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Panigrahi AK, Pal PK, Sarkar Paria D. Melatonin as an Ameliorative Agent Against Cadmium- and Lead-Induced Toxicity in Fish: an Overview. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-023-04723-3. [PMID: 38224395 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04723-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Diverse anthropogenic activities and lack of knowledge on its consequences have promoted serious heavy metal contaminations in different aquatic systems throughout the globe. The non-biodegradable nature of most of these toxic heavy metals has increased the concern on their possible bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms as well as in other vertebrates. Among these aquatic species, fish are most sensitive to such contaminated water that not only decreases their chance of survivability in the nature but also increases the probability of biomagnifications of these heavy metals in higher order food chain. After entering the fish body, heavy metals induce detrimental changes in different vital organs by impairing multiple physiological and biochemical pathways that are essential for the species. Such alterations may include tissue damage, induction of oxidative stress, immune-suppression, endocrine disorders, uncontrolled cell proliferation, DNA damage, and even apoptosis. Although uncountable reports have explored the toxic effects of different heavy metals in diverse fish species, but surprisingly, only a few attempts have been made to ameliorate such toxic effects. Since, oxidative stress seems to be the underlying common factor in such heavy metal-induced toxicity, therefore, a potent and endogenous antioxidant with no side effect may be an appropriate therapeutic solution. Apart from summarizing the toxic effects of two important toxicants, i.e., cadmium and lead in fish, the novelty of the present treatise lies in its arguments in favor of using melatonin, an endogenous free radical scavenger and indirect antioxidant, in ameliorating the toxic effects of heavy metals in any fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis Kumar Panigrahi
- The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713104, India
- Eco-toxicology, Fisheries & Aquaculture Extension Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Beng, al-741235, India
| | - Palash Kumar Pal
- Oxidative Stress and Free Radical Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Dipanwita Sarkar Paria
- Department of Zoology, Chandernagore College, The University of Burdwan, Chandernagore, West Beng, al-712136, India.
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Yi X, Cai R, Shaoyong W, Wang G, Yan W, He Z, Li R, Chao M, Zhao T, Deng L, Yang G, Pang W. Melatonin promotes gut anti-oxidative status in perinatal rat by remodeling the gut microbiome. Redox Biol 2023; 65:102829. [PMID: 37527604 PMCID: PMC10407234 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut health is important for nutrition absorption, reproduction, and lactation in perinatal and early weaned mammals. Although melatonin functions in maintaining circadian rhythms and preventing obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral infections, its impact on the gut microbiome and its function in mediating gut health through gut microbiota remain largely unexplored. In the present study, the microbiome of rats was monitoring after fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and foster care (FC). The results showed that FMT and FC increased intestinal villus height/crypt depth in perinatal rats. Mechanistically, the melatonin-mediated remodeling of gut microbiota inhibited oxidative stress, which led to attenuation of autophagy and inflammation. In addition, FMT and FC encouraged the growth of more beneficial intestinal bacteria, such as Allobaculum, Bifidobacterium, and Faecalibaculum, which produce more short-chain fatty acids to strengthen intestinal anti-oxidation. These findings suggest that melatonin-treated gut microbiota increase the production of SCFAs, which improve gut health by reducing oxidative stress, autophagy and inflammation. The transfer of melatonin-treated gut microbiota may be a new and effective method by which to ameliorate gut health in perinatal and weaned mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Yi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Rui Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Weike Shaoyong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Guoyan Wang
- Innovative Research Team of Animal Nutrition & Healthy Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wenyong Yan
- Innovative Research Team of Animal Nutrition & Healthy Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhaozhao He
- Innovative Research Team of Animal Nutrition & Healthy Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ri Li
- Innovative Research Team of Animal Nutrition & Healthy Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Mingkun Chao
- Innovative Research Team of Animal Nutrition & Healthy Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Innovative Research Team of Animal Nutrition & Healthy Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lu Deng
- Innovative Research Team of Animal Nutrition & Healthy Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Gongshe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Weijun Pang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Fiorini G, Saracino IM, Pavoni M, Nipote B, Colucci R, Capone P, Sannino A, Forte F, DE Vergori E, Brancaccio M, Cesareo M, Casella G, Morreale GC, Bonfrate L, Portincasa P, Vincenzi M, Cottone C, Ormando VM, Scalise N, Lawson PF, Burattini O, Montale A, Luzza F, Rossi M, Vanni R, Bozzi R, Vincoli G, Stefani N, Borghi C, Vaira D. Efficacy of a new nutraceutical formulation: L-tryptophan, probiotics, charcoal, chamomile, mint, and licorice (COLONIR®) in the improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome. Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino) 2023; 69:123-127. [PMID: 36856276 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5985.22.03282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders. IBS is characterized by recurrent chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits in the absence of organic damage. Although there are reviews and guidelines for treating IBS, the complexity and diversity of IBS presentation make treatment difficult. Treatment of IBS focuses on relieving symptoms as mild signs and symptoms can often be controlled by managing stress and by making changes in diet and lifestyle. The use of nutraceutical compounds has been advocated as a possible alternative treatment in patients with IBS. COLONIR® (Omega Pharma Srl, Milan, Italy) may be an alternative or adjuvant treatment in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of this new nutraceutical formulation in inducing symptoms remission and improve gastrointestinal habits. METHODS An initial cohort of 1004 consecutive patients referred to 25 different Units of Internal Medicine a/o Gastroenterology in Italy to perform colonoscopy for intestinal symptoms was asked to participate. Patients were treated for 2 months with three doses of nutraceuticals/day after meals namely COLONIR®. Patients were assessed at baseline and after 2 months to evaluate the frequency and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in the past seven days with a questionnaire based on ROMA IV criteria. RESULTS After 2 months, 899 patients completed the follow-up. COLONIR® achieved a statistically significant reduction of severity of symptoms in the study population without any documented side effects. CONCLUSIONS These promising results, here reported, need to be confirmed, valuating the efficacy of COLONIR® in relieving gastrointestinal symptoms in IBS patients in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilaria M Saracino
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Pavoni
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bruno Nipote
- Unit of Surgery, Lagonegro Hospital, AOR S. Carlo, Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Capone
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Maresca Hospital, Torre del Greco, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Sannino
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Santa Maria della Pietà Hospital, Nola, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Forte
- UOSD of Interventional Gastroenterology, Madonna delle Grazie Hospital, Matera, Italy
| | - Emiliano DE Vergori
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, G.B. Morgagni - L. Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Forlì-Cesena, Italy
| | - Mario Brancaccio
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, S. Maria delle Croci Hospital, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cesareo
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Tirrenia Hospital, Belvedere Marittimo, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Giovanni Casella
- Private Practitioner in General Medicine - Gastroenterology, Monza, Monza-Brianza, Italy
| | - Gaetano C Morreale
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Ospedali Riuniti S. Elia/Raimondi, Caltanissetta, Italy
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Vincenzi
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, S. Pier Damiano Hospital, Faenza, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Carmelo Cottone
- Private Practitioner in General Medicine - Gastroenterology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vittorio M Ormando
- Unit of Gastroenterology, San Giuseppe Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | - Natale Scalise
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, ANMI Rossano Center, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Paulin F Lawson
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Beato Matteo Clinical Institute, Vigevano, Pavia, Italy
| | - Osvaldo Burattini
- Unit of Gastroenterology II, IRCCS Saverio De Bellis, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Amedeo Montale
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Luzza
- Unit of Pathophysiology of the Digestive System, Mater Domini Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mauro Rossi
- Unit of Surgical Digestive Endoscopy, Civil Hospital of Avezzano, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Riccardo Vanni
- Section of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Michele e Pietro Ferrero Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Bozzi
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, ASL Benevento, Benevento, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Vincoli
- U.O.S.D Gastroenterology, San Camillo de Lellis Civil Hospital, Rieti, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Stefani
- Section of Gastroenterology, A.S.U. Giuliano Isontina, Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio Borghi
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dino Vaira
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy -
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Sikiric P, Skrtic A, Gojkovic S, Krezic I, Zizek H, Lovric E, Sikiric S, Knezevic M, Strbe S, Milavic M, Kokot A, Blagaic AB, Seiwerth S. Cytoprotective gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 resolves major vessel occlusion disturbances, ischemia-reperfusion injury following Pringle maneuver, and Budd-Chiari syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:23-46. [PMID: 35125818 PMCID: PMC8793015 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 counteracts various venous occlusion-induced syndromes. Summarized are all these arguments, in the Robert’s cytoprotection concept, to substantiate the resolution of different major vessel occlusion disturbances, in particular ischemia-reperfusion injury following the Pringle maneuver and Budd-Chiari syndrome, which was obtained by BPC 157 therapy. Conceptually, there is a new point, namely, endothelium maintenance to epithelium maintenance (the recruitment of collateral blood vessels to compensate for vessel occlusion and reestablish blood flow or bypass the occluded or ruptured vessel). In this paper, we summarize the evidence of the native cytoprotective gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157, which is stable in the human gastric juice, is a membrane stabilizer and counteracts gut-leaky syndrome. As a particular target, it is distinctive from the standard peptide growth factors, involving particular molecular pathways and controlling VEGF and NO pathways. In the early 1990s, BPC 157 appeared as a late outbreak of the Robert’s and Szabo’s cytoprotection-organoprotection concept, like the previous theoretical/practical breakthrough in the 1980s and the brain-gut axis and gut-brain axis. As the time went on, with its reported effects, it is likely most useful theory practical implementation and justification. Meantime, several reviews suggest that BPC 157, which does not have a lethal dose, has profound cytoprotective activity, used to be demonstrated in ulcerative colitis and multiple sclerosis trials. Likely, it may bring the theory to practical application, starting with the initial argument, no degradation in human gastric juice for more than 24 h, and thereby, the therapeutic effectiveness (including via a therapeutic per-oral regimen) and pleiotropic beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Sikiric
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Anita Skrtic
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Slaven Gojkovic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ivan Krezic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Helena Zizek
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Eva Lovric
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Suncana Sikiric
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Mario Knezevic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Sanja Strbe
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Marija Milavic
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Antonio Kokot
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J.J.Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Alenka Boban Blagaic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Sven Seiwerth
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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Serum melatonin concentration in critically ill patients randomized to sedation or non-sedation. Ann Intensive Care 2021; 11:40. [PMID: 33677695 PMCID: PMC7936862 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-021-00829-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Abolished circadian rhythm is associated with altered cognitive function, delirium, and as a result increased mortality in critically ill patients, especially in those who are mechanically ventilated. The causes are multifactorial, of which changes in circadian rhythmicity may play a role. Melatonin plays a crucial role as part of the circadian and sleep/wake cycle. Whether sedation effects circadian regulation is unknown. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the melatonin concentration in critically ill patients randomized to sedation or non-sedation and to investigate the correlation with delirium. Methods All patients were included and randomized at the intensive care unit at the hospital of southwest Jutland, Denmark. Seventy-nine patients completed the study (41 sedated and 38 non-sedated). S-melatonin was measured 3 times per day, (03.00, 14.00, and 22.00), for 4 consecutive days in total, starting on the second day upon randomization/intubation. The study was conducted as a sub-study to the NON-SEDA study in which one hundred consecutive patients were randomized to sedation or non-sedation with a daily wake-up call (50 in each arm). Primary outcome: melatonin concentration in sedated vs. non-sedated patients (analyzed using linear regression). Secondary outcome: risk of developing delirium or non-medically induced (NMI) coma in sedated vs. non-sedated patients, assessed by CAM-ICU (Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit) analyzed using logistic regression. Results Melatonin concentration was suppressed in sedated patients compared to the non-sedated. All patients experienced an elevated peak melatonin level early on in the course of their critical illness (p = 0.01). The risk of delirium or coma (NMI) was significantly lower in the non-sedated group (OR 0.42 CI 0.27; 0.66 p < 0.0001). No significant relationship between delirium development and suppressed melatonin concentration was established in this study (OR 1.004 p = 0.29 95% CI 0.997; 1.010). Conclusion Melatonin concentration was suppressed in sedated, critically ill patients, when compared to non-sedated controls and the frequency of delirium was elevated in sedated patients. Trail registration Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01967680) on October 23, 2013.
