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Xu Q, Cheung RTF. Melatonin at repeated doses alleviates hyperglycemia-exacerbated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury at 72 h via anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:418-427. [PMID: 38500787 PMCID: PMC10945201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to investigate how hyperglycemia would exacerbate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) in a rat model of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and explore the beneficial effects of multiple doses of melatonin in T1DM induced CIRI. Method The T1DM rat model was induced with streptozocin, and melatonin (10 mg/kg) was injected at 0.5 h before ischemia as well as at 24 and 48 h after reperfusion. Results When compared to normoglycemic (NG) rats, T1DM rats had hyperglycemia with weight loss before CIRI. Despite comparable degrees of ischemia and initial reperfusion, T1DM rats tended to have greater weight loss and had worse neurological deficits and larger infarct volume than NG rats up to 72 h after CIRI. Persistent activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway but not of apoptosis or calpains was a crucial factor in T1DM-mediated exacerbation of CIRI at 72 h. Despite lacking effects on baseline hyperglycemia, ischemia and initial reperfusion, melatonin at multiple doses lessened post-CIRI weight loss, neurological deficits and infarct volume in T1DM rats at 72 h. when compared to vehicle-treated T1DM rats with CIRI. Beneficial effects of melatonin treatment included decreased activation of NF-κB pathway, apoptosis and calpains, leading to reduced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and enhanced neuronal density. Conclusion Melatonin at multiple doses can alleviate T1DM-mediated exacerbation of CIRI at 72 h through anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Raymond Tak Fai Cheung
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone & Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Zhang C, Ma Y, Zhao Y, Guo N, Han C, Wu Q, Mu C, Zhang Y, Tan S, Zhang J, Liu X. Systematic review of melatonin in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury: critical role and therapeutic opportunities. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1356112. [PMID: 38375039 PMCID: PMC10875093 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1356112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is the predominant causes for the poor prognosis of ischemic stroke patients after reperfusion therapy. Currently, potent therapeutic interventions for cerebral I/R injury are still very limited. Melatonin, an endogenous hormone, was found to be valid in preventing I/R injury in a variety of organs. However, a systematic review covering all neuroprotective effects of melatonin in cerebral I/R injury has not been reported yet. Thus, we perform a comprehensive overview of the influence of melatonin on cerebral I/R injury by collecting all available literature exploring the latent effect of melatonin on cerebral I/R injury as well as ischemic stroke. In this systematic review, we outline the extensive scientific studies and summarize the beneficial functions of melatonin, including reducing infarct volume, decreasing brain edema, improving neurological functions and attenuating blood-brain barrier breakdown, as well as its key protective mechanisms on almost every aspect of cerebral I/R injury, including inhibiting oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, excessive autophagy, glutamate excitotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction. Subsequently, we also review the predictive and therapeutic implications of melatonin on ischemic stroke reported in clinical studies. We hope that our systematic review can provide the most comprehensive introduction of current advancements on melatonin in cerebral I/R injury and new insights into personalized diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yumei Ma
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yating Zhao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Na Guo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chen Han
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Changqing Mu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shutong Tan
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Ray SK. TUNEL-n-DIFL Method for Detection and Estimation of Apoptosis Specifically in Neurons and Glial Cells in Mixed Culture and Animal Models of Central Nervous System Diseases and Injuries. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2761:1-26. [PMID: 38427225 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3662-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Detection of merely apoptosis does not reveal the type of central nervous system (CNS) cells that are dying in the CNS diseases and injuries. In situ detection and estimation of amount of apoptosis specifically in neurons or glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) can unveil valuable information for designing therapeutics for protection of the CNS cells and functional recovery. A method was first developed and reported from our laboratory for in situ detection and estimation of amount of apoptosis precisely in neurons and glial cells using in vitro and in vivo models of CNS diseases and injuries. This is a combination of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and double immunofluorescent labeling (DIFL) or simply TUNEL-n-DIFL method for in situ detection and estimation of amount of apoptosis in a specific CNS cell type. An anti-digoxigenin (DIG) IgG antibody conjugated with 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid (AMCA) for blue fluorescence, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) for green fluorescence, or Texas Red (TR) for red fluorescence can be used for in situ detection of apoptotic cell DNA, which is earlier labeled with TUNEL using alkali-stable DIG-11-dUTP. A primary anti-NeuN (neurons), anti-GFAP (astrocytes), anti-MBP (oligodendrocytes), or anti-OX-42 (microglia) IgG antibody and a secondary IgG antibody conjugated with one of the above fluorophores (other than that of ani-DIG antibody) are used for in situ detection of apoptosis in a specific CNS cell type in the mixed culture and animal models of the CNS diseases and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA.
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4
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Xie L, Wu H, Huang X, Yu T. Melatonin, a natural antioxidant therapy in spinal cord injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1218553. [PMID: 37691830 PMCID: PMC10485268 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1218553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a sudden onset of disruption to the spinal neural tissue, leading to loss of motor control and sensory function of the body. Oxidative stress is considered a hallmark in SCI followed by a series of events, including inflammation and cellular apoptosis. Melatonin was originally discovered as a hormone produced by the pineal gland. The subcellular localization of melatonin has been identified in mitochondria, exhibiting specific onsite protection to excess mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and working as an antioxidant in diseases. The recent discovery regarding the molecular basis of ligand selectivity for melatonin receptors and the constant efforts on finding synthetic melatonin alternatives have drawn researchers' attention back to melatonin. This review outlines the application of melatonin in SCI, including 1) the relationship between the melatonin rhythm and SCI in clinic; 2) the neuroprotective role of melatonin in experimental traumatic and ischemia/reperfusion SCI, i.e., exhibiting anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis effects, facilitating the integrity of the blood-spinal cord barrier, ameliorating edema, preventing neural death, reducing scar formation, and promoting axon regeneration and neuroplasticity; 3) protecting gut microbiota and peripheral organs; 4) synergizing with drugs, rehabilitation training, stem cell therapy, and biomedical material engineering; and 5) the potential side effects. This comprehensive review provides new insights on melatonin as a natural antioxidant therapy in facilitating rehabilitation in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
| | - Hang Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
- Shandong Institute of Traumatic Orthopedics, Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tengbo Yu
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
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Lv J, Xing L, Zhong X, Li K, Liu M, Du K. Role of N6-methyladenosine modification in central nervous system diseases and related therapeutic agents. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114583. [PMID: 36989722 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a ubiquitous mRNA modification in eukaryotes. m6A occurs through the action of methyltransferases, demethylases, and methylation-binding proteins. m6A methylation of RNA is associated with various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), depression, cerebral apoplexy, brain injury, epilepsy, cerebral arteriovenous malformations, and glioma. Furthermore, recent studies report that m6A-related drugs have attracted considerable concerns in the therapeutic areas of neurological disorders. Here, we mainly summarized the role of m6A modification in neurological diseases and the therapeutic potential of m6A-related drugs. The aim of this review is expected to be useful to systematically assess m6A as a new potential biomarker and develop innovative modulators of m6A for the amelioration and treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Lijuan Xing
- Precision Laboratory of Panjin Central Hospital, Panjin 124000, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
| | - Mingyan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Liaoning Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Shenyang 110179, China.
| | - Ke Du
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Liaoning Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Shenyang 110179, China.
