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He L, Zhou S, Li W, Wang Q, Qi Z, Zhou P, Wang Z, Chen J, Li Y, Lin Z. BPIFA2 as a Novel Early Biomarker to Identify Fatal Radiation Injury After Radiation Exposure. Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258221086478. [PMID: 35431693 PMCID: PMC9006374 DOI: 10.1177/15593258221086478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current dosimeters cannot cope with the two tasks of medical rescue in the early stage of nuclear accident, the accurate determination of radiation exposure and the identification of patients with fatal radiation injury. As radiation can cause alterations in serum components, it is feasible to develop biomarkers for radiation injury from serum. This study aims to investigate whether serum BPIFA2 could be used as a potential biomarker of predicting fatal radiation injury in the early stage after nuclear accident. Methods A rabbit anti-mouse BPIFA2 polyclonal antibody was prepared to detect the expression of BPIFA2. C57BL/6J female mice were exposed to total body radiation (TBI) at different dose and Partial body radiation (PBI) at lethal dose to detect the dynamic changes of BPIFA2 in serum at different time points after irradiation by Western blot assay. Results BPIFA2 in mice serum were significantly increased at 1–12 h post-irradiation at .5–10 Gy, and increased again significantly at 3 d after 10 Gy irradiation with associated with mortality closely. It also increased rapidly after PBI and was closely related to injury degree, regardless whether the salivary glands were irradiated. Conclusions The increase of serum BPIFA2 is a novel early biomarker not only for identifying radiation exposure, but also for fatal radiation injury playing a vital role in rational use of medical resources, and greater efficiency of medical treatment to minimize casualties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexin He
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shixiang Zhou
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Li
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Qi
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pingkun Zhou
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yaqiong Li
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongwu Lin
- Science Research Management Department of the Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
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Teixeira H, Zhao J, Kinane DF, Benakanakere MR. IFN-β secretion is through TLR3 but not TLR4 in human gingival epithelial cells. Mol Immunol 2019; 111:27-31. [PMID: 30954023 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The oral cavity is home for a plethora of bacteria and viruses. Epithelial barriers encounter these micro-organisms and recognize them via pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that instigate antibacterial and antiviral responses. We and others have shown that human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) express PRRs to defend invading pathogens. Among these PRRs, TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 are highly expressed in HGECs and appear to be important based on our previous findings. IFN-β is one of the major type 1 interferons induced to defend viral attack. In this report, we sought to dissect TLR3 and TLR4 mediated secretion of IFN-β in HGECs. We stimulated HGECs with ultrapure LPS (TLR4 ligand) and Poly I:C (TLR3 ligand) for 24 h and supernatant was used to determine IFN-β secretion. We show that cells treated with Poly I:C induced IFN-β secretion but not cells treated with LPS. In addition, silencing of TLR3 prior to Poly I:C stimulation significantly downregulated IFN-β secretion. On the contrary, overexpression of MD2 and TLR4 in HGECs restored IFN-β secretion. Upon further evaluation, we found that TLR3 stimulation but not TLR4 induced the phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), which is critical for IFN-β secretion. We conclude that IFN-β secretion is through TLR3 and not via TLR4 in HGECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Teixeira
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19004, USA
| | - Jiawei Zhao
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19004, USA
| | - Denis F Kinane
- Division of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manjunatha R Benakanakere
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19004, USA.