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Yasmin F, Sutradhar S, Das P, Mukherjee S. Gut melatonin: A potent candidate in the diversified journey of melatonin research. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 303:113693. [PMID: 33309697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
After being discovered from the bovine pineal gland by Aaron Lerner and co-workers in the year 1958, various distinguished researchers have reported melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyl-tryptamine) from several extra-pineal sources, including the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In the year 1974, Raikhlin and Kvetnoy first detected this molecule in the gastrointestinal tissue. Later, within the last 45 years, many renowned investigators found that the GIT is a rich source of melatonin, in addition to the pineal gland. In the carp gut, the estimation of Arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) mRNA/protein levels, which is the rate-determining enzyme for melatonin biosynthesis in the pineal gland, confirmed the endogenous synthesis of melatonin. The remarkable feature of the pineal gland melatonin is its rhythmic synthesis with a peak at dark-phase and lowest at light-phase in synchronization with seasonal environmental light-dark (LD) cycle. Recent studies on carp demonstrated that the melatonin concentrations and the AANAT protein intensities in different gut segments underwent significant daily fluctuations. However, compared to the melatonin rhythm in the pineal gland, the melatonin profiles in gut tissue displayed daily rhythm in parallel with the feeding cycle of the carp, irrespective of LD conditions of the environment. Notably, in carp, the temporal pattern of the gut melatoninergic system found to vary with the environmental non-photic signal(s), such as food entrainment factors (viz. availability of food, timing of food supply, number(s) of feed per day, quality of food) those act as the most dependable synchronizer(s) in daily rhythm characteristics of gut melatonin and AANAT. Thereby in this review, it appears meaningful to highlight the existing data on the mode of synthesis of melatonin in cells of the digestive tract, and most importantly, the regulation of its synthesis. Finally, in comparison with the dynamic actions of melatonin derived from the pineal gland, this review will lead to underline the role of gut-derived melatonin in a variety of physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farha Yasmin
- Fish Biology and Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling-734013, India
| | - Sona Sutradhar
- Fish Biology and Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling-734013, India
| | - Poulami Das
- Fish Biology and Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling-734013, India
| | - Sourav Mukherjee
- Fish Biology and Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling-734013, India.
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Eraslan E, Tanyeli A, Güler MC, Kurt N, Yetim Z. Agomelatine prevents indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:984-991. [PMID: 32048252 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-019-00049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric ulcer is a very common gastrointestinal disease that may be dangerous and even may lead to death. The current study was conducted to detect the prophylactic effects of agomelatine on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer. METHODS In this study, a total of 5 groups were created as the sham, ulcer, omeprazole, agomelatine 1 mg/kg and agomelatine 5 mg/kg groups. The effects of agomelatine on indomethacin-induced gastric injury were investigated. Total antioxidant and oxidant levels; the oxidant parameters like oxidative stress index and the inflammation markers such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 levels in stomach tissue were determined by ELISA. In addition, the gastric mucosal injury occurred in stomach wall was examined with histopathological methods. RESULTS While the levels of the inflammatory markers, total oxidant status and oxidative stress index increased at an obvious level especially in the indomethacin group, the total antioxidant status levels decreased. It was observed that these parameters were improved at a significant level in agomelatine 1 mg/kg and agomelatine 5 mg/kg groups when compared to ulcer group; and the results were similar to omeprazole group. It was also observed that our histopathological findings were consistent with all our other results. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed that agomelatine usage in indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer model provides beneficial results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersen Eraslan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, 66200, Turkey.
| | - Ayhan Tanyeli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Can Güler
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Nezahat Kurt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zeliha Yetim
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Circadian disruption of ICU patients: A review of pathways, expression, and interventions. J Crit Care 2017; 38:269-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Magierowski M, Magierowska K, Hubalewska-Mazgaj M, Adamski J, Bakalarz D, Sliwowski Z, Pajdo R, Kwiecien S, Brzozowski T. Interaction between endogenous carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide in the mechanism of gastroprotection against acute aspirin-induced gastric damage. Pharmacol Res 2016; 114:235-250. [PMID: 27825819 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is mainly recognized as painkiller or anti-inflammatory drug. However, ASA causes serious side effects towards gastrointestinal (GI) tract which limits its usefulness. Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) have been described to act as important endogenous messengers and mediators of gastroprotection but whether they can interact in gastroprotection against acute ASA-induced gastric damage remains unknown. In this study male Wistar rats were pretreated with 1) vehicle (saline, i.g.), 2) tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer (CORM-2, 5mg/kg i.g.), 3) sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, 5mg/kg i.g.), 4) zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP, 10mg/kg i.p.), 5) D,L-propargylglycine (PAG, 30mg/kg i.g.), 6) ZnPP combined with NaHS, 7) PAG combined with CORM-2 or 8) 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 10mg/kg i.p.) combined with CORM-2 or NaHS and 30min later ASA was administered i.g. in a single dose of 125mg/kg. After 1h, gastric blood flow (GBF) was determined by H2 gas clearance technique and gastric lesions were assessed by planimetry and histology. CO content in gastric mucosa and COHb concentration in blood were determined by gas chromatography and H2S production was assessed in gastric mucosa using methylene blue method. Protein and/or mRNA expression for cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST), heme oxygenase (HO)-1, HO-2, hypoxia inducible factor-alpha (HIF)-1α, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf-2), cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin (IL)-1β were determined by Western blot or real-time PCR, respectively. ASA caused hemorrhagic gastric mucosal damage and significantly decreased GBF, H2S production, CO content, mRNA or protein expression for CSE, 3-MST, HO-2 and increased mRNA and/or protein expression for CBS, HO-1, Nrf-2, HIF-1α, iNOS, IL-1β, COX-2 in gastric mucosa and COHb concentration in blood. Pretreatment with CORM-2 or NaHS but not with PAG decreased ASA-damage and increased GBF. ZnPP reversed protective and hyperemic effect of NaHS but PAG failed to affect CORM-2-induced gastroprotection. CORM-2 elevated CO content, mRNA or protein expression for HO-1, Nrf-2, and decreased expression of CBS, HIF-1α, COX-2, IL-1β, iNOS, the H2S production in gastric mucosa and COHb concentration in blood. NaHS raised mRNA or protein expression for CSE, COX-1 and decreased mRNA expression for IL-1β and COHb level in blood. We conclude that CO is involved in gastroprotection induced by H2S while beneficial protective action of CO released from CORM-2 in gastric mucosa seems to be H2S-independent. In contrast to H2S, CO ameliorates hypoxia, regulates Nrf-2 expression but similarly to H2S acts on sGC-dependent manner to restore gastric microcirculation and exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in gastric mucosa compromised by ASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Magierowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Magierowska
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Hubalewska-Mazgaj
- Department of Genetic Research and Nutrigenomics, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 7A Gronostajowa Street, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Juliusz Adamski
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Research, 9 Westerplatte Street, 31-033 Cracow, Poland
| | - Dominik Bakalarz
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Research, 9 Westerplatte Street, 31-033 Cracow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Sliwowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland
| | - Robert Pajdo
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland
| | - Slawomir Kwiecien
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland
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da Silva Junior IF, Balogun SO, de Oliveira RG, Damazo AS, Martins DTDO. Piper umbellatum L.: A medicinal plant with gastric-ulcer protective and ulcer healing effects in experimental rodent models. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 192:123-131. [PMID: 27396348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Piper umbellatum L. (Piperaceae) is a shrub found in the Amazon, Savannah and Atlantic Forest region of Brazil. It is widely used in folk medicine in many countries primarily for the treatment of gastric disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the gastroprotective and anti-ulcer effects of hydroethanolic extract of P. umbellatum (HEPu) leaves in experimental rodents. In addition, the anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of the extract was assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS The leaves of P. umbellatum were macerated in 75% (1:3w/v) hydroethanolic solution to obtain HEPu. The gastroprotective and ulcer healing activities of HEPu were evaluated using acidified ethanol (acute) and acetic acid (chronic) gastric ulcer models in rodents. The anti-H. pylori activity was evaluated by in vitro broth microdilution assay using H. pylori cagA+ and vacA+ strain. The probable mechanism of action of HEPu was evaluated by determining gastric secretory parameters, antioxidant enzyme (catalase), non-protein sulfhydryl (glutathione) and malondialdehyde levels in gastric tissue, including pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, TNF-a, IL -17, RANTES, IFN-γ and MIP-2) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines. RESULTS HEPu demonstrated potent gastroprotection against acute ulcer induced by acidified ethanol and excellent healing effect of the chronic ulcer induced by acetic acid. The gastroprotective activity in acidified ethanol is partly attributed to the antioxidant mechanisms, while anti-secretory, anti-inflammatory and regeneration of the gastric mucosa are evoked as part of its antiulcer mechanism of action. The gastric ulcer healing of HEPu also involves restoration of the altered cytokines levels to near normal. However, it has no in vitro anti-H. pylori activity. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that HEPu possesses preventive and curative effects in experimental models of gastric ulcers in animals. These effects are partially dependent on antioxidant, antisecretory, anti-inflammatory and mucosa regeneration. It is independent of anti-H. pylori activity, with substances probably responsible for the pharmacological activity being flavonoids, quercetin and rutin. These results support the popular use of P. umbellatum leaves in the treatment of peptic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iberê Ferreira da Silva Junior
