1
|
Hawley KL, Urke HA, Kristensen T, Haugen TO. Balancing risks and rewards of alternate strategies in the seaward extent, duration and timing of fjord use in contemporary anadromy of brown trout (Salmo trutta). BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:27. [PMID: 38418991 PMCID: PMC10903050 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anadromy comprises a successful life-cycle adaptation for salmonids, with marine migration providing improved feeding opportunities and thus improved growth. These rewards are balanced against costs from increased energy expenditure and mortality risk. Anthropogenic-induced environmental changes that reduce benefits and/or increase costs of migration e.g., aquaculture and hydropower, may therefore result in adaptations disfavouring anadromy. We tagged brown trout (Salmo trutta) smolts (N = 175) and veteran migrants (N = 342), from five adjacent riverine populations located in Sognefjorden, the longest Norwegian fjord-system supporting anadromous brown trout populations (209 km). Over four years, 138 acoustic telemetry receivers were deployed to track migrations of tagged individuals from freshwater and throughout Sognefjorden. Detected movements were used to fit migration models and multi-state mark-recapture models of survival and movement for each life-stage. Seaward migration distance was modelled to examine the fitness consequences from alternate migration strategies, with these models used to simulate the extent of fjord-use by individuals and accompanying growth, fecundity and survival consequences. We compared these findings with mark-recapture data collected prior to aquaculture and hydropower development. RESULTS The telemetry data revealed that the outermost-fjord region was utilised by all populations albeit by few individuals. However, historical recaptures were located at a greater distance from the river mouth (87.7 ± 70.3 km), when compared to maximum migration distances of present-day counterparts (58.6 ± 54.9 km). River of origin influenced observed migratory behaviour and differential survival was estimated for each population and life-stage. The simulations based on telemetry-data models revealed a 30% and 23% difference in survival among populations for smolts and veteran migrants, respectively. At the individual-level, a long-distance migration strategy was rewarded with enhanced fecundity. However, the main contribution to population-level fecundity was overwhelmingly derived from middle-distance migrants, due to higher mortality rates and limited numbers of long-distant migrants. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that present-day anadromy is precarious, but potential risk varies considerably between life-stages and populations, even within a single fjord system. Our findings suggest that selection for extended migration is under pressure, we therefore stress the importance of monitoring and management actions to secure genetic variation pertinent to preserve fitness gains of anadromy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L Hawley
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Høgskoleveien 12, 1433, Ås, Norway.
| | - H A Urke
- AquaLife R&D, Havnegata 9, 7010, Trondheim, Norway
| | - T Kristensen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Universitetsalléen, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - T O Haugen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Høgskoleveien 12, 1433, Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Reid TB, Godornes C, Campbell VL, Laing KJ, Tantalo LC, Gomez A, Pholsena TN, Lieberman NAP, Krause TM, Cegielski VI, Culver LA, Nguyen N, Tong DQ, Hawley KL, Greninger AL, Giacani L, Cameron CE, Dombrowski JC, Wald A, Koelle DM. Treponema pallidum periplasmic and membrane proteins are recognized by circulating and skin CD4+ T cells. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.27.581790. [PMID: 38464313 PMCID: PMC10925203 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.27.581790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Background Histologic and serologic studies suggest the induction of local and systemic Treponema pallidum ( Tp )-specific CD4+ T cell responses to Tp infection. We hypothesized that Tp -specific CD4+ T cells are detectable in blood and in the skin rash of secondary syphilis and persist in both compartments after treatment. Methods PBMC collected from 67 participants were screened by IFNγ ELISPOT response to Tp sonicate. Tp -reactive T cell lines from blood and skin were probed for responses to 88 recombinant Tp antigens. Peptide epitopes and HLA class II restriction were defined for selected antigens. Results We detected CD4+ T cell responses to Tp sonicate ex vivo. Using Tp -reactive T cell lines we observed recognition of 14 discrete proteins, 13 of which localize to bacterial membranes or the periplasmic space. After therapy, Tp -specific T cells persisted for at least 6 months in skin and 10 years in blood. Conclusions Tp infection elicits an antigen-specific CD4+ T cell response in blood and skin. Tp -specific CD4+ T cells persist as memory in both compartments long after curative therapy. The Tp antigenic targets we identified may be high priority vaccine candidates.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang L, Zhang X, Chen W, Seña AC, Zheng H, Jiang Y, Zhao P, Chen R, Wang L, Ke W, Salazar JC, Parr JB, Tucker JD, Hawley KL, Caimano MJ, Hennelly CM, Aghakanian F, Zhang F, Chen JS, Moody MA, Radolf JD, Yang B. Early syphilis in Guangzhou, China: presentation, molecular detection of Treponema pallidum , and genomic sequences in clinical specimens and isolates obtained by rabbit infectivity testing. medRxiv 2023:2023.10.17.23297169. [PMID: 37905017 PMCID: PMC10614984 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.17.23297169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Background The global resurgence of syphilis requires novel prevention strategies. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Treponema pallidum ( TPA ) using different specimen types is essential for vaccine development. Methods Patients with primary (PS) and secondary (SS) syphilis were recruited in Guangzhou, China. We collected ulcer exudates and blood from PS participants, and skin biopsies and blood from SS participants for TPA polA polymerase chain reaction (PCR); ulcer exudates and blood were also used to isolate TPA strains by rabbit infectivity testing (RIT). TPA WGS was performed on 52 ulcer exudates and biopsy specimens and 25 matched rabbit isolates. Results We enrolled 18 PS and 51 SS participants from December 2019 to March 2022. Among PS participants, TPA DNA was detected in 16 (89%) ulcer exudates and three (17%) blood specimens. Among SS participants, TPA DNA was detected in 50 (98%) skin biopsies and 27 (53%) blood specimens. TP A was isolated from 48 rabbits, with a 71% (12/17) success rate from ulcer exudates and 69% (36/52) from SS bloods. Twenty-three matched SS14 clade genomes were virtually identical, while two Nichols clade pairs had discordant tprK sequences. Forty-two of 52 unique TPA genomes clustered in an SS14 East Asia subgroup, while ten fell into two East Asian Nichols subgroups. Conclusions Our TPA detection rate was high from PS ulcer exudates and SS skin biopsies and over 50% from SS whole blood, with RIT isolation in over two-thirds of samples. Our results support the use of WGS from rabbit isolates to inform vaccine development. Summary We performed Treponema pallidum molecular detection and genome sequencing from multiple specimens collected from early syphilis patients and isolates obtained by rabbit inoculation. Our results support the use of whole genome sequencing from rabbit isolates to inform syphilis vaccine development.