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Knaryan VH, Sarukhanyan FP. [Ca2+-regulated enzymes calpain and calcineurin in neurodegenerative processes and prospects for neuroprotective pharmacotherapy]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:32-40. [PMID: 37490663 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202312307132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) and Ca2+-regulated enzymes calpain and calcineurin are the key molecules of signaling mechanisms in neurons and ensure the normal course of intracellular neurochemical and neurophysiological processes. The imbalance and increase in the intracellular level of Ca2+ correlates with the activation of calpain and calcineurin. Inactivation of endogenous inhibitors and/or absence of exogenous pharmacological inhibitors of these enzymes may induce a cascade of intracellular mechanisms that are detrimental to the structural integrity and functional activity of neurons. The interrelated processes of Ca2+ imbalance, dysregulation of calpain and calcineurin are directly related to the development of intracellular pathophysiological reactions leading to the degeneration and death of selective neuronal populations in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The review briefly presents the characteristics of calpain and calcineurin, their interrelated role in the neurodegeneration processes. Data on the efficiency of the exogenous inhibitors (in vivo, in vitro) point out the potential role of pharmacological regulation of calpain and calcineurin for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Knaryan
- Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - F P Sarukhanyan
- Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
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Zheng C, Yang C, Gao D, Zhang L, Li Y, Li L, Zhang L. Cornel Iridoid Glycoside Alleviates Microglia-Mediated Inflammatory Response via the NLRP3/Calpain Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11967-11980. [PMID: 36104266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is associated with cerebral hypoperfusion, which results in long-term cognitive impairment and memory loss. Cornel iridoid glycoside (CIG) is the major active constituent isolated from the ripe fruit of Cornus officinalis. Previous studies have shown that CIG enhances neurological function in VaD rats. In the present research, we attempted to clarify the molecular processes underlying the role of CIG in neuroinflammation in VaD. We created a chronic cerebral ischemia rat model by ligation of the bilateral common carotid arteries (2VO) and then treated rats with different concentrations of CIG. Comprehensive analyses revealed that CIG ameliorated myelin integrity and neuronal loss. Furthermore, we also found that CIG inhibited polarized microglia activation and attenuated inflammasome-mediated production of proinflammatory cytokines in BV2 microglia cells induced by LPS/IFN-γ and in the brains of 2VO rats. To further elucidate the role of CIG in microglia-mediated inflammatory response, we investigated the expression and activity of calpain. CIG inhibited the expression and activity of calpain 1/2, which was characterized by decreased calpastatin and spectrin αII expression. In particular, intra- and extracellular calpain 1 levels were reduced by CIG. However, CIG showed weak interaction with calpain 1. In addition, we found that CG administration significantly repressed the assembly of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, including NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1. In conclusion, our knowledge of the mechanisms by which CIG regulates NLRP3/calpain signaling to influence inflammatory responses offers further insights into potential therapeutic strategies to treat VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengceng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Cuicui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Dan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yali Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
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Triad1 Promotes the Inflammatory Response and Neuronal Apoptosis to Aggravate Acute Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2025756. [PMID: 35912142 PMCID: PMC9328997 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2025756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most devastating central injuries, resulting in serious locomotor deficits. Triad1 is known to play an important role in SCI, but its effects on the inflammatory response and physiological behavior have not been thoroughly studied. This study is aimed at examining the effects of Triad1 on the inflammatory response and neuronal injury in acute SCI in rats. Methods Twenty-four male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into a control group, SCI group, sh-NC group, and Triad1 knockout group (sh-Triad1). The Basso Beattie Bresnahan locomotor rating scale was utilized for the assessment of the motor ability of rats. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Luxol fast blue (LFB), and TUNEL staining were used to assess the pathological injury, demyelination, and neuronal apoptosis, respectively. ELISA was used to detect the levels of IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α, and qRT-PCR was used to examine the expression level of Triad1. Furthermore, the protein levels of Triad1, Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3 were determined using western blotting. Results The Triad1 expression level was upregulated in damaged spinal cord tissue. Knockdown of Triad1 improved motor function and reduced SCI as well as apoptosis of spinal cord neurons. In addition, the knockdown of Triad1 inhibited the inflammatory response caused by SCI. Conclusion Knockdown of Triad1 can reduce SCI in rats with acute SCI by inhibiting the inflammatory response and apoptosis.
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Premarin Reduces Neurodegeneration and Promotes Improvement of Function in an Animal Model of Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042384. [PMID: 35216504 PMCID: PMC8875481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes significant mortality and morbidity. Currently, no FDA-approved pharmacotherapy is available for treating SCI. Previously, low doses of estrogen (17β-estradiol, E2) were shown to improve the post-injury outcome in a rat SCI model. However, the range of associated side effects makes advocating its therapeutic use difficult. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the therapeutic efficacy of Premarin (PRM) in SCI. PRM is an FDA-approved E2 (10%) formulation, which is used for hormone replacement therapy with minimal risk of serious side effects. The effects of PRM on SCI were examined by magnetic resonance imaging, immunofluorescent staining, and western blot analysis in a rat model. SCI animals treated with vehicle alone, PRM, E2 receptor antagonist (ICI), or PRM + ICI were graded in a blinded way for locomotor function by using the Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor scale. PRM treatment for 7 days decreased post-SCI lesion volume and attenuated neuronal cell death, inflammation, and axonal damage. PRM also altered the balance of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins in favor of cell survival and improved angiogenesis and microvascular growth. Increased expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) ERα and ERβ following PRM treatment and their inhibition by ER inhibitor indicated that the neuroprotection associated with PRM treatment might be E2-receptor mediated. The attenuation of glial activation with decreased inflammation and cell death, and increased angiogenesis by PRM led to improved functional outcome as determined by the BBB locomotor scale. These results suggest that PRM treatment has significant therapeutic implications for the improvement of post-SCI outcome.
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Nabatian-Asl M, Ghorbanihaghjo A, Malek Mahdavi A, Khabbazi A, Hajialilo M, Ghojazadeh M. Effects of melatonin supplementation on serum oxidative stress markers and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14246. [PMID: 33877728 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering pathological significance of oxidative stress in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), current research aimed to evaluate the effects of melatonin supplementation on oxidative stress markers and disease activity in SLE. METHOD In this randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 32 SLE females were selected and randomly assigned into two groups to take 10 mg/day melatonin or placebo for 12 weeks. Before and after trial, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured and disease activity was determined by Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K). RESULTS Twenty-five patients (13 in the melatonin and 12 in the placebo groups) completed the trial. Melatonin supplementation caused significant reduction in serum MDA compared with baseline (P = .003) and placebo group (P = .004). Serum TAC level did not change significantly in the melatonin group compared with baseline and placebo group (P > .05). Furthermore, melatonin supplementation did not cause significant change in disease activity compared to baseline and placebo group (P > .05). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated affirmative effects of melatonin in decreasing oxidative stress in SLE patients without any effect on disease activity. Further investigations are required to affirm these primitive findings and to achieve concise conclusions.What's known Free radical damage and oxidative stress has a remarkable function in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis. Products derived from oxidative modification cascades are found in biological fluids and their redundancy has a correlation with disease activity and organ damage in SLE. Dietary supplements, which decrease oxidative stress, would be useful in managing SLE. Melatonin is a potent antioxidant and has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory characteristics. Limited in vitro and animal studies are available indicating desirable effects of melatonin in preventing from SLE organ damage, thereby opening a new area of investigation that can contribute to using melatonin as a therapy or co-therapy for SLE. What's new Melatonin supplementation caused significant reduction in serum MDA compared with baseline and placebo group. Serum TAC level did not change significantly in the melatonin group compared with baseline and placebo group. Furthermore, melatonin supplementation did not cause significant change in disease activity compared to baseline and placebo group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadmahdi Nabatian-Asl
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Reza General Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Ghorbanihaghjo
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aida Malek Mahdavi
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Khabbazi
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Hajialilo
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghojazadeh
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, A Joanna Briggs Institute Affiliated Group, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Cheng G, Ma T, Deng Z, Gutiérrez-Gamboa G, Ge Q, Xu P, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Meng J, Reiter RJ, Fang Y, Sun X. Plant-derived melatonin from food: a gift of nature. Food Funct 2021; 12:2829-2849. [PMID: 33877242 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03213a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, people have become increasingly interested in bioactive ingredients from plants, especially antioxidant molecules such as melatonin, which are beneficial to human health. The purpose of this article is to provide new information on plant-derived foods with a high content of melatonin. We comprehensively summarize the content of melatonin in plant-derived foods and discuss the factors that influence melatonin levels to provide new ideas on enhancement. Additionally, we describe the biosynthetic pathway of melatonin and identify its major functions. Medicinal herbs are often rich in melatonin while many vegetables and fruits exhibit somewhat lower levels with wide variations among species. The genetic traits of plants, the phenological stage of the cultivar, the photoperiod, the level of stress to which the plants are exposed at the time of harvest, exposure to agrochemicals and determination methods are the main factors affecting the melatonin content. To date, standardization of uniform sampling times and the use of suitable pretreatments as well as determination methods have not been achieved. The results of the studies reviewed highlight the potentially important role of plant melatonin in influencing the progression of human diseases. Based on the health promotional aspects of melatonin, consuming foods containing higher concentrations of tryptophan and melatonin is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Cheng
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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Jin LY, Li J, Wang KF, Xia WW, Zhu ZQ, Wang CR, Li XF, Liu HY. Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier in Spinal Cord Injury: A Review. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1203-1224. [PMID: 33292072 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), a physical barrier between the blood and spinal cord parenchyma, prevents the toxins, blood cells, and pathogens from entering the spinal cord and maintains a tightly controlled chemical balance in the spinal environment, which is necessary for proper neural function. A BSCB disruption, however, plays an important role in primary and secondary injury processes related to spinal cord injury (SCI). After SCI, the structure of the BSCB is broken down, which leads directly to leakage of blood components. At the same time, the permeability of the BSCB is also increased. Repairing the disruption of the BSCB could alleviate the SCI pathology. We review the morphology and pathology of the BSCB and progression of therapeutic methods targeting BSCB in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yu Jin
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Feng Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Xia
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Qi Zhu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Ru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Feng Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Ying Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
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13
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Wu J, Bai Y, Wang Y, Ma J. Melatonin and regulation of autophagy: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105279. [PMID: 33161138 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential subcellular units that generate basic energy for the cell, as well as influence Ca2+ flux, apoptosis, and cell signaling. Mitophagy can selectively remove impaired mitochondria to preserve mitochondrial function, which is crucial for normal cellular maintenance. Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy are widely reported to be linked to various pathogeneses. In addition, there is increasing evidence regarding the beneficial role of melatonin in the regulation and intervention of mitophagy progression. In this review, we focus on specific pathological conditions, including ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, and elucidate the essential role of melatonin in the modulation of mitophagy in each of these distinct disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University-Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University-Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yaguang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University-Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University-Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China.