- Postgraduate Studies in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Sikiru Olaitan Balogun
- Postgraduate Studies in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Ruberlei Godinho de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Studies in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Amílcar Sabino Damazo
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
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Mao S, Yang G, Li W, Zhang J, Liang H, Li J, Zhang M. Gastroprotective Effects of Astragaloside IV against Acute Gastric Lesion in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148146. [PMID: 26845156 PMCID: PMC4742075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protection of the gastric mucosa from acute lesions induced by various irritants is a pertinent issue in the field of critical care medicine. In this study, we investigated the gastroprotective effects of astragaloside IV on acute gastric lesions in rats under stressful conditions. Methods Rats were randomized into six groups. Group 1 and 2 received 10% Tween 80 (vehicle). Group 3 received 20 mg/kg of omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor. Groups 4, 5 and 6 received astragaloside IV at concentration of 1, 10, and 50 mg/kg, respectively. As a means to induce gastric lesions, Groups 2–6 were subjected to water immersion and restraint stress for 12 hours after treatment. Results Our present studies show that compared to rats in group 2, treatment with 1 to 50 mg/kg astragaloside IV significantly decreased the size of gastric lesions, MDA, TNFα and MCP1 levels, in addition to normalizing gastric pH, gastric mucus and SOD levels (P<0.05). Histomorphological examination confirmed that treatment with astragaloside IV elicited a dosage-dependent protective effect on the gastric mucosa. Furthermore, pretreatment with astragaloside IV resulted in significant elevations in HSP70 and reduction in Bax, along with over-expression of PLCγ response level, which was further confirmed via immunohistochemical analysis. Conclusions The acute gastric lesions induced are attenuated by pretreatment with astragaloside IV which is possibly due to the enhancing of the expression of HSP70 with concomitant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Mao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Road Dade, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Road Jichang, Guangzhou 510405, China
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Road Dade, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Road Jichang, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Winny Li
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, University Ave., Toronto M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Road Dade, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Road Jichang, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Hailong Liang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Road Dade, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Road Jichang, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Road Dade, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Road Jichang, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Minzhou Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Road Dade, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Road Jichang, Guangzhou 510405, China
- * E-mail:
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Akinci A, Esrefoglu M, Cetin A, Ates B. Melatonin is more effective than ascorbic acid and β-carotene in improvement of gastric mucosal damage induced by intensive stress. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11:1129-36. [PMID: 26528359 PMCID: PMC4624757 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.54870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress has been considered to play a primary role in the pathogenesis of stress-induced gastric damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of melatonin, ascorbic acid and β-carotene on stress-induced gastric mucosal damage. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty-six male Wistar albino rats were divided into control, stress, stress + standard diet, stress + saline, stress + melatonin, stress + ascorbic acid and stress + β-carotene groups. The rats from stress groups were exposed to starvation, immobilization and cold by immobilizing for 8 h at +4°C following 72-hour food restriction. Following stress application, melatonin, ascorbic acid and β-carotene were administered for 7 days. Specimens of gastric tissue were prepared for microscopic and biochemical examinations. RESULTS Mean histopathological damage scores and mean tissue malondialdehyde levels were significantly decreased but mean tissue glutathione levels and glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were increased in treatment groups vs. stress groups in general. Mean histopathological damage scores of the stress + Mel group was lower than those of stress + D, stress + S, stress + β-car (p < 0.05) and stress + Asc groups (p < 0.005). Additionally, mean tissue catalase activity of the stress + Mel group was higher than that of stress + S (p < 0.005), stress + D (p < 0.05) and stress + β-car groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Melatonin is more effective than ascorbic acid and β-carotene in improvement of gastric damage induced by intensive stress. We suggest that as well as the direct antioxidant and free radical scavenging potency of melatonin, its indirect effect via the brain-gut axis might account for its greater beneficial action against stress-induced gastric damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mukaddes Esrefoglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asli Cetin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Burhan Ates
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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Sommansson A, Yamskova O, Schiöth HB, Nylander O, Sjöblom M. Long-term oral melatonin administration reduces ethanol-induced increases in duodenal mucosal permeability and motility in rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 212:152-65. [PMID: 24995603 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Increased intestinal epithelial permeability is associated with intestinal inflammation and dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of long-term oral melatonin administration on ethanol-induced increases in duodenal mucosal permeability and hypermotility. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered melatonin in their tap water (0.1 mg mL(-1) or 0.5 mg mL(-1) ) for 2 or 4 weeks. After the treatment period, the rats were anaesthetized with Inactin(®) , and a 30-mm duodenal segment was perfused in situ. The effects on duodenal mucosal paracellular permeability, bicarbonate secretion, fluid flux and motor activity were studied. The expression levels of the tight junction components, zona occludens (ZO)-1, ZO-2, and ZO-3, claudin-2, claudin-3, claudin-4, occludin, and myosin light chain kinase and of the melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 were assessed using qRT-PCR. RESULTS Melatonin administration for 2 weeks significantly reduced the basal paracellular permeability, an effect that was absent after 4 weeks. Perfusing the duodenal segment with 15% ethanol induced marked increases in duodenal paracellular permeability, bicarbonate secretion and motor activity. Melatonin for 2 weeks dose-dependently reduced ethanol-induced increases in permeability and motor activity. Four weeks of melatonin administration reduced the ethanol-induced increases in duodenal motility and bicarbonate secretion but had no effect on the increases in permeability. Two weeks of melatonin administration upregulated the expression of MT1 and MT2 , although both were downregulated after 4 weeks. Melatonin downregulated the expression of ZO-3 and upregulated the expression of claudin-2, even as all other mRNA-levels investigated were unaffected. CONCLUSION Although further studies are needed, our data demonstrate that melatonin administration markedly improves duodenal barrier functions, suggesting its utility in clinical applications when intestinal barrier functions are compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sommansson
- Department of Neuroscience; Division of Gastrointestinal Physiology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - O. Yamskova
- Department of Neuroscience; Division of Functional Pharmacology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - H. B. Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience; Division of Functional Pharmacology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - O. Nylander
- Department of Neuroscience; Division of Gastrointestinal Physiology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - M. Sjöblom
- Department of Neuroscience; Division of Gastrointestinal Physiology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Eliasson
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Islet Cell Exocytosis; Lund University Diabetes Centre; CRC 91-11; Malmö Sweden
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15
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Metabolomic analysis of amino acid and fat metabolism in rats with l-tryptophan supplementation. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2681-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Batista LM, de Almeida ABA, de Morais Lima GR, de Sousa Falcão H, de Pietro Magri L, Luiz-Ferreira A, dos Santos LC, Hiruma-Lima CA, Vilegas W, Souza Brito ARM. Gastroprotective effects (in rodents) of a flavonoid rich fraction obtained from Syngonanthus macrolepsis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 66:445-52. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Syngonanthus macrolepis, popularly known in Brazil as ‘sempre-vivas’, is a plant from the family Eriocaulaceae, it is found in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia. The species contains a variety of constituents, including flavonoids with gastroprotective effect. In this work, a flavonoid-rich fraction (Sm-FRF) obtained from scapes of S. macrolepis was investigated for preventing gastric ulceration in mice and rats.
Methods
The activity was evaluated in models of induced gastric ulcer (absolute ethanol, stress, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and pylorus ligation). The cytoprotective mechanisms of the Sm-FRF in relation to sulfhydryl (SH) groups, nitric oxide (NO) and antioxidant enzymes were also evaluated.
Key findings
The Sm-FRF (100 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced gastric injury in all models, and did not alter gastric juice parameters after pylorus ligation.