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Prokopovic V, Popovic M, Andjelkovic U, Marsavelski A, Raskovic B, Gavrovic-Jankulovic M, Polovic N. Isolation, biochemical characterization and anti-bacterial activity of BPIFA2 protein. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 59:302-9. [PMID: 24581853 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human BPIFA2 (parotid secretory protein) is a ubiquitous soluble salivary protein, which belongs to the PLUNC family of proteins. Having sequence similarity to bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, PLUNC proteins are probably involved in local antibacterial response at mucosal sites, such as oral cavity. The aim of the study was to isolate and characterize human BPIFA2. DESIGN In this paper, we report one-step affinity chromatography method for BPIFA2 purification from whole human saliva. The isolated BPIFA2 was identified by trypsin mass fingerprinting and characterized by electrophoretic methods. Antibacterial activity of BPIFA2 against model microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa was shown in minimum inhibitory concentration and time kill study assays. RESULTS The protein showed microheterogeneity, both in molecular weight and pI value. BPIFA2 inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa in microgram concentration range determined by minimum inhibitory concentration assay. In the time kill study, 32μg/mL BPIFA2 showed clear bactericidal activity and did not cause any aggregation of bacteria. CONCLUSION Affinity chromatography is well suited for isolation of functional BPIFA2 with a potent bactericidal activity against P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Prokopovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Popovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uros Andjelkovic
- Institute for Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Marsavelski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Brankica Raskovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Gavrovic-Jankulovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natalija Polovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Fábián TK, Hermann P, Beck A, Fejérdy P, Fábián G. Salivary defense proteins: their network and role in innate and acquired oral immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:4295-4320. [PMID: 22605979 PMCID: PMC3344215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13044295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous defense proteins present in the saliva. Although some of these molecules are present in rather low concentrations, their effects are additive and/or synergistic, resulting in an efficient molecular defense network of the oral cavity. Moreover, local concentrations of these proteins near the mucosal surfaces (mucosal transudate), periodontal sulcus (gingival crevicular fluid) and oral wounds and ulcers (transudate) may be much greater, and in many cases reinforced by immune and/or inflammatory reactions of the oral mucosa. Some defense proteins, like salivary immunoglobulins and salivary chaperokine HSP70/HSPAs (70 kDa heat shock proteins), are involved in both innate and acquired immunity. Cationic peptides and other defense proteins like lysozyme, bactericidal/permeability increasing protein (BPI), BPI-like proteins, PLUNC (palate lung and nasal epithelial clone) proteins, salivary amylase, cystatins, prolin-rich proteins, mucins, peroxidases, statherin and others are primarily responsible for innate immunity. In this paper, this complex system and function of the salivary defense proteins will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Károly Fábián
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (P.H.); (P.F.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +36-1-338-4380; Fax: +36-1-317-5270
| | - Péter Hermann
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (P.H.); (P.F.)
| | - Anita Beck
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, H-1089, Hungary; E-Mail:
| | - Pál Fejérdy
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (P.H.); (P.F.)
| | - Gábor Fábián
- Clinic of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mail:
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Song B, Zhang L, Liu XJ, Ding C, Wu LL, Gan YH, Yu GY. Proteomic analysis of secretion from human transplanted submandibular gland replacing lacrimal gland with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1824:550-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Dual host-defence functions of SPLUNC2/PSP and synthetic peptides derived from the protein. Biochem Soc Trans 2011; 39:1028-32. [PMID: 21787342 DOI: 10.1042/bst0391028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PSP (parotid secretory protein)/SPLUNC2 (short palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone 2) is expressed in human salivary glands and saliva. The protein exists as an N-glycosylated and non-glycosylated form and both appear to induce agglutination of bacteria, a major antibacterial function for salivary proteins. Both forms of PSP/SPLUNC2 bind LPS (lipopolysaccharide), suggesting that the protein may also play an anti-inflammatory role. Based on the predicted structure of PSP/SPLUNC2 and the location of known antibacterial and anti-inflammatory peptides in BPI (bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein) and LBP (LPS-binding protein), we designed GL13NH2 and GL13K, synthetic peptides that capture these proposed functions of PSP/SPLUNC2. GL13NH3 agglutinates bacteria, leading to increased clearance by macrophages and reduced spread of infection in a plant model. GL13K kills bacteria with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 5-10 μg/ml, kills bacteria in biofilm and retains activity in 150 mM NaCl and 50% saliva. Both peptides block endotoxin action, but only GL13K appears to bind endotoxin. The peptides do not cause haemolysis, haemagglutination in serum, inhibit mammalian cell proliferation or induce an inflammatory response in macrophages. These results suggest that the GL13NH2 and the modified peptide GL13K capture the biological activity of PSP/SPLUNC2 and can serve as lead compounds for the development of novel antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory peptides.