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14
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Zhang C, Hu A, Jing Y, Yang D, Li J. Mannitol Reduces Spinal Cord Edema in Rats with Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180816666190731112158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The research about anti-edema effects of mannitol on acute traumatic spinal
cord injury (SCI) in rats is rare.
Objective:
This study aimed to explore the effect of mannitol on spinal cord edema after SCI in rats.
Methods:
Seventy-eight adult female rats were assigned to three groups randomly: a sham control
group (n = 18), a contusion and normal saline contrast group (n=30), and a contusion and mannitol
treatment group (n=30). We used the open-field test to estimate the functional recovery of rats weekly.
Spinal cord water content was measured to determine the spinal cord edema. The ultrastructure
features of the injured dorsolateral spinal cord were determined on the 7th day after SCI by HE staining.
Results:
The mannitol group had greatly improved Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores when
compared with the saline contrast group. The spinal cord water content was increased significantly
after SCI, and there was no significant difference in the water content between the NaCl and mannitol
groups 1 day after SCI. The water content at 3 and 7 days after SCI was significantly lower in the
mannitol group than in the NaCl group (p < 0.05). Mannitol can reduce spinal cord edema by increasing
the number of red blood cells in the injured spinal cord and decrease the ratio (dorsoventral
diameter/ mediolateral diameter) of spinal cord 7 days post-SCI.
Conclusion:
Mannitol increases recovery of motor function in rats, reduces spinal cord edema and
increases the number of red blood cells in the injured spinal cord, decreasing the ratio of spinal cord
to reduce pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Anming Hu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Yingli Jing
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Degang Yang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
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15
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Kong FQ, Zhao SJ, Sun P, Liu H, Jie J, Xu T, Xu AD, Yang YQ, Zhu Y, Chen J, Zhou Z, Qian DF, Gu CJ, Chen Q, Yin GY, Zhang HW, Fan J. Macrophage MSR1 promotes the formation of foamy macrophage and neuronal apoptosis after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:62. [PMID: 32066456 PMCID: PMC7027125 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01735-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A sustained inflammatory response following spinal cord injury (SCI) contributes to neuronal damage, inhibiting functional recovery. Macrophages, the major participants in the inflammatory response, transform into foamy macrophages after phagocytosing myelin debris, subsequently releasing inflammatory factors and amplifying the secondary injury. Here, we assessed the effect of macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) in phagocytosis of myelin debris after SCI and explained its possible mechanism. Methods The SCI model was employed to determine the critical role of MSR1 in phagocytosis of myelin debris in vivo. The potential functions and mechanisms of MSR1 were explored using qPCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence after treating macrophages and RAW264.7 with myelin debris in vitro. Results In this study, we found improved recovery from traumatic SCI in MSR1-knockout mice over that in MSR1 wild-type mice. Furthermore, MSR1 promoted the phagocytosis of myelin debris and the formation of foamy macrophage, leading to pro-inflammatory polarization in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, in the presence of myelin debris, MSR1-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway contributed to the release of inflammatory mediators and subsequently the apoptosis of neurons. Conclusions Our study elucidates a previously unrecognized role of MSR1 in the pathophysiology of SCI and suggests that its inhibition may be a new treatment strategy for this traumatic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Qi Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shu-Jie Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, 223001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Jie
- Department of Orthopedics, Pukou Branch of JiangSu Province Hospital (Nanjing Pukou Central Hospital), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - An-Di Xu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ding-Fei Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Yong Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Han-Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China.
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16
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Yang Z, Bao Y, Chen W, He Y. Melatonin exerts neuroprotective effects by attenuating astro- and microgliosis and suppressing inflammatory response following spinal cord injury. Neuropeptides 2020; 79:102002. [PMID: 31902595 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.102002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Reactive gliosis and inflammatory reaction are common pathological change to spinal cord injury (SCI). Whereas, the effects of melatonin (MT) on the astro- and microgliosis and their related inflammatory response in the injured spinal cord are not fully understood. In this study, MT's effects on the accumulation and proliferation of microglia and astrocytes and their related inflammatory response were investigated in an acute SCI model. The effects of MT on oxidative stress, neuronal survival and behavioral performance were also tested. It was found that MT treatment significantly suppressed the accumulation and the proliferation of microglia and astrocytes. Quantitative PCR data showed that MT significantly down-regulated the pro-inflammatory markers iNOS, IL-1β and TNF-α expressions. The data showed that MT led to the rise in SOD, CAT and GSH-Px contents and the decrease in MDA content. Western blotting analysis verified that MT significantly down-regulated caspase-3, Bax and GFAP expressions, up-regulated Bcl-2 expression. Compared with the SCI vehicle-treated group, the SCI MT-treated group exhibited a greater Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) locomotor rating score. On the whole, these findings implied that MT exerts its neuroprotective effects by suppressing the accumulation and the proliferation of microglia and astrocytes and reducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which might be one of the underlying mechanisms of the MT's neuroprotective effect after SCI. Accordingly, MT may be a promising therapeutic candidate for acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Yingying Bao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Weigang Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuqin He
- School of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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17
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Bizzarri M. Advances in Characterizing Recently-Identified Molecular Actions of Melatonin: Clinical Implications. APPROACHING COMPLEX DISEASES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7164543 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32857-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, N-acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptamine, was discovered to be a product of serotonin metabolism in the mammalian pineal gland where its synthesis is under control of the light:dark cycle. Besides its regulatory pathway involving ganglion cells in the retina, the neural connections between the eyes and the pineal gland include the master circadian clock, the suprachiasmatic nuclei, and the central and peripheral nervous systems. Since pineal melatonin is released into the blood and into the cerebrospinal fluid, it has access to every cell in an organism and it mediates system-wide effects. Subsequently, melatonin was found in several extrapineal organs and, more recently, perhaps in every cell of every organ. In contrast to the pinealocytes, non-pineal cells do not discharge melatonin into the blood; rather it is used locally in an intracrine, autocrine, or paracrine manner. Melatonin levels in non-pineal cells do not exhibit a circadian rhythm and do not depend on circulating melatonin concentrations although when animals are treated with exogenous melatonin it is taken up by presumably all cells. Mitochondria are the presumed site of melatonin synthesis in all cells; the enzymatic machinery for melatonin synthesis has been identified in mitochondria. The association of melatonin with mitochondria, because of its ability to inhibit oxidative stress, is very fortuitous since these organelles are a major site of damaging reactive oxygen species generation. In this review, some of the actions of non-pineal-derived melatonin are discussed in terms of cellular and subcellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Bizzarri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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18
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Almurshidi B, Carver W, Scott G, Ray SK. Roles of miRNAs in spinal cord injury and potential therapeutic interventions. NEUROIMMUNOLOGY AND NEUROINFLAMMATION 2019; 6:11. [PMID: 33869675 PMCID: PMC8052101 DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2019.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects approximately 200,000 individuals per year worldwide. There are more than 27 million people worldwide living with long-term disability due to SCI. Historically, it was thought that the central nervous system (CNS) had little ability for regeneration; however, more recent studies have demonstrated potential for repair within the CNS. Because of this, there exists a renewed interest in the discovery of novel approaches to promote regeneration in the CNS including the spinal cord. It is important to know the roles of the microRNAs (miRNAs) in modulation of pathogenesis in SCI and the potentials of the miRNA-based clinical interventions for controlling post-injury symptoms and improving functional recovery. The miRNAs, which are non-coding RNAs with an average of 22 nucleotides in length, are post-transcriptional gene regulators that cause degradation of the target mRNAs and thus negatively control their translation. This review article focuses on current research related to miRNAs and their roles in modulating SCI symptoms, asserting that miRNAs contribute to critical post-SCI molecular processes including neuroplasticity, functional recovery, astrogliosis, neuropathic pain, inflammation, and apoptosis. In particular, miR-96 provides a promising therapeutic opportunity to improve the outcomes of clinical interventions, including the way SCI injuries are evaluated and treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badria Almurshidi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, CENR, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Wayne Carver
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Geoff Scott
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, CENR, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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19
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Xu AK, Gong Z, He YZ, Xia KS, Tao HM. Comprehensive therapeutics targeting the corticospinal tract following spinal cord injury. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2019; 20:205-218. [PMID: 30829009 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1800280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), which is much in the public eye, is still a refractory disease compromising the well-being of both patients and society. In spite of there being many methods dealing with the lesion, there is still a deficiency in comprehensive strategies covering all facets of this damage. Further, we should also mention the structure called the corticospinal tract (CST) which plays a crucial role in the motor responses of organisms, and it will be the focal point of our attention. In this review, we discuss a variety of strategies targeting different dimensions following SCI and some treatments that are especially efficacious to the CST are emphasized. Over recent decades, researchers have developed many effective tactics involving five approaches: (1) tackle more extensive regions; (2) provide a regenerative microenvironment; (3) provide a glial microenvironment; (4) transplantation; and (5) other auxiliary methods, for instance, rehabilitation training and electrical stimulation. We review the basic knowledge on this disease and correlative treatments. In addition, some well-formulated perspectives and hypotheses have been delineated. We emphasize that such a multifaceted problem needs combinatorial approaches, and we analyze some discrepancies in past studies. Finally, for the future, we present numerous brand-new latent tactics which have great promise for curbing SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Kai Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zhe Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yu-Zhe He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Kai-Shun Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Hui-Min Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