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ferguson MR, Delgado KN, McBride S, Orbe IC, La Vake CJ, Caimano MJ, Mendez Q, Moraes TF, Schryvers AB, Moody MA, Radolf JD, Weiner MP, Hawley KL. Use of Epivolve phage display to generate a monoclonal antibody with opsonic activity directed against a subdominant epitope on extracellular loop 4 of Treponema pallidum BamA (TP0326). Front Immunol 2023; 14:1222267. [PMID: 37675118 PMCID: PMC10478084 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1222267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum (Tp), is resurging globally. Tp's repertoire of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) includes BamA (β-barrel assembly machinery subunit A/TP0326), a bipartite protein consisting of a 16-stranded β-barrel with nine extracellular loops (ECLs) and five periplasmic POTRA (polypeptide transport-associated) domains. BamA ECL4 antisera promotes internalization of Tp by rabbit peritoneal macrophages. Methods Three overlapping BamA ECL4 peptides and a two-stage, phage display strategy, termed "Epivolve" (for epitope evolution) were employed to generate single-chain variable fragments (scFvs). Additionally, antisera generated by immunizing mice and rabbits with BamA ECL4 displayed by a Pyrococcus furiosus thioredoxin scaffold (PfTrxBamA/ECL4). MAbs and antisera reactivities were evaluated by immunoblotting and ELISA. A comparison of murine and rabbit opsonophagocytosis assays was conducted to evaluate the functional ability of the Abs (e.g., opsonization) and validate the mouse assay. Sera from Tp-infected mice (MSS) and rabbits (IRS) were evaluated for ECL4-specific Abs using PfTrxBamA/ECL4 and overlapping ECL4 peptides in immunoblotting and ELISA assays. Results Each of the five mAbs demonstrated reactivity by immunoblotting and ELISA to nanogram amounts of PfTrxBamA/ECL4. One mAb, containing a unique amino acid sequence in both the light and heavy chains, showed activity in the murine opsonophagocytosis assay. Mice and rabbits hyperimmunized with PfTrxBamA/ECL4 produced opsonic antisera that strongly recognized the ECL presented in a heterologous scaffold and overlapping ECL4 peptides, including S2. In contrast, Abs generated during Tp infection of mice and rabbits poorly recognized the peptides, indicating that S2 contains a subdominant epitope. Discussion Epivolve produced mAbs target subdominant opsonic epitopes in BamA ECL4, a top syphilis vaccine candidate. The murine opsonophagocytosis assay can serve as an alternative model to investigate the opsonic potential of vaccinogens. Detailed characterization of BamA ECL4-specific Abs provided a means to dissect Ab responses elicited by Tp infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary R. Ferguson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Abbratech, Branford, CT, United States
| | | | | | - Isabel C. Orbe
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Carson J. La Vake
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Melissa J. Caimano
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Qiana Mendez
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Abbratech, Branford, CT, United States
| | - Trevor F. Moraes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony B. Schryvers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Justin D. Radolf
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Michael P. Weiner
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Abbratech, Branford, CT, United States
| | - Kelly L. Hawley
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Connecticut Children’s, Hartford, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Seña AC, Matoga MM, Yang L, Lopez-Medina E, Aghakanian F, Chen JS, Bettin EB, Caimano MJ, Chen W, Garcia-Luna JA, Hennelly CM, Jiang Y, Juliano JJ, Pospíšilová P, Ramirez L, Šmajs D, Tucker JD, Cely FV, Zheng H, Hoffman IF, Yang B, Moody MA, Hawley KL, Salazar JC, Radolf JD, Parr JB. Clinical and genomic diversity of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum: A global, multi-center study of early syphilis to inform vaccine research. medRxiv 2023:2023.07.19.23291250. [PMID: 37546832 PMCID: PMC10402240 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.19.23291250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The continuing increase in syphilis rates worldwide necessitates development of a vaccine with global efficacy. We conducted a multi-center, observational study to explore Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum ( TPA ) molecular epidemiology essential for vaccine research by analyzing clinical data and specimens from early syphilis patients using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and publicly available WGS data. Methods We enrolled patients with primary (PS), secondary (SS) or early latent (ELS) syphilis from clinics in China, Colombia, Malawi and the United States between November 2019 - May 2022. Inclusion criteria included age ≥18 years, and syphilis confirmation by direct detection methods and/or serological testing. TPA detection and WGS were conducted on lesion swabs, skin biopsies/scrapings, whole blood, and/or rabbit-passaged isolates. We compared our WGS data to publicly available genomes, and analysed TPA populations to identify mutations associated with lineage and geography. Findings We screened 2,820 patients and enrolled 233 participants - 77 (33%) with PS, 154 (66%) with SS, and two (1%) with ELS. Median age of participants was 28; 66% were cis -gender male, of which 43% reported identifying as "gay", "bisexual", or "other sexuality". Among all participants, 56 (24%) had HIV co-infection. WGS data from 113 participants demonstrated a predominance of SS14-lineage strains with geographic clustering. Phylogenomic analysis confirmed that Nichols-lineage strains are more genetically diverse than SS14-lineage strains and cluster into more distinct subclades. Differences in single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were evident by TPA lineage and geography. Mapping of highly differentiated SNVs to three-dimensional protein models demonstrated population-specific substitutions, some in outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of interest. Interpretation Our study involving participants from four countries substantiates the global diversity of TPA strains. Additional analyses to explore TPA OMP variability within strains will be vital for vaccine development and improved understanding of syphilis pathogenesis on a population level. Funding National Institutes of Health, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lieberman NAP, Armstrong TD, Chung B, Pfalmer D, Hennelly CM, Haynes A, Romeis E, Wang QQ, Zhang RL, Kou CX, Ciccarese G, Conte ID, Cusini M, Drago F, Nakayama SI, Lee K, Ohnishi M, Konda KA, Vargas SK, Eguiluz M, Caceres CF, Klausner JD, Mitja O, Rompalo A, Mulcahy F, Hook EW, Hoffman IF, Matoga MM, Zheng H, Yang B, Lopez-Medina E, Ramirez LG, Radolf JD, Hawley KL, Salazar JC, Lukehart SA, Seña AC, Parr JB, Giacani L, Greninger AL. High-throughput nanopore sequencing of Treponema pallidum tandem repeat genes arp and tp0470 reveals clade-specific patterns and recapitulates global whole genome phylogeny. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1007056. [PMID: 36204625 PMCID: PMC9531955 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1007056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequencing of most Treponema pallidum genomes excludes repeat regions in tp0470 and the tp0433 gene, encoding the acidic repeat protein (arp). As a first step to understanding the evolution and function of these genes and the proteins they encode, we developed a protocol to nanopore sequence tp0470 and arp genes from 212 clinical samples collected from ten countries on six continents. Both tp0470 and arp repeat structures recapitulate the whole genome phylogeny, with subclade-specific patterns emerging. The number of tp0470 repeats is on average appears to be higher in Nichols-like clade strains than in SS14-like clade strains. Consistent with previous studies, we found that 14-repeat arp sequences predominate across both major clades, but the combination and order of repeat type varies among subclades, with many arp sequence variants limited to a single subclade. Although strains that were closely related by whole genome sequencing frequently had the same arp repeat length, this was not always the case. Structural modeling of TP0470 suggested that the eight residue repeats form an extended α-helix, predicted to be periplasmic. Modeling of the ARP revealed a C-terminal sporulation-related repeat (SPOR) domain, predicted to bind denuded peptidoglycan, with repeat regions possibly incorporated into a highly charged β-sheet. Outside of the repeats, all TP0470 and ARP amino acid sequences were identical. Together, our data, along with functional considerations, suggests that both TP0470 and ARP proteins may be involved in T. pallidum cell envelope remodeling and homeostasis, with their highly plastic repeat regions playing as-yet-undetermined roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. P. Lieberman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thaddeus D. Armstrong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Benjamin Chung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Daniel Pfalmer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christopher M. Hennelly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Austin Haynes
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Emily Romeis
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Qian-Qiu Wang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- National Center for STD Control, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui-Li Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cai-Xia Kou
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- National Center for STD Control, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Giulia Ciccarese
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ivano Dal Conte
- Sexual Health Center, Department of Prevention, ASL Città di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Cusini
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Drago
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Shu-ichi Nakayama
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Lee
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kelika A. Konda
- Unit of Health, Sexuality and Human Development, Laboratory of Sexual Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano-Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Silver K. Vargas
- Unit of Health, Sexuality and Human Development, Laboratory of Sexual Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano-Heredia, Lima, Peru
- School of Public Health and Administration “Carlos Vidal Layseca”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria Eguiluz
- Unit of Health, Sexuality and Human Development, Laboratory of Sexual Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano-Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos F. Caceres
- Unit of Health, Sexuality and Human Development, Laboratory of Sexual Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano-Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jeffrey D. Klausner
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Oriol Mitja
- Fight Aids and Infectious Diseases Foundation, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
- Lihir Medical Centre, International SOS, Londolovit, Papua New Guinea
| | - Anne Rompalo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Fiona Mulcahy
- Department of Genito Urinary Medicine and Infectious Diseases, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Edward W. Hook
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Irving F. Hoffman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- UNC Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Mitch M. Matoga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- UNC Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Heping Zheng
- Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute for Global Health and Sexually Transmitted Infections, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute for Global Health and Sexually Transmitted Infections, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eduardo Lopez-Medina
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Centro de Estudios en Infectología Pediátrica (CEIP), Cali, Colombia
| | - Lady G. Ramirez
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia
| | - Justin D. Radolf
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Kelly L. Hawley
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Juan C. Salazar
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Sheila A. Lukehart
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Arlene C. Seña
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jonathan B. Parr
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lorenzo Giacani
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alexander L. Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Delgado KN, Montezuma-Rusca JM, Orbe IC, Caimano MJ, La Vake CJ, Luthra A, Hennelly CM, Nindo FN, Meyer JW, Jones LD, Parr JB, Salazar JC, Moody MA, Radolf JD, Hawley KL. Extracellular Loops of the Treponema pallidum FadL Orthologs TP0856 and TP0858 Elicit IgG Antibodies and IgG +-Specific B-Cells in the Rabbit Model of Experimental Syphilis. mBio 2022; 13:e0163922. [PMID: 35862766 PMCID: PMC9426418 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01639-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The resurgence of syphilis in the new millennium has called attention to the importance of a vaccine for global containment strategies. Studies with immune rabbit serum (IRS) indicate that a syphilis vaccine should elicit antibodies (Abs) that promote opsonophagocytosis of treponemes by activated macrophages. The availability of three-dimensional models for Treponema pallidum's (Tp) repertoire of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) provides an architectural framework for identification of candidate vaccinogens with extracellular loops (ECLs) as the targets for protective Abs. Herein, we used Pyrococcus furiosus thioredoxin (PfTrx) as a scaffold to display Tp OMP ECLs to interrogate sera and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from immune rabbits for ECL-specific Abs and B cells. We validated this approach using a PfTrx scaffold presenting ECL4 from BamA, a known opsonic target. Using scaffolds displaying ECLs of the FadL orthologs TP0856 and TP0858, we determined that ECL2 and ECL4 of both proteins are strongly antigenic. Comparison of ELISA and immunoblot results suggested that the PfTrx scaffolds present conformational and linear epitopes. We then used the FadL ECL2 and ECL4 PfTrx constructs as "hooks" to confirm the presence of ECL-specific B cells in