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Lorenz K, Bader M, Klaus A, Weiss W, Görg A, Hofmann T. Orosensory stimulation effects on human saliva proteome. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:10219-10231. [PMID: 21846099 DOI: 10.1021/jf2024352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Saliva flow induced by 6-gingerol (pungent), hydroxy-α/β-sanshools (tingling), and citric acid (sour) was measured, and the time-dependent changes in the whole saliva proteome were analyzed by means of 2D-PAGE, followed by tryptic in-gel digestion and MALDI-TOF-MS peptide mass fingerprint analysis. The proteins showing significantly decreased abundance after oral 6-gingerol stimulation were identified as glutathione S-transferase P, the heat shock protein β-1, the heat shock 70 kDa protein 1, annexin A1, and cytoplasmic β-actin, whereas prolactin inducible proteins (PIP), short palate, lung and nasal epithelium carcinoma-associated protein 2 (SPLUNC2), zinc-α-2-glycoproteins (Zn-α-GP), and carbonic anhydrase VI (CAVI) were found with increased abundance. As the effects of this study were observed instantaneously upon stimulation, any proteome modulation is very likely to result from the release of proteins from preformed vesicles and not from de novo synthesis. The elevated levels of SPLUNC2, Zn-α-GP, and CAVI might be interpreted to trigger innate protective mechanisms in mucosal immunity and in nonimmune mucosal defense and might play an important role during the initial stage of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lorenz
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner Strasse 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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Abdolhosseini M, Sotsky JB, Shelar AP, Joyce PBM, Gorr SU. Human parotid secretory protein is a lipopolysaccharide-binding protein: identification of an anti-inflammatory peptide domain. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 359:1-8. [PMID: 21833535 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parotid secretory protein (PSP) (C20orf70) is a salivary protein of unknown function. The protein belongs to the palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone (PLUNC) family of mucosal secretory proteins that are predicted to be structurally similar to lipid-binding and host-defense proteins including bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. However, the PLUNC proteins exhibit significant sequence variation and different biological functions have been proposed for different family members. This study tested the functional implications of the proposed similarity of PSP to the acute phase protein lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP). PSP was identified in human saliva and was soluble in 70% ethanol, as shown for other PLUNC proteins. PSP binds lipopolysaccharide and can be eluted by non-ionic detergent, but not by urea or high salt. A synthetic PSP peptide, GL13NH2, which corresponds to a lipopolysaccharide-inhibiting peptide from LBP, inhibited the binding of lipopolysaccharide to both PSP and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. Peptides from other regions of PSP and the control peptide polymyxin B showed no effect on the binding of PSP to lipopolysaccharide. GL13NH2 also inhibited lipopolysaccharide-stimulated secretion of tumor necrosis factor from macrophages. The other PSP peptides had no effect in this assay. PSP peptides had no or only minor effect on macrophage cell viability. These results indicate that PSP is a lipopolysaccharide-binding protein that is functionally related to LBP, as suggested by their predicted structural similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Abdolhosseini
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Morzel M, Palicki O, Chabanet C, Lucchi G, Ducoroy P, Chambon C, Nicklaus S. Saliva electrophoretic protein profiles in infants: Changes with age and impact of teeth eruption and diet transition. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:634-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