Conclusions
The results indicate significant gastroprotective activity for the Sm-FRF, which probably involves the participation of both SH groups and the antioxidant system. Both are integral parts of the gastrointestinal mucosa's cytoprotective mechanisms against aggressive factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leônia Maria Batista
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Farmacologia do Trato Gastrintestinal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Albino de Almeida
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gedson Rodrigues de Morais Lima
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Farmacologia do Trato Gastrintestinal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Heloina de Sousa Falcão
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Farmacologia do Trato Gastrintestinal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Luciana de Pietro Magri
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson Luiz-Ferreira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lourdes Campaner dos Santos
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Clélia Akiko Hiruma-Lima
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Alba Regina Monteiro Souza Brito
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Hypophysis -Epiphyseal Interactions: Effects of Corticotropin on Metabolism of Serotonin and Formation of a Melatonin Night-Time Peak. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-013-9347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sommansson A, Nylander O, Sjöblom M. Melatonin decreases duodenal epithelial paracellular permeability via a nicotinic receptor-dependent pathway in rats in vivo. J Pineal Res 2013; 54:282-91. [PMID: 23009576 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial intercellular tight junctions (TJs) provide a rate-limiting barrier restricting passive transepithelial movement of solutes. TJs are highly dynamic areas, and their permeability is changed in response to various stimuli. Defects in the intestinal epithelial TJ barrier may contribute to intestinal inflammation or leaky gut. The gastrointestinal tract may be the largest extrapineal source of endogenous melatonin. Melatonin released from the duodenal mucosa is a potent stimulant of duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion (DBS). The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of melatonin in regulating duodenal mucosal barrier functions, including mucosal permeability, DBS, net fluid flux, and duodenal motor activity, in the living animal. Rats were anesthetized with thiobarbiturate, and a ~30-mm segment of the proximal duodenum with an intact blood supply was perfused in situ. Melatonin and the selective melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole were perfused luminally or given intravenously. Effects on permeability (blood-to-lumen clearance of (51)Cr-EDTA), DBS, mucosal net fluid flux, and duodenal motility were monitored. Luminal melatonin caused a rapid decrease in paracellular permeability and an increase in DBS, but had no effect on duodenal motor activity or net fluid flux. Luzindole did not influence any of the basal parameters studied, but significantly inhibited the effects of melatonin. The nonselective and noncompetitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine abolished the effect of melatonin on duodenal permeability and reduced that on DBS. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence that melatonin significantly decreases duodenal mucosal paracellular permeability and increases DBS. The data support the important role of melatonin in the neurohumoral regulation of duodenal mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sommansson
- Division of Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ouakki S, Mrabet FZE, Hessni AE, Mesfioui A, Pévet P, Ouichou A. Conversion of L-Tryptophan into Melatonin Is the Possible Action Pathway Involved in the Effect of L-Tryptophan on Antidepressant-Related Behavior in Female Rats: Analysis of the Influence of Treatment Duration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2013.34036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Lemos LMS, Martins TB, Tanajura GH, Gazoni VF, Bonaldo J, Strada CL, Silva MGD, Dall'oglio EL, de Sousa Júnior PT, Martins DTDO. Evaluation of antiulcer activity of chromanone fraction from Calophyllum brasiliesnse Camb. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 141:432-439. [PMID: 22425905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. (Clusiaceae), popularly known as 'guanandi', is found in the tropical areas and swampy lands. The latex exuding from its bark is used in the treatment of gastric ulcer in folk medicine. Several active compounds have been isolated from its stem bark among them, are the chromanone acids. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate antiulcer activity and probable mechanism(s) of action of a fraction containing a mixture of chromanone acids (BI), derived by column chromatography fractionation of the hexane extract of the stem bark of Calophyllum brasiliense (HECb), using experimental in vitro and in vivo models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ulcer was induced by oral administration of ethanol (75%, v/v) and indomethacin (50mg/kg). Malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione and catalase activity was measured in stomach tissue after ethanol induced ulcer. In order to evaluate the effect of BI on nitric oxide, ulcer was induced by ethanol in l-NAME pretreated animals. Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity was verified in disk diffusion and broth microdilution in vitro assays, using cagA+ and vacA+ Helicobacter pylori strains. RESULTS BI prevented the gastric ulceration caused by ethanol and indomethacin treatments. Its gastroprotective mechanism in ethanol-induced ulcer was partly due to reduction of MDA and CAT levels in the gastric tissue. BI did not affect the GSH levels and its gastroprotective effect was not reversed by pretreatment with l-NAME. BI showed anti-Helicobacter pylori in the both assays. CONCLUSION The results indicate that BI is partly responsible for the HECb antiulcer and anti-Helicobacter pylori effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Maria Scalon Lemos
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, n 2367, Coxipó, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Zip Code: 78060-900, Brazil
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Sasaki M, Joh T. Oxidative stress and ischemia-reperfusion injury in gastrointestinal tract and antioxidant, protective agents. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 40:1-12. [PMID: 18437208 PMCID: PMC2291499 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.40.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exacerbation of hypoxic injury after reoxygenation is a crucial mechanism mediating organ injury in transplantation, and in myocardial, hepatic, gastrointestinal, cerebral, renal, and other ischemic syndromes. The occlusion and reperfusion of the splanchnic artery is a useful animal model to elucidate the mechanism of gastrointestinal injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Although xanthine oxidase is a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which plays an important role in the I/R-induced intestinal injury, there are many other sources of intracellular ROS. Various treatment modalities have been successfully applied to attenuate the I/R injury in animal models. This review focuses on the role of oxidant stress in the mechanism of I/R injury and the use of antioxidant agents for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sasaki
- Internal Medicine and Bioregulation, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho, Nagoya City 467-8601, Japan
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Celinski K, Konturek SJ, Konturek PC, Brzozowski T, Cichoz-Lach H, Slomka M, Malgorzata P, Bielanski W, Reiter RJ. Melatonin or L-tryptophan accelerates healing of gastroduodenal ulcers in patients treated with omeprazole. J Pineal Res 2011; 50:389-94. [PMID: 21362032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin and L-tryptophan (Trp) are highly gastroprotective in humans, but no study has assessed their impact on healing of chronic gastroduodenal ulcers in humans. Three groups (A, B and C) of 14 idiopathic patients in each treatment group with gastroduodenal chronic ulcers were treated with omeprazole (20 mg twice daily) combined either with placebo (group A), melatonin (group B) or with Trp (group C). The rate of ulcer healing was determined by gastroduodenoscopy at day 0, 7, 14 and 21 after initiation of therapy. Plasma melatonin, gastrin, ghrelin and leptin were measured by RIA. On day 7, omeprazole by itself (group A) had not healed any ulcers, but four ulcers were healed with omeprazole plus melatonin and two with omeprazole plus tryptophan. At day 21, all ulcers were healed in patients treated with melatonin or Trp, but only 10-12 ulcers were healed in placebo-treated patients. After treatment with omeprazole plus melatonin (group B) or Trp (group C), plasma melatonin levels rose several-fold above initial values. Plasma gastrin level also rose significantly during treatment with omeprazole plus melatonin or Trp, but it was also significantly increased in patients treated with omeprazole plus placebo. Plasma ghrelin levels did not change significantly after treatment with melatonin or Trp, while plasma leptin increased significantly in patients treated with melatonin or Trp but not with placebo. We conclude that melatonin or Trp, when added to omeprazole treatment, accelerates ulcer healing and this likely depends mainly upon the significant increments in plasma melatonin.
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Singh P, Singh N, Ahmad A, Singh O, Palit G. Melatonin independent protective role of l-tryptophan in experimental reflux esophagitis in rats. Pharmacol Res 2011; 64:249-57. [PMID: 21527345 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is implicated in sustaining the esophageal integrity in gastro-esophageal reflux disease. However, the role of its synthetic precursor l-tryptophan is not clear in this pathology. The present study was designed to explore the effects of l-tryptophan on esophageal damage following reflux esophagitis (RE)-establishment and concurrent alterations in factors possibly influencing esophageal integrity such as esophageal melatonin level, luminal acidity, H(+)K(+)-ATPase activity, mucin and gastric PGE(2) levels. RE was established in rats by simultaneous ligation of pylorus region and fore-stomach. RE significantly decreased the esophageal-melatonin level and the expression of its synthesizing enzymes: arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT). Administration of l-tryptophan significantly decreased the RE-induced esophageal mucosal damage, without altering the levels of melatonin. l-Tryptophan pretreatment also normalized the esophageal mucosal damage caused by melatonin receptor antagonist-luzindole. Simultaneously, l-tryptophan significantly increased the RE-decreased expression of AA-NAT with insignificant effect on HIOMT gene expression. In contrast, l-tryptophan per se caused a significant elevation in the esophageal melatonin level, with no significant effect on the expression of AA-NAT and HIOMT enzymes. Further, l-tryptophan significantly normalized the RE-induced changes in the gastric juice volume, acidity and pH. However, it did not significantly inhibit the H(+)K(+)-ATPase activity in vitro. Also, l-tryptophan significantly increased the RE-reduced mucin level, COX-2 activity and thereby PGE(2) levels. Interestingly, indomethacin (PGE(2) synthesis blocker), aggravated the RE-induced tissue injury with simultaneous changes in the gastric volume, acidity, pH and mucin content, which l-tryptophan failed to reverse, suggesting that the attenuating effect of l-tryptophan on gastric secretions could be PGE(2) driven. Thus the current study provide evidences that protective functions of l-tryptophan against RE is independent of its conversion into melatonin, and possibly involve mobilization of factors such as COX-2 derived PGE(2) and mucin that counterbalance the detrimental effect of gastric acid on esophageal mucosa, signifying the therapeutic efficacy of l-tryptophan against the esophageal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Singh
- Division of Pharmacology, Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Melatonin and structurally-related compounds protect synaptosomal membranes from free radical damage. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:312-28. [PMID: 20162018 PMCID: PMC2821006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11010312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since biological membranes are composed of lipids and proteins we tested the in vitro antioxidant properties of several indoleamines from the tryptophan metabolic pathway in the pineal gland against oxidative damage to lipids and proteins of synaptosomes isolated from the rat brain. Free radicals were generated by incubation with 0.1 mM FeCl3, and 0.1 mM ascorbic acid. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) plus 4-hydroxyalkenal (4-HDA), and carbonyl content in the proteins were measured as indices of oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, respectively. Pinoline was the most powerful antioxidant evaluated, with melatonin, N-acetylserotonin, 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-methoxytryptamine, 5-methoxytryptophol, and tryptoline also acting as antioxidants.