PBMCs from immune rabbits. Our results pinpoint immunogenic ECLs of two newly discovered OMPs, while advancing the utility of the rabbit model for circumventing bottlenecks in vaccine development associated with large-scale production of folded OMPs. They also lay the groundwork for production of rabbit monoclonal Abs (MAbs) to characterize potentially protective ECL epitopes at the atomic level. IMPORTANCE Recent identification and structural modeling of Treponema pallidum's (Tp) repertoire of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) represent a critical breakthrough in the decades long quest for a syphilis vaccine. However, little is known about the antigenic nature of these β-barrel-forming OMPs and, more specifically, their surface exposed regions, the extracellular loops (ECLs). In this study, using Pyrococcus furiosus thioredoxin (PfTrx) as a scaffold to display Tp OMP ECLs, we interrogated immune rabbit sera and peripheral blood mononuclear cells for the presence of antibodies (Abs) and circulating rare antigen-specific B cells. Our results pinpoint immunogenic ECLs of two newly discovered OMPs, while advancing the utility of the rabbit model for surveying the entire Tp OMPeome for promising OMP vaccinogens. This work represents a major advancement toward characterizing potentially protective OMP ECLs and future vaccine studies. Additionally, this strategy could be applied to OMPs of nonspirochetal bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jairo M Montezuma-Rusca
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Isabel C Orbe
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Melissa J Caimano
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carson J La Vake
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amit Luthra
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher M Hennelly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fredrick N Nindo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jacob W Meyer
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jonathan B Parr
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Juan C Salazar
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Justin D Radolf
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kelly L Hawley
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen W, Luo H, Zeng L, Pan Y, Parr JB, Jiang Y, Cunningham CH, Hawley KL, Radolf JD, Ke W, Ou J, Yang J, Yang B, Zheng H. A suite of PCR-LwCas13a assays for detection and genotyping of Treponema pallidum in clinical samples. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4671. [PMID: 35945210 PMCID: PMC9362966 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of commonly used assays for diagnosis of syphilis varies considerably depending on stage of infection and sample type. In response to the need for improved syphilis diagnostics, we develop assays that pair PCR pre-amplification of the tpp47 gene of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum with CRISPR-LwCas13a. The PCR-LwCas13a assay achieves an order of magnitude better analytical sensitivity than real-time PCR with equivalent specificity. When applied to a panel of 216 biological specimens, including 135 clinically confirmed primary and secondary syphilis samples, the PCR-LwCas13a assay demonstrates 93.3% clinical sensitivity and 100% specificity, outperforming tpp47 real-time PCR and rabbit-infectivity testing. We further adapt this approach to distinguish Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum lineages and identify genetic markers of macrolide resistance. Our study demonstrates the potential of CRISPR-based approaches to improve diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of syphilis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Chen
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hao Luo
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lihong Zeng
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuying Pan
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jonathan B Parr
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yinbo Jiang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Clark H Cunningham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kelly L Hawley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Justin D Radolf
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Wujian Ke
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiangli Ou
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianjiang Yang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Heping Zheng
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hawley KL, Montezuma-Rusca JM, Delgado KN, Singh N, Uversky VN, Caimano MJ, Radolf JD, Luthra A. Structural Modeling of the Treponema pallidum Outer Membrane Protein Repertoire: a Road Map for Deconvolution of Syphilis Pathogenesis and Development of a Syphilis Vaccine. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0008221. [PMID: 33972353 PMCID: PMC8407342 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00082-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Treponema pallidum, an obligate human pathogen, has an outer membrane (OM) whose physical properties, ultrastructure, and composition differ markedly from those of phylogenetically distant Gram-negative bacteria. We developed structural models for the outer membrane protein (OMP) repertoire (OMPeome) of T. pallidum Nichols using solved Gram-negative structures, computational tools, and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of selected recombinant periplasmic domains. The T. pallidum "OMPeome" harbors two "stand-alone" proteins (BamA and LptD) involved in OM biogenesis and four paralogous families involved in the influx/efflux of small molecules: 8-stranded β-barrels, long-chain-fatty-acid transporters (FadLs), OM factors (OMFs) for efflux pumps, and T. pallidum repeat proteins (Tprs). BamA (TP0326), the central component of a β-barrel assembly machine (BAM)/translocation and assembly module (TAM) hybrid, possesses a highly flexible polypeptide-transport-associated (POTRA) 1-5 arm predicted to interact with TamB (TP0325). TP0515, an LptD ortholog, contains a novel, unstructured C-terminal domain that models inside the β-barrel. T. pallidum has four 8-stranded β-barrels, each containing positively charged extracellular loops that could contribute to pathogenesis. Three of five FadL-like orthologs have a novel α-helical, presumptively periplasmic C-terminal extension. SAXS and structural modeling further supported the bipartite membrane topology and tridomain architecture of full-length members of the Tpr family. T. pallidum's two efflux pumps presumably extrude noxious small molecules via four coexpressed OMFs with variably charged tunnels. For BamA, LptD, and OMFs, we modeled the molecular machines that deliver their substrates into the OM or external milieu. The spirochete's extended families of OM transporters collectively confer a broad capacity for nutrient uptake. The models also furnish a structural road map for vaccine development. IMPORTANCE The unusual outer membrane (OM) of T. pallidum, the syphilis spirochete, is the ultrastructural basis for its well-recognized capacity for invasiveness, immune evasion, and persistence. In recent years, we have made considerable progress in identifying T. pallidum's repertoire of OMPs. Here, we developed three-dimensional (3D) models for the T. pallidum Nichols OMPeome using structural modeling, bioinformatics, and solution scattering. The OM contains three families of OMP transporters, an OMP family involved in the extrusion of noxious molecules, and two "stand-alone" proteins involved in OM biogenesis. This work represents a major advance toward elucidating host-pathogen interactions during syphilis; understanding how T. pallidum, an extreme auxotroph, obtains a wide array of biomolecules from its obligate human host; and developing a vaccine with global efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Hawley