AIMS The goal of this review is to identify the antimicrobial proteins in the oral fluids, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid and identify functional families and candidates for antibacterial treatment. RESULTS Periodontal biofilms initiate a cascade of inflammatory and immune processes that lead to the destruction of gingival tissues and ultimately alveolar bone loss and tooth loss. Treatment of periodontal disease with conventional antibiotics does not appear to be effective in the absence of mechanical debridement. An alternative treatment may be found in antimicrobial peptides and proteins, which can be bactericidal and anti-inflammatory and block the inflammatory effects of bacterial toxins. The peptides have co-evolved with oral bacteria, which have not developed significant peptide resistance. Over 45 antibacterial proteins are found in human saliva and gingival crevicular fluid. The proteins and peptides belong to several different functional families and offer broad protection from invading microbes. Several antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) serve as templates for the development of therapeutic peptides and peptide mimetics, although to date none have demonstrated efficacy in human trials. CONCLUSIONS Existing and newly identified AMPs may be developed for therapeutic use in periodontal disease or can serve as templates for peptide and peptide mimetics with improved therapeutic indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven-Ulrik Gorr
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Benakanakere MR, Zhao J, Galicia JC, Martin M, Kinane DF. Sphingosine kinase-1 is required for toll mediated beta-defensin 2 induction in human oral keratinocytes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11512. [PMID: 20634980 PMCID: PMC2901390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Host defense against invading pathogens is triggered by various receptors including toll-like receptors (TLRs). Activation of TLRs is a pivotal step in the initiation of innate, inflammatory, and antimicrobial defense mechanisms. Human β-defensin 2 (HBD-2) is a cationic antimicrobial peptide secreted upon Gram-negative bacterial perturbation in many cells. Stimulation of various TLRs has been shown to induce HBD-2 in oral keratinocytes, yet the underlying cellular mechanisms of this induction are poorly understood. Principal Findings Here we demonstrate that HBD-2 induction is mediated by the Sphingosine kinase-1 (Sphk-1) and augmented by the inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β (GSK-3β) via the Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) dependent pathway. HBD-2 secretion was dose dependently inhibited by a pharmacological inhibitor of Sphk-1. Interestingly, inhibition of GSK-3β by SB 216763 or by RNA interference, augmented HBD-2 induction. Overexpression of Sphk-1 with concomitant inhibition of GSK-3β enhanced the induction of β-defensin-2 in oral keratinocytes. Ectopic expression of constitutively active GSK-3β (S9A) abrogated HBD-2 whereas kinase inactive GSK-3β (R85A) induced higher amounts of HBD-2. Conclusions/Significance These data implicate Sphk-1 in HBD-2 regulation in oral keratinocytes which also involves the activation of PI3K, AKT, GSK-3β and ERK 1/2. Thus we reveal the intricate relationship and pathways of toll-signaling molecules regulating HBD-2 which may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunatha R. Benakanakere
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jiawei Zhao
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Johnah C. Galicia
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Martin
- School of Dentistry, Oral Health and Systemic Disease Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Denis F. Kinane
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Haigh BJ, Stewart KW, Whelan JRK, Barnett MPG, Smolenski GA, Wheeler TT. Alterations in the salivary proteome associated with periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:241-7. [PMID: 20149214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify changes in the salivary proteome associated with active periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Quantitative proteomics (two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) was used to investigate whole saliva from individuals with severe periodontitis and their proteomic profiles before and after periodontal treatment were compared. RESULTS A comparison of 128 proteins across all saliva samples identified 15 protein spots with altered abundance. The predominant alteration observed was an increase in the abundance of the S100 proteins S100A8/A9/A6. Of the remaining proteins with altered abundance, haptoglobin, prolactin inducible protein and parotid secretory protein have previously been associated with host defence. CONCLUSION These results highlight the predominant involvement of S100 proteins in the host response during periodontitis, identify host defence components that have not been linked previously to this disease and suggest new potential biomarkers for monitoring disease activity in periodontitis.