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Gastric healing effect of melatonin against different gastroinvasive agents in cholestatic rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 17:65-70. [PMID: 19767181 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The frequency of gastrointestinal ulceration is higher in jaundiced patients than in healthy population. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of pretreatment with melatonin, a potent scavenger of reactive oxygen species, on stress-induced gastric ulcers of cholestatic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cholestasis was induced by surgical ligation of bile-duct and sham-operated rats served as sham animals. The animals received saline or melatonin (1, 3 or 10mg/kg) before stress induction. Three different types of gastroinvasive agents including ethanol, indomethacin or water immersion were used as stress agents to induce gastric ulceration. RESULTS Gastric mucosal damage induced by different gastroinvasive agents was significantly greater in bile-duct-ligated rats than in sham ones. Melatonin was protective against ethanol-, indomethacin- and water immersion-induced gastric damage in bile-duct-ligated and sham rats, dose-dependently, but the protective effect of melatonin was greater in cholestatic rats than sham rats in all three different series of experiments. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, pretreatment of rats with melatonin protected gastric mucosa of cholestatic rats more effectively than the sham ones possibly by a mechanism involving the scavenging of free radicals.
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Mohamadin AM, Ashour OM, El-Sherbeny NA, Alahdal AM, Morsy GM, Abdel-Naim AB. MELATONIN PROTECTS AGAINST HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-INDUCED GASTRIC INJURY IN RATS. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 36:367-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.05072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Reflux esophagitis (RE), a major gastrointestinal disorder results from excess exposure of the esophageal mucosa to acidic gastric juice or bile-containing duodenal contents refluxed via an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter. Recent studies implicated oxygen derived free radicals in RE induced esophageal mucosal damage resulting in mucosal inflammation. Thus, control over free radical generation and modulation of inflammatory responses might offer better therapeutic effects to counteract the severity of RE. In this context we investigated the effect of melatonin against experimental RE in rats. Melatonin pretreatment significantly reduced the haemorrhagic lesions and decreased esophageal lipid peroxidation aggravated by RE. Moreover, the depleted levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione observed in RE were replenished by melatonin signifying its free radical scavenging properties and antioxidant effects resulting in the improvement of esophageal defense mechanism. Further melatonin repressed the upregulated levels of expression of proinflammatory cytokines like, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 in RE. However, increased levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 remained unaltered after melatonin administration signifying its immunomodulatory effect through suppression of Th1-mediated immune responses. The involvement of receptor dependent actions of melatonin against RE were also investigated with MT2 receptor antagonist, luzindole (LUZ). LUZ failed to antagonize melatonin's protective effects against RE indicating that melatonin mediated these beneficial effects in a receptor-independent fashion. Thus, esophageal mucosal protection elicited by melatonin against experimental RE is not only dependent on its free radical scavenging activity but also mediated in part through its effect on the associated inflammatory events in a receptor-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawon Lahiri
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Division of Pharmacology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
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Oztürk G, Akbulut KG, Afrasyap L. Age-related changes in tissue and plasma zinc levels: modulation by exogenously administered melatonin. Exp Aging Res 2008; 34:453-62. [PMID: 18726755 DOI: 10.1080/03610730802271922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MEL) is synthesized mainly in the pineal gland and derived from 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). Zinc (Zn) is one of the most important trace elements in the body. Zn and MEL levels are changed with aging. The aim of this study was to investigate the age-related changes of tissue and plasma Zn levels and effect of MEL administration on these parameters. Male wistar rats received for 3 weeks subcutaneous injection of MEL (10 mg/kg). Kidney and pancreas Zn levels in old rats were significantly lower than middle-aged group. Spleen, small intestine, and plasma Zn levels were not different in middle-aged and old rats. On the other hand, MEL treatment increased Zn levels of small intestine and plasma in middle-aged rats. However, kidney, spleen, and pancreas Zn levels were unaffected by MEL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güler Oztürk
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Sánchez S, Sánchez CL, Paredes SD, Rodriguez AB, Barriga C. The effect of tryptophan administration on the circadian rhythms of melatonin in plasma and the pineal gland of rats. J Appl Biomed 2008. [DOI: 10.32725/jab.2008.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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30
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Konturek SJ, Brzozowski T, Konturek PC, Zwirska-Korczala K, Reiter RJ. Day/night differences in stress-induced gastric lesions in rats with an intact pineal gland or after pinealectomy. J Pineal Res 2008; 44:408-15. [PMID: 18086146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The formation of acute gastric lesions depends upon the balance between the aggressive factors promoting mucosal damage and the natural defense mechanisms. Previous studies have shown that melatonin inhibits gastric acid secretion, enhances the release of gastrin, augments gastric blood flow (GBF), increases the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-prostaglandin (PG) system and scavenges free radicals, resulting in the prevention of stress-induced gastric lesions. Besides the pineal gland, melatonin is also generated in large amounts in the gastrointestinal tract and due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties; this indole might serve as local protective endogen preventing the development of acute gastric damage. The results of the present study indicate that stress-induced gastric lesions show circadian variations with an increase in the day time and a decline at night. These changes are inversely related to plasma melatonin levels. Following pinealectomy, stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions were more pronounced both during the day and at night, and were accompanied by markedly reduced plasma melatonin levels with a pronounced reduction in mucosal generation of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), GBF and increased free radical formation and by small rise in plasma melatonin during the dark phase. We conclude that stress-induced gastric ulcerations exhibit a circadian variation with an increase in the day and attenuation at night and that these fluctuations of gastric stress ulcerogenesis occur also after pinealectomy, depending upon the interaction of COX-PG and free radicals, probably mediated by the changes in local gastric melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław J Konturek
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
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Ortega-Gutiérrez S, Fuentes-Broto L, García JJ, López-Vicente M, Martínez-Ballarín E, Miana-Mena FJ, Millán-Plano S, Reiter RJ. Melatonin reduces protein and lipid oxidative damage induced by homocysteine in rat brain homogenates. J Cell Biochem 2008; 102:729-35. [PMID: 17427950 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Numerous data indicate that hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. At least in part, homocysteine (HCY) impairs cerebrovascular function because it generates large numbers of free radicals. Since melatonin is a well-known antioxidant, which reduces oxidative stress and decreases HCY concentrations in plasma, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of melatonin in preventing HCY-induced protein and lipid oxidation in rat brain homogenates. Brain homogenates were obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats and were incubated with or without HCY (0.01-5 mM) or melatonin (0.01-3 mM). Carbonyl content of proteins, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxyalkenals (4-HDA) concentrations in the brain homogenates were used as an index of protein and lipid oxidation, respectively. Under the experimental conditions used, the addition of HCY (0.01-5 mM) to the homogenates enhanced carbonyl protein and MDA+4-HDA formation. Melatonin reduced, in a concentration-dependent manner, protein and lipid oxidation due to HCY in the brain homogenates. These data suggest that preserving proteins from oxidative insults is an additional mechanism by which melatonin may act as an agent in potentially decreasing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases related to hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Paredes SD, Terrón MP, Marchena AM, Barriga C, Pariente JA, Reiter RJ, Rodríguez AB. Tryptophan Modulates Cell Viability, Phagocytosis and Oxidative Metabolism in Old Ringdoves. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 101:56-62. [PMID: 17577317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The decrease of melatonin with age contributes to immunosenescence. Its restoration via tryptophan may have immuno-enhancing effects. Therefore, we determined the effect of tryptophan administration on circulating serotonin, melatonin, cell viability, phagocytic function and levels of free radical generation of blood heterophils from old ringdoves (Streptopelia risoria), aged 11-13 years. The animals received a single oral capsule of l-tryptophan 1 hr after the onset of the light period. The tryptophan treatment significantly increased serum melatonin and serotonin levels, cell viability, phagocytosis index and phagocytosis percentage. Superoxide anion levels decreased significantly with respect to vehicle values, with the nocturnal reduction being greater than that which occurred during the light period. This suggests that orally administered tryptophan at the beginning of the day enhanced heterophil viability, phagocytic response and detoxification of superoxide anion radicals deriving from this immune function, as a result of the immunoregulatory action of melatonin and serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio D Paredes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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Fernández-Durán B, Ruibal C, Polakof S, Ceinos RM, Soengas JL, Míguez JM. Evidence for arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT2) expression in rainbow trout peripheral tissues with emphasis in the gastrointestinal tract. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007; 152:289-94. [PMID: 17292900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In fish, melatonin is reported to be produced mainly in the pineal organ, but there is also evidence for the presence of melatonin in a number of extrapineal sites where it could act as an intracellular mediator or paracrine signal. The present study use the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to evaluate the expression of the enzyme arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (AANAT2), which catalyzes the limiting step for melatonin synthesis, in different peripheral tissues of rainbow trout, with emphasis in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The results show AANAT2 gene expression in almost all peripheral tissues tested, including gills, kidney, muscle, skin, liver, Brockmann bodies, gall bladder, spleen and GIT, but not in adipose tissue. Furthermore, in trout GIT we observed that AANAT2 is expressed only in the muscular layer of all segments tested (esophagus, stomach, pyloric ceca, foregut, midgut and hindgut), but not in the mucosal layer. No significant differences were obtained among the different GIT segments evaluated. These results support an almost ubiquitous synthesis of melatonin in peripheral organs of rainbow trout, which can be related with a local role of the hormone as autocrine or paracrine factor. In addition, our data support the existence of a local synthesis of melatonin in trout GIT, which is discussed and could be involved in some sort of endocrine regulation of feeding and digestive activity, acting as an antioxidant or contributing to maintain melatonin levels in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Fernández-Durán
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departmento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saude, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Edificio de Ciencias Experimentais, Campus Universitario, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
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Paredes SD, Terrón MP, Cubero J, Valero V, Barriga C, Reiter RJ, Rodríguez AB. Tryptophan increases nocturnal rest and affects melatonin and serotonin serum levels in old ringdove. Physiol Behav 2007; 90:576-82. [PMID: 17222434 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The sleep promoting functions of melatonin have gained wide scientific attention due to the ability of this indole to provide relief from sleep inefficiency and the temporal relationship between its nocturnal rise in the blood and the "opening of the sleep gate" at night. However, little is known about the effects exerted by its precursor, the amino acid tryptophan. We studied the effect of a 7-day administration of two concentrations of tryptophan (125 and 300 kg b.w.) on the activity/rest rhythms of ringdove, aged 2-3 (young) and 10-12 (old) years, and on the serum levels of serotonin and melatonin. Activity pulses were logged before, during, and up to 5 days after the treatments. The animals received 125 or 300 mg/kg b.w. per animal/day at 09:00 h or at 19:00 h. Subsequently we chose the treatment which gave the best results in terms of nocturnal rest without affecting diurnal activity, i.e., 300 mg/kg b.w. administered to old animals at 09:00 h, 1 h after lights on, for the serotonin and melatonin measurements. During this treatment, the nocturnal and diurnal levels and amplitudes of serotonin and melatonin were all significantly higher than the corresponding levels before and after the treatment. In sum, our results point to an improvement of nocturnal rest in this animal model of old ringdove when administering 300 mg/kg tryptophan 1 h after lights on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio D Paredes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas s/n, 06071 - Badajoz, Spain.