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Connecticut Children’s, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jairo M. Montezuma-Rusca
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Navreeta Singh
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Melissa J. Caimano
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Justin D. Radolf
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amit Luthra
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Benjamin SJ, Hawley KL, Vera-Licona P, La Vake CJ, Cervantes JL, Ruan Y, Radolf JD, Salazar JC. Macrophage mediated recognition and clearance of Borrelia burgdorferi elicits MyD88-dependent and -independent phagosomal signals that contribute to phagocytosis and inflammation. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:32. [PMID: 34000990 PMCID: PMC8127205 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages play prominent roles in bacteria recognition and clearance, including Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), the Lyme disease spirochete. To elucidate mechanisms by which MyD88/TLR signaling enhances clearance of Bb by macrophages, we studied wildtype (WT) and MyD88-/- Bb-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). RESULTS MyD88-/- BMDMs exhibit impaired uptake of spirochetes but comparable maturation of phagosomes following internalization of spirochetes. RNA-sequencing of infected WT and MyD88-/- BMDMs identified a large cohort of differentially expressed MyD88-dependent genes associated with re-organization of actin and cytoskeleton during phagocytosis along with several MyD88-independent chemokines involved in inflammatory cell recruitment. We computationally generated networks which identified several MyD88-dependent intermediate proteins (Rhoq and Cyfip1) that are known to mediate inflammation and phagocytosis respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings show that MyD88 signaling enhances, but is not required, for bacterial uptake or phagosomal maturation and provide mechanistic insights into how MyD88-mediated phagosomal signaling enhances Bb uptake and clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Benjamin
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Kelly L Hawley
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA
| | - Paola Vera-Licona
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Institute of Systems Genomics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Carson J La Vake
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Jorge L Cervantes
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA
- Present Address: Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Yijun Ruan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Justin D Radolf
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Juan C Salazar
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA.
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Connecticut Children's, 282 Washington Street, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Luthra A, Montezuma-Rusca JM, La Vake CJ, LeDoyt M, Delgado KN, Davenport TC, Fiel-Gan M, Caimano MJ, Radolf JD, Hawley KL. Evidence that immunization with TP0751, a bipartite Treponema pallidum lipoprotein with an intrinsically disordered region and lipocalin fold, fails to protect in the rabbit model of experimental syphilis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008871. [PMID: 32936831 PMCID: PMC7521688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deconvolution of syphilis pathogenesis and selection of candidate syphilis vaccinogens requires detailed knowledge of the molecular architecture of the Treponema pallidum outer membrane (OM). The T. pallidum OM contains a low density of integral OM proteins, while the spirochete's many lipoprotein immunogens are periplasmic. TP0751, a lipoprotein with a lipocalin fold, is reportedly a surface-exposed protease/adhesin and protective antigen. The rapid expansion of calycin/lipocalin structures in the RCSB PDB database prompted a comprehensive reassessment of TP0751. Small angle X-ray scattering analysis of full-length protein revealed a bipartite topology consisting of an N-terminal, intrinsically disordered region (IDR) and the previously characterized C-terminal lipocalin domain. A DALI server query using the lipocalin domain yielded 97 hits, 52 belonging to the calycin superfamily, including 15 bacterial lipocalins, but no Gram-negative surface proteins. Surprisingly, Tpp17 (TP0435) was identified as a structural ortholog of TP0751. In silico docking predicted that TP0751 can bind diverse ligands along the rim of its eight-stranded β-barrel; high affinity binding of one predicted ligand, heme, to the lipocalin domain was demonstrated. qRT-PCR and immunoblotting revealed very low expression of TP0751 compared to other T. pallidum lipoproteins. Immunoblot analysis of immune rabbit serum failed to detect TP0751 antibodies, while only one of five patients with secondary syphilis mounted a discernible TP0751-specific antibody response. In opsonophagocytosis assays, neither TP0751 nor Tpp17 antibodies promoted uptake of T. pallidum by rabbit peritoneal macrophages. Rabbits immunized with intact, full-length TP0751 showed no protection against local or disseminated infection following intradermal challenge with T. pallidum. Our data argue that, like other lipoprotein lipocalins in dual-membrane bacteria, TP0751 is periplasmic and binds small molecules, and we propose that its IDR facilitates ligand binding by and offloading from the lipocalin domain. The inability of TP0751 to elicit opsonic or protective antibodies is consistent with a subsurface location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Luthra
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, United States of America
| | - Jairo M. Montezuma-Rusca
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, UConn Health, Farmington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, United States of America
| | - Carson J. La Vake
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, United States of America
| | - Morgan LeDoyt
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, United States of America
| | | | | | - Mary Fiel-Gan
- Department of Pathology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, United States of America
| | - Melissa J. Caimano
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, United States of America
| | - Justin D. Radolf
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, United States of America
| | - Kelly L. Hawley
