1
|
Numata Y, Kikuchi Y, Sato T, Okamoto-Shibayama K, Ando Y, Miyai-Murai Y, Kokubu E, Ishihara K. Novel transcriptional regulator OxtR1 regulates potential ferrodoxin in response to oxygen stress in Treponema denticola. Anaerobe 2024; 87:102852. [PMID: 38614291 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Treponema denticola has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. Previously, we reported that the potential transcriptional regulator TDE_0259 (oxtR1) is upregulated in the bacteriocin ABC transporter gene-deficient mutant. OxtR1 may regulate genes to adapt to environmental conditions during colonization; however, the exact role of the gene in T. denticola has not been reported. Therefore, we investigated its function using an oxtR1-deficient mutant. METHODS The growth rates of the wild-type and oxtR1 mutant were monitored under anaerobic conditions; their antibacterial agent susceptibility and gene expression were assessed using a liquid dilution assay and DNA microarray, respectively. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay was performed to investigate the binding of OxtR1 to promoter regions. RESULTS The growth rate of the bacterium was accelerated by the inactivation of oxtR1, and the mutant exhibited an increased minimum inhibitory concentration against ofloxacin. We observed a relative increase in the expression of genes associated with potential ferrodoxin (TDE_0260), flavodoxin, ABC transporters, heat-shock proteins, DNA helicase, iron compounds, and lipoproteins in the mutant. OxtR1 expression increased upon oxygen exposure, and oxtR1 complementation suppressed the expression of potential ferrodoxin. Our findings also suggested that OxtR1 binds to a potential promoter region of the TDE_0259-260 operon. Moreover, the mutant showed a marginal yet significantly faster growth rate than the wild-type strain under H2O2 exposure. CONCLUSION The oxygen-sensing regulator OxtR1 plays a role in regulating the expression of a potential ferrodoxin, which may contribute to the response of T. denticola to oxygen-induced stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Numata
- Department of Crown and Bridge Prosthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kikuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan; Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Toru Sato
- Department of Crown and Bridge Prosthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Kazuko Okamoto-Shibayama
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan; Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Yutaro Ando
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan; Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Yuri Miyai-Murai
- Department of Crown and Bridge Prosthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Eitoyo Kokubu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan; Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan; Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eslami S, Hosseinzadeh Shakib N, Fooladfar Z, Nasrollahian S, Baghaei S, Mosaddad SA, Motamedifar M. The role of periodontitis-associated bacteria in Alzheimer's disease: A narrative review. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:1059-1072. [PMID: 37311215 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease causes memory loss and dementia in older adults through a neurodegenerative mechanism. Despite the pathophysiological clarification of this cognitive disorder, novel molecular and cellular pathways should be identified to determine its exact mechanism. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is pathologically characterized by senile plaques comprising beta-amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formed by hyperphosphorylated tau as a microtubule-associated protein with a key role in the pathogenesis of AD. Periodontitis through inflammatory pathways is a risk factor for deteriorating cognitive impairment in AD patients. Poor oral hygiene coupled with immunocompromised status in older adults causes periodontal diseases and chronic inflammations through an oral bacterial imbalance. Toxic bacterial products, including bacteria themselves, can reach the central nervous system through the bloodstream and evoke inflammatory responses. The present review was conducted to investigate relationships between AD and periodontitis-involved bacteria as a risk factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Eslami
- Research Central Laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Fooladfar
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sina Nasrollahian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saman Baghaei
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Mosaddad
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Motamedifar
- HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang M, Tang NY, Xie S, Watt RM. Functional Characterization of Small Alarmone Synthetase and Small Alarmone Hydrolase Proteins from Treponema denticola. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0510022. [PMID: 37289081 PMCID: PMC10434055 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05100-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The stringent response enables bacteria to survive nutrient starvation, antibiotic challenge, and other threats to cellular survival. Two alarmone (magic spot) second messengers, guanosine pentaphosphate (pppGpp) and guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), which are synthesized by RelA/SpoT homologue (RSH) proteins, play central roles in the stringent response. The pathogenic oral spirochete bacterium Treponema denticola lacks a long-RSH homologue but encodes putative small alarmone synthetase (Tde-SAS, TDE1711) and small alarmone hydrolase (Tde-SAH, TDE1690) proteins. Here, we characterize the respective in vitro and in vivo activities of Tde-SAS and Tde-SAH, which respectively belong to the previously uncharacterized RSH families DsRel and ActSpo2. The tetrameric 410-amino acid (aa) Tde-SAS protein preferentially synthesizes ppGpp over pppGpp and a third alarmone, pGpp. Unlike RelQ homologues, alarmones do not allosterically stimulate the synthetic activities of Tde-SAS. The ~180 aa C-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain of Tde-SAS acts as a brake on the alarmone synthesis activities of the ~220-aa N-terminal catalytic domain. Tde-SAS also synthesizes "alarmone-like" nucleotides such as adenosine tetraphosphate (ppApp), albeit at considerably lower rates. The 210-aa Tde-SAH protein efficiently hydrolyzes all guanosine and adenosine-based alarmones in a Mn(II) ion-dependent manner. Using a growth assays with a ΔrelAΔspoT strain of Escherichia coli that is deficient in pppGpp/ppGpp synthesis, we demonstrate that Tde-SAS can synthesize alarmones in vivo to restore growth in minimal media. Taken together, our results add to our holistic understanding of alarmone metabolism across diverse bacterial species. IMPORTANCE The spirochete bacterium Treponema denticola is a common component of the oral microbiota. However, it may play important pathological roles in multispecies oral infectious diseases such as periodontitis: a severe and destructive form of gum disease, which is a major cause of tooth loss in adults. The operation of the stringent response, a highly conserved survival mechanism, is known to help many bacterial species cause persistent or virulent infections. By characterizing the biochemical functions of the proteins putatively responsible for the stringent response in T. denticola, we may gain molecular insight into how this bacterium can survive within harsh oral environments and promote infection. Our results also expand our general understanding of proteins that synthesize nucleotide-based intracellular signaling molecules in bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nga-Yeung Tang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills, Michigan, USA
| | - Shujie Xie
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rory M. Watt
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang X, Xie M, Lu X, Mei F, Song W, Liu Y, Chen L. The Roles of Periodontal Bacteria in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12861. [PMID: 37629042 PMCID: PMC10454115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is an inflammatory vascular disease that constitutes a major underlying cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and stroke. Infection is a contributing risk factor for AS. Epidemiological evidence has implicated individuals afflicted by periodontitis displaying an increased susceptibility to AS and CVD. This review concisely outlines several prevalent periodontal pathogens identified within atherosclerotic plaques, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. We review the existing epidemiological evidence elucidating the association between these pathogens and AS-related diseases, and the diverse mechanisms for which these pathogens may engage in AS, such as endothelial barrier disruption, immune system activation, facilitation of monocyte adhesion and aggregation, and promotion of foam cell formation, all of which contribute to the progression and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques. Notably, the intricate interplay among bacteria underscores the complex impact of periodontitis on AS. In conclusion, advancing our understanding of the relationship between periodontal pathogens and AS will undoubtedly offer invaluable insights and potential therapeutic avenues for the prevention and management of AS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (X.H.); (M.X.); (X.L.); (F.M.); (W.S.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mengru Xie
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (X.H.); (M.X.); (X.L.); (F.M.); (W.S.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (X.H.); (M.X.); (X.L.); (F.M.); (W.S.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Feng Mei
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (X.H.); (M.X.); (X.L.); (F.M.); (W.S.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wencheng Song
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (X.H.); (M.X.); (X.L.); (F.M.); (W.S.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (X.H.); (M.X.); (X.L.); (F.M.); (W.S.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (X.H.); (M.X.); (X.L.); (F.M.); (W.S.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yamaki S, Tachibana M, Hachimura H, Ogawa M, Kanegae S, Amimoto H, Shimizu T, Watanabe K, Watarai M, Amimoto A. The association between gingivitis and oral spirochetes in young cats and dogs. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281126. [PMID: 36706127 PMCID: PMC9882964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although gingivitis frequently occurs in young cats, spirochetes are often found in the early stages of periodontal disease. This study was conducted to determine the association between gingivitis and oral spirochetes in young cats and dogs. The degree of gingivitis was evaluated in a total of 68 cats and 31 dogs under one year of age, and plaques were collected from each carnassial. To detect spirochetes or Porphyromonas gulae in plaque samples, 16S rRNA gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers. All data were analyzed using Fisher's exact probability test and odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The prevalence of gingivitis was significantly higher in young cats (92.6%) than in young dogs (45.2%). The positive rate of spirochetes by PCR in gingivitis cases was 85.4% in young cats and 15.4% in young dogs, and the positive rate of P. gulae was 66.7% in young cats and 15.4% in young dogs. Both results were significantly higher in young cats than in young dogs. In young cats, spirochetes were significantly associated with gingivitis (OR = 7.95; 95% CI = 1.17, 53.83; P < 0.05), but P. gulae was not (OR = 2.44; 95% CI = 0.38, 15.66; P = 0.23). These results suggest that spirochetes may be associated with the early stages of periodontal disease in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Yamaki
- Amica Pet Clinic, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masato Tachibana
- Organization for Research Initiatives, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Takashi Shimizu
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kenta Watanabe
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masahisa Watarai
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yokogawa T, Nagano K, Fujita M, Miyakawa H, Iijima M. Characterization of a Treponema denticola ATCC 35405 mutant strain with mutation accumulation, including a lack of phage-derived genes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270198. [PMID: 35749516 PMCID: PMC9231711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trepoenema denticola, a spirochetal bacterium, is associated with periodontal diseases. The type strain of the bacterium, ATCC 35405, is commonly used in a basic research. Here, we report that our stock strain derived from ATCC 35405 had a mutation on the chromosome and expressed differential characteristics from the original strain. Genome sequencing analysis revealed the lack of a phage-derived region, and over 200 mutations in the mutant strain. The mutant grew to a higher density in broth culture as compared with the origin. In addition, the mutant formed a colony on the surface of the agar medium, whereas the origin could not. On contrary, the mutant showed decreased motility and adhesion to gingival epithelial cells. There were no differences in the bacterial cell length and a chymotrypsin-like protease activity between the two strains. RNA and genome sequencing analysis could not identify the genes that introduced the phenotypic differences between the strains. This mutant is potentially useful for examining the genetic background responsible for the physiological and pathogenic characteristics of T. denticola.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadaharu Yokogawa
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keiji Nagano
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Mari Fujita
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iijima
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Riemerella anatipestifer T9SS Effector SspA Functions in Bacterial Virulence and Defending Natural Host Immunity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0240921. [PMID: 35575548 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02409-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer is a major pathogenic agent of duck septicemic and exudative diseases. Recent studies have shown that the R. anatipestifer type IX secretion system (T9SS) is a crucial factor in bacterial virulence. The AS87_RS04190 protein was obviously missing from the secreted proteins of the T9SS mutant strain Yb2ΔgldM. A bioinformatic analysis indicated that the AS87_RS04190 protein contains a T9SS C-terminal domain sequence and encodes a putative subtilisin-like serine protease (SspA). To determine the role of the putative SspA protein in R. anatipestifer pathogenesis and proteolysis, we constructed two strains with an sspA mutation and complementation, respectively, and determined their median lethal doses, their bacterial loads in infected duck blood, and their adherence to and invasion of cells. Our results demonstrate that the SspA protein functions in bacterial virulence. It is also associated with the bacterial protease activity and has a conserved catalytic triad structure (Asp126, His158, and Ser410), which is necessary for protein function. The optimal reactive pH and temperature were determined to be 7.0 and 50°C, respectively, and Km and Vmax were determined to be 10.15 mM and 246.96 U/mg, respectively. The enzymatic activity of SspA is activated by Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+ and inhibited by Cu2+ and EDTA. SspA degrades gelatin, fibrinogen, and bacitracin LL-37. These results demonstrate that SspA is an effector protein of T9SS and functions in R. anatipestifer virulence and its proteolysis of gelatin, fibrinogen, and bacitracin LL-37. IMPORTANCE In recent years, Riemerella anatipestifer T9SS has been reported to act as a virulence factor. However, the functions of the proteins secreted by R. anatipestifer T9SS are not entirely clear. In this study, a secreted subtilisin-like serine protease SspA was shown to be associated with R. anatipestifer virulence, host complement evasion, and degradation of gelatin, fibrinogen, and LL-37. The enzymatic activity of recombinant SspA was determined, and its Km and Vmax were 10.15 mM and 246.96 U/mg, respectively. Three conserved sites (Asp126, His158, and Ser410) are necessary for the protein's function. The median lethal dose of the sspA-deleted mutant strain was reduced >10,000-fold, indicating that SspA is an important virulence factor. In summary, we demonstrate that the R. anatipestifer AS87_RS04190 gene encodes an important T9SS effector, SspA, which plays an important role in bacterial virulence.
