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Lai B, Jiang H, Gao Y, Zhou X. Causal effects of gut microbiota on scoliosis: A bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21654. [PMID: 37964843 PMCID: PMC10641244 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have shown altered gut microbiome composition in patients with scoliosis. However, the causal effect of gut microbiota on scoliosis remains unknown. Methods A Mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted to quantify the impact of 191 gut microbiome taxa's instrumental variables from the MibioGen Genome-wide association study (GWAS) on scoliosis risk using data from the FinnGen GWAS (1168 cases and 16,4682 controls). Inverse variance weighted (IVW) was the main method, and MR results were verified by sensitive analysis. Results Bilophila, Eubacterium (eligens group), Prevotella9, and Ruminococcus2 were discovered to have a protective effect on the risk of scoliosis. Ruminococcaceae UCG009, Catenibacterium, Coprococcus2, Eubacterium (ventriosum group), Lachnospiraceae (FCS020 group), Ruminiclostridium6, and Mollicutes RF9 may increase the occurrence of scoliosis. Heterogeneity (P > 0.05) and pleiotropy (P > 0.05) analysis confirmed the robustness of the MR results. Conclusion Our study identified four protective bacteria taxa on scoliosis and seven microbiota that may increase scoliosis occurrence. Further MR analysis is required to corroborate our findings, using a more sophisticated technique to obtain estimates with less bias and greater precision or GWAS summary data with more gut microbiome and scoliosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Lai
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Cuevas M, Terhune E, Wethey C, James M, Netsanet R, Grofova D, Monley A, Hadley Miller N. Cytoskeletal Keratins Are Overexpressed in a Zebrafish Model of Idiopathic Scoliosis. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051058. [PMID: 37239418 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a three-dimensional rotation of the spine >10 degrees with an unknown etiology. Our laboratory established a late-onset IS model in zebrafish (Danio rerio) containing a deletion in kif7. A total of 25% of kif7co63/co63 zebrafish develop spinal curvatures and are otherwise developmentally normal, although the molecular mechanisms underlying the scoliosis are unknown. To define transcripts associated with scoliosis in this model, we performed bulk mRNA sequencing on 6 weeks past fertilization (wpf) kif7co63/co63 zebrafish with and without scoliosis. Additionally, we sequenced kif7co63/co63, kif7co63/+, and AB zebrafish (n = 3 per genotype). Sequencing reads were aligned to the GRCz11 genome and FPKM values were calculated. Differences between groups were calculated for each transcript by the t-test. Principal component analysis showed that transcriptomes clustered by sample age and genotype. kif7 mRNA was mildly reduced in both homozygous and heterozygous zebrafish compared to AB. Sonic hedgehog target genes were upregulated in kif7co63/co63 zebrafish over AB, but no difference was detected between scoliotic and non-scoliotic mutants. The top upregulated genes in scoliotic zebrafish were cytoskeletal keratins. Pankeratin staining of 6 wpf scoliotic and non-scoliotic kif7co63/co63 zebrafish showed increased keratin levels within the zebrafish musculature and intervertebral disc (IVD). Keratins are major components of the embryonic notochord, and aberrant keratin expression has been associated with intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) in both zebrafish and humans. The role of increased keratin accumulation as a molecular mechanism associated with the onset of scoliosis warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Cuevas
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Elizabeth Terhune
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Cambria Wethey
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - MkpoutoAbasi James
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rahwa Netsanet
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Denisa Grofova
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Anna Monley
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nancy Hadley Miller
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Hirayama J, Hattori A, Takahashi A, Furusawa Y, Tabuchi Y, Shibata M, Nagamatsu A, Yano S, Maruyama Y, Matsubara H, Sekiguchi T, Suzuki N. Physiological consequences of space flight, including abnormal bone metabolism, space radiation injury, and circadian clock dysregulation: Implications of melatonin use and regulation as a countermeasure. J Pineal Res 2023; 74:e12834. [PMID: 36203395 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to the space environment induces a number of pathophysiological outcomes in astronauts, including bone demineralization, sleep disorders, circadian clock dysregulation, cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction, and reduced immune system function. A recent report describing experiments aboard the Space Shuttle mission, STS-132, showed that the level of melatonin, a hormone that provides the biochemical signal of darkness, was decreased during microgravity in an in vitro culture model. Additionally, abnormal lighting conditions in outer space, such as low light intensity in orbital spacecraft and the altered 24-h light-dark cycles, may result in the dysregulation of melatonin rhythms and the misalignment of the circadian clock from sleep and work schedules in astronauts. Studies on Earth have demonstrated that melatonin regulates various physiological functions including bone metabolism. These data suggest that the abnormal regulation of melatonin in outer space may contribute to pathophysiological conditions of astronauts. In addition, experiments with high-linear energy transfer radiation, a ground-based model of space radiation, showed that melatonin may serve as a protectant against space radiation. Gene expression profiling using an in vitro culture model exposed to space flight during the STS-132 mission, showed that space radiation alters the expression of DNA repair and oxidative stress response genes, indicating that melatonin counteracts the expression of these genes responsive to space radiation to promote cell survival. These findings implicate the use of exogenous melatonin and the regulation of endogenous melatonin as countermeasures for the physiological consequences of space flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hirayama