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Connecticut Children’s, Hartford, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen W, Šmajs D, Hu Y, Ke W, Pospíšilová P, Hawley KL, Caimano MJ, Radolf JD, Sena A, Tucker JD, Yang B, Juliano JJ, Zheng H, Parr JB. Analysis of Treponema pallidum Strains From China Using Improved Methods for Whole-Genome Sequencing From Primary Syphilis Chancres. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:848-853. [PMID: 32710788 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum (TPA) has been constrained by the lack of in vitro cultivation methods for isolating spirochetes from patient samples. METHODS We built upon recently developed enrichment methods to sequence TPA directly from primary syphilis chancre swabs collected in Guangzhou, China. RESULTS By combining parallel, pooled whole-genome amplification with hybrid selection, we generated high-quality genomes from 4 of 8 chancre-swab samples and 2 of 2 rabbit-passaged isolates, all subjected to challenging storage conditions. CONCLUSIONS This approach enabled the first WGS of Chinese samples without rabbit passage and provided insights into TPA genetic diversity in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Chen
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David Šmajs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yongfei Hu
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wujian Ke
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Petra Pospíšilová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kelly L Hawley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Pediatrics, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Melissa J Caimano
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Justin D Radolf
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Departments of Genetics and Genome Sciences, and Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Arlene Sena
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph D Tucker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bin Yang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jonathan J Juliano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heping Zheng
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jonathan B Parr
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Caimano MJ, Groshong AM, Belperron A, Mao J, Hawley KL, Luthra A, Graham DE, Earnhart CG, Marconi RT, Bockenstedt LK, Blevins JS, Radolf JD. The RpoS Gatekeeper in Borrelia burgdorferi: An Invariant Regulatory Scheme That Promotes Spirochete Persistence in Reservoir Hosts and Niche Diversity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1923. [PMID: 31507550 PMCID: PMC6719511 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of Borrelia burgdorferi within its enzootic cycle requires a complex regulatory pathway involving the alternative σ factors RpoN and RpoS and two ancillary trans-acting factors, BosR and Rrp2. Activation of this pathway occurs within ticks during the nymphal blood meal when RpoS, the effector σ factor, transcribes genes required for tick transmission and mammalian infection. RpoS also exerts a 'gatekeeper' function by repressing σ70-dependent tick phase genes (e.g., ospA, lp6.6). Herein, we undertook a broad examination of RpoS functionality throughout the enzootic cycle, beginning with modeling to confirm that this alternative σ factor is a 'genuine' RpoS homolog. Using a novel dual color reporter system, we established at the single spirochete level that ospA is expressed in nymphal midguts throughout transmission and is not downregulated until spirochetes have been transmitted to a naïve host. Although it is well established that rpoS/RpoS is expressed throughout infection, its requirement for persistent infection has not been demonstrated. Plasmid retention studies using a trans-complemented ΔrpoS mutant demonstrated that (i) RpoS is required for maximal fitness throughout the mammalian phase and (ii) RpoS represses tick phase genes until spirochetes are acquired by a naïve vector. By transposon mutant screening, we established that bba34/oppA5, the only OppA oligopeptide-binding protein controlled by RpoS, is a bona fide persistence gene. Lastly, comparison of the strain 297 and B31 RpoS DMC regulons identified two cohorts of RpoS-regulated genes. The first consists of highly conserved syntenic genes that are similarly regulated by RpoS in both strains and likely required for maintenance of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto strains in the wild. The second includes RpoS-regulated plasmid-encoded variable surface lipoproteins ospC, dbpA and members of the ospE/ospF/elp, mlp, revA, and Pfam54 paralogous gene families, all of which have evolved via inter- and intra-strain recombination. Thus, while the RpoN/RpoS pathway regulates a 'core' group of orthologous genes, diversity within RpoS regulons of different strains could be an important determinant of reservoir host range as well as spirochete virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Caimano
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States,Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States,Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States,*Correspondence: Melissa J. Caimano,
| | | | - Alexia Belperron
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jialing Mao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Kelly L. Hawley
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States,Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Amit Luthra
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Danielle E. Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Christopher G. Earnhart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Richard T. Marconi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Linda K. Bockenstedt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jon S. Blevins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Justin D. Radolf
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States,Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States,Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States,Department of Genetics and Genome Science, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States,Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alhamdi JR, Peng T, Al-Naggar IM, Hawley KL, Spiller KL, Kuhn LT. Controlled M1-to-M2 transition of aged macrophages by calcium phosphate coatings. Biomaterials 2019; 196:90-99. [PMID: 30075952 PMCID: PMC6336526 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Older adults suffer from weakened and delayed bone healing due to age-related alterations in bone cells and in the immune system. Given the interaction between the immune system and skeletal cells, therapies that address deficiencies in both the skeletal and the immune system are required to effectively treat bone injuries of older patients. The sequence of macrophage activation observed in healthy tissue repair involves a transition from a pro-inflammatory state followed by a pro-reparative state. In older patients, inflammation is slower to resolve and impedes healing. The goal of this study was to design a novel drug delivery system for temporal guidance of the polarization of macrophages using bone grafting materials. A biomimetic calcium phosphate coating (bCaP) physically and temporally separated the pro-inflammatory stimulus interferon-gamma (IFNγ) from the pro-reparative stimulus simvastatin (SIMV). Effective doses were identified using a human monocyte line (THP-1) and testing culminated with bone marrow macrophages obtained from old mice. Sequential M1-to-M2 activation was achieved with both cell types. These results suggest that this novel immunomodulatory drug delivery system holds potential for controlling macrophage activation in bones of older patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jumana R Alhamdi
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Tao Peng
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Iman M Al-Naggar
- Center on Aging, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Kelly L Hawley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Kara L Spiller