Collapse
|
8
|
Diversity of Treponema denticola and Other Oral Treponeme Lineages in Subjects with Periodontitis and Gingivitis. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0070121. [PMID: 34585987 PMCID: PMC8557910 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00701-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 75 species/species-level phylotypes belonging to the genus Treponema inhabit the human oral cavity. Treponema denticola is commonly associated with periodontal disease, but the etiological roles and ecological distributions of other oral treponemes remain more obscure. Here, we compared the clinical distributions of phylogroup 1 and 2 oral treponemes in subgingival plaque sampled from Chinese subjects with periodontitis (n = 10) and gingivitis (n = 8) via sequence analysis of the highly conserved pyrH housekeeping gene. Two PCR primer sets that targeted oral phylogroup 1 and 2 treponeme pyrH genes were used to construct plasmid clone amplicon libraries for each subject, and the libraries were sequenced for bioinformatic analysis. A total of 1,204 quality-filtered, full-length pyrH gene sequences were obtained from the cohort (median number, 61.5 cloned pyrH sequences per subject; range, 59 to 83), which were assigned to 34 pyrH genotypes (designated pyrH001 to pyrH034; 97% sequence identity cutoff). Eighteen pyrH genotypes (536 pyrH sequences) corresponded to phylogroup 1 treponeme taxa (including Treponema vincentii and Treponema medium). Sixteen pyrH genotypes (668 pyrH sequences) corresponded to T. denticola and other phylogroup 2 treponemes. Samples from periodontitis subjects contained a greater diversity of phylogroup 2 pyrH genotypes than did samples from gingivitis subjects (Mann-Whitney U test). One T. denticola pyrH genotype (pyrH001) was highly prevalent, detected in 10/10 periodontitis and 6/8 gingivitis subjects. Several subjects harbored multiple T. denticola pyrH genotypes. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) revealed no significant differences in overall pyrH genotype compositions between periodontitis and gingivitis subjects. Taken together, our results show that subjects with periodontitis and gingivitis commonly harbor highly taxonomically diverse communities of oral treponemes. IMPORTANCE Periodontal diseases, such as periodontitis, are highly complex, multifactorial inflammatory infectious diseases affecting the gums and tooth-supporting structures. They are caused by chronic accumulations of dental plaque below the gum line that typically comprise hundreds of different bacterial species. Certain species of spiral-shaped bacteria known as treponemes, most notably Treponema denticola, are proposed to play key roles in the development and progression of periodontal disease. In our study, we characterized the genetic lineages of T. denticola, Treponema vincentii, Treponema medium, and related species of treponeme bacteria that were present in dental plaque samples from Chinese subjects with periodontal disease. Our results revealed that individual subjects commonly harbored multiple genetic lineages (strains) of T. denticola and other species of treponeme bacteria. Taken together, our results indicate that highly diverse and complex populations of oral treponemes may be present in dental plaque, which may potentially play important roles affecting periodontal health status.
Collapse
|
9
|
Regulation of olfactomedin 4 by Porphyromonas gingivalis in a community context. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:2627-2642. [PMID: 33731837 PMCID: PMC8397782 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
At mucosal barriers, the virulence of microbial communities reflects the outcome of both dysbiotic and eubiotic interactions with the host, with commensal species mitigating or potentiating the action of pathogens. We examined epithelial responses to the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis as a monoinfection and in association with a community partner, Streptococcus gordonii. RNA-Seq of oral epithelial cells showed that the Notch signaling pathway, including the downstream effector olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4), was differentially regulated by P. gingivalis alone; however, regulation was overridden by S. gordonii. OLFM4 was required for epithelial cell migratory, proliferative and inflammatory responses to P. gingivalis. Activation of Notch signaling was induced through increased expression of the Notch1 receptor and the Jagged1 (Jag1) agonist. In addition, Jag1 was released in response to P. gingivalis, leading to paracrine activation. Following Jag1-Notch1 engagement, the Notch1 extracellular domain was cleaved by P. gingivalis gingipain proteases. Antagonism by S. gordonii involved inhibition of gingipain activity by secreted hydrogen peroxide. The results establish a novel mechanism by which P. gingivalis modulates epithelial cell function which is dependent on community context. These interrelationships have relevance for innate inflammatory responses and epithelial cell fate decisions in oral health and disease.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hawley KL, Montezuma-Rusca JM, Delgado KN, Singh N, Uversky VN, Caimano MJ, Radolf JD, Luthra A. Structural Modeling of the Treponema pallidum Outer Membrane Protein Repertoire: a Road Map for Deconvolution of Syphilis Pathogenesis and Development of a Syphilis Vaccine. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0008221. [PMID: 33972353 PMCID: PMC8407342 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00082-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Treponema pallidum, an obligate human pathogen, has an outer membrane (OM) whose physical properties, ultrastructure, and composition differ markedly from those of phylogenetically distant Gram-negative bacteria. We developed structural models for the outer membrane protein (OMP) repertoire (OMPeome) of T. pallidum Nichols using solved Gram-negative structures, computational tools, and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of selected recombinant periplasmic domains. The T. pallidum "OMPeome" harbors two "stand-alone" proteins (BamA and LptD) involved in OM biogenesis and four paralogous families involved in the influx/efflux of small molecules: 8-stranded β-barrels, long-chain-fatty-acid transporters (FadLs), OM factors (OMFs) for efflux pumps, and T. pallidum repeat proteins (Tprs). BamA (TP0326), the central component of a β-barrel assembly machine (BAM)/translocation and assembly module (TAM) hybrid, possesses a highly flexible polypeptide-transport-associated (POTRA) 1-5 arm predicted to interact with TamB (TP0325). TP0515, an LptD ortholog, contains a novel, unstructured C-terminal domain that models inside the β-barrel. T. pallidum has four 8-stranded β-barrels, each containing positively charged extracellular loops that could contribute to pathogenesis. Three of five FadL-like orthologs have a novel α-helical, presumptively periplasmic C-terminal extension. SAXS and structural modeling further supported the bipartite membrane topology and tridomain architecture of full-length members of the Tpr family. T. pallidum's two efflux pumps presumably extrude noxious small molecules via four coexpressed OMFs with variably charged tunnels. For BamA, LptD, and OMFs, we modeled the molecular machines that deliver their substrates into the OM or external milieu. The spirochete's extended families of OM transporters collectively confer a broad capacity for nutrient uptake. The models also furnish a structural road map for vaccine development. IMPORTANCE The unusual outer membrane (OM) of T. pallidum, the syphilis spirochete, is the ultrastructural basis for its well-recognized capacity for invasiveness, immune evasion, and persistence. In recent years, we have made considerable progress in identifying T. pallidum's repertoire of OMPs. Here, we developed three-dimensional (3D) models for the T. pallidum Nichols OMPeome using structural modeling, bioinformatics, and solution scattering. The OM contains three families of OMP transporters, an OMP family involved in the extrusion of noxious molecules, and two "stand-alone" proteins involved in OM biogenesis. This work represents a major advance toward elucidating host-pathogen interactions during syphilis; understanding how T. pallidum, an extreme auxotroph, obtains a wide array of biomolecules from its obligate human host; and developing a vaccine with global efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Hawley
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Connecticut Children’s, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jairo M. Montezuma-Rusca
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Navreeta Singh
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Melissa J. Caimano
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Justin D. Radolf
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amit Luthra
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zak KM, Bostock MJ, Waligorska I, Thøgersen IB, Enghild JJ, Popowicz GM, Grudnik P, Potempa J, Ksiazek M. Latency, thermal stability, and identification of an inhibitory compound of mirolysin, a secretory protease of the human periodontopathogen Tannerella forsythia. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1267-1281. [PMID: 34210221 PMCID: PMC8259862 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1937619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mirolysin is a secretory protease of Tannerella forsythia, a member of the dysbiotic oral microbiota responsible for periodontitis. In this study, we show that mirolysin latency is achieved by a “cysteine-switch” mechanism exerted by Cys23 in the N-terminal profragment. Mutation of Cys23 shortened the time needed for activation of the zymogen from several days to 5 min. The mutation also decreased the thermal stability and autoproteolysis resistance of promirolysin. Mature mirolysin is a thermophilic enzyme and shows optimal activity at 65 °C. Through NMR-based fragment screening, we identified a small molecule (compound (cpd) 9) that blocks promirolysin maturation and functions as a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 3.2 µM), binding to the S1′ subsite of the substrate-binding pocket. Cpd 9 shows superior specificity and does not interact with other T. forsythia proteases or Lys/Arg-specific proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof M Zak
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Structural Biology, Neuherberg, Germany.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mark J Bostock
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Structural Biology, Neuherberg, Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department Chemie, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Irena Waligorska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ida B Thøgersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Grzegorz M Popowicz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Structural Biology, Neuherberg, Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department Chemie, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Przemyslaw Grudnik