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20
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Esparza JL, Gómez M, Domingo JL. Role of Melatonin in Aluminum-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders: a Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 188:60-67. [PMID: 29732485 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al), a potentially neurotoxic element, provokes various adverse effects on human health such as dialysis dementia, osteomalacia, and microcytic anemia. It has been also associated with serious neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinsonism dementia of Guam. The "aluminum hypothesis" of AD assumes that the metal complexes can potentiate the rate of aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ), enhancing the toxicity of this peptide, and being able of contributing to the pathogenesis of AD. It has been supported by a number of analytical, epidemiological, and neurotoxicological studies. On the other hand, melatonin (Mel) is a potent direct free radical scavenger and indirect antioxidant, which acts increasing the activity of important related antioxidant enzymes, and preventing oxidative stress and cell death of neurons exposed to Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Therefore, Mel might be useful in the treatment of AD by reducing the Aβ generation and by inhibiting mitochondrial cell death pathways. The present review on the role of Mel in Al-related neurodegenerative disorders concludes that the protective effects of this hormone, together with its low toxicity, support the administration of Mel as a potential supplement in the treatment of neurological disorders, in which oxidative stress is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Esparza
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Gómez
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
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21
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Krylov VV, Kantserova NP, Lysenko LA, Osipova EA. A simulated geomagnetic storm unsynchronizes with diurnal geomagnetic variation affecting calpain activity in roach and great pond snail. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:241-246. [PMID: 30680619 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-01657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that geomagnetic storms could be perceived by organisms via disruption of naturally occurring diurnal geomagnetic variation. This variation, in turn, is viewed by way of a zeitgeber for biological circadian rhythms. The biological effects of a geomagnetic storm, therefore, could depend on the local time of day when its main phase occurs. We have assessed calpain activity in tissues of roach (Rutilus rutilus) and great pond snail (Limnaea stagnalis) after exposure to a simulated geomagnetic storm, reproduced at different times of day, in order to evaluate this hypothesis. Significant decrease in calpain activity was observed in organisms exposed to the simulated geomagnetic storm whose main phase, and initial period of a recovery phase, did not coincide with the expected peak of diurnal geomagnetic variation. The results obtained are considered an experimental confirmation of the aforementioned hypothesis. Improvement of a correlative approach for the assessment of biological effects of geomagnetic activity can be achieved by considering information on the synchronization of geomagnetic storm's main phase with diurnal geomagnetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav V Krylov
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters of Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok 109, Nekouz, Yaroslavl oblast, Russian Federation, 152742.
| | - N P Kantserova
- The Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya, 11, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation, 185910
| | - L A Lysenko
- The Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya, 11, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation, 185910
| | - E A Osipova
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters of Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok 109, Nekouz, Yaroslavl oblast, Russian Federation, 152742
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22
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Dwivedi DK, Kumar D, Kwatra M, Pandey SN, Choubey P, Lahkar M, Jangra A. Voluntary alcohol consumption exacerbated high fat diet-induced cognitive deficits by NF-κB-calpain dependent apoptotic cell death in rat hippocampus: Ameliorative effect of melatonin. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1393-1403. [PMID: 30372842 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern sedentary lifestyle with altered dietary habits imposes the risk of human health towards several metabolic disorders such as obesity. The metabolic insults negatively affect the mental health status and quality life of affected individuals. Melatonin is a potent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of melatonin on the cognitive and neurochemical deficits induced by the high-fat diet (HFD) and alcohol (ALC) alone or in combination (HFD + ALC) in rats. Male Wistar rats were given ALC (3-15% i.e. increased gradually) and HFD for 12 weeks in different experimental groups. After 12 weeks, we found that simultaneous consumption of HFD and ALC exacerbates cognitive dysfunction and neurochemical anomalies. However, melatonin (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) treatment for four weeks significantly prevented memory deficits, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in HFD, ALC and HFD + ALC groups. RT-PCR analysis showed down-regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in ALC and HFD + ALC groups. Moreover, caspase-3 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) mRNA expression level were found up-regulated in hippocampus of HFD, ALC and HFD + ALC groups. However, calpain expression was found up-regulated only in the hippocampus of HFD + ALC group. Chronic treatment with melatonin significantly restored the aberrant gene expression level in HFD, ALC and HFD + ALC group. In conclusion, our findings indicated that melatonin can mitigate the HFD and ALC-induced cognitive deficits via attenuation of oxidative stress and calpain-1 dependent as well as independent caspase-3 mediated neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Kumar Dwivedi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Mohit Kwatra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Surya Narayan Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Priyansha Choubey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Mangala Lahkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India; Department of Pharmacology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ashok Jangra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India; Department of Pharmacology, KIET School of Pharmacy, Krishna Institute of Engineering and Technology, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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23
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Xu G, Shi D, Zhi Z, Ao R, Yu B. Melatonin ameliorates spinal cord injury by suppressing the activation of inflammasomes in rats. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:5183-5192. [PMID: 30257055 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Xu
- Orthopedics Department Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Pudong Medical Center, Fudan University Pudong Shanghai China
| | - Dong Shi
- Radiology Department The 251st Hospital of Chinese PLA Zhangjiakou China
| | - Zhongzheng Zhi
- Orthopedics Department Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Pudong Medical Center, Fudan University Pudong Shanghai China
| | - Rongguang Ao
- Orthopedics Department Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Pudong Medical Center, Fudan University Pudong Shanghai China
| | - Baoqing Yu
- Orthopedics Department Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Pudong Medical Center, Fudan University Pudong Shanghai China
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24
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Robinson S, Conteh FS, Oppong AY, Yellowhair TR, Newville JC, Demerdash NE, Shrock CL, Maxwell JR, Jett S, Northington FJ, Jantzie LL. Extended Combined Neonatal Treatment With Erythropoietin Plus Melatonin Prevents Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity in Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:322. [PMID: 30319361 PMCID: PMC6167494 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus of prematurity (PHHP) remains a global challenge. Early preterm infants (<32 weeks gestation), particularly those exposed to chorioamnionitis (CAM), are prone to intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and PHHP. We established an age-appropriate, preclinical model of PHHP with progressive macrocephaly and ventriculomegaly to test whether non-surgical neonatal treatment could modulate PHHP. We combined prenatal CAM and postnatal day 1 (P1, equivalent to 30 weeks human gestation) IVH in rats, and administered systemic erythropoietin (EPO) plus melatonin (MLT), or vehicle, from P2 to P10. CAM-IVH rats developed progressive macrocephaly through P21. Macrocephaly was accompanied by ventriculomegaly at P5 (histology), and P21 (ex vivo MRI). CAM-IVH rats showed impaired performance of cliff aversion, a neonatal neurodevelopmental test. Neonatal EPO+MLT treatment prevented macrocephaly and cliff aversion impairment, and significantly reduced ventriculomegaly. EPO+MLT treatment prevented matted or missing ependymal motile cilia observed in vehicle-treated CAM-IVH rats. EPO+MLT treatment also normalized ependymal yes-associated protein (YAP) mRNA levels, and reduced ependymal GFAP-immunolabeling. Vehicle-treated CAM-IVH rats exhibited loss of microstructural integrity on diffusion tensor imaging, which was normalized in EPO+MLT-treated CAM-IVH rats. In summary, combined prenatal systemic inflammation plus early postnatal IVH caused progressive macrocephaly, ventriculomegaly and delayed development of cliff aversion reminiscent of PHHP. Neonatal systemic EPO+MLT treatment prevented multiple hallmarks of PHHP, consistent with a clinically viable, non-surgical treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenandoah Robinson
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Fatu S Conteh
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Akosua Y Oppong
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tracylyn R Yellowhair
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jessie C Newville
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Nagat El Demerdash
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Christine L Shrock
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jessie R Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Stephen Jett
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Frances J Northington
- Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lauren L Jantzie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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25
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Akar E, Batçık KE, Acar C, Ton Ö, Canaz H, Baydın S, Akdemir O, Alataş İ. A Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Melatonin and Nimodipine on Vasospasm. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.5799/jcei.458757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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26
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Tamtaji OR, Mirhosseini N, Reiter RJ, Azami A, Asemi Z. Melatonin, a calpain inhibitor in the central nervous system: Current status and future perspectives. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1001-1007. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Physiology Research Center Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | | | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio Texas
| | - Abolfazl Azami
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
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27
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The multiple functions of melatonin in regenerative medicine. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 45:33-52. [PMID: 29630951 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin research has been experiencing hyper growth in the last two decades; this relates to its numerous physiological functions including anti-inflammation, oncostasis, circadian and endocrine rhythm regulation, and its potent antioxidant activity. Recently, a large number of studies have focused on the role of melatonin in the regeneration of cells or tissues after their partial loss. In this review, we discuss the recent findings on the molecular involvement of melatonin in the regeneration of various tissues including the nervous system, liver, bone, kidney, bladder, skin, and muscle, among others.