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences & Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Sustainable Systems Science, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Japan
| | | | - Yukihiro Furusawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shibata
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Japan
| | | | - Sachiko Yano
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maruyama
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Hajime Matsubara
- Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshio Sekiguchi
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Japan
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4
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Terhune EA, Monley AM, Cuevas MT, Wethey CI, Gray RS, Hadley-Miller N. Genetic animal modeling for idiopathic scoliosis research: history and considerations. Spine Deform 2022; 10:1003-1016. [PMID: 35430722 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-022-00488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is defined as a structural lateral spinal curvature ≥ 10° in otherwise healthy children and is the most common pediatric spinal deformity. IS is known to have a strong genetic component; however, the underlying etiology is still largely unknown. Animal models have been used historically to both understand and develop treatments for human disease, including within the context of IS. This intended audience for this review is clinicians in the fields of musculoskeletal surgery and research. METHODS In this review article, we synthesize current literature of genetic animal models of IS and introduce considerations for researchers. RESULTS Due to complex genetic and unique biomechanical factors (i.e., bipedalism) hypothesized to contribute to IS in humans, scoliosis is a difficult condition to replicate in model organisms. CONCLUSION We advocate careful selection of animal models based on the scientific question and introduce gaps and limitations in the current literature. We advocate future research efforts to include animal models with multiple characterized genetic or environmental perturbations to reflect current understanding of the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Terhune
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Anna M Monley
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Melissa T Cuevas
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Cambria I Wethey
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Nancy Hadley-Miller
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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5
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Chen H, Yang KG, Zhang J, Cheuk KY, Nepotchatykh E, Wang Y, Hung ALH, Lam TP, Moreau A, Lee WYW. Upregulation of microRNA-96-5p is associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and low bone mass phenotype. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9705. [PMID: 35690607 PMCID: PMC9188568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12938-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone densitometry revealed low bone mass in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and its prognostic potential to predict curve progression. Recent studies showed differential circulating miRNAs in AIS but their diagnostic potential and links to low bone mass have not been well-documented. The present study aimed to compare miRNA profiles in bone tissues collected from AIS and non-scoliotic subjects, and to explore if the selected miRNA candidates could be useful diagnostic biomarkers for AIS. Microarray analysis identified miR-96-5p being the most upregulated among the candidates. miR-96-5p level was measured in plasma samples from 100 AIS and 52 healthy girls. Our results showed significantly higher plasma levels of miR-96-5p in AIS girls with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.671 for diagnostic accuracy. A model that was composed of plasma miR-96-5p and patient-specific parameters (age, body weight and years since menarche) gave rise to an improved AUC of 0.752. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) indicated functional links between bone metabolic pathways and miR-96-5p. In conclusion, differentially expressed miRNAs in AIS bone and plasma samples represented a new source of disease biomarkers and players in AIS etiopathogenesis, which required further validation study involving AIS patients of both genders with long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanxiong Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenneth Guangpu Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiajun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Yee Cheuk
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Evguenia Nepotchatykh
- Viscogliosi Laboratory in Molecular Genetics of Musculoskeletal Diseases, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alec Lik-Hang Hung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsz-Ping Lam
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alain Moreau