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Miroslaw Ksiazek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chigasaki O, Aoyama N, Sasaki Y, Takeuchi Y, Mizutani K, Ikeda Y, Gokyu M, Umeda M, Izumi Y, Iwata T, Aoki A. Porphyromonas gingivalis, the most influential pathogen in red-complex bacteria: A cross-sectional study on the relationship between bacterial count and clinical periodontal status in Japan. J Periodontol 2021; 92:1719-1729. [PMID: 33856713 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porphyromonas gingivalis is a key pathogen in microbiota associated with periodontitis. The purpose of the present study was to assess the association between salivary counts of red-complex bacteria and clinical periodontal status in a Japanese population. METHODS A total of 977 subjects who visited a general dental clinic in Japan from 2003 to 2006 were enrolled in the study. Stimulated saliva was obtained, and the amounts of major periodontal bacteria were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and each subject's average proximal bone crest level (BCL) on dental radiographs were measured. RESULTS The number of P. gingivalis strongly associated with percentage of 4 mm or more PPD sites, BOP positive percentage, and 1.5 mm or more BCL sites. The detection of P. gingivalis with Treponema denticola and/or Tannerella forsythia showed a high rate of three positive clinical parameters, whereas the only P. gingivalis detected group and those without P. gingivalis had a low rate of three positive clinical parameters. CONCLUSION Among red-complex bacteria, the amount of P. gingivalis showed the strongest association with the severity of periodontal condition, and co-occurrence of P. gingivalis with T. denticola and/or T. forsythia showed heightened progression of periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Otofumi Chigasaki
- Tsukuba Health-Care Dental Clinic, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Norio Aoyama
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.,Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sasaki
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Yasuo Takeuchi
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Koji Mizutani
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ikeda
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Misa Gokyu
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Makoto Umeda
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yuichi Izumi
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.,Oral Care Perio Center, Southern Tohoku General Hospital, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Takanori Iwata
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Akira Aoki
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Arai Y, Kikuchi Y, Okamoto-Shibayama K, Kokubu E, Shintani S, Ishihara K. Investigation of the potential regulator proteins associated with the expression of major surface protein and dentilisin in Treponema denticola. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1829404. [PMID: 33149843 PMCID: PMC7586716 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1829404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTreponema denticola is involved in ‘chronic’ periodontitis pathogenesis. The mechanism underlying the regulation of the expression of its virulence factors, such as major surface protein (Msp) and prolyl-phenylalanine specific protease (dentilisin) is yet to be clarified. We determined the gene expression profiles of Msp- and dentilisin-deficient mutants of T. denticola to identify the regulation network of gene expression concomitant with the inactivation of these virulence genes. Methods Gene expression profiles of T. denticola ATCC 35405 (wild type), dentilisin-deficient mutant K1, and msp-deficient mutant DMSP3 were determined using DNA microarray analysis and quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Msp and dentilisin protein levels were determined by immunoblotting and proteolytic activity assays. Results In addition to several differentially expressed genes, dentilisin expression was reduced in DMSP3; msp expression was significantly reduced in K1 (p < 0.05), both at the gene and protein levels. To identify the regulatory system involved, the expression levels of the potential regulators whose expression showed changes in the mutants were evaluated using qRT-PCR. Transcriptional regulators TDE_0127 and TDE_0814 were upregulated in K1, and the potential repressor, TDE_0344, was elevated in DMSP3. Conclusions Dentilisin and Msp expression were interrelated, and gene expression regulators, such as TDE_0127, may be involved in their regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Arai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Eitoyo Kokubu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seikou Shintani
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Phillips L, Chu L, Kolodrubetz D. Multiple enzymes can make hydrogen sulfide from cysteine in Treponema denticola. Anaerobe 2020; 64:102231. [PMID: 32603680 PMCID: PMC7484134 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola is a spirochete that is involved in causing periodontal diseases. This bacterium can produce H2S from thiol compounds found in the gingival crevicular fluid. Determining how H2S is made by oral bacteria is important since this molecule is present at high levels in periodontally-diseased pockets and the biological effects of H2S can explain some of the pathologies seen in periodontitis. Thus, it is of interest to identify the enzyme, or enzymes, involved in the synthesis of H2S by T. denticola. We, and others, have previously identified and characterized a T. denticola cystalysin, called HlyA, which hydrolyzes cysteine into H2S (and pyruvate and ammonia). However, there have been no studies to show that HlyA is, or is not, the only pathway that T. denticola can use to make H2S. To address this question, allelic replacement mutagenesis was used to make a deletion mutant (ΔhlyA) in the gene encoding HlyA. The mutant produces the same amount of H2S from cysteine as do wild type spirochetes, indicating that T. denticola has at least one other enzyme that can generate H2S from cysteine. To identify candidates for this other enzyme, a BLASTp search of T. denticola strain 33520 was done. There was one gene that encoded an HlyA homolog so we named it HlyB. Recombinant His-tagged HlyB was expressed in E. coli and partially purified. This enzyme was able to make H2S from cysteine in vitro. To test the role of HlyB in vivo, an HlyB deletion mutant (ΔhlyB) was constructed in T. denticola. This mutant still made normal levels of H2S from cysteine, but a strain mutated in both hly genes (ΔhlyA ΔhlyB) synthesizes significantly less H2S from cysteine. We conclude that the HlyA and HlyB enzymes perform redundant functions in vivo and are the major contributors to H2S production in T. denticola. However, at least one other enzyme can still convert cysteine to H2S in the ΔhlyA ΔhlyB mutant. An in silico analysis that identifies candidate genes for this other enzyme is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Phillips
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Lianrui Chu
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - David Kolodrubetz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Silbergleit M, Vasquez AA, Miller CJ, Sun J, Kato I. Oral and intestinal bacterial exotoxins: Potential linked to carcinogenesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 171:131-193. [PMID: 32475520 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that imbalances in resident microbes (dysbiosis) can promote chronic inflammation, immune-subversion, and production of carcinogenic metabolites, thus leading to neoplasia. Yet, evidence to support a direct link of individual bacteria species to human sporadic cancer is still limited. This chapter focuses on several emerging bacterial toxins that have recently been characterized for their potential oncogenic properties toward human orodigestive cancer and the presence of which in human tissue samples has been documented. These include cytolethal distending toxins produced by various members of gamma and epsilon Proteobacteria, Dentilisin from mammalian oral Treponema, Pasteurella multocida toxin, two Fusobacterial toxins, FadA and Fap2, Bacteroides fragilis toxin, colibactin, cytotoxic necrotizing factors and α-hemolysin from Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica AvrA. It was clear that these bacterial toxins have biological activities to induce several hallmarks of cancer. Some toxins directly interact with DNA or chromosomes leading to their breakdowns, causing mutations and genome instability, and others modulate cell proliferation, replication and death and facilitate immune evasion and tumor invasion, prying specific oncogene and tumor suppressor pathways, such as p53 and β-catenin/Wnt. In addition, most bacterial toxins control tumor-promoting inflammation in complex and diverse mechanisms. Despite growing laboratory evidence to support oncogenic potential of selected bacterial toxins, we need more direct evidence from human studies and mechanistic data from physiologically relevant experimental animal models, which can reflect chronic infection in vivo, as well as take bacterial-bacterial interactions among microbiome into consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian A Vasquez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Healthy Urban Waters, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Carol J Miller
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Healthy Urban Waters, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ikuko Kato
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States; Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chu L, Wu Y, Xu X, Phillips L, Kolodrubetz D. Glutathione catabolism by Treponema denticola impacts its pathogenic potential. Anaerobe 2020; 62:102170. [PMID: 32044394 PMCID: PMC7153967 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola is a spirochete that is etiologic for periodontal diseases. This bacterium is one of two periodontal pathogens that have been shown to have a complete three step enzymatic pathway (GTSP) that catabolizes glutathione to H2S. This pathway may contribute to the tissue pathology seen in periodontitis since diseased periodontal pockets have lower glutathione levels than healthy sites with a concomitant increase in H2S concentration. In order to be able to demonstrate that glutathione catabolism by the GTSP is critical for the pathogenic potential of T. denticola, allelic replacement mutagenesis was used to make a deletion mutant (Δggt) in the gene encoding the first enzyme in the GTSP. The mutant cannot produce H2S from glutathione since it lacks gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity. The hemolytic and hemoxidation activities of wild type T. denticola plus glutathione are reduced to background levels with the Δggt mutant and the mutant has lost the ability to grow aerobically when incubated with glutathione. The Δggt bacteria with glutathione cause less cell death in human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) in vitro than do wild type T. denticola and the levels of hGF death correlate with the amounts of H2S produced. Importantly, the mutant spirochetes plus glutathione make significantly smaller lesions than wild type bacteria plus glutathione in a mouse back lesion model that assesses soft tissue destruction, a major symptom of periodontal diseases. Our results are the first to prove that T. denticola thiol-compound catabolism by its gamma-glutamyltransferase can play a significant role in the in the types of host tissue damage seen in periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianrui Chu
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yimin Wu
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Linda Phillips