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Melatonin as a Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review of Published Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051539. [PMID: 29786658 PMCID: PMC5983792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MEL) is a hormone that is produced in the brain and is known to bind to MEL-specific receptors on neuronal membranes in several brain regions. MEL’s documented neuroprotective properties, low toxicity, and ability to cross the blood-brain-barrier have led to its evaluation for patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), a condition for which there are currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapies. The purpose of this manuscript is to summarize the evidence surrounding the use of melatonin after TBI, as well as identify existing gaps and future directions. To address this aim, a search of the literature was conducted using Pubmed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Database. In total, 239 unique articles were screened, and the 22 preclinical studies that met the a priori inclusion/exclusion criteria were summarized, including the study aims, sample (size, groups, species, strain, sex, age/weight), TBI model, therapeutic details (preparation, dose, route, duration), key findings, and conclusions. The evidence from these 22 studies was analyzed to draw comparisons across studies, identify remaining gaps, and suggest future directions. Taken together, the published evidence suggests that MEL has neuroprotective properties via a number of mechanisms with few toxic effects reported. Notably, available evidence is largely based on data from adult male rats and, to a lesser extent, mice. Few studies collected data beyond a few days of the initial injury, necessitating additional longer-term studies. Other future directions include diversification of samples to include female animals, pediatric and geriatric animals, and transgenic strains.
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29
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Proietti S, Catizone A, Masiello MG, Dinicola S, Fabrizi G, Minini M, Ricci G, Verna R, Reiter RJ, Cucina A, Bizzarri M. Increase in motility and invasiveness of MCF7 cancer cells induced by nicotine is abolished by melatonin through inhibition of ERK phosphorylation. J Pineal Res 2018; 64:e12467. [PMID: 29338098 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Through activation of the ERK pathway, nicotine, in both normal MCF-10A and low-malignant breast cancer cells (MCF7), promotes increased motility and invasiveness. Melatonin antagonizes both these effects by inhibiting almost completely ERK phosphorylation. As melatonin has no effect on nonstimulated cells, it is likely that melatonin can counteract ERK activation only downstream of nicotine-induced activation. This finding suggests that melatonin hampers ERK phosphorylation presumably by targeting a still unknown intermediate factor that connects nicotine stimulation to ERK phosphorylation. Furthermore, downstream of ERK activation, melatonin significantly reduces fascin and calpain activation while restoring normal vinculin levels. Melatonin also counteracts nicotine effects by reshaping the overall cytoskeleton architecture and abolishing invasive membrane protrusion. In addition, melatonin decreases nicotine-dependent ROCK1/ROCK2 activation, thus further inhibiting cell contractility and motility. Melatonin actions are most likely attributable to ERK inhibition, although melatonin could display other ERK-independent effects, namely through a direct modulation of additional molecular and structural factors, including coronin, cofilin, and cytoskeleton components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Proietti
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Systems Biology Group, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Catizone
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Masiello
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Systems Biology Group, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Dinicola
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Systems Biology Group, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Fabrizi
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Systems Biology Group, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirko Minini
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Systems Biology Group, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Ricci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Verna
- Systems Biology Group, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alessandra Cucina
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Systems Biology Group, Rome, Italy
- Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariano Bizzarri
- Systems Biology Group, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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30
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Jantzie LL, Oppong AY, Conteh FS, Yellowhair TR, Kim J, Fink G, Wolin AR, Northington FJ, Robinson S. Repetitive Neonatal Erythropoietin and Melatonin Combinatorial Treatment Provides Sustained Repair of Functional Deficits in a Rat Model of Cerebral Palsy. Front Neurol 2018; 9:233. [PMID: 29706928 PMCID: PMC5908903 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the leading cause of motor impairment for children worldwide and results from perinatal brain injury (PBI). To test novel therapeutics to mitigate deficits from PBI, we developed a rat model of extreme preterm birth (<28 weeks of gestation) that mimics dual intrauterine injury from placental underperfusion and chorioamnionitis. We hypothesized that a sustained postnatal treatment regimen that combines the endogenous neuroreparative agents erythropoietin (EPO) and melatonin (MLT) would mitigate molecular, sensorimotor, and cognitive abnormalities in adults rats following prenatal injury. On embryonic day 18 (E18), a laparotomy was performed in pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats. Uterine artery occlusion was performed for 60 min to induce placental insufficiency via transient systemic hypoxia-ischemia, followed by intra-amniotic injections of lipopolysaccharide, and laparotomy closure. On postnatal day 1 (P1), approximately equivalent to 30 weeks of gestation, injured rats were randomized to an extended EPO + MLT treatment regimen, or vehicle (sterile saline) from P1 to P10. Behavioral assays were performed along an extended developmental time course (n = 6–29). Open field testing shows injured rats exhibit hypermobility and disinhibition and that combined neonatal EPO + MLT treatment repairs disinhibition in injured rats, while EPO alone does not. Furthermore, EPO + MLT normalizes hindlimb deficits, including reduced paw area and paw pressure at peak stance, and elevated percent shared stance after prenatal injury. Injured rats had fewer social interactions than shams, and EPO + MLT normalized social drive. Touchscreen operant chamber testing of visual discrimination and reversal shows that EPO + MLT at least partially normalizes theses complex cognitive tasks. Together, these data indicate EPO + MLT can potentially repair multiple sensorimotor, cognitive, and behavioral realms following PBI, using highly translatable and sophisticated developmental testing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Jantzie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Akosua Y Oppong
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Fatu S Conteh
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tracylyn R Yellowhair
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Joshua Kim
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gabrielle Fink
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Adam R Wolin
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Frances J Northington
- Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shenandoah Robinson
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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31