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Birdane FM, Cemek M, Birdane YO, Gülçin I, Büyükokuroğlu ME. Beneficial effects of Foeniculum vulgare on ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:607-11. [PMID: 17278229 PMCID: PMC4065985 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i4.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the anti-ulcerogenic and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts of Foeniculum vulgare (FVE) on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats.
METHODS: FVE was administered by gavage at doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg, and famotidine was used at the dose of 20 mg/kg. Following a 60 min period, all the rats were given 1 mL of ethanol (80%) by gavage. One hour after the administration of ethanol, all groups were sacrificed, and the gastric ulcer index was calculated; whole blood malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH), serum nitrate, nitrite, ascorbic acid, retinol and β-carotene levels were measured in all the groups.
RESULTS: It was found that pretreatment with FVE significantly reduced ethanol-induced gastric damage. This effect of FVE was highest and statistically significant in 300 mg/kg group compared with the control (4.18 ± 2.81 vs 13.15 ± 4.08, P < 0.001). Also, pretreatment with FVE significantly reduced the MDA levels, while significantly increased GSH, nitrite, nitrate, ascorbic acid, retinol and β-carotene levels.
CONCLUSION: FVE has clearly a protective effect against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesion, and this effect, at least in part, depends upon the reduction in lipid peroxidation and augmentation in the antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Mehmet Birdane
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, Turkey
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Rodríguez ZBZ, Álvarez RG, Guanche D, Merino N, Rosales FH, Cepero SM, González YA, Schulz S. Antioxidant mechanism is involved in the gastroprotective effects of ozonized sunflower oil in ethanol-induced ulcers in rats. Mediators Inflamm 2007; 2007:65873. [PMID: 17497036 PMCID: PMC1804299 DOI: 10.1155/2007/65873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This research was performed in order to determine the potential protective effects of ozonized sunflower oil (OSO) in the injury of rat gastric mucosa induced by absolute ethanol and as well as to elucidate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and some important constituents of antioxidant defense such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) in these effects. OSO was administered to rats intragastrically by a cannula and it was applied during four days to animals. The doses of OSO administered daily to each group of rats were 4, 12, and 24 mg/kg, respectively, and one hour after the last treatment, absolute ethanol (1 mL/200 mg body weight) was administered. Our results showed that gastric ulcer index was significantly reduced in rats pretreated with OSO as compared with ethanol-treated controls. However, in rats pretreated with OSO, no significant reduction of TBARS content in gastric mucosa was found as compared to those rats treated with ethanol alone. In contrast, SOD and GSH-Px activities were significantly increased in gastric mucosa of OSO-pretreated rats with respect to those treated with ethanol alone.
In summary, our results demonstrate that OSO pretreatment exerts protective effects in ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Furthermore, these results provide evidence that these protective effects of OSO are mediated at least partially by stimulation of some important antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and GSH-Px, which are scavengers of ROS and therefore prevent gastric injury induced by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zullyt B. Zamora Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Biological Assays, Department of Biomedical Research, Ozone Research Center, P.O. Box 6414, Havana, Cuba
- *Zullyt B. Zamora Rodríguez:
| | - Ricardo González Álvarez
- Laboratory of Biological Assays, Department of Biomedical Research, Ozone Research Center, P.O. Box 6414, Havana, Cuba
| | - Dailén Guanche
- Laboratory of Biological Assays, Department of Biomedical Research, Ozone Research Center, P.O. Box 6414, Havana, Cuba
| | - Nelson Merino
- Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Research, Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
P.O. Box 16042, Havana, Cuba
| | - Frank Hernández Rosales
- Laboratory of Biological Assays, Department of Biomedical Research, Ozone Research Center, P.O. Box 6414, Havana, Cuba
| | - Silvia Menéndez Cepero
- Laboratory of Biological Assays, Department of Biomedical Research, Ozone Research Center, P.O. Box 6414, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yaima Alonso González
- Laboratory of Biological Assays, Department of Biomedical Research, Ozone Research Center, P.O. Box 6414, Havana, Cuba
| | - Siegfried Schulz
- Veterinary Services and Laboratory Animal Medicine, Philipps University of Marburg, 35033 Marburg, Germany
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Szabolcs A, Reiter RJ, Letoha T, Hegyi P, Papai G, Varga I, Jarmay K, Kaszaki J, Sari R, Rakonczay Z, Lonovics J, Takacs T. Effect of melatonin on the severity of L-arginine-induced experimental acute pancreatitis in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:251-8. [PMID: 16482626 PMCID: PMC4066035 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i2.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the effect of melatonin pre- and post-treatment on the severity of L-arginine (L-Arg) -induced experimental pancreatitis in rats.
METHODS: Male Wistar rats (25) were divided into five groups. Those in group A received two injections of 3.2 g/kg body weight L-Arg i.p. at an interval of 1 h. In group MA, the rats were treated with 50 mg/kg body weight melatonin i.p. 30 min prior to L-Arg administration. In group AM, the rats received the same dose of melatonin 1 h after L-Arg was given. In group M, a single dose of melatonin was administered as described previously. In group C the control animals received physiological saline injections i.p. All rats were exsanguinated 24 h after the second L-Arg injection.
RESULTS: L-Arg administration caused severe necrotizing pancreatitis confirmed by the significant elevations in the serum amylase level, the pancreatic weight/body weight ratio (pw/bw), the pancreatic IL-6 content and the myeloperoxidase activity, relative to the control values. Elevation of the serum amylase level was significantly reduced in rats given melatonin following L-Arg compared to rats injected with L-Arg only. The activities of the pancreatic antioxidant enzymes (Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and catalase (CAT)) were significantly increased 24 h after pancreatitis induction. Melatonin given in advance of L-Arg significantly reduced the pancreatic CAT activity relative to that in the rats treated with L-Arg alone. In the liver, L-Arg significantly increased the lipid peroxidation level, and the glutathione peroxidase and Cu/Zn-SOD activities, whereas the Mn-SOD activity was reduced as compared to the control rats. Melatonin pre-treatment prevented these changes.
CONCLUSION: Melatonin is an antioxidant that is able to counteract some of the L-Arg-induced changes during acute pancreatitis, and may therefore be helpful in the supportive therapy of patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Szabolcs
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, H-6720, Szeged, Koranyi fasor 8, Hungary.