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - David Kolodrubetz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gui Q, Hoffman PS, Lewis JP. Amixicile targets anaerobic bacteria within the oral microbiome. J Oral Biosci 2019; 61:226-235. [PMID: 31706024 PMCID: PMC7550198 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anaerobic bacteria are the major causative agents of periodontal disease. However, so far, targeted therapy aimed at reducing those pathogens has not been widely implemented. We have previously reported on a novel antimicrobial, amixicile, that targets anaerobic bacteria through inhibition of the function of the major anaerobic metabolic enzyme pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), while not affecting aerotolerant organisms. It effectively inhibited the growth of oral anaerobes both in monocultures as well as in mixed in vitro mixed cultured however, amixicile's activity in in vivo-like conditions remained to be established. METHODS Here, we expand our study using an ex vivo oral microbiome combined with metagenomic sequencing to determine the effect of amixicile treatment on the composition of the microbiome and compare it to that of metronidazole. RESULTS Our results show that in the complex microbiomes, anaerobic bacteria are selectively inhibited, while the growth of aerotolerant ones, such as Streptococcus, Klebsiella, Neisseria, and Rothia is unaffected. Veillonella was the most abundant anaerobic genus in our ex vivo microbiome, and we observed complete inhibition of its growth. In addition, growth of other anaerobes, Fusobacterium and Prevotella, was significantly inhibited. It is noteworthy that a change in abundance of bacteriophages, such as Siphoviridae and Myoviridae, associated with the oral microbiome was observed. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data expand on the so far reported inhibitory spectrum of amixicile and demonstrates that it inhibits anaerobic bacteria, including both clinical isolates and laboratory strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Gui
- Philips Institute of Oral Health Research, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Paul S Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Janina P Lewis
- Philips Institute of Oral Health Research, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mohanty R, Asopa SJ, Joseph MD, Singh B, Rajguru JP, Saidath K, Sharma U. Red complex: Polymicrobial conglomerate in oral flora: A review. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:3480-3486. [PMID: 31803640 PMCID: PMC6881954 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_759_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral diseases are the complex host responses composed of a broad array of inflammatory cells, and cytokines, chemokines, and mediators derived from the cells resident in the gingival tissues, as well as from the emigrating inflammatory cells. A chronic polymicrobial challenge to the local host tissues triggers this response, which under certain circumstances, and in a subset of the population, leads to the progressing soft and hard tissue destruction that characterizes periodontitis. The red complex has been proposed as a pathogenic consortium, consisting of P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia. This review has attempted to examine the virulence potential and determinants of these commensal opportunists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rinkee Mohanty
- Department of Periodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, SOA Deemed to University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Swati Joshi Asopa
- Department of Prosthodontics, Rajasthan Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - M Derick Joseph
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, P.S.M Dental College and Research Centre, Akkikavu, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Bhupender Singh
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Government Dental College Kottyam, Kerala, India
| | - Jagadish Prasad Rajguru
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - K Saidath
- Department of Orthodontics, A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Uma Sharma
- Department of Periodontics, BRS Dental College and Hospital, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tanno-Nakanishi M, Kikuchi Y, Kokubu E, Yamada S, Ishihara K. Treponema denticola transcriptional profiles in serum-restricted conditions. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:5049473. [PMID: 29982599 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Treponema denticola is a major pathogen in periodontal disease and is frequently isolated from the lesions of patients with chronic periodontitis. Treponema denticola utilizes serum components as nutrient sources so as to colonize and proliferate in the gingival crevice. However, the mechanisms of serum utilization remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify T. denticola serum utilization genes. Precultured T. denticola cells were suspended in a tryptone-yeast extract-gelatin-volatile fatty acids medium containing 0, 1% and 10% serum, respectively, and incubated anaerobically for 17 h. Total RNA was isolated, and T. denticola gene expression was compared by microarray and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In serum-depleted conditions, the expression levels of a potential hydroxylamine reductase, several ABC transporters, and phosphoenolpyruvate synthase were increased, while those of genes encoding methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins and a transcriptional regulator were decreased. These results suggest that T. denticola may uptake serum components mainly through the action of ABC transporters. In particular, the decrease in the dmcA expression level with decreasing serum concentration suggests its involvement in chemotaxis toward serum-rich environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Tanno-Nakanishi
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kikuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Eitoyo Kokubu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamada
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Veith PD, Glew MD, Gorasia DG, Chen D, O’Brien-Simpson NM, Reynolds EC. Localization of Outer Membrane Proteins in Treponema denticola by Quantitative Proteome Analyses of Outer Membrane Vesicles and Cellular Fractions. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1567-1581. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Veith
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle D. Glew
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dhana G. Gorasia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dina Chen
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Neil M. O’Brien-Simpson
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eric C. Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kokubu E, Inoue T, Ishihara K. Response of epithelial cells infected by Treponema denticola. Oral Dis 2018; 24:14-18. [PMID: 29480639 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the gingival crevice, the interaction between epithelial cells and periodontopathic bacteria is important for the development of periodontitis. Treponema denticola is a major pathogen of chronic periodontitis and possesses several virulence factors, such as major surface protein (Msp) and prolyl-phenylalanine-specific protease (dentilisin). Here, we investigated the behaviours of epithelial cells infected with T. denticola by measuring the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, β defensin 2 (BD-2) and heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70). METHODS Epithelial cells were infected with T. denticola wild-type strain, Msp-deficient mutant or dentilisin-deficient mutant, and the expression levels of the above targets were analysed by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Infection with T. denticola wild-type strain and mutants induced the production of IL-6 and HSP70. The level of BD-2 induced by T. denticola wild-type strain at 24 hr was significantly higher than that of the dentilisin-deficient mutant. The level of IL-1β mRNA in the wild-type strain and dentilisin-deficient mutant was slightly lower than that in the uninfected control. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the levels of BD-2 were affected by Msp and dentilisin. This effect may contribute to the disruption of the response of epithelial cells to eradicate T. denticola.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Kokubu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Inoue
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Asai T, Okamoto-Shibayama K, Kikuchi Y, Ishihara K. Characterization of a novel potential peptide import system in Treponema denticola. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:467-472. [PMID: 30076984 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Treponema denticola is a major etiologic agent of chronic periodontitis. On the outer sheath of T. denticola, several proteins, such as the major outer sheath protein and dentilisin were detected, and among them, a 95 kDa protein which has not yet been characterized. The aim of this study was to characterize the function of this 95 kDa protein containing gene cluster. A gene encoding this 95 kDa protein (TDE_1072) of T. denticola was inactivated by homologous recombination. We compared growth curves between the TDE_1072 mutant and wild-type strains as well as differences in gene expression by DNA microarray analysis. Differential expression of genes identified by microarray analysis was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The proteins encoded by TDE_1072, TDE_1073, TDE_1074, TDE_1075, and TDE_1076 shared respective similarities to the substrate-binding domain (DppA) of an ABC-type dipeptide/oligopeptide/nickel transport system, and to the permease components (DppB and DppC) and ATPase components (DppD and DppF) of an ABC-type dipeptide/oligopeptide/nickel transport system. Inactivation of dppA attenuated the growth of T. denticola and dppA-dppF were co-transcribed. In contrast, expression of oppB-oppF was up-regulated in the mutant. Our findings indicate that TDE_1072 may be a potential periplasmic solute binding protein encoded by dppA that is involved in the organization of a peptide uptake system with dppB-dppF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Asai
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan; Department of Endodontics, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Kazuko Okamoto-Shibayama
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kikuchi
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishihara
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Activation of the Innate Immune System by Treponema denticola Periplasmic Flagella through Toll-Like Receptor 2. Infect Immun 2017; 86:IAI.00573-17. [PMID: 29084899 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00573-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Treponema denticola is an indigenous oral spirochete that inhabits the gingival sulcus or periodontal pocket. Increased numbers of oral treponemes within this environment are associated with localized periodontal inflammation, and they are also part of an anaerobic polymicrobial consortium responsible for endodontic infections. Previous studies have indicated that T. denticola stimulates the innate immune system through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2); however, the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) responsible for T. denticola activation of the innate immune system are currently not well defined. In this study, we investigated the role played by T. denticola periplasmic flagella (PF), unique motility organelles of spirochetes, in stimulating an innate immune response. Wild-type T. denticola stimulated the production of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 by monocytes from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, while its isogenic nonmotile mutant lacking PF resulted in significantly diminished cytokine stimulation. In addition, highly purified PF were able to dose dependently stimulate cytokine TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 production in human monocytes. Wild-type T. denticola and the purified PF triggered activation of NF-κB through TLR2, as determined using a variety of TLR-transfected human embryonic 293 cell lines, while the PF-deficient mutants lacked the ability to stimulate, and the complemented PF-positive T. denticola strain restored the activation. These findings suggest that T. denticola stimulates the innate immune system in a TLR2-dependent fashion and that PF are a key bacterial component involved in this process.