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Chetsawang J, Mukda S, Srimokra R, Govitrapong P, Chetsawang B. Role of Melatonin in Reducing Amphetamine-Induced Degeneration in Substantia Nigra of Rats via Calpain and Calpastatin Interaction. J Exp Neurosci 2017; 11:1179069517719237. [PMID: 29104429 PMCID: PMC5562346 DOI: 10.1177/1179069517719237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive intracellular calcium levels induce calpain activation, thereby triggering the cell death cascade. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated the neuroprotective role of the overexpression of calpain inhibitor, calpastatin. In this study, amphetamine-induced degeneration in the substantia nigra of rats was determined by evaluating the decrease in the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation. Amphetamine significantly decreased calpastatin levels but increased calpain levels. An induction in calpain activity was demonstrated by an increase in the formation of calpain spectrin breakdown products. The deleterious effects of amphetamine exposure were diminished in rats by pretreatment with melatonin. In addition, the effect of melatonin on calpastatin expression was investigated in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Melatonin was able to increase the calpastatin levels, and this effect could be blocked by luzindole, a melatonin receptor antagonist. These results demonstrate the neuroprotective ability of melatonin and its role in inducing calpastatin expression via a receptor-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirapa Chetsawang
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sujira Mukda
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Rachneekorn Srimokra
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Banthit Chetsawang
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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32
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Masoudi A, Dargahi L, Abbaszadeh F, Pourgholami MH, Asgari A, Manoochehri M, Jorjani M. Neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Behav Brain Res 2017; 329:104-110. [PMID: 28442361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to constant neurological deficits and long-term unalterable disability. Apoptosis plays an important role in the initiation of the secondary injury cascades leading to progressive tissue damage and severely functional deficits after SCI. Although the primary mechanical destructive events cannot be reversed, a therapeutic intervention could be carried out in order to moderate the secondary injury damage several hours to weeks after injury. Astaxanthin (AST) is a strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents with the potential to render anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects. In the current study, we examined the therapeutic potential of AST on adult rats after severe SCI contusion. Results of BBB scores showed that AST improved motor function after SCI compared to control groups. Western blot analysis showed reduced expression of Bax and Cleaved-caspase-3 proteins and increased expression of the Bcl-2 protein in response to AST treatment (p<0.05). The histology results also showed that AST considerably preserved myelinated white matter and the number of motor neurons. This study is the first to report that AST reduces neuronal apoptosis, diminishes pathological tissue damage and improves functional recovery after SCI. The observed prominent neuroprotective effects, introduces AST as a promising therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Masoudi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Asgari
- Sport Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Aerospace Medicine Research Center, AJA Medical Sciences University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Manoochehri
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Jorjani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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33
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Jing Y, Bai F, Chen H, Dong H. Melatonin prevents blood vessel loss and neurological impairment induced by spinal cord injury in rats. J Spinal Cord Med 2017; 40:222-229. [PMID: 27735218 PMCID: PMC5430480 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2016.1227912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melatonin can be neuroprotective in models of neurological injury, but its effects on blood vessel loss and neurological impairment following spinal cord injury (SCI) are unclear. Our goal herein was to evaluate the possible protective action of melatonin on the above SCI-induced damage in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-three female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three equal groups: sham, SCI and melatonin groups. Melatonin (10 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally and further administered twice a day at indicated time after a moderate injury at T10 in melatonin group. Blood vessel was assessed by CD31staining and FITC-LEA, the permeability of blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) was detected by Evan's Blue. Neuron was assessed by NeuN staining and the expression of Nissl bodies in the neurons was assessed by Nissl staining. The expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), synapsin I, or growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) in the spinal cord and hippocampus were evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS At 7 days post-injury, melatonin treatment rescued blood vessels, increased CD31 levels, ameliorated BSCB permeability. Additionally, melatonin significantly increased the number of neurons and the expression of Nissl bodies in neurons at the injury epicenter. Furthermore, our data showed that SCI reduced levels of the molecular substrates of neurological plasticity, including BDNF, synapsin I, or GAP-43 in the spinal cord and hippocampus. Melatonin treatment partially prevented these reductions. CONCLUSION The neuroprotective effect of melatonin was associated with melioration of the microcirculation in the spinal cord and reduction of neurological impairment in the spinal cord and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Jing
- China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,Institute of Rehabilitation Science of China, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Bai
- China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,Institute of Rehabilitation Science of China, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,Institute of Rehabilitation Science of China, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Dong
- China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,Institute of Rehabilitation Science of China, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China,Correspondence to: Hao Dong, Number 10, Jiao men North Road, Feng tai District, Beijing 100068, China.
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Jing Y, Bai F, Chen H, Dong H. Meliorating microcirculatory with melatonin in rat model of spinal cord injury using laser Doppler flowmetry. Neuroreport 2016; 27:1248-1255. [PMID: 27648716 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Krityakiarana W, Sompup K, Jongkamonwiwat N, Mukda S, Pinilla FG, Govitrapong P, Phansuwan-Pujito P. Effects of melatonin on severe crush spinal cord injury-induced reactive astrocyte and scar formation. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1451-1459. [PMID: 27717042 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present work aimed at analyzing the effects of melatonin on scar formation after spinal cord injury (SCI). Upregulation of reactive astrocyte under SCI pathological conditions has been presented in several studies. It has been proved that the crucial factor in triggering this upregulation is proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, scar formation is an important barrier to axonal regeneration through the lesion area. Melatonin plays an important role in reducing inflammation, but its effects on scar formation in the injured spinal cord remain unknown. Hence, we used the model of severe crush injury in mice to investigate the effects of melatonin on scar formation. Mice were randomly separated into four groups; SCI, SCI+Melatonin 1 (single dose), SCI+Melatonin 14 (14 daily doses), and control. Melatonin was administered by intraperitoneal injection (10 mg/kg) after injury. Immunohistochemical analysis, Western blot, and behavioral evaluation were used to explore the effects of melatonin after SCI for 14 days. The melatonin-treated mice presented higher expression of neuronal markers (P < 0.001). Remarkably, the inflammatory response appeared to be greatly reduced in the SCI+Melatonin 14 group (P < 0.001), which also displayed less scar formation (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that melatonin inhibits scar formation by acting on inflammatory cytokines after SCI. Overall, our results suggest that melatonin is a promising treatment strategy after SCI that deserves further investigation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warin Krityakiarana
- Division of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon-Nayok, Thailand. .,Department of Rehabilitation for Persons with Disabilities, Ratchasuda College, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand.