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Kanter M, Demir H, Karakaya C, Ozbek H. Gastroprotective activity of Nigella sativa L oil and its constituent, thymoquinone against acute alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:6662-6. [PMID: 16425361 PMCID: PMC4355761 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i42.6662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Revised: 05/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the role of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of acute ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions and the effect of Nigella sativa L oil (NS) and its constituent thymoquinone (TQ) in an experimental model. METHODS Male Wistar albino rats were assigned into 4 groups. Control group was given physiologic saline orally (10 mL/kg body weight) as the vehicle (gavage); ethanol group was administrated 1 mL (per rat) absolute alcohol by gavage; the third and fourth groups were given NS (10 mL/kg body weight) and TQ (10 mg/kg body weight p.o) respectively 1 h prior to alcohol intake. One hour after ethanol administration, stomach tissues were excised for macroscopic examination and biochemical analysis. RESULTS NS and TQ could protect gastric mucosa against the injurious effect of absolute alcohol and promote ulcer healing as evidenced from the ulcer index (UI) values. NS prevented alcohol-induced increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), an index of lipid peroxidation. NS also increased gastric glutathione content (GSH), enzymatic activities of gastric superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Likewise, TQ protected against the ulcerating effect of alcohol and mitigated most of the biochemical adverse effects induced by alcohol in gastric mucosa, but to a lesser extent than NS. Neither NS nor TQ affected catalase activity in gastric tissue. CONCLUSION Both NS and TQ, particularly NS can partly protect gastric mucosa from acute alcohol-induced mucosal injury, and these gastroprotective effects might be induced, at least partly by their radical scavenging activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kanter
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
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Brzozowski T, Konturek PC, Zwirska-Korczala K, Konturek SJ, Brzozowska I, Drozdowicz D, Sliwowski Z, Pawlik M, Pawlik WW, Hahn EG. Importance of the pineal gland, endogenous prostaglandins and sensory nerves in the gastroprotective actions of central and peripheral melatonin against stress-induced damage. J Pineal Res 2005; 39:375-85. [PMID: 16207293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2005.00264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin attenuates acute gastric lesions induced by topical strong irritants because of scavenging of free radicals, but its role in the pathogenesis of stress-induced gastric lesions has been sparingly investigated. In this study we compared the effects of intragastric (i.g.) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of melatonin and its precursor, L-tryptophan, with or without concurrent treatment with luzindole, a selective antagonist of melatonin MT2 receptors, on gastric lesions induced by water immersion and restraint stress (WRS). The involvement of pineal gland, endogenous prostaglandins (PG) and sensory nerves in gastroprotective action of melatonin and L-tryptophan against WRS was studied in intact or pinealectomized rats or those treated with indomethacin or rofecoxib to suppress cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2, respectively, and with capsaicin to induce functional ablation of the sensory nerves. In addition, the influence of i.c.v. and i.g. melatonin on gastric secretion was tested in a separate group of rats equipped with gastric fistulas. At 3.5 hr after the end of WRS, the number of gastric lesions was counted, the gastric blood flow (GBF) was determined by H2-gas clearance technique and plasma melatonin and gastrin levels were measured by specific radioimmunoassay (RIA). Biopsy mucosal samples were taken for determination of expression of mRNA for COX-1 and COX-2 by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and of the mucosal generation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by RIA. Melatonin applied i.g. (1.25-10 mg/kg) or i.c.v. (1.25-10 microg/kg) dose-dependently inhibited gastric acid secretion and significantly attenuated the WRS-induced gastric damage. This protective effect of melatonin was accompanied by a significant rise in the GBF and plasma melatonin and gastrin levels and in mucosal generation of PGE2. Pinealectomy, which suppressed plasma melatonin levels, aggravated the gastric lesions induced by WRS and these effects were counteracted by i.g. or i.c.v. application of melatonin. Luzindole abolished completely the gastroprotective effects of melatonin and L-tryptophan and attenuated significantly the rise in GBF evoked by the indoleamine and its precursor. Indomethacin and rofecoxib, which diminished PGE2 biosynthesis by c. 90 and 75% or capsaicin denervation, attenuated significantly melatonin- and L-tryptophan-induced protection and the rise in the GBF. Both the protection and the hyperemia were restored by addition of exogenous CGRP to capsaicin-denervated animals. COX-1 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR in the intact and melatonin-treated gastric mucosa, while COX-2 mRNA, which was undetectable in the intact gastric mucosa, appeared in WRS-exposed mucosa, especially in the melatonin-treated animals and this was accompanied by increased generation of PGE2 in gastric mucosa. Pinealectomy downregulated COX-2 mRNA and this effect was reversed by supplementation of pinealectomized animals with melatonin. We conclude that, (a) exogenous melatonin and its precursor, L-tryptophan, attenuates WRS-induced gastric lesions via interaction with MT2 receptors, (b) this protective action of melatonin is because of an enhancement of gastric microcirculation, probably mediated by PGE2 derived from COX-2 overexpression and activity, the activation of brain-gut axis involving CGRP released from sensory nerves, and the release of gastrin and (c) the pineal plays an important role in the limitation of WRS-induced gastric lesions via releasing melatonin, which exerts gastroprotective and hyperemic activities against stress ulcerogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow Poland
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Esteban S, Nicolaus C, Garmundi A, Rial RV, Rodríguez AB, Ortega E, Ibars CB. Effect of orally administered L-tryptophan on serotonin, melatonin, and the innate immune response in the rat. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 267:39-46. [PMID: 15663184 DOI: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000049363.97713.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To assess the effects of external administration of L-tryptophan on the synthesis of serotonin and melatonin as well as on the immune function of Wistar rats, 300 mg of the amino acid were administered through an oral cannula either during daylight (08:00) or at night (20:00) for 5 days. Brain, plasma, and peritoneal macrophage samples were collected 4 h after the administration. The accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) after decarboxylase inhibition was used to measure the rate of tryptophan hydroxylation in vivo. Circulating melatonin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay, and the phagocytic activity of macrophages was measured by counting, under oil-immersion phase-contrast microscopy, the number of particles ingested. The results showed a diurnal increase (p < 0.05) in the brain 5-HTP, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) of the animals which had received tryptophan at 08:00 and were killed 4 h later. In the animals which received tryptophan during the dark period, the 5-HT declined but the 5-HT/5-HIAA ratio remained unchanged. There was also a significant increase (p < 0.05) in nocturnal circulating melatonin levels and in the innate immune response of the peritoneal macrophages in the animals which had received tryptophan at 20:00. The results indicated that the synthesis of serotonin and melatonin, as well as the innate immune response, can be modulated by oral ingestion of tryptophan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Esteban
- Laboratori de Fisiologia, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Spain
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Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Leon J, Kilic U, Kilic E. When melatonin gets on your nerves: its beneficial actions in experimental models of stroke. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2005; 230:104-17. [PMID: 15673559 DOI: 10.1177/153537020523000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This article summarizes the evidence that endogenously produced and exogenously administered melatonin reduces the degree of tissue damage and limits the biobehavioral deficits associated with experimental models of ischemia/reperfusion injury in the brain (i.e., stroke). Melatonin's efficacy in curtailing neural damage under conditions of transitory interruption of the blood supply to the brain has been documented in models of both focal and global ischemia. In these studies many indices have been shown to be improved as a consequence of melatonin treatment. For example, when given at the time of ischemia or reperfusion onset, melatonin reduces neurophysiological deficits, infarct volume, the degree of neural edema, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls, DNA damage, neuron and glial loss, and death of the animals. Melatonin's protective actions against these adverse changes are believed to stem from its direct free radical scavenging and indirect antioxidant activities, possibly from its ability to limit free radical generation at the mitochondrial level and because of yet-undefined functions. Considering its high efficacy in overcoming much of the damage associated with ischemia/reperfusion injury, not only in the brain but in other organs as well, its use in clinical trials for the purpose of improving stroke outcome should be seriously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7762, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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Abstract
Melatonin was thought to originate primarily from the pineal gland and to be secreted during the night, but recent studies revealed that gastrointestinal (GI) tract presents another, many times larger, source of melatonin that contributes significantly to the circulating concentration of this indole. Melatonin may exert a direct effect on GI tissues but its major influence on GI organs seems to occur indirectly, via the brain-gut axis including peripheral receptors, sensory afferent (vagal or sympathetic) pathways and central nervous system (CNS) acting on these organs via autonomic efferents and neuromediators. This article reviews and updates our experience with the fascinating molecule, as related to GI organs, with special focus on secretory activity of the stomach and pancreas and the maintenance of their tissue integrity. In addition to being released into the circulation, melatonin is also discharged into the gut lumen and this appears to be implicated in the postprandial stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion, mediated by melatonin-induced release of cholecystokinin, acting through entero-gastro-pancreatic reflexes. Although exerting certain differences in the mechanism of action on gastric and pancreatic secretory activities, melatonin derived from its precursor L-tryptophan, exhibits similar highly protective actions against the damage of both the stomach and the pancreas and accelerates the healing of chronic gastric ulcerations by stimulating the microcirculation and cooperating with arachidonate metabolites such as prostaglandins, with nitric oxide released from vascular endothelium, and/or sensory nerves and with their neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene related peptide. The beneficial effects of melatonin results in gastro- and pancreato-protection, prevents various forms of gastritis and pancreatitis through the activation of specific MT2-receptors and scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS). Melatonin counteracts the increase in the ROS-induced lipid peroxidation and preserves, at least in part, the activity of key anti-oxidizing enzymes such as superoxide dismutase. It is proposed that melatonin should be considered as the agent exerting an important role in prevention of gastric and pancreatic damage and in accelerating healing of gastric ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Jaworek
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Cracow, Poland