Collapse
|
24
|
Sanguansermsri P, Nobbs A, Jenkinson H, Surarit R. Interspecies dynamics among bacteria associated with canine periodontal disease. Mol Oral Microbiol 2017; 33:59-67. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Sanguansermsri
- Department of Oral Biology; Faculty of Dentistry; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Public Health; Faculty of Veterinary Science; Mahidol University; Nakhon Pathom Thailand
| | - A.H. Nobbs
- Bristol Dental School; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - H.F. Jenkinson
- Bristol Dental School; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - R. Surarit
- Department of Oral Biology; Faculty of Dentistry; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
The major outer sheath protein forms distinct conformers and multimeric complexes in the outer membrane and periplasm of Treponema denticola. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13260. [PMID: 29038532 PMCID: PMC5643300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13550-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The major outer sheath protein (MOSP) is a prominent constituent of the cell envelope of Treponema denticola (TDE) and one of its principal virulence determinants. Bioinformatics predicts that MOSP consists of N- and C-terminal domains, MOSPN and MOSPC. Biophysical analysis of constructs refolded in vitro demonstrated that MOSPC, previously shown to possess porin activity, forms amphiphilic trimers, while MOSPN forms an extended hydrophilic monomer. In TDE and E. coli expressing MOSP with a PelB signal sequence (PelB-MOSP), MOSPC is OM-embedded and surface-exposed, while MOSPN resides in the periplasm. Immunofluorescence assay, surface proteolysis, and novel cell fractionation schemes revealed that MOSP in TDE exists as outer membrane (OM) and periplasmic trimeric conformers; PelB-MOSP, in contrast, formed only OM-MOSP trimers. Although both conformers form hetero-oligomeric complexes in TDE, only OM-MOSP associates with dentilisin. Mass spectrometry (MS) indicated that OM-MOSP interacts with proteins in addition to dentilisin, most notably, oligopeptide-binding proteins (OBPs) and the β-barrel of BamA. MS also identified candidate partners for periplasmic MOSP, including TDE1658, a spirochete-specific SurA/PrsA ortholog. Collectively, our data suggest that MOSP destined for the TDE OM follows the canonical BAM pathway, while formation of a stable periplasmic conformer involves an export-related, folding pathway not present in E. coli.
Collapse
|
26
|
Okamoto-Shibayama K, Sekino J, Yoshikawa K, Saito A, Ishihara K. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of oral Treponema species. Anaerobe 2017; 48:242-248. [PMID: 29030100 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Treponemes occur in the microflora of the dental plaque. Certain Treponema species that are frequently isolated from chronic periodontitis lesions are involved in its initiation and progression. In addition to mechanical instrumentation, antimicrobial agents are used as an adjunctive treatment modality for periodontitis. Despite its importance for successful antimicrobial treatment, information about susceptibility is limited for Treponema species. The aim of this study was to assess the susceptibility of Treponema denticola strains, Treponema socranskii, and Treponema vincentii to eleven antimicrobial agents. The minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of these antimicrobial agents revealed strain-specific variation. Doxycycline, minocycline, azithromycin, and erythromycin were effective against all Treponema species tested in this study, whereas fluoroquinolones only exhibited an equivalent effectiveness on T. socranskii. The susceptibility of one T. denticola strain, T. socranskii, and T. vincentii to kanamycin was influenced by prior exposure to aerobic conditions. The susceptibility to quinolone drugs varied among strains of T. denticola, although they share an amino acid sequence identity of greater than 99% for DNA gyrase (type II topoisomerase) subunit A. In addition, an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter inhibitor assay for T. denticola indicated that the transport of quinolone drugs is partially related to this transporter, although there may be parallel transport mechanisms. Our results provide important insights into antimicrobial agent-Treponema dynamics and establish a basis for developing an appropriate adjunctive therapy for periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Okamoto-Shibayama
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Jin Sekino
- Tokyo Metropolitan Center for Oral Health of Persons with Disabilities, Central Plaza 8F·9F, Kaguragashi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0823, Japan; Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Kouki Yoshikawa
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan; Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan; Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
You M, Chan Y, Lacap-Bugler DC, Huo YB, Gao W, Leung WK, Watt RM. Oral treponeme major surface protein: Sequence diversity and distributions within periodontal niches. Mol Oral Microbiol 2017; 32:455-474. [PMID: 28453906 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola and other species (phylotypes) of oral spirochetes are widely considered to play important etiological roles in periodontitis and other oral infections. The major surface protein (Msp) of T. denticola is directly implicated in several pathological mechanisms. Here, we have analyzed msp sequence diversity across 68 strains of oral phylogroup 1 and 2 treponemes; including reference strains of T. denticola, Treponema putidum, Treponema medium, 'Treponema vincentii', and 'Treponema sinensis'. All encoded Msp proteins contained highly conserved, taxon-specific signal peptides, and shared a predicted 'three-domain' structure. A clone-based strategy employing 'msp-specific' polymerase chain reaction primers was used to analyze msp gene sequence diversity present in subgingival plaque samples collected from a group of individuals with chronic periodontitis (n=10), vs periodontitis-free controls (n=10). We obtained 626 clinical msp gene sequences, which were assigned to 21 distinct 'clinical msp genotypes' (95% sequence identity cut-off). The most frequently detected clinical msp genotype corresponded to T. denticola ATCC 35405T , but this was not correlated to disease status. UniFrac and libshuff analysis revealed that individuals with periodontitis and periodontitis-free controls harbored significantly different communities of treponeme clinical msp genotypes (P<.001). Patients with periodontitis had higher levels of clinical msp genotype diversity than periodontitis-free controls (Mann-Whitney U-test, P<.05). The relative proportions of 'T. vincentii' clinical msp genotypes were significantly higher in the control group than in the periodontitis group (P=.018). In conclusion, our data clearly show that both healthy and diseased individuals commonly harbor a wide diversity of Treponema clinical msp genotypes within their subgingival niches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M You
- Department of Oral Radiology and State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Chan
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - D C Lacap-Bugler
- School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Y-B Huo
- Zhujiang New Town Dental Clinic, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - W Gao
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - W K Leung
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - R M Watt
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Dysbiosis, or the imbalance in the structural and/or functional properties of the microbiome, is at the origin of important infectious inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and periodontal disease. Periodontitis is a polymicrobial inflammatory disease that affects a large proportion of the world's population and has been associated with a wide variety of systemic health conditions, such as diabetes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Dysbiosis has been identified as a key element in the development of the disease. However, the precise mechanisms and environmental signals that lead to the initiation of dysbiosis in the human microbiome are largely unknown. In a series of previous in vivo studies using metatranscriptomic analysis of periodontitis and its progression we identified several functional signatures that were highly associated with the disease. Among them, potassium ion transport appeared to be key in the process of pathogenesis. To confirm its importance we performed a series of in vitro experiments, in which we demonstrated that potassium levels a increased the virulence of the oral community as a whole and at the same time altering the immune response of gingival epithelium, increasing the production of TNF-α and reducing the expression of IL-6 and the antimicrobial peptide human β-defensin 3 (hBD-3). These results indicate that levels of potassium in the periodontal pocket could be an important element in of dysbiosis in the oral microbiome. They are a starting point for the identification of key environmental signals that modify the behavior of the oral microbiome from a symbiotic community to a dysbiotic one. Homeostasis of the human microbiome plays a key role in maintaining the healthy status of the human body. Changes in composition and function of the human microbiome (dysbiosis) are at the origin of important infectious inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and periodontal disease. However, the environmental elements that trigger the development of dysbiotic diseases are largely unknown. In previous studies, using community-wide transcriptome analysis, we identified ion potassium transport as one of the most important functions in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and its progression. Here, we confirm with a series of in vitro experiments that potassium can act as an important signal in the dysbiotic process inducing pathogenesis in the oral microbiome and altering the host response in front of the microbial challenge that could lead to microbial immune subversion. Our study provides new insights into the important role that ion potassium plays a signal in oral dysbiosis during periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yost
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ana E. Duran-Pinedo
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Keerthana Krishnan
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jorge Frias-Lopez
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Koneru L, Ksiazek M, Waligorska I, Straczek A, Lukasik M, Madej M, Thøgersen IB, Enghild JJ, Potempa J. Mirolysin, a LysargiNase from Tannerella forsythia, proteolytically inactivates the human cathelicidin, LL-37. Biol Chem 2017; 398:395-409. [PMID: 27997347 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia is a periodontal pathogen expressing six secretory proteolytic enzymes with a unique multidomain structure referred to as KLIKK proteases. Two of these proteases, karilysin and mirolysin, were previously shown to protect the bacterium against complement-mediated bactericidal activity. The latter metalloprotease, however, was not characterized at the protein level. Therefore, we purified recombinant mirolysin and subjected it to detailed biochemical characterization. Mirolysin was obtained as a 66 kDa zymogen, which autoproteolytically processed itself into a 31 kDa active form via truncations at both the N- and C-termini. Further autodegradation was prevented by calcium. Substrate specificity was determined by the S1' subsite of the substrate-binding pocket, which shows strong preference for Arg and Lys at the carbonyl side of a scissile peptide bond (P1' residue). The protease cleaved an array of host proteins, including human fibronectin, fibrinogen, complement proteins C3, C4, and C5, and the antimicrobial peptide, LL-37. Degradation of LL-37 abolished not only the bactericidal activity of the peptide, but also its ability to bind lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thus quenching the endotoxin proinflammatory activity. Taken together, these results indicate that, through cleavage of LL-37 and complement proteins, mirolysin might be involved in evasion of the host immune response.