| | - Kamonrapat Sompup
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Nopporn Jongkamonwiwat
- Division of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon-Nayok, Thailand
| | - Sujira Mukda
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Fernando Gomez Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand.,Center for Neuroscience and Department for Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Yuksel Y, Guven M, Kaymaz B, Sehitoglu MH, Aras AB, Akman T, Tosun M, Cosar M. Effects of Aloe Vera on Spinal Cord Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury of Rats. J INVEST SURG 2016; 29:389-398. [PMID: 27142763 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2016.1178358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible protective/therapeutic effects of aloe vera (AV) on ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) of spinal cord in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 28 Wistar Albino rats were divided into four random groups of equal number (n = 7). Group I (control) had no medication or surgery; Group II underwent spinal cord ischemia and was given no medication; Group III was administered AV by gastric gavage for 30 days as pre-treatment; Group IV was administered single dose intraperitoneal methylprednisolone (MP) after the ischemia. Nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF1), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were evaluated. Tissue samples were examined histopathologically and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) protein expressions were assessed by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS NRF1 and SOD levels of ischemia group were found to be lower compared to the other groups. MDA levels significantly increased after I/R. Treatment with AV and MP resulted in reduced MDA levels and also alleviated hemorrhage, edema, inflammatory cell migration and neurons were partially protected from ischemic injury. When AV treatment was compared with MP, there was no statistical difference between them in terms of reduction of neuronal damage. I/R injury increased NF-κB and nNOS expressions. AV and MP treatments decreased NF-κB and nNOS expressions. CONCLUSIONS It was observed that aloe vera attenuated neuronal damage histopathologically and biochemically as pretreatment. Further studies may provide more evidence to determine the additional role of aloe vera in spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Yuksel
- a In Vitro Fertilization Unit, ZekaiTahirBurak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Mustafa Guven
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery , Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Canakkale , Turkey
| | - Burak Kaymaz
- c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic , Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Canakkale , Turkey
| | - Muserref Hilal Sehitoglu
- d Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry , Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Canakkale , Turkey
| | - Adem Bozkurt Aras
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery , Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Canakkale , Turkey
| | - Tarik Akman
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery , Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Canakkale , Turkey
| | - Murat Tosun
- e Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology & Embryology , AfyonKocatepe University , Afyon , Turkey
| | - Murat Cosar
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery , Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Canakkale , Turkey
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Gao Y, Bai C, Zheng D, Li C, Zhang W, Li M, Guan W, Ma Y. Combination of melatonin and Wnt-4 promotes neural cell differentiation in bovine amniotic epithelial cells and recovery from spinal cord injury. J Pineal Res 2016; 60:303-12. [PMID: 26762966 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although melatonin has been shown to exhibit a wide variety of biological functions, its effects on promoting differentiation of neural cells remain unknown. Wnt signaling mediates major developmental processes during embryogenesis and regulates maintenance, self-renewal, and differentiation of adult mammalian stem cells. However, the role of the noncanonical Wnt pathway during neurogenesis remains poorly understood. In this study, the amniotic epithelial cells ( AECs) were isolated from bovine amnion and incubated with various melatonin concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 μm) and 5 × 10(-5) m all-trans retinoic acid (RA) for screening optimum culture medium of neural differentiation, compared with each groups, 1 μm melatonin and 5 × 10(-5) m RA were selected to induce neural differentiation of AECs, and then siMT1, siMT2, oWnt-4, and siWnt-4 were expressed in AECs to research role of these genes in neural differentiation. Efficiency of neural differentiation was evaluated after expressed above genes using flow cytometry. Cell function of neural cells was demonstrated in vivo using spinal cord injury model after cell transplantation, and damage repair of spinal cord was assessed using cell tracking and Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan Locomotor Rating Scale scores. Results demonstrated that melatonin stimulated melatonin receptor 1, which subsequently increased bovine amniotic epithelial cell vitality and promoted differentiation into neural cells. This took place through cooperation with Wnt-4. Additionally, following cotreatment with melatonin and Wnt-4, neurogenesis gene expression was significantly altered. Furthermore, single inhibition of melatonin receptor 1 or Wnt-4 expression decreased expression of neurogenesis-related genes, and bovine amniotic epithelial cell-derived neural cells were successfully colonized into injured spinal cord, which suggested participation in tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Gao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunyu Bai
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zheng
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Changli Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiu Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weijun Guan
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehui Ma
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yang L, Yao M, Lan Y, Mo W, Sun YL, Wang J, Wang YJ, Cui XJ. Melatonin for Spinal Cord Injury in Animal Models: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:290-300. [PMID: 26414869 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Long Yang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yao
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Lan
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Mo
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-li Sun
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-jun Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-jun Cui
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Samantaray S, Das A, Matzelle DC, Yu SP, Wei L, Varma A, Ray SK, Banik NL. Administration of low dose estrogen attenuates gliosis and protects neurons in acute spinal cord injury in rats. J Neurochem 2016; 136:1064-73. [PMID: 26662641 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition with neurological deficits and loss of motor function that, depending on the severity, may lead to paralysis. The only treatment currently available is methylprednisolone, which is widely used and renders limited efficacy in SCI. Therefore, other therapeutic agents must be developed. The neuroprotective efficacy of estrogen in SCI was studied with a pre-clinical and pro-translational perspective. Acute SCI was induced in rats that were treated with low doses of estrogen (1, 5, 10, or 100 μg/kg) and compared with vehicle-treated injured rats or laminectomy control (sham) rats at 48 h post-SCI. Changes in gliosis and other pro-inflammatory responses, expression and activity of proteolytic enzymes (e.g., calpain, caspase-3), apoptosis of neurons in SCI, and cell death were monitored via Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Negligible pro-inflammatory responses or proteolytic events and very low levels of neuronal death were found in sham rats. In contrast, vehicle-treated SCI rats showed profound pro-inflammatory responses with reactive gliosis, elevated expression and activity of calpain and caspase-3, elevated Bax:Bcl-2 ratio, and high levels of neuronal death in lesion and caudal regions of the injured spinal cord. Estrogen treatment at each dose reduced pro-inflammatory and proteolytic activities and protected neurons in the caudal penumbra in acute SCI. Estrogen treatment at 10 μg was found to be as effective as 100 μg in ameliorating the above parameters in injured animals. Results from this investigation indicated that estrogen at a low dose could be a promising therapeutic agent for treating acute SCI. Experimental studies with low dose estrogen therapy in acute spinal cord injury (SCI) demonstrated the potential for multi-active beneficial outcomes. Estrogen has been found to ameliorate several degenerative pathways following SCI. Thus, such early protective effects may even lead to functional recovery in long term injury. Studies are underway in chronic SCI in a follow up manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriti Samantaray
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Arabinda Das
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Denise C Matzelle
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Shan P Yu
- Department of Anesthesia, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesia, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Abhay Varma
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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40
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The effect of melatonin on spinal cord after ischemia in rats. Spinal Cord 2015; 54:360-3. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2015.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ganie SA, Dar TA, Bhat AH, Dar KB, Anees S, Zargar MA, Masood A. Melatonin: A Potential Anti-Oxidant Therapeutic Agent for Mitochondrial Dysfunctions and Related Disorders. Rejuvenation Res 2015; 19:21-40. [PMID: 26087000 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2015.1704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in cellular physiology. Besides their classic function of energy metabolism, mitochondria are involved in multiple cell functions, including energy distribution through the cell, energy/heat modulation, regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), calcium homeostasis, and control of apoptosis. Simultaneously, mitochondria are the main producer and target of ROS with the result that multiple mitochondrial diseases are related to ROS-induced mitochondrial injuries. Increased free radical generation, enhanced mitochondrial inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, enhanced nitric oxide (NO) production, decreased respiratory complex activity, impaired electron transport system, and opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores have all been suggested as factors responsible for impaired mitochondrial function. Because of these, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), and aging, are caused by ROS-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions. Melatonin, the major hormone of the pineal gland, also acts as an anti-oxidant and as a regulator of mitochondrial bioenergetic function. Melatonin is selectively taken up by mitochondrial membranes, a function not shared by other anti-oxidants, and thus has emerged as a major potential therapeutic tool for treating neurodegenerative disorders. Multiple in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown the protective role of melatonin for preventing oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction seen in experimental models of PD, AD, and HD. With these functions in mind, this article reviews the protective role of melatonin with mechanistic insights against mitochondrial diseases and suggests new avenues for safe and effective treatment modalities against these devastating neurodegenerative diseases. Future insights are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showkat Ahmad Ganie
- 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir Srinagar , India
| | - Tanveer Ali Dar
- 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir Srinagar , India
| | - Aashiq Hussain Bhat
- 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir Srinagar , India
| | - Khalid B Dar
- 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir Srinagar , India
| | - Suhail Anees
- 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir Srinagar , India
| | | | - Akbar Masood
- 2 Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir Srinagar , India
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Paul R, Borah A. The potential physiological crosstalk and interrelationship between two sovereign endogenous amines, melatonin and homocysteine. Life Sci 2015; 139:97-107. [PMID: 26281918 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant melatonin and the non-proteinogenic excitotoxic amino acid homocysteine (Hcy) are very distinct but related reciprocally to each other in their mode of action. The elevated Hcy level has been implicated in several disease pathologies ranging from cardio- and cerebro-vascular diseases to neurodegeneration owing largely to its free radical generating potency. Interestingly, melatonin administration potentially normalizes the elevated Hcy level, thereby protecting the cells from the undesired Hcy-induced excitotoxicity and cell death. However, the exact mechanism and between them remain obscure. Through literature survey we have found an indistinct but a vital link between melatonin and Hcy i.e., the existence of reciprocal regulation between them, and this aspect has been thoroughly described herein. In this review, we focus on all the possibilities of co-regulation of melatonin and Hcy at the level of their production and metabolism both in basal and in pathological conditions, and appraised the potential of melatonin in ameliorating homocysteinemia-induced cellular stresses. Also, we have summarized the differential mode of action of melatonin and Hcy on health and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Paul
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India.