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Stathopoulou PG, Benakanakere MR, Galicia JC, Kinane DF. Epithelial cell pro-inflammatory cytokine response differs across dental plaque bacterial species. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:24-9. [PMID: 20096064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The dental plaque is comprised of numerous bacterial species, which may or may not be pathogenic. Human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) respond to perturbation by various bacteria of the dental plaque by production of different levels of inflammatory cytokines, which is a putative reflection of their virulence. The aim of the current study was to determine responses in terms of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 secretion induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus gordonii in order to gauge their virulence potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS HGECs were challenged with the four bacterial species, live or heat killed, at various multiplicity of infections and the elicited IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 responses were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Primary HGECs challenged with live P. gingivalis produced high levels of IL-1beta, while challenge with live A. actinomycetemcomitans gave high levels of IL-8. The opportunistic pathogen F. nucleatum induces the highest levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while the commensal S. gordonii is the least stimulatory. CONCLUSION We conclude that various dental plaque biofilm bacteria induce different cytokine response profiles in primary HGECs that may reflect their individual virulence or commensal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota G Stathopoulou
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Guggenheim B, Gmür R, Galicia JC, Stathopoulou PG, Benakanakere MR, Meier A, Thurnheer T, Kinane DF. In vitro modeling of host-parasite interactions: the 'subgingival' biofilm challenge of primary human epithelial cells. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:280. [PMID: 20043840 PMCID: PMC2818713 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microbial biofilms are known to cause an increasing number of chronic inflammatory and infectious conditions. A classical example is chronic periodontal disease, a condition initiated by the subgingival dental plaque biofilm on gingival epithelial tissues. We describe here a new model that permits the examination of interactions between the bacterial biofilm and host cells in general. We use primary human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC) and an in vitro grown biofilm, comprising nine frequently studied and representative subgingival plaque bacteria. Results We describe the growth of a mature 'subgingival' in vitro biofilm, its composition during development, its ability to adapt to aerobic conditions and how we expose in vitro a HGEC monolayer to this biofilm. Challenging the host derived HGEC with the biofilm invoked apoptosis in the epithelial cells, triggered release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and in parallel induced rapid degradation of the cytokines by biofilm-generated enzymes. Conclusion We developed an experimental in vitro model to study processes taking place in the gingival crevice during the initiation of inflammation. The new model takes into account that the microbial challenge derives from a biofilm community and not from planktonically cultured bacterial strains. It will facilitate easily the introduction of additional host cells such as neutrophils for future biofilm:host cell challenge studies. Our methodology may generate particular interest, as it should be widely applicable to other biofilm-related chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Guggenheim
- Institute for Oral Biology, Section for Oral Microbiology and General Immunology, University of Zürich, Plattenstrasse 11, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Inter-individual variability of protein patterns in saliva of healthy adults. J Proteomics 2009; 72:822-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Benakanakere MR, Li Q, Eskan MA, Singh AV, Zhao J, Galicia JC, Stathopoulou P, Knudsen TB, Kinane DF. Modulation of TLR2 protein expression by miR-105 in human oral keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:23107-15. [PMID: 19509287 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.013862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian biological processes such as inflammation, involve regulation of hundreds of genes controlling onset and termination. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can translationally repress target mRNAs and regulate innate immune responses. Our model system comprised primary human keratinocytes, which exhibited robust differences in inflammatory cytokine production (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) following specific Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 (TLR-2/TLR-4) agonist challenge. We challenged these primary cells with Porphyromonas gingivalis (a Gram-negative bacterium that triggers TLR-2 and TLR-4) and performed miRNA expression profiling. We identified miRNA (miR)-105 as a modulator of TLR-2 protein translation in human gingival keratinocytes. There was a strong inverse correlation between cells that had high cytokine responses following TLR-2 agonist challenge and miR-105 levels. Knock-in and knock-down of miR-105 confirmed this inverse relationship. In silico analysis predicted that miR-105 had complementarity for TLR-2 mRNA, and the luciferase reporter assay verified this. Further understanding of the role of miRNA in host responses may elucidate disease susceptibility and suggest new anti-inflammatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunatha R Benakanakere