Collapse
|
30
|
Mahalakshmi K, Krishnan P, Arumugam SB. "Association of periodontopathic anaerobic bacterial co-occurrence to atherosclerosis" - A cross-sectional study. Anaerobe 2017; 44:66-72. [PMID: 28189829 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have shown a link between periodontitis and atherosclerosis. Hence the present study was chosen to assess the presence of eight anaerobic periodontal pathogens and their virulence genes in subgingival plaque (SGP) and atheromatous plaque (AP) of patients with Ischaemic heart disease. METHODS SGP and AP collected from 65 Ischaemic heart disease patients were screened for the presence of periodontal bacterial pathogens by Polymerase chain reaction. The samples positive for Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia were screened for virulence genes. Chronic periodontitis patients (ChP) without any systemic disease (n = 59) and healthy subjects free of both periodontitis and systemic disease were included as control groups (n = 100). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Statistical significance was observed for the prevalence of 16S rRNA of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T. denticola and P. nigrescens both in SGP and AP. Nine different periodontal bacterial co-occurrences were observed in SGP and AP of Ischaemic heart disease patients. Besides, the prevalence of these nine different bacterial co-occurrence was high in SGP OF Ischaemic heart disease patients compared to ChP without systemic disease. Among the nine different bacterial co-occurrence, only four were observed in SGP of ChP without systemic disease in spite of high prevalence of these anaerobic bacterial species. While, bacterial co-occurrences was completely absent among healthy subjects. Significant odds and risk ratio to atherosclerosis were observed for P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T. denticola and P. nigrescens. Among the virulence genes, significance to atherosclerosis was observed for P. gingivalis type II fimA and T. forsythia bspA. CONCLUSION The results of this study strongly correlate periodontal bacterial co-occurrence and periodontal bacterial adhesion factor to atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Mahalakshmi
- Research Laboratory for Oral - Systemic Health, Dept of Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath University, Chennai, India
| | - Padma Krishnan
- Dept of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PGIBMS, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Multilocus Sequence Analysis of Phylogroup 1 and 2 Oral Treponeme Strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.02499-16. [PMID: 27864174 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02499-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 75 "species-level" phylotypes of spirochete bacteria belonging to the genus Treponema reside within the human oral cavity. The majority of these oral treponeme phylotypes correspond to as-yet-uncultivated taxa or strains of uncertain standing in taxonomy. Here, we analyze phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships between oral treponeme strains using a multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) scheme based on the highly conserved 16S rRNA, pyrH, recA, and flaA genes. We utilized this MLSA scheme to analyze genetic data from a curated collection of oral treponeme strains (n = 71) of diverse geographical origins. This comprises phylogroup 1 (n = 23) and phylogroup 2 (n = 48) treponeme strains, including all relevant American Type Culture Collection reference strains. The taxonomy of all strains was confirmed or inferred via the analysis of ca. 1,450-bp 16S rRNA gene sequences using a combination of bioinformatic and phylogenetic approaches. Taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships between the respective treponeme strains were further investigated by analyzing individual and concatenated flaA (1,074-nucleotide [nt]), recA (1,377-nt), and pyrH (696-nt) gene sequence data sets. Our data confirmed the species differentiation between Treponema denticola (n = 41) and Treponema putidum (n = 7) strains. Notably, our results clearly supported the differentiation of the 23 phylogroup 1 treponeme strains into five distinct "species-level" phylotypes. These respectively corresponded to "Treponema vincentii" (n = 11), Treponema medium (n = 1), "Treponema sinensis" (Treponema sp. IA; n = 4), Treponema sp. IB (n = 3), and Treponema sp. IC (n = 4). In conclusion, our MLSA-based approach can be used to effectively discriminate oral treponeme taxa, confirm taxonomic assignment, and enable the delineation of species boundaries with high confidence. IMPORTANCE Periodontal diseases are caused by persistent polymicrobial biofilm infections of the gums and underlying tooth-supporting structures and have a complex and variable etiology. Although Treponema denticola is strongly associated with periodontal diseases, the etiological roles of other treponeme species/phylotypes are less well defined. This is due to a paucity of formal species descriptions and a poor understanding of genetic relationships between oral treponeme taxa. Our study directly addresses these issues. It represents one of the most comprehensive analyses of oral treponeme strains performed to date, including isolates from North America, Europe, and Asia. We envisage that our results will greatly facilitate future metagenomic efforts aimed at characterizing the clinical distributions of oral treponeme species/phylotypes, helping investigators to establish a more detailed understanding of their etiological roles in periodontal diseases and other infectious diseases. Our results are also directly relevant to various polymicrobial tissue infections in animals, which also involve treponeme populations.
Collapse
|
32
|
Gene Regulation, Two Component Regulatory Systems, and Adaptive Responses in Treponema Denticola. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 415:39-62. [PMID: 29026924 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The oral microbiome consists of a remarkably diverse group of 500-700 bacterial species. The microbial etiology of periodontal disease is similarly complex. Of the ~400 bacterial species identified in subgingival plaque, at least 50 belong to the genus Treponema. As periodontal disease develops and progresses, T. denticola transitions from a low to high abundance species in the subgingival crevice. Changes in the overall composition of the bacterial population trigger significant changes in the local physical, immunological and physiochemical conditions. For T. denticola to thrive in periodontal pockets, it must be nimble and adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions. The purpose of this chapter is to review the current understanding of the molecular basis of these essential adaptive responses, with a focus on the role of two component regulatory systems with global regulatory potential.
Collapse
|
33
|
Tanaka-Kumazawa K, Kikuchi Y, Sano-Kokubun Y, Shintani S, Yakushiji M, Kuramitsu HK, Ishihara K. Characterization of a potential ABC-type bacteriocin exporter protein from Treponema denticola. BMC Oral Health 2016; 17:18. [PMID: 27422166 PMCID: PMC4947327 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treponema denticola is strongly associated with the development of periodontal disease. Both synergistic and antagonistic effects are observed among bacterial species in the process of biofilm formation. Bacteriocin-related genes have not yet been fully characterized in periodontopathic bacteria. The aim of this study was to detect and characterize bacteriocin-associated proteins in T. denticola. METHODS The whole genome sequence of T. denticola ATCC 35405 was screened with a Streptococcus mutans bacteriocin immunity protein (ImmA/Bip) sequence. The prevalence of homologous genes in T. denticola strains was then investigated by Southern blotting. Expression of the genes was evaluated by qRT-PCR. RESULTS In the genome sequence of T. denticola, an amino acid sequence coded by the open reading frame TDE_0719 showed 26 % identity with the S. mutans ImmA. Furthermore, two protein sequences encoded by TDE_0425 and TDE_2431 in T. denticola ATCC 35405 showed ~40 % identity with that coded by TDE_0719. Therefore, TDE_0425, TDE_0719, and TDE_2431 were designated as tepA1, A2, and A3, respectively. Open reading frames showing similarity to the HlyD family of secretion proteins were detected downstream of tepA1, A2, and A3. They were designated as tepB1, B2, and B3, respectively. A gene harboring a bacteriocin-like signal sequence was detected upstream of tepA1. The prevalence of tepA1 and A2 differed among Treponema species. Susceptibility to chloramphenicol and ofloxacin was slightly decreased in a tepA2 mutant while that to kanamycin was increased. Expression of tepA3-B3 was increased in the tepA2 mutant. CONCLUSION These results indicate that T. denticola ATCC 35405 has three potential bacteriocin export proteins and that the presence of these genes differs among the Treponema strains. TepA3-B3 of the corresponding proteins may be involved in resistance to chloramphenicol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Tanaka-Kumazawa
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kikuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
| | - Yumiko Sano-Kokubun
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
| | - Seikou Shintani
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
| | - Masashi Yakushiji
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
| | - Howard K Kuramitsu
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kazuyuki Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan. .,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ksiazek M, Karim AY, Bryzek D, Enghild JJ, Thøgersen IB, Koziel J, Potempa J. Mirolase, a novel subtilisin-like serine protease from the periodontopathogen Tannerella forsythia. Biol Chem 2015; 396:261-75. [PMID: 25391881 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The genome of Tannerella forsythia, an etiological factor of chronic periodontitis, contains several genes encoding putative proteases. Here, we characterized a subtilisin-like serine protease of T. forsythia referred to as mirolase. Recombinant full-length latent promirolase [85 kDa, without its signal peptide (SP)] processed itself through sequential autoproteolytic cleavages into a mature enzyme of 40 kDa. Mirolase latency was driven by the N-terminal prodomain (NTP). In stark contrast to almost all known subtilases, the cleaved NTP remained non-covalently associated with mirolase, inhibiting its proteolytic, but not amidolytic, activity. Full activity was observed only after the NTP was gradually, and fully, degraded. Both activity and processing was absolutely dependent on calcium ions, which were also essential for enzyme stability. As a consequence, both serine protease inhibitors and calcium ions chelators inhibited mirolase activity. Activity assays using an array of chromogenic substrates revealed that mirolase specificity is driven not only by the substrate-binding subsite S1, but also by other subsites. Taken together, mirolase is a calcium-dependent serine protease of the S8 family with the unique mechanism of activation that may contribute to T. forsythia pathogenicity by degradation of fibrinogen, hemoglobin, and the antimicrobial peptide LL-37.