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Zhang C, Ma J, Fan L, Zou Y, Dang X, Wang K, Song J. Neuroprotective effects of safranal in a rat model of traumatic injury to the spinal cord by anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and edema-attenuating. Tissue Cell 2015; 47:291-300. [PMID: 25891268 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Melatonin exerts protective effect on N2a cells under hypoxia conditions through Zip1/ERK pathway. Neurosci Lett 2015; 595:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Liu X, Wang Y, Yang J, Liu Y, Zhou D, Hou M, Xiang L. Anti-edema effect of melatonin on spinal cord injury in rats. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2015; 159:220-6. [PMID: 25916278 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2015.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the anti-edema effects of melatonin on spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. METHODS A total of 150 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to the following three groups (n=50): a sham group which underwent laminectomy without dural compression; an SCI group, which underwent laminectomy followed by SCI and received saline i.p. immediately after injury and then daily for 2 days; an MT group, which underwent laminectomy followed by SCI and received a 100 mg/kg dose of melatonin i.p. immediately after SCI and then daily for 2 days. The cords were removed at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after surgery in every group. Spinal cord edema was evaluated by determining the spinal cord water content. Expressions of AQP4 and GFAP positive cells in injured spinal cord were detected by immunohistochemical staining, and protein expressions of AQP4 and GFAP were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS Spinal cord water content was obviously increased after SCI, which was maintained almost unchanged by melatonin treatment (100 mg/kg) at 12 h after injury but was significantly reduced from 24 h to 72 h. The expressions of AQP4 and GFAP increased in the injured spinal cord segments, which were decreased by melatonin treatment (100 mg/kg) between 24 h and 72 h after SCI. CONCLUSIONS Melatonin (100 mg/kg) had anti-edema effects after acute SCI probably by down-regulating the expression level of AQP4 protein, and it may eliminate astrocytic swelling after SCI through down-regulating the expression level of GFAP protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma of Chinese PLA, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma of Chinese PLA, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jishun Yang
- The Medical Department, No. 100 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Suzhou 215007, China
| | - Yunen Liu
- Department of Emergency, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma of Chinese PLA, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dapeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma of Chinese PLA, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mingxiao Hou
- Department of Emergency, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma of Chinese PLA, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Liangbi Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma of Chinese PLA, Shenyang 110016, China
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Cox A, Varma A, Banik N. Recent advances in the pharmacologic treatment of spinal cord injury. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:473-82. [PMID: 24833553 PMCID: PMC4233197 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A need exists for the effective treatment of individuals suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI). Recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms occurring in SCI have resulted in an expansion of new therapeutic targets. This review summarizes both preclinical and clinical findings investigating the mechanisms and cognate pharmacologic therapeutics targeted to modulate hypoxia, ischemia, excitotoxicity, inflammation, apoptosis, epigenetic alterations, myelin regeneration and scar remodeling. Successful modulation of these targets has been demonstrated in both preclinical and clinical studies with agents such as Oxycyte, Minocycline, Riluzole, Premarin, Cethrin, and ATI-355. The translation of these agents into clinical studies highlights the progress the field has made in the past decade. SCI proves to be a complex condition; the numerous pathophysiological mechanisms occurring at varying time points suggests that a single agent approach to the treatment of SCI may not be optimal. As the field continues to mature, the hope is that the knowledge gained from these studies will be applied to the development of an effective multi-pronged treatment strategy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Cox
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas ST. MSC606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA,
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47
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Li C, Chen X, Qiao S, Liu X, Liu C, Zhu D, Su J, Wang Z. Melatonin lowers edema after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 9:2205-10. [PMID: 25657743 PMCID: PMC4316455 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.147954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin has been shown to diminish edema in rats. Melatonin can be used to treat spinal cord injury. This study presumed that melatonin could relieve spinal cord edema and examined how it might act. Our experiments found that melatonin (100 mg/kg, i.p.) could reduce the water content of the spinal cord, and suppress the expression of aquaporin-4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein after spinal cord injury. This suggests that the mechanism by which melatonin alleviates the damage to the spinal cord by edema might be related to the expression of aquaporin-4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suchi Qiao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinwei Liu
- Laboratory of Severe and War-Related Trauma Center, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Degang Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiacan Su
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Yürüker V, Nazıroğlu M, Şenol N. Reduction in traumatic brain injury-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and calcium entry in rat hippocampus by melatonin: Possible involvement of TRPM2 channels. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:223-31. [PMID: 25339252 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, which is a very effective reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, acts through a direct reaction with free radicals. Ca(2+) entry induced by traumatic brain injury (TBI) has deleterious effects on human hippocampal function. TRPM2 is a Ca(2+) permeable non-selective channel in hippocampal neurons, and its activation of during oxidative stress has been linked to cell death. Despite the importance of oxidative stress in TBI, its role in apoptosis and Ca(2+) entry in TBI is poorly understood. Therefore, we tested the effects of melatonin on apoptosis, oxidative stress, and Ca(2+) entry through the TRPM2 channel in the hippocampal neurons of TBI-induced rats. Thirty-two rats were divided into the following four groups: control, melatonin, TBI, and TBI + melatonin groups. Melatonin (5 mg/kg body weight) was intraperitoneally given to animals in the melatonin group and the TBI + melatonin group after 1 h of brain trauma. Hippocampal neurons were freshly isolated from the four groups, incubated with a nonspecific TRPM2 blocker (2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate, 2-APB), and then stimulated with cumene hydroperoxide. Apoptosis, caspase-3, caspase-9, intracellular ROS production, mitochondrial membrane depolarization and intracellular free Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) values were high in the TBI group, and low in the TBI + melatonin group. The [Ca(2+)]i concentration was decreased in the four groups by 2-APB. In our TBI experimental model, TRPM2 channels were involved in Ca(2+) entry-induced neuronal death, and the negative modulation of the activity of this channel by melatonin pretreatment may account for the neuroprotective activity of TRPM2 channels against oxidative stress, apoptosis, and Ca(2+) entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vehbi Yürüker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of SuleymanDemirel, Isparta, Turkey
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49
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Shochat A, Abookasis D. Differential effects of early postinjury treatment with neuroprotective drugs in a mouse model using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. NEUROPHOTONICS 2015; 2:015001. [PMID: 26157981 PMCID: PMC4478758 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.2.1.015001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The time required for the arrival of an ambulance crew and administration of first aid is critical to clinical outcome, particularly in the case of head injury victims requiring neuroprotective drugs following a car accident, falls, and assaults. Short response times of the medical team, together with proper treatment, can limit injury severity and even save a life before transportation to the nearest medical center. We present a comparative evaluation of five different neuroprotective drugs frequently used in intensive care and operating units in the early phase following traumatic brain injury (TBI): hypertonic saline (HTS), mannitol, morphine, melatonin, and minocycline. The effectiveness of these drugs in terms of changes in brain tissue morphology (cell organelle size, density, distribution, etc.) and biochemical tissue properties (chromophores' content) was experimentally evaluated through analysis of the spectral reduced scattering and optical absorption coefficient parameters in the near-infrared (NIR) optical range (650 to 1000 nm). Experiments were conducted on anesthetized male mice subjected to a noninvasive closed head weight-drop model of focal TBI ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] control) and monitored using an NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy system utilizing independent source-detector separation and location. After 10 min of baseline measurement, focal TBI was induced and measurements were conducted for 20 min. Subsequently, a neuroprotective drug was administrated and measurements were recorded for another 30 min. This work's major findings are threefold: first, minocycline was found to improve hemodynamic outcome at the earliest time postinjury. Second, HTS decreased brain water content and inhibited the increase in intracranial pressure. Third, the efficacy of neuroprotective drugs can be monitored noninvasively with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The demonstrated ability to noninvasively detect cerebral physiological properties following early administration of neuroprotective drugs underlines the need for more extensive investigation of the combined use of clinical drugs in larger-scale preclinical experiments to find the most beneficial drug treatment for brain injury patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Shochat
- Ariel University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - David Abookasis
- Ariel University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel 40700, Israel
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50
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Wu Q, Jing Y, Yuan X, Zhang X, Li B, Liu M, Wang B, Li H, Liu S, Xiu R. Melatonin treatment protects against acute spinal cord injury-induced disruption of blood spinal cord barrier in mice. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:714-22. [PMID: 25303856 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The spinal cord microcirculation plays a critically important role in maintaining the normal function of spinal cord neurons, glial cells, and axons. Previous researches were largely focused on improved neurological manifestations of spinal cord injury (SCI) while ignoring to improve spinal cord microcirculation disorder after melatonin treatment. Therefore, the mechanism of melatonin that affects blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB) integrity and microcirculation in SCI remains unclear. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of melatonin on the BSCB in a SCI mice model. Melatonin (5, 10, 25, 50, 100 mg/kg i.p.) was administered to mice immediately following SCI. Compared to the 48 h post-SCI group, mice treated with melatonin (50 mg/kg) exhibited significantly reduced BSCB permeability. Additionally, melatonin treatment restrained microvessel loss; attenuated edema; protected the tight junction proteins, endothelial cells, and pericytes; decreased the number of cell apoptosis; and reduced MMP3/AQP4/HIF-1α/VEGF/VEGFR2 expression after SCI. Above all, our results clearly demonstrated that melatonin could stabilize microvascular barrier function and microcirculation of SCI, whose mechanism was to promote the repair of the damaged BSCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Microcirculation, Ministry of National Health of China, Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, 100005, Beijing, China
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