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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Characterisation and expression of SPLUNC2, the human orthologue of rodent parotid secretory protein. Histochem Cell Biol 2009; 132:339-49. [PMID: 19499239 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-009-0610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We recently described the Palate Lung Nasal Clone (PLUNC) family of proteins as an extended group of proteins expressed in the upper airways, nose and mouth. Little is known about these proteins, but they are secreted into the airway and nasal lining fluids and saliva where, due to their structural similarity with lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein, they may play a role in the innate immune defence. We now describe the generation and characterisation of novel affinity-purified antibodies to SPLUNC2, and use them to determine the expression of this, the major salivary gland PLUNC. Western blotting showed that the antibodies identified a number of distinct protein bands in saliva, whilst immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated protein expression in serous cells of the major salivary glands and in the ductal lumens as well as in cells of minor mucosal glands. Antibodies directed against distinct epitopes of the protein yielded different staining patterns in both minor and major salivary glands. Using RT-PCR of tissues from the oral cavity, coupled with EST analysis, we showed that the gene undergoes alternative splicing using two 5' non-coding exons, suggesting that the gene is regulated by alternative promoters. Comprehensive RACE analysis using salivary gland RNA as template failed to identify any additional exons. Analysis of saliva showed that SPLUNC2 is subject to N-glycosylation. Thus, our study shows that multiple SPLUNC2 isoforms are found in the oral cavity and suggest that these proteins may be differentially regulated in distinct tissues where they may function in the innate immune response.
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Stathopoulou PG, Galicia JC, Benakanakere MR, Garcia CA, Potempa J, Kinane DF. Porphyromonas gingivalis induce apoptosis in human gingival epithelial cells through a gingipain-dependent mechanism. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:107. [PMID: 19473524 PMCID: PMC2692854 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis has been shown to modulate apoptosis in different cell types, but its effect on epithelial cells remains unclear. RESULTS We demonstrate that primary human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) challenged with live P. gingivalis for 24 hours exhibit apoptosis, and we characterize this by M30 epitope detection, caspase-3 activity, DNA fragmentation and Annexin-V staining. Live bacteria strongly upregulated intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Pro-apoptotic molecules such as caspase-3, -8, -9, Bid and Bax were upregulated after 24 hours. The anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 was also upregulated, but this was not sufficient to ensure cell survival. The main P. gingivalis proteases arginine and lysine gingipains are necessary and sufficient to induce host cell apoptosis. Thus, live P. gingivalis can invoke gingival epithelial cell apoptosis in a time and dose dependent manner with significant apoptosis occurring between 12 and 24 hours of challenge via a gingipain-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSION The present study provides evidence that live, but not heat-killed, P. gingivalis can induce apoptosis after 24 hours of challenge in primary human gingival epithelial cells. Either arginine or lysine gingipains are necessary and sufficient factors in P. gingivalis elicited apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota G Stathopoulou
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Quintana M, Palicki O, Lucchi G, Ducoroy P, Chambon C, Salles C, Morzel M. Short-Term Modification of Human Salivary Proteome Induced by Two Bitter Tastants, Urea and Quinine. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-009-9048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Galicia JC, Benakanakere MR, Stathopoulou PG, Kinane DF. Neutrophils rescue gingival epithelial cells from bacterial-induced apoptosis. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:181-6. [PMID: 19389800 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0109003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease, neutrophils are recognized as a major cellular component from the histopathology of the periodontal lesion around teeth and from clinical cases where absence or dysfunction of neutrophils results in major periodontal destruction. Neutrophils are recruited in vast numbers into the gingival crevice during periodontal inflammation, attracted by microbial plaque chemoattractants and chemokines released following microbial perturbation of gingival epithelial cells. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major periodontopathogen, triggers a vast array of cellular responses in gingival epithelial cells but also induces apoptosis. We demonstrate here that neutrophils, when combined in a P. gingivalis challenge assay of epithelial cells, prevent epithelial cell apoptosis by phagocytosing P. gingivalis and later undergoing apoptosis themselves. By removing P. gingivalis by phagocytosis, neutrophils also protect the host from the harmful effects of its microbial proteases, which degrade inflammatory cytokines and other host molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnah C Galicia
