. [PMID: 12054455 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2002.5665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Many melanocyte or skin equivalent models have been used to evaluate the potential efficacy of melanogenic compounds to regulate pigmentation, but there has been great variation in results, partially stemming from the use of different cell lines and diverse conditions for the melanogenic assays. In an earlier report, we optimized a microtiter format assay system to screen potential bioactive compounds using immortalized melan-a melanocytes. That assay system, termed the STOPR protocol, allowed effects on melanocyte proliferation and differentiation to be assessed in a highly sensitive, reproducible, and cost-effective manner. However, in the skin and hair, melanocytes interact with keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and other cell types, and testing of putative bioactive compounds on melanocytes alone in culture does not allow one to observe the interactions with those other cell types, such as would occur in vivo. Therefore, we developed a melanocyte-keratinocyte coculture protocol that allows testing of compounds for potential effects on pigmentation in a more physiologically relevant context. It is a sensitive, reproducible, and reliable model for testing melanogenic regulators, and we have standardized it with known melanogenic inhibitors (hydroquinone, arbutin, kojic acid, and niacinamide) and stimulators (alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, 8-methoxypsoralen, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine). This coculture system allows for large-scale screening of candidate compounds in conjunction with the STOPR protocol and provides a more physiologically relevant system to study melanocyte-keratinocyte interactions and to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of melanogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Chi Lei
- Pigment Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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28
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Hedley SJ, Layton C, Heaton M, Chakrabarty KH, Dawson RA, Gawkrodger DJ, MacNeil S. Fibroblasts play a regulatory role in the control of pigmentation in reconstructed human skin from skin types I and II. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 2002; 15:49-56. [PMID: 11837456 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0749.2002.00067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human melanocytes in monolayer culture are extremely dependent on a wide range of soluble signals for their proliferation and melanogenesis. The advent of three-dimensional models of reconstructed skin allows one to ask questions of how these cells are regulated within a setting which more closely approximates normal skin. The purpose of this study was to investigate to what extent melanocytes within a reconstructed skin model are sensitive to regulation by dermal fibroblasts, basement membrane (BM) proteins and the addition of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). Sterilized acellular de-epidermized dermis (prepared to retain BM proteins or deliberately denuded of BM by enzymatic treatment) from skin type I or II was reconstituted with fibroblasts, melanocytes and keratinocytes. In all but one case (9/10), cell donors were skin type I or II. The presence of BM antigens was found to be necessary for positional orientation of the melanocytes; in the absence of BM, melanocytes moved into the upper keratinocyte layer pigmenting spontaneously. Addition of fibroblasts suppressed the extent of spontaneous pigmentation of melanocytes within this model. Neither alpha-MSH nor cholera toxin induced pigmentation in this model despite the fact that melanocytes clearly had the ability to synthesize pigment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Hedley
- University Section of Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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Florell SR, Zone JJ, Gerwels JW. Basal cell carcinomas are populated by melanocytes and Langerhans [correction of Langerhan's] cells. Am J Dermatopathol 2001; 23:24-8. [PMID: 11176048 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200102000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several reports have documented the coexistence of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) with other lesions, including melanoma. This study was performed to determine whether nests of BCC contain benign melanocytes and Langerhans [corrected] cells. Ten cases of BCC were investigated to determine whether benign melanocytes and Langerhans [corrected] cells populate tumor nests. The BCCs were stained with antibodies to cytokeratin AEI/AE3, S-100, HMB-45, Melan-A, and CD1a proteins. We report that all 10 BCCs were populated by dendritic melanocytes distributed at the periphery (5/10 cases) or evenly throughout tumor nests (5/10 cases). Clusters of melanocytes were not identified in any of the BCCs. A total of 9 of 10 tumors showed staining of dendritic Langerhans cells with CD1a. A total of 8 of 10 tumors stained with cytokeratin AEI/AE3; in 6 of the 8 tumors, the staining was focal. We compared these findings with a single example of a BCC and melanoma in situ (MIS) collision tumor in which the cytokeratin AE1/AE3-positive epithelial nests of BCC were populated by a high density of malignant melanocytes that stained with S-100 and HMB-45. Melanocytes were disposed singly and in clusters of two or more cells within BCC tumor nests. We conclude from this study that BCCs are regularly populated by benign melanocytes and Langerhans [corrected] cells. Furthermore, when BCC is infiltrated with malignant melanocytes of MIS, the melanocyte density is higher and clusters of melanocytes can be observed. The significance of these two findings is unclear, as additional cases of BCC MIS collision tumor need to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Florell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City 84132, USA
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30
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Mayer P, Tischmeyer H, Jayasinghe M, Bonnekoh B, Gollnick H, Teschemacher H, Höllt V. A delta opioid receptor lacking the third cytoplasmic loop is generated by atypical mRNA processing in human malignomas. FEBS Lett 2000; 480:156-60. [PMID: 11034319 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01929-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
delta Opioid receptors were identified in human melanomas by RT-PCR and radioligand binding. In all tumors an additional PCR amplificate was detected in which 144 bp within the third exon were deleted. This fragment corresponded to the third cytoplasmic domain of the receptor protein. The short variant resulted from atypical mRNA processing. There were no common splice recognition sequences around the deleted fragment; instead its excision resembled the removal of a transposon. The deletion was not detected in normal human melanocytes nor in human or rat brain. However, it was present in a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y). Thus, it appears that the occurrence of the short delta opioid receptor is correlated to malignancy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary
- Humans
- Melanocytes/cytology
- Melanoma
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Pigments, Biological
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
- RNA, Messenger
- Rats
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mayer
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Germany
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Kippenberger S, Bernd A, Loitsch S, Müller J, Guschel M, Kaufmann R. Cyclic stretch up-regulates proliferation and heat shock protein 90 expression in human melanocytes. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 1999; 12:246-51. [PMID: 10454292 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1999.tb00757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human skin is repeatedly exposed to mechanical stretching in vivo, but in an ordinary culture of skin cells this prominent feature has been neglected. In order to study whether mechanical stretching plays a role for human melanocytes, we have established a culture technique to mimic this physical stretching: primary cultures of human melanocytes were plated on silicon supports, which undergo a stretching of about 10% of the initial length. After application of repeated stretching and relaxation for 4 days, cell count was significantly (about 40%) enhanced. In addition, we found approximately 2-fold increase in heat shock protein (HSP) 90, both at the protein and mRNA level. HSP 90 is known to bind to Raf-1 and, therefore, may contribute to the Raf-1-MEK (mitogen-activated protein-kinase kinase)-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein-kinase) signaling pathway. Disruption of the Raf-1-HSP 90 multimolecular complex by geldanamycin lead to a considerable decrease in melanocyte cell count. However, geldanamycin did not reverse the stretch-induced growth stimulation. Therefore, the stretch-mediated up-regulation of HSP 90 expression in melanocytes appears to be independent of stretch-mediated growth stimulation. These findings have strong implications for the in vitro cultivation of melanocytes for transplantation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kippenberger
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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