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, PA, USA
| | - Liisa T Kuhn
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kumar S, Caimano MJ, Anand A, Dey A, Hawley KL, LeDoyt ME, La Vake CJ, Cruz AR, Ramirez LG, Paštěková L, Bezsonova I, Šmajs D, Salazar JC, Radolf JD. Sequence Variation of Rare Outer Membrane Protein β-Barrel Domains in Clinical Strains Provides Insights into the Evolution of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum, the Syphilis Spirochete. mBio 2018; 9:e01006-18. [PMID: 29895642 PMCID: PMC6016234 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01006-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, considerable progress has been made in topologically and functionally characterizing integral outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum, the syphilis spirochete, and identifying its surface-exposed β-barrel domains. Extracellular loops in OMPs of Gram-negative bacteria are known to be highly variable. We examined the sequence diversity of β-barrel-encoding regions of tprC, tprD, and bamA in 31 specimens from Cali, Colombia; San Francisco, California; and the Czech Republic and compared them to allelic variants in the 41 reference genomes in the NCBI database. To establish a phylogenetic framework, we used T. pallidum 0548 (tp0548) genotyping and tp0558 sequences to assign strains to the Nichols or SS14 clades. We found that (i) β-barrels in clinical strains could be grouped according to allelic variants in T. pallidum subsp. pallidum reference genomes; (ii) for all three OMP loci, clinical strains within the Nichols or SS14 clades often harbored β-barrel variants that differed from the Nichols and SS14 reference strains; and (iii) OMP variable regions often reside in predicted extracellular loops containing B-cell epitopes. On the basis of structural models, nonconservative amino acid substitutions in predicted transmembrane β-strands of T. pallidum repeat C (TprC) and TprD2 could give rise to functional differences in their porin channels. OMP profiles of some clinical strains were mosaics of different reference strains and did not correlate with results from enhanced molecular typing. Our observations suggest that human host selection pressures drive T. pallidum subsp. pallidum OMP diversity and that genetic exchange contributes to the evolutionary biology of T. pallidum subsp. pallidum They also set the stage for topology-based analysis of antibody responses to OMPs and help frame strategies for syphilis vaccine development.IMPORTANCE Despite recent progress characterizing outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Treponema pallidum, little is known about how their surface-exposed, β-barrel-forming domains vary among strains circulating within high-risk populations. In this study, sequences for the β-barrel-encoding regions of three OMP loci, tprC, tprD, and bamA, in T. pallidum subsp. pallidum isolates from a large number of patient specimens from geographically disparate sites were examined. Structural models predict that sequence variation within β-barrel domains occurs predominantly within predicted extracellular loops. Amino acid substitutions in predicted transmembrane strands that could potentially affect porin channel function were also noted. Our findings suggest that selection pressures exerted within human populations drive T. pallidum subsp. pallidum OMP diversity and that recombination at OMP loci contributes to the evolutionary biology of syphilis spirochetes. These results also set the stage for topology-based analysis of antibody responses that promote clearance of T. pallidum subsp. pallidum and frame strategies for vaccine development based upon conserved OMP extracellular loops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Kumar
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Melissa J Caimano
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Arvind Anand
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Abhishek Dey
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kelly L Hawley
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Morgan E LeDoyt
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carson J La Vake
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Adriana R Cruz
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Lady G Ramirez
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Lenka Paštěková
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Irina Bezsonova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - David Šmajs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Juan C Salazar
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Justin D Radolf
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Genetic and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hawley KL, Cruz AR, Benjamin SJ, La Vake CJ, Cervantes JL, LeDoyt M, Ramirez LG, Mandich D, Fiel-Gan M, Caimano MJ, Radolf JD, Salazar JC. IFNγ Enhances CD64-Potentiated Phagocytosis of Treponema pallidum Opsonized with Human Syphilitic Serum by Human Macrophages. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1227. [PMID: 29051759 PMCID: PMC5633599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Syphilis is a multi-stage, sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum (Tp). Considered broadly, syphilis can be conceptualized as a dualistic process in which spirochete-driven inflammation, the cause of clinical manifestations, coexists to varying extents with bacterial persistence. Inflammation is elicited in the tissues, along with the persistence of spirochetes to keep driving a robust immune response while evading host defenses; this duality is best exemplified during the florid, disseminated stage called secondary syphilis (SS). SS lesions typically contain copious amounts of spirochetes along with a mixed cellular infiltrate consisting of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, NK cells, plasma cells, and macrophages. In the rabbit model, Tp are cleared by macrophages via antibody-mediated opsonophagocytosis. Previously, we demonstrated that human syphilitic serum (HSS) promotes efficient uptake of Tp by human monocytes and that opsonophagocytosis of Tp markedly enhances cytokine production. Herein, we used monocyte-derived macrophages to study Tp–macrophage interactions ex vivo. In the absence of HSS, monocyte-derived macrophages internalized low numbers of Tp and secreted little cytokine (e.g., TNF). By contrast, these same macrophages internalized large numbers of unopsonized Borrelia burgdorferi and secreted robust levels of cytokines. Maturation of macrophages with M-CSF and IFNγ resulted in a macrophage phenotype with increased expression of HLA-DR, CD14, inducible nitric oxide synthase, TLR2, TLR8, and the Fcγ receptors (FcγR) CD64 and CD16, even in the absence of LPS. Importantly, IFNγ-polarized macrophages resulted in a statistically significant increase in opsonophagocytosis of Tp accompanied by enhanced production of cytokines, macrophage activation markers (CD40, CD80), TLRs (TLR2, TLR7, TLR8), chemokines (CCL19, CXCL10, CXCL11), and TH1-promoting cytokines (IL-12, IL-15). Finally, the blockade of FcγRs, primarily CD64, significantly diminished spirochetal uptake and proinflammatory cytokine secretion by IFNγ-stimulated macrophages. Our ex vivo studies demonstrate the importance of CD64-potentiated uptake of opsonized Tp and suggest that IFNγ-activated macrophages have an important role in the context of early syphilis. Our study results also provide an ex vivo surrogate system for use in future syphilis vaccine studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Hawley