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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22
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Stathopoulou PG, Benakanakere MR, Galicia JC, Kinane DF. The host cytokine response to Porphyromonas gingivalis is modified by gingipains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 24:11-7. [PMID: 19121064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2008.00467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Clinical studies indicate that primary proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) are elevated in the gingival crevice around teeth with periodontitis but the secondary cytokines and chemokines, IL-6 and IL-8, are not. The human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) lining the gingival sulcus respond to perturbation by microbes of dental plaque by releasing a wide range of cytokines. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a putative periodontal pathogen, possesses numerous virulence factors some of which directly impact on the host response. In the present study, we sought to determine how P. gingivalis influences the inflammatory cytokine responses. METHODS HGECs were challenged with P. gingivalis and other putative periodontal pathogens, and the resultant production of IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Culture supernatants and recombinant human cytokines were challenged with live P. gingivalis wild-type and gingipain-deficient strains and the resultant cytokine profile was assessed by ELISA and Western blot. RESULTS We show here that primary HGECs challenged with live P. gingivalis result in high levels of IL-1beta but not the related secondary cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. We further demonstrate that cytokine response differences are the result of the action of P. gingivalis proteases, with lysine gingipain being the most effective. CONCLUSION We conclude that P. gingivalis, through lysine gingipain, can subvert the protective host proinflammatory response by direct cytokine degradation. Changes in the crevicular cytokine profile have consequences in periodontal disease pathogenesis that should be considered in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Stathopoulou
- Department of Periodontics, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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23
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Gorr SU, Sotsky JB, Shelar AP, Demuth DR. Design of bacteria-agglutinating peptides derived from parotid secretory protein, a member of the bactericidal/permeability increasing-like protein family. Peptides 2008; 29:2118-27. [PMID: 18952131 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parotid secretory protein (PSP) (SPLUNC2), a potential host-defense protein related to bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), was used as a template to design antibacterial peptides. Based on the structure of BPI, new PSP peptides were designed and tested for antibacterial activity. The peptides did not exhibit significant bactericidal activity or inhibit growth but the peptide GL-13 induced bacterial matting, suggesting passive agglutination of bacteria. GL-13 was shown to agglutinate the Gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans, Gram positive Streptococcus gordonii and uncoated sheep erythrocytes. Bacterial agglutination was time and dose-dependent and involved hydrophobic interactions. Variant forms of GL-13 revealed that agglutination also depended on the number of amine groups on the peptide. GL-13 inhibited the adhesion of bacteria to plastic surfaces and the peptide prevented the spread of P. aeruginosa infection in a lettuce leaf model, suggesting that GL-13 is active in vivo. Moreover, GL-13-induced agglutination enhanced the phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa by RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. These results suggest that GL-13 represents a class of antimicrobial peptides, which do not directly kill bacteria but instead reduce bacterial adhesion and promote agglutination, leading to increased clearance by host phagocytic cells. Such peptides may cause less bacterial resistance than traditional antibiotic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven-Ulrik Gorr
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease Research Group, Department of Periodontics, Endodontics and Dental Hygiene, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Room 331, 501 S Preston Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