- Viscogliosi Laboratory in Molecular Genetics of Musculoskeletal Diseases, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Wayne Yuk-Wai Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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6
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Gargano G, Oliva F, Migliorini F, Maffulli N. Melatonin and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: The present evidence. Surgeon 2021; 20:e315-e321. [PMID: 34489192 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a multifactorial condition with genetic predisposing factors, and several causes have been put forward for its aetiopathogenesis, including possible hormonal dysfunction. Melatonin seems to play significant role in AIS. METHODS A systematic search in different database, to July 2021, was performed to define the role of melatonin in the pathophysiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Eight suitable studies were identified. RESULTS The concentration and rhythm of melatonin secretion can play an important role by influencing the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. CONCLUSIONS Although there are many alterations of melatonin in subjects with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, the many variables present do not allow to establish a direct cause-effect relationship. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gargano
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Via San Leonardo 1, 84131, Salerno, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 7, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Francesco Oliva
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Via San Leonardo 1, 84131, Salerno, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 7, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Filippo Migliorini
- Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma, and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Via San Leonardo 1, 84131, Salerno, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 7, Baronissi, SA, Italy; Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, London, E1 4DG, 10, England; School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University School of Medicine, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke on Trent, England.
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7
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Liang ZT, Guo CF, Li J, Zhang HQ. The role of endocrine hormones in the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21839. [PMID: 34387890 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100759r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common spinal deformity characterized by changes in the three-dimensional structure of the spine. It usually initiates during puberty, the peak period of human growth when the secretion of numerous hormones is changing, and it is more common in females than in males. Accumulating evidence shows that the abnormal levels of many hormones including estrogen, melatonin, growth hormone, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin, may be related to the occurrence and development of AIS. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary and critique of the research published on each hormone over the past 20 years, and to highlight areas for future study. It is hoped that the presentation will help provide a better understanding of the role of endocrine hormones in the pathogenesis of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Tao Liang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao-Feng Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiong Li
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong-Qi Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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8
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Cheng KL, Cheuk K, Lam TP, Hung ALH, Cheng JCY, Qiu Y, Müller R, Christen P, Lee WYW. Association of higher bone turnover with risk of curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Bone 2021; 143:115655. [PMID: 32979537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emerging evidence suggest abnormal bone metabolism and defective bone qualities are associated to etipathogenesis of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS). Systemic low bone mass is important prognosticator to predict risk of curve progression in AIS. The underlying mechanism is still unclear. We hypothesize that aberrant bone turnover correlates with bone qualities in AIS and associates to risk of curve progression. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Two cohorts were included in this study. The case-control study recruited 161 AIS girls and 161 ethnic/age-matched healthy girls. The longitudinal cohort recruited 128 AIS girls with two-year follow-up. Areal bone mineral density (BMD) at femoral necks were measured with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and bone qualities of distal radius by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). Time-lapse analysis of registered HR-pQCT images estimated local bone remodeling quantitatively. Serum levels of CTX and P1NP were measured with ELISA kits. RESULTS AIS presented significantly higher serum level of P1NP. In both AIS and control, the negative correlations were consistently observed between serum CTX/P1NP levels and most cortical bone quality parameters after adjustment to age. Significant correlation between serum bone turnover markers and trabecular bone parameters have been observed only in control. Progressive AIS has significant increase of serum P1NP level at first clinic visit. Time lapse register analysis showed high bone resorption and low net bone gain was associated with risk of progression in AIS. CONCLUSIONS Our study characterized AIS with higher serum bone turnover markers, which may contribute to defective bone qualities in AIS. For the first time, we showed that progressive AIS had higher systemic bone turnover markers level and local bone remodeling. This fresh evidence indicated association between disrupted bone turnover and risk of progression of AIS, which set the foundation of new prognostic method and of novel treatment target to curve progression. This study demonstrated the importance of bone metabolism in developing disease management of AIS to achieve goal of early prediction and non-surgical modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Lo Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kayee Cheuk