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Adriana R Cruz
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Sarah J Benjamin
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, United States.,Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Carson J La Vake
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Jorge L Cervantes
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Morgan LeDoyt
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Lady G Ramirez
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Daniza Mandich
- Department of Pathology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Mary Fiel-Gan
- Department of Pathology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, United States
| | | | - Justin D Radolf
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, United States.,Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia.,Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States.,Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States.,Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Juan C Salazar
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, United States.,Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia.,Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cervantes JL, Benjamin SJ, Chang Y, Luo J, La Vake CJ, Hawley KL, Caimano M, Vera-Licona P, Laubenbacher R, Ruan Y, Radolf J, Salazar JC. The phagosome: Meeting point of the Myddosome, NLRs, and degraded Borrelia burgdorferi. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.131.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Phagocytosis of the extracellular bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) enhances toll-like receptor, NF-κB mediated cytokine responses in human and murine phagocytic cells. TLR adaptor molecule MyD88 is recruited to Bb containing phagosomes, and the spirochetal cargo does not appear to leak from the phagosome into the cytosol. Transcriptome and Network reconstruction analysis identified several master regulators of diverse cellular and molecular processes, including regulation of the TLR-MyD88 pathway, IRFs, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and resolution of inflammation. Surprisingly, genes that code for inflammasome proteins (NLRP3, NOD2 and caspase-1) were also differentially-expressed. We thereby examined the cellular localization of these molecules in Bb-infected WT BMDMs and observed that NLRP3 and NOD2 were observed to colocalize to phagosomes containing degraded spirochetes. NLRP3 also colocalized with MyD88, but only in phagosomes containing degraded spirochetal cargo. Although caspase-1 also colocalized to the phagosome, infection with Bb did not result in an increase in speck formation or secretion of IL-1β.
Our results show that the phagosome is a crucial cellular location not only for degradation of the spirochete, but where components of the Myddosome and inflammasome are recruited. Our findings are in line with recent studies showing that cytosolic receptors can localize to endosomal membranes, and can potentially have an alternate role in regulating an adequate functionality of the phagosome. Our study evidences the complexity of phagosomal signaling in which MyD88 plays a critical role not only in the generation of inflammatory but inducing regulatory signals in murine macrophages upon Bb infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Justin Radolf
- 1Connecticut Children’s Med. Ctr
- 2Univ. of Connecticut Hlth. Ctr
| | - Juan C. Salazar
- 1Connecticut Children’s Med. Ctr
- 2Univ. of Connecticut Hlth. Ctr
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hawley KL, Olson CM, Carreras-González A, Navasa N, Anguita J. Serum C3 Enhances Complement Receptor 3-Mediated Phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:1269-71. [PMID: 26435692 PMCID: PMC4582150 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Hawley
- 1. Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 01003 Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Chris M Olson
- 1. Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 01003 Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Nicolás Navasa
- 2. CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Juan Anguita
- 1. Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 01003 Amherst, MA, USA ; 2. CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain ; 3. IKERBASQUE, Basque foundation for science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cervantes JL, Hawley KL, Benjamin SJ, Weinerman B, Luu SM, Salazar JC. Phagosomal TLR signaling upon Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:55. [PMID: 24904837 PMCID: PMC4033037 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Internalization and degradation of live Bb within phagosomal compartments of monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), allows for the release of lipoproteins, nucleic acids and other microbial products, triggering a broad and robust inflammatory response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key players in the recognition of spirochetal ligands from whole viable organisms (i.e., vita-PAMPs). Herein we will review the role of endosomal TLRs in the response to the Lyme disease spirochete.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Cervantes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Kelly L Hawley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Sarah J Benjamin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Bennett Weinerman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie M Luu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Juan C Salazar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center Hartford, CT, USA ; Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hawley KL, Martín-Ruiz I, Iglesias-Pedraz JM, Berwin B, Anguita J. CD14 targets complement receptor 3 to lipid rafts during phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:803-10. [PMID: 23983613 PMCID: PMC3753444 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, is mediated partly by the interaction of the spirochete with Complement Receptor (CR) 3. CR3 requires the GPI-anchored protein, CD14, in order to efficiently internalize CR3-B. burgdorferi complexes. GPI-anchored proteins reside in cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains, and through its interaction with partner proteins, help initiate signaling cascades. Here, we investigated the role of CD14 on the internalization of B. burgdorferi mediated by CR3. We show that CR3 partly colocalizes with CD14 in lipid rafts. The use of the cholesterol-sequestering compound methyl-β-cyclodextran completely prevents the internalization of the spirochete in CHO cells that co-express CD14 and CR3, while no effect was observed in CD11b-deficient macrophages. These results show that lipid rafts are required for CR3-dependent, but not independent, phagocytosis of B. burgdorferi. Our results also suggest that CD14 interacts with the C-lectin domain of CR3, favoring the formation of multi-complexes that allow their internalization, and the use of β-glucan, a known ligand for the C-lectin domain of CR3, can compensate for the lack of CD14 in CHO cells that express CR3. These results provide evidence to understand the mechanisms that govern the interaction between CR3 and CD14 during the phagocytosis of B. burgdorferi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Hawley
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|