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Eskan MA, Rose BG, Benakanakere MR, Zeng Q, Fujioka D, Martin MH, Lee MJ, Kinane DF. TLR4 and S1P receptors cooperate to enhance inflammatory cytokine production in human gingival epithelial cells. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:1138-47. [PMID: 18395849 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are pattern recognition receptors for highly conserved microbial molecular patterns. Activation of TLR is a pivotal step in the initiation of innate, inflammatory, and immune defense mechanisms. Recent findings indicate that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) may modulate TLR signaling, but it is unclear which GPCR are involved in this process. One such cooperation between GPCR and TLR can be attributed to the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor family. The S1P receptors (S1P1-5) are a family of GPCR with a high affinity for S1P, a serum-borne bioactive lipid associated with diverse biological activities such as inflammation and healing. In this study, we show that pro-inflammatory cytokine production, including IL-6 and IL-8, was increased with LPS and concomitant S1P stimulation. Furthermore, elevated cytokine production following LPS and S1P challenge in human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC) was significantly reduced when TLR4, S1P1 or S1P3 signaling was blocked. Our study also shows that S1P1 and S1P3 expression was induced by LPS in HGEC, and this elevated expression enhanced the influence of S1P in its cooperation with TLR4 to increase cytokine production. This cooperation between TLR4 and S1P1 or S1P3 demonstrates that TLR4 and GPCR can interact to enhance cytokine production in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet A Eskan
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville,KY 40202, USA
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Interleukin-1beta modulates proinflammatory cytokine production in human epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2008; 76:2080-9. [PMID: 18332211 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01428-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic human inflammatory disease initiated and sustained by dental plaque microorganisms. A major contributing pathogen is Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative bacterium recognized by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4, which are expressed by human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs). However, it is still unclear how these cells respond to P. gingivalis and initiate inflammatory and immune responses. We have reported previously that HGECs produce a wide range of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-1beta. In this study, we show that IL-1beta has a special role in the modulation of other inflammatory cytokines in HGECs challenged with P. gingivalis. Our results show that the increased production of IL-1beta correlates with the cell surface expression of TLR4, and more specifically, TLR4-normal HGECs produce fourfold more IL-1beta than do TLR4-deficient HGECs after challenge. Moreover, blocking the IL-1beta receptor greatly reduces the production of "secondary" proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-8 or IL-6. Our data indicate that the induction of IL-1beta plays an important role in mediating the release of other proinflammatory cytokines from primary human epithelial cells following challenge with P. gingivalis, and this process may be an inflammatory enhancement mechanism adopted by epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis F Kinane
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
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27
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Eskan MA, Hajishengallis G, Kinane DF. Differential activation of human gingival epithelial cells and monocytes by Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae. Infect Immun 2006; 75:892-8. [PMID: 17118977 PMCID: PMC1828485 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01604-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans develop periodontitis in response to challenge by microbial dental plaque. Inflammation begins after perturbation of gingival epithelial cells by subgingival bacteria interacting through pattern-recognition receptors, including the Toll-like receptors (TLR). Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major periodontopathogen that interacts with epithelial cells through its cell surface fimbriae (FimA), leading to colonization and/or invasion. Previous work by our group has established membrane CD14 as an essential coreceptor for TLR2-mediated activation of transfected cell lines by P. gingivalis FimA. We have shown that gingival epithelial cells express TLR2 but not CD14 on their cell surfaces. We thus speculated that P. gingivalis FimA does not readily activate epithelial innate immune responses but rather functions to promote P. gingivalis colonization in the absence of a vigorous FimA-induced response. This hypothesis was verified by the findings that primary human gingival epithelial cells responded poorly to FimA in terms of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor alpha responses, in stark contrast to the marked response to other TLR2 agonists (Pam3Cys, FSL-1) that are not strictly dependent on CD14. On the other hand, CD14-expressing human primary monocytes responded with high levels of the same cytokines to both FimA and the control TLR2 agonists. The gingival epithelial cells failed to respond to FimA even in the presence of exogenously added soluble CD14. These data indicate that the gingival epithelial cell hyporesponsiveness to FimA is attributable to the lack of membrane-expressed but not soluble CD14. In conclusion, P. gingivalis FimA differentially activates human monocytes and epithelial cells, perhaps reflecting different tactics used by P. gingivalis when interacting with different host cell types or a host strategy to limit inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet A Eskan
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, 501 South Preston Street, Room 204, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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