Collapse
|
35
|
Szafrański SP, Deng ZL, Tomasch J, Jarek M, Bhuju S, Meisinger C, Kühnisch J, Sztajer H, Wagner-Döbler I. Functional biomarkers for chronic periodontitis and insights into the roles of Prevotella nigrescens and Fusobacterium nucleatum; a metatranscriptome analysis. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2015; 1:15017. [PMID: 28721234 PMCID: PMC5515211 DOI: 10.1038/npjbiofilms.2015.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Periodontitis is the most prevalent inflammatory disease worldwide and is caused by a dysbiotic subgingival biofilm. Here we used metatranscriptomics to determine the functional shift from health to periodontitis, the response of individual species to dysbiosis and to discover biomarkers. METHODS Sixteen individuals were studied, from which six were diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Illumina sequencing of the total messenger RNA (mRNA) yielded ~42 million reads per sample. A total of 324 human oral taxon phylotypes and 366,055 open reading frames from the HOMD database reference genomes were detected. RESULTS The transcriptionally active community shifted from Bacilli and Actinobacteria in health to Bacteroidia, Deltaproteobacteria, Spirochaetes and Synergistetes in periodontitis. Clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) related to carbohydrate transport and catabolism dominated in health, whereas protein degradation and amino acid catabolism dominated in disease. The LEfSe, random forest and support vector machine methods were applied to the 2,000 most highly expressed genes and discovered the three best functional biomarkers, namely haem binding protein HmuY from Porphyromonas gingivalis, flagellar filament core protein FlaB3 from Treponema denticola, and repeat protein of unknown function from Filifactor alocis. They predicted the diagnosis correctly for 14 from 16 individuals, and when applied to an independent study misclassified one out of six subjects only. Prevotella nigrescens shifted from commensalism to virulence by upregulating the expression of metalloproteases and the haem transporter. Expression of genes for the synthesis of the cytotoxic short-chain fatty acid butyrate was observed by Fusobacterium nucleatum under all conditions. Four additional species contributed to butyrate synthesis in periodontitis and they used an additional pathway. CONCLUSION Gene biomarkers of periodontitis are highly predictive. The pro-inflammatory role of F. nucelatum is not related to butyrate synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon P Szafrański
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Zhi-Luo Deng
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Tomasch
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Jarek
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sabin Bhuju
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Kühnisch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany
| | - Helena Sztajer
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Irene Wagner-Döbler
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ksiazek M, Mizgalska D, Eick S, Thøgersen IB, Enghild JJ, Potempa J. KLIKK proteases of Tannerella forsythia: putative virulence factors with a unique domain structure. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:312. [PMID: 25954253 PMCID: PMC4404884 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomics of virulent Tannerella forsythia ATCC 43037 and a close health-associated relative, Tannerella BU063, revealed, in the latter, the absence of an entire array of genes encoding putative secretory proteases that possess a nearly identical C-terminal domain (CTD) that ends with a -Lys-Leu-Ile-Lys-Lys motif. This observation suggests that these proteins, referred to as KLIKK proteases, may function as virulence factors. Re-sequencing of the loci of the KLIKK proteases found only six genes grouped in two clusters. All six genes were expressed by T. forsythia in routine culture conditions, although at different levels. More importantly, a transcript of each gene was detected in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from periodontitis sites infected with T. forsythia indicating that the proteases are expressed in vivo. In each protein, a protease domain was flanked by a unique N-terminal profragment and a C-terminal extension ending with the CTD. Partially purified recombinant proteases showed variable levels of proteolytic activity in zymography gels and toward protein substrates, including collagen, gelatin, elastin, and casein. Taken together, these results indicate that the pathogenic strain of T. forsythia secretes active proteases capable of degrading an array of host proteins, which likely represents an important pathogenic feature of this bacterium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslaw Ksiazek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University Krakow, Poland
| | - Danuta Mizgalska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University Krakow, Poland
| | - Sigrum Eick
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Department of Periodontology, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ida B Thøgersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN) and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN) and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University Krakow, Poland ; Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry Louisville, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kanamycin Resistance Cassette for Genetic Manipulation of Treponema denticola. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4329-38. [PMID: 25888173 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00478-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Treponema denticola has been recognized as an important oral pathogen of the "red complex" bacterial consortium that is associated with the pathogenesis of endodontal and periodontal diseases. However, little is known about the virulence of T. denticola due to its recalcitrant genetic system. The difficulty in genetically manipulating oral spirochetes is partially due to the lack of antibiotic resistance cassettes that are useful for gene complementation following allelic replacement mutagenesis. In this study, a kanamycin resistance cassette was identified and developed for the genetic manipulation of T. denticola ATCC 35405. Compared to the widely used ermF-ermAM cassette, the kanamycin cassette used in the transformation experiments gave rise to additional antibiotic-resistant T. denticola colonies. The kanamycin cassette is effective for allelic replacement mutagenesis as demonstrated by inactivation of two open reading frames of T. denticola, TDE1430 and TDE0911. In addition, the cassette is also functional in trans-chromosomal complementation. This was determined by functional rescue of a periplasmic flagellum (PF)-deficient mutant that had the flgE gene coding for PF hook protein inactivated. The integration of the full-length flgE gene into the genome of the flgE mutant rescued all of the defects associated with the flgE mutant that included the lack of PF filament and spirochetal motility. Taken together, we demonstrate that the kanamycin resistance gene is a suitable cassette for the genetic manipulation of T. denticola that will facilitate the characterization of virulence factors attributed to this important oral pathogen.
Collapse
|
38
|
Eick S, Ramseier CA, Rothenberger K, Brägger U, Buser D, Salvi GE. Microbiota at teeth and implants in partially edentulous patients. A 10-year retrospective study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2015; 27:218-25. [DOI: 10.1111/clr.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Christoph A. Ramseier
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Rothenberger
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Urs Brägger
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Daniel Buser
- Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Giovanni E. Salvi
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sano Y, Okamoto-Shibayama K, Tanaka K, Ito R, Shintani S, Yakushiji M, Ishihara K. Dentilisin involvement in coaggregation between Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia. Anaerobe 2014; 30:45-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
40
|
Complete Genome Sequence of the Oral Spirochete Bacterium Treponema putidum Strain OMZ 758T (ATCC 700334T). GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/5/e01076-14. [PMID: 25342686 PMCID: PMC4208330 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01076-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The oral spirochete bacterium Treponema putidum inhabits human periodontal niches. The complete genome sequence of the OMZ 758T (ATCC 700334T) strain of this species was determined, revealing a 2,796,913-bp chromosome, with a G+C content of 37.30% and a single plasmid (pTPu1; 3,649 bp) identical to pTS1 from Treponema denticola.
Collapse
|
41
|
Comparative genome analysis and identification of competitive and cooperative interactions in a polymicrobial disease. ISME JOURNAL 2014; 9:629-42. [PMID: 25171331 PMCID: PMC4331577 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymicrobial diseases are caused by combinations of multiple bacteria, which can lead to not only mild but also life-threatening illnesses. Periodontitis represents a polymicrobial disease; Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia, called ‘the red complex', have been recognized as the causative agents of periodontitis. Although molecular interactions among the three species could be responsible for progression of periodontitis, the relevant genetic mechanisms are unknown. In this study, we uncovered novel interactions in comparative genome analysis among the red complex species. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) of T. forsythia might attack the restriction modification system of P. gingivalis, and possibly work as a defense system against DNA invasion from P. gingivalis. On the other hand, gene deficiencies were mutually compensated in metabolic pathways when the genes of all the three species were taken into account, suggesting that there are cooperative relationships among the three species. This notion was supported by the observation that each of the three species had its own virulence factors, which might facilitate persistence and manifestations of virulence of the three species. Here, we propose new mechanisms of bacterial symbiosis in periodontitis; these mechanisms consist of competitive and cooperative interactions. Our results might shed light on the pathogenesis of periodontitis and of other polymicrobial diseases.
Collapse
|
42
|
Sohn MB, An L, Pookhao N, Li Q. Accurate genome relative abundance estimation for closely related species in a metagenomic sample. BMC Bioinformatics 2014; 15:242. [PMID: 25027647 PMCID: PMC4131027 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metagenomics has a great potential to discover previously unattainable information about microbial communities. An important prerequisite for such discoveries is to accurately estimate the composition of microbial communities. Most of prevalent homology-based approaches utilize solely the results of an alignment tool such as BLAST, limiting their estimation accuracy to high ranks of the taxonomy tree. RESULTS We developed a new homology-based approach called Taxonomic Analysis by Elimination and Correction (TAEC), which utilizes the similarity in the genomic sequence in addition to the result of an alignment tool. The proposed method is comprehensively tested on various simulated benchmark datasets of diverse complexity of microbial structure. Compared with other available methods designed for estimating taxonomic composition at a relatively low taxonomic rank, TAEC demonstrates greater accuracy in quantification of genomes in a given microbial sample. We also applied TAEC on two real metagenomic datasets, oral cavity dataset and Crohn's disease dataset. Our results, while agreeing with previous findings at higher ranks of the taxonomy tree, provide accurate estimation of taxonomic compositions at the species/strain level, narrowing down which species/strains need more attention in the study of oral cavity and the Crohn's disease. CONCLUSIONS By taking account of the similarity in the genomic sequence TAEC outperforms other available tools in estimating taxonomic composition at a very low rank, especially when closely related species/strains exist in a metagenomic sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Sohn
- />Interdisciplinary Program in Statistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Lingling An
- />Interdisciplinary Program in Statistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
- />Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Naruekamol Pookhao
- />Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Qike Li
- />Interdisciplinary Program in Statistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kelesidis T. The Cross-Talk between Spirochetal Lipoproteins and Immunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:310. [PMID: 25071771 PMCID: PMC4075078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirochetal diseases such as syphilis, Lyme disease, and leptospirosis are major threats to public health. However, the immunopathogenesis of these diseases has not been fully elucidated. Spirochetes interact with the host through various structural components such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), surface lipoproteins, and glycolipids. Although spirochetal antigens such as LPS and glycolipids may contribute to the inflammatory response during spirochetal infections, spirochetes such as Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi lack LPS. Lipoproteins are most abundant proteins that are expressed in all spirochetes and often determine how spirochetes interact with their environment. Lipoproteins are pro-inflammatory, may regulate responses from both innate and adaptive immunity and enable the spirochetes to adhere to the host or the tick midgut or to evade the immune system. However, most of the spirochetal lipoproteins have unknown function. Herein, the immunomodulatory effects of spirochetal lipoproteins are reviewed and are grouped into two main categories: effects related to immune evasion and effects related to immune activation. Understanding lipoprotein-induced immunomodulation will aid in elucidating innate immunopathogenesis processes and subsequent adaptive mechanisms potentially relevant to spirochetal disease vaccine development and to inflammatory events associated with spirochetal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Kelesidis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Invasion of oral and aortic tissues by oral spirochete Treponema denticola in ApoE(-/-) mice causally links periodontal disease and atherosclerosis. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1959-67. [PMID: 24566627 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01511-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Treponema denticola is a predominantly subgingival oral spirochete closely associated with periodontal disease and has been detected in atherosclerosis. This study was designed to evaluate causative links between periodontal disease induced by chronic oral T. denticola infection and atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic ApoE(-/-) mice. ApoE(-/-) mice (n = 24) were orally infected with T. denticola ATCC 35404 and were euthanized after 12 and 24 weeks. T. denticola genomic DNA was detected in oral plaque samples, indicating colonization of the oral cavity. Infection elicited significantly (P = 0.0172) higher IgG antibody levels and enhanced intrabony defects than sham infection. T. denticola-infected mice had higher levels of horizontal alveolar bone resorption than sham-infected mice and an associated significant increase in aortic plaque area (P ≤ 0.05). Increased atherosclerotic plaque correlated with reduced serum nitric oxide (NO) levels and increased serum-oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels compared to those of sham-infected mice. T. denticola infection altered the expression of genes known to be involved in atherosclerotic development, including the leukocyte/endothelial cell adhesion gene (Thbs4), the connective tissue growth factor gene (Ctgf), and the selectin-E gene (Sele). Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed T. denticola clusters in both gingival and aortic tissue of infected mice. This is the first study examining the potential causative role of chronic T. denticola periodontal infection and vascular atherosclerosis in vivo in hyperlipidemic ApoE(-/-) mice. T. denticola is closely associated with periodontal disease and the rapid progression of atheroma in ApoE(-/-) mice. These studies confirm a causal link for active oral T. denticola infection with both atheroma and periodontal disease.