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Bülbüller N, Pektaş B, Ozdarendeli A, Doğru O, Aygen E, Akpolat N. The effect of L-tryptophan on hemorrhagic shock induced bacterial translocation1. J Surg Res 2005; 123:194-9. [PMID: 15680378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic shock causes mucosal damage in intestine and it results in translocation of bacteria to distant organs. In this study, effects of various doses of L-Tryptophan on the prevention of bacterial translocation in hemorrhagic shock induced rabbits were investigated. This study was carried out on six groups, each was consisting of 10 rabbits. While any procedure was conducted on the rabbits in group 1 (as a control group), 1 x 10(10)Escherichia coli isolate were administered rabbits in the other groups by gavage. In groups 3, 4, 5, and 6, hemorrhagic shock was induced. After induction of hemorrhagic shock, 10, 50, and 200 mg/kg L-Tryptophan were intragastrically administered to animals in groups 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Blood and terminal ileum samples were taken to detect bacterial translocation by polymerase chain reaction and mucosal damage by histopathological examination at 24 h after hemorrhagic shock. The occurrence of bacterial translocation increased as well when intestinal bacterial intensity was increased (P < 0.05). The most intensive bacterial translocation was formed in group 3 as a result of the additive effect of hemorrhagic shock to bacterial augmentation. It was observed that bacterial translocation was significantly reduced in groups 5 and 6 that are 50 and 200 mg/kg L-Tryptophan were administered (P < 0.01). Histopathological changes on mucosa and submucosa support these results. As a result, we concluded that augmentation of intestinal bacterial intensity induces bacterial translocation, the addition of hemorrhagic shock to bacterial augmentation makes more excessive translocation and mucosal changes have effective roles in these events. L-Tryptophan decreased the intestinal mucosal damage and bacterial translocation induced by hemorrhagic shock, in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurullah Bülbüller
- Department of General Surgery, Firat University Medical Center, Elaziğ, Turkey
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Jaworek J, Konturek SJ, Tomaszewska R, Leja-Szpak A, Bonior J, Nawrot K, Palonek M, Stachura J, Pawlik WW. The circadian rhythm of melatonin modulates the severity of caerulein-induced pancreatitis in the rat. J Pineal Res 2004; 37:161-70. [PMID: 15357660 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2004.00153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, an antioxidant, protects the pancreas against acute inflammation but, although this indole is released mainly at night, no study has been undertaken to determine circadian changes of plasma melatonin levels and the severity of acute pancreatitis. The aims of this study were: (a) to compare the severity of caerulein-induced pancreatitis (CIP) produced in the rat during the day and at the night, and (b) to assess the changes of plasma melatonin level and the activity of an antioxidative enzyme; superoxide dismutase (SOD), in the pancreas subjected to CIP during the day time and at night without or with administration of exogenous melatonin or its precursor; l-tryptophan. Rats were kept in 12 hr light/dark cycle. CIP was induced by subcutaneous infusion of caerulein (5 microg/kg/hr for 5 hr). Melatonin (5 or 25 mg/kg) or l-tryptophan (50 or 250 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally 30 min prior to the start of CIP. CIP induced during the day time was confirmed by histological examination and manifested by pancreatic edema, and rises of amylase and lipase plasma activities (by 400 and 500%, respectively), whereas pancreatic SOD, pancreatic blood flow (PBF) and oxygen consumption by pancreatic tissue (VO(2)) were decreased by 70, 40 and 45%, respectively, as compared with the appropriate controls. All morphological and biochemical parameters of CIP induced at night were significantly less severe, compared with those recorded during the light phase. Plasma melatonin immunoreactivity was significantly higher during the night, than during the day, especially following administration of melatonin or its precursor, which reversed all manifestations of CIP. In conclusion, a circadian rhythm modulates the severity of CIP with a decrease of pancreatitis severity during the night compared with that at the day time and this may be due to the increased plasma level of melatonin and higher activity of SOD in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Jaworek
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Care, Medical Faculty, Jagiellonian University CM, 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
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Sánchez S, Paredes SD, Martín MI, Barriga C, Rodríguez AB. Effect of tryptophan administration on circulating levels of melatonin and phagocytic activity. J Appl Biomed 2004. [DOI: 10.32725/jab.2004.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Samonina G, Kopylova G, Lukjanzeva G, Zhuykova S, Smirnova E, German S, Guseva A. Antiulcer effects of amylin: a review. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2004; 11:1-6. [PMID: 15177509 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2003.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2002] [Accepted: 10/09/2003] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Amylin belongs to the calcitonin peptide family. Amylin is a peptide synthesized not only in the beta cells of pancreatic islets, but in small quantities also in other organs like in the intestinal and gastric mucosa, lungs and central nervous system. It is located in the same secretory granules as insulin. Amylin participates in the maintenance of glucose and calcium homeostasis. It also inhibits food intake and decreases body weight. Furthermore, amylin inhibits gastric acid secretion. It protects the gastric mucosa in ulcer models like stress, vagal stimulation, ethanol, acetic acid, reserpine and serotonine administration and pylorus ligation. This protective antiulcer is seen not only at pharmacological but also at near-physiological doses-0.5mkg/kg. Moreover amylin also exerts curative properties in the acetic acid and indomethacin ulcer models. Amylin decreases the aggressive factors like acid-pepsin secretion, increases mast cell stability and increases protective mechanisms like bicarbonate gastric secretion, dilates blood vessels, and it increases lymphatic mesenteric activity. Amylin seems to be a powerful protector of gastric mucosa in animals by increasing the stability of gastric mucosa. Further research remains, however, to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.E. Samonina
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, School of Biology, Moscow State Lomonosov University, Vorobjevy Gory 1, Building 12, Moscow 119899, Russia
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Abstract
The antiulcer effect of melatonin on gastric lesions caused by piroxicam was studied with the intent of determining the mechanism of action of this agent. Melatonin dose-dependently lowered piroxicam and indomethacin-induced gastric damage with more than 90% inhibition at a dose of 60 mg/kg BW. Increased lipid peroxidation, augmented protein oxidation and decreased glutathione content of the gastric tissue following piroxicam treatment indicated a possible involvement of oxidative stress in this nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastropathy. Pretreatment of rats with melatonin prevented these changes. Oral administration of piroxicam to rats caused a threefold increase in the tissue levels of hydroxyl radical generation, a change significantly attenuated by melatonin. Furthermore, a decrease in the activity of gastric peroxidase and an increase in the activity of gastric superoxide dismutase(s) (SOD) because of piroxicam treatment was attenuated by melatonin pretreatment indicating that the indole possibly exerts its gastroprotective effects through its direct as well as indirect antioxidant activities. The results of the present studies also reveal that melatonin may influence the expression of Cu-Zn SOD, catalase, cyclooxygenase as well as alpha-actinin whose levels were found to be altered, following piroxicam treatment. The current studies, therefore, document melatonin's gastroprotective ability against piroxicam-induced gastric damage and the findings raise the possibility of melatonin being considered as a co-therapy with piroxicam or other NSAIDs in reducing the gastropathy when long-term use of these nonsteroidal agents are unavoidable.
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Öztürk G, Akbulut KG, Afrasyap L, Sevinç D. Effect of melatonin treatment on liver and thymus zinc levels in young and middle-aged rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/jtra.10055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Jaworek J, Leja-Szpak A, Bonior J, Nawrot K, Tomaszewska R, Stachura J, Sendur R, Pawlik W, Brzozowski T, Konturek SJ. Protective effect of melatonin and its precursor L-tryptophan on acute pancreatitis induced by caerulein overstimulation or ischemia/reperfusion. J Pineal Res 2003; 34:40-52. [PMID: 12485371 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-079x.2003.02937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin, a pineal secretory product, synthesized from l-tryptophan, has received increased attention because of its antioxidative and immunomodulatory properties. It has been detected in the gut and shown to protect the gastric mucosa, and liver from acute damage, but the role of melatonin in the protection of the pancreas against acute inflammation is not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of melatonin and its precursor, l-tryptophan, on caerulein-induced pancreatitis (CIP) and on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-provoked pancreatitis in rats. CIP was induced by subcutaneous infusion of caerulein to the rats (25 microg/kg). I/R was induced by clamping of the inferior splenic artery for 30 min followed by 2 hr of reperfusion. Melatonin (10, 25 or 50 mg/hr) or l-tryptophan (50, 100 or 250 mg/kg) was given as a bolus intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection 30 min prior to the onset of pancreatitis. CIP and I/R were confirmed by histologic examination and manifested by typical pancreatic edema, by an increase of plasma levels of amylase (by 500% in CIP and by 40% in I/R) and the pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) (by 500%). Lipid peroxidation products such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), were increased several fold in the pancreas CIP and I/R, whereas pancreatic blood flow (PBF) was significantly reduced in these animals. Pretreatment of rats subjected to CIP or to I/R with melatonin (25 or 50 mg/kg i.p.) or l-tryptophan (100 or 250 mg/kg i.p.) significantly reduced pancreatic edema, plasma levels of amylase and TNFalpha and diminished pancreatic MDA + 4-HNE contents, while enhancing PBF, pancreatic integrity and plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 (IL-10). This was accompanied by a marked and dose-dependent rise of plasma melatonin immunoreactivity. Gene expression of N-acetyl transferase, an enzyme involved in melatonin biosynthesis, was detected in the pancreas of normal rats and was significantly enhanced in the rats with CIP. We conclude that exogenous melatonin, and that produced from l-tryptophan, attenuates pancreatic damage induced by CIP or by I/R and this effect may be attributable to the reduction in lipid peroxidation and TNFalpha release combined with an increase of plasma anti-inflammatory IL-10 in rats with acute pancreatitis.
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Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Sainz RM, Mayo JC, Lopez-Burillo S. Melatonin: reducing the toxicity and increasing the efficacy of drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol 2002; 54:1299-321. [PMID: 12396291 DOI: 10.1211/002235702760345374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a molecule with a very wide phylogenetic distribution from plants to man. In vertebrates, melatonin was initially thought to be exclusively of pineal origin recent studies have shown, however, that melatonin synthesis may occur in a variety of cells and organs. The concentration of melatonin within body fluids and subcellular compartments varies widely, with blood levels of the indole being lower than those at many other sites. Thus, when defining what constitutes a physiological level of melatonin, it must be defined relative to a specific compartment. Melatonin has been shown to have a variety of functions, and research in the last decade has proven the indole to be both a direct free radical scavenger and indirect antioxidant. Because of these actions, and possibly others that remain to be defined, melatonin has been shown to reduce the toxicity and increase the efficacy of a large number of drugs whose side effects are well documented. Herein, we summarize the beneficial effects of melatonin when combined with the following drugs: doxorubicin, cisplatin, epirubicin, cytarabine, bleomycin, gentamicin, ciclosporin, indometacin, acetylsalicylic acid, ranitidine, omeprazole, isoniazid, iron and erythropoietin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, haloperidol, caposide-50, morphine, cyclophosphamide and L-cysteine. While the majority of these studies were conducted using animals, a number of the investigations also used man. Considering the low toxicity of melatonin and its ability to reduce the side effects and increase the efficacy of these drugs, its use as a combination therapy with these agents seems important and worthy of pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russel J Reiter
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, MC 7762, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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