Collapse
|
45
|
Abiko Y, Nagano K, Yoshida Y, Yoshimura F. Major membrane protein TDE2508 regulates adhesive potency in Treponema denticola. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89051. [PMID: 24586498 PMCID: PMC3931704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cultivation and genetic manipulation of Treponema denticola, a Gram-negative oral spirochaeta associated with periodontal diseases, is still challenging. In this study, we formulated a simple medium based on a commercially available one, and established a transformation method with high efficiency. We then analyzed proteins in a membrane fraction in T. denticola and identified 16 major membrane-associated proteins, and characterized one of them, TDE2508, whose biological function was not yet known. Although this protein, which exhibited a complex conformation, was presumably localized in the outer membrane, we did not find conclusive evidence that it was exposed on the cell surface. Intriguingly, a TDE2508-deficient mutant exhibited significantly increased biofilm formation and adherent activity on human gingival epithelial cells. However, the protein deficiency did not alter autoaggregation, coaggregation with Porphyromonas gingivalis, hemagglutination, cell surface hydrophobicity, motility, or expression of Msp which was reported to be an adherent molecule in this bacteria. In conclusion, the major membrane protein TDE2508 regulates biofilm formation and the adhesive potency of T. denticola, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Abiko
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Keiji Nagano
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yasuo Yoshida
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Fuminobu Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sarkar J, McHardy IH, Simanian EJ, Shi W, Lux R. Transcriptional responses of Treponema denticola to other oral bacterial species. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88361. [PMID: 24505483 PMCID: PMC3914990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The classic organization by Socransky and coworkers categorized the oral bacteria of the subgingival plaque into different complexes. Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia are grouped into the red complex that is highly correlated with periodontal disease. Socransky's work closely associates red with orange complex species such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia but not with members of the other complexes. While the relationship between species contained by these complexes is in part supported by their ability to physically attach to each other, the physiological consequences of these interactions and associations are less clear. In this study, we employed T. denticola as a model organism to analyze contact-dependent responses to interactions with species belonging to the same complex (P. gingivalis and T. forsythia), the closely associated orange complex (using F. nucleatum and P. intermedia as representatives) and the unconnected yellow complex (using Streptococcus sanguinis and S. gordonii as representatives). RNA was extracted from T. denticola alone as well as after pairwise co-incubation for 5 hrs with representatives of the different complexes, and the respective gene expression profiles were determined using microarrays. Numerous genes related to motility, metabolism, transport, outer membrane and hypothetical proteins were differentially regulated in T. denticola in the presence of the tested partner species. Further analysis revealed a significant overlap in the affected genes and we identified a general response to the presence of other species, those specific to two of the three complexes as well as individual complexes. Most interestingly, many predicted major antigens (e.g. flagella, Msp, CTLP) were suppressed in responses that included red complex species indicating that the presence of the most closely associated species induces immune-evasive strategies. In summary, the data presented here provide an in-depth understanding of the transcriptional responses triggered by contact-dependent interactions between microorganisms inhabiting the periodontal pocket.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juni Sarkar
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ian H. McHardy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Emil J. Simanian
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Wenyuan Shi
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Renate Lux
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Grenier D. Binding properties of Treponema denticola lipooligosaccharide. J Oral Microbiol 2013; 5:21517. [PMID: 24049558 PMCID: PMC3776326 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v5i0.21517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The cell-surface lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of Treponema denticola possesses several biological properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the binding properties of T. denticola LOS to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, mucosal cells, and oral bacteria. DESIGN LOS was isolated from T. denticola and labeled with tritium. Tritium-labeled LOS was placed in ECM protein-, epithelial cell-, fibroblast-, or bacterium-coated wells of a 96-well microplate. Following incubation, unattached LOS was removed by extensive washing, and the amount of bound LOS was determined by measuring the radioactivity in the wells. Peptostreptococcus micros coated with LOS was used to stimulate fibroblasts, and the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) by the fibroblasts was determined by ELISA. RESULTS T. denticola LOS had a high affinity for laminin. It also bound to gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Soluble CD14 significantly increased the binding of LOS to fibroblasts. More LOS bound to P. micros than the other oral bacterial species tested. Stimulating fibroblasts with LOS-coated P. micros induced the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8. CONCLUSIONS Our study provided evidence that T. denticola LOS possesses the capacity to bind to ECM proteins, mucosal cells, and oral bacteria. In addition, LOS binding to bacteria may increase their pro-inflammatory potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grenier
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sağlam M, Arslan U, Buket Bozkurt Ş, Hakki SS. Boric Acid Irrigation as an Adjunct to Mechanical Periodontal Therapy in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Periodontol 2013; 84:1297-308. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
49
|
Svartström O, Mushtaq M, Pringle M, Segerman B. Genome-wide relatedness of Treponema pedis, from gingiva and necrotic skin lesions of pigs, with the human oral pathogen Treponema denticola. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71281. [PMID: 23977007 PMCID: PMC3747143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Treponema pedis and T. denticola are two genetically related species with different origins of isolation. Treponema denticola is part of the human oral microbiota and is associated with periodontitis while T. pedis has been isolated from skin lesions in animals, e.g., digital dermatitis in cattle and necrotic ulcers in pigs. Although multiple Treponema phylotypes may exist in ulcerative lesions in pigs, T. pedis appears to be a predominant spirochete in these lesions. Treponema pedis can also be present in pig gingiva. In this study, we determined the complete genome sequence of T. pedis strain T A4, isolated from a porcine necrotic ear lesion, and compared its genome with that of T. denticola. Most genes in T. pedis were homologous to those in T. denticola and the two species were similar in general genomic features such as size, G+C content, and number of genes. In addition, many homologues of specific virulence-related genes in T. denticola were found in T. pedis. Comparing a selected pair of strains will usually not give a complete picture of the relatedness between two species. We therefore complemented the analysis with draft genomes from six T. pedis isolates, originating from gingiva and necrotic ulcers in pigs, and from twelve T. denticola strains. Each strain carried a considerable amount of accessory genetic material, of which a large part was strain specific. There was also extensive sequence variability in putative virulence-related genes between strains belonging to the same species. Signs of lateral gene-transfer events from bacteria known to colonize oral environments were found. This suggests that the oral cavity is an important habitat for T. pedis. In summary, we found extensive genomic similarities between T. pedis and T. denticola but also large variability within each species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olov Svartström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Memoona Mushtaq
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Märit Pringle
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Segerman
- Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
You M, Mo S, Leung WK, Watt RM. Comparative analysis of oral treponemes associated with periodontal health and disease. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:174. [PMID: 23578286 PMCID: PMC3637317 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal diseases, such as periodontitis, are chronic inflammatory infections affecting the gingivae (gums), underlying connective tissues and bone that support the teeth. Oral treponemes (genus Treponema) are widely-considered to play important roles in periodontal disease etiology and pathogenesis; however, precise relationships remain to be fully established. METHODS A 16S rRNA clone library-based approach was used to comprehensively characterize and compare the diversity of treponeme taxa present in subgingival plaque sampled from periodontitis patients (n = 10) versus periodontitis-free controls (n = 10). 16S rRNA gene sequences were assigned to operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using a 99% identity cut-off A variety of taxonomy (OTU) and phylogeny-based statistical approaches were used to compare populations of treponeme OTUs present in both subject groups. RESULTS A total of 615 plasmid clones containing ca. 1500 bp Treponema 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained; 365 from periodontitis subjects, 250 from periodontitis-free controls. These were assigned to 110 treponeme OTUs. 93 OTUs were detected in the periodontitis subjects (mean 9.3 ± 5.2 OTUs per subject; range 9-26), and 43 OTUs were detected in controls (mean 4.3 ± 5.9 OTUs per subject; range 3-20). OTUs belonging to oral treponeme phylogroups 1-7 were detected in both subject sets. Phylogroup 1 treponemes had the highest levels of OTU richness (diversity) and clonal abundance within both subject groups. Levels of OTU richness and clonal abundance of phylogroup 2 treponemes were significantly higher in the periodontitis subjects (Mann Whitney U-test, p < 0.001). Both OTU-based and phylogeny-based analyses clearly indicated that there were significant differences in the composition of treponeme communities present in periodontitis versus control subjects. The detection frequency of five OTUs showed a statistically-significant correlation with disease status. The OTU (8P47) that corresponded to the type strain of Treponema denticola had the strongest association with periodontitis (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of treponeme taxon richness and clonal abundance were associated with periodontitis. However, our results clearly indicated that subjects free from clinical symptoms of periodontal disease also contained highly diverse populations of treponeme bacteria within their subgingival microbiota. Our data supports the hypothesis that specific treponeme taxa are associated with periodontal disease.
Collapse
|