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsz-Ping Lam
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alec L H Hung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jack C Y Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China; Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH, Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Christen
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH, Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Information Systems, FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Olten, Switzerland
| | - Wayne Y W Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Abstract
Etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a complicated three-dimensional spinal deformity with early-onset, receives continuous attention but remains unclear. To gain an insight into AIS pathogenesis, this review searched PubMed database up to June 2019, using key words or medical subject headings terms including "adolescent idiopathic scoliosis," "scoliosis," "pathogenesis," "etiology," "genetics," "mesenchymal stem cells," and their combinations, summarized existing literatures and categorized the theories or hypothesis into nine aspects. These aspects include bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell studies, genetic studies, tissue analysis, spine biomechanics measurements, neurologic analysis, hormone studies, biochemical analysis, environmental factor analysis, and lifestyle explorations. These categories could be a guidance for further etiology or treatment researches to gain inspiration.
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Zakaria R, Ahmi A, Ahmad AH, Othman Z. Worldwide melatonin research: a bibliometric analysis of the published literature between 2015 and 2019. Chronobiol Int 2020; 38:27-37. [PMID: 33164592 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1838534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a bibliometric analysis of the publications on melatonin research from the Scopus database during the period 2015-2019. Based on the keywords used, which are related to melatonin in the article title, the study retrieved 4411 documents for further analysis using various tools. We used Microsoft Excel to conduct the frequency analysis, VOSviewer for data visualization, and Harzing's Publish or Perish for citation metrics and analysis. This study reports the results using standard bibliometric indicators such as the growth of publications, authorship patterns, collaboration, and prolific authors, country contribution, most active institutions, preferred journals, and top-cited articles. Based on our findings, there is a continuous growth of publications on melatonin research for 5 years since 2015. China was the largest contributor to melatonin research, followed by the United States. The Journal of Pineal Research published the most number of publications related to melatonin research. Our findings suggest that the role of melatonin in plant and food sciences, as well as in cancer, may in later years take over the clusters that earlier dominated melatonin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahimah Zakaria
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Aidi Ahmi
- Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, Universiti Utara Malaysia 06010 UUM Sintok , Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Asma Hayati Ahmad
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Zahiruddin Othman
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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11
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Tao L, Zhao S, Tao Z, Wen K, Zhou S, Da W, Zhu Y. Septin4 regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in melatonin‑induced osteoblasts. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1179-1186. [PMID: 32626973 PMCID: PMC7339638 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a spinal 3-dimensional deformity with an unknown cause. Melatonin is secreted by the pineal body and contributes to the occurrence and progression of IS. In our previous preliminary study, it was reported that high concentrations of melatonin can induce osteoblast apoptosis, thus acting as an IS treatment, but the mechanism of action is unknown. Therefore, the present study was performed to further investigate the possible mechanism underlying the efficacy of melatonin as a treatment for IS. The present results indicated that high concentrations of melatonin mediate endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-induced apoptosis in hFOB 1.19 cells, and this resulted in a significant and dose-dependent increase in the expression of Septin4, as well as the expression levels of glucose-regulated protein (GRP)78, GRP94 and cleaved caspase-3. Furthermore, osteoblasts were overexpressed with Septin4 and the mechanism via which melatonin induces osteoblast ERS was demonstrated to be via the regulation of Septin4. In addition, it was indicated that cytoskeleton destruction, cell morphology changes and the decrease in the number of cells were aggravated after osteoblasts were overexpressed with Septin4, as indicated by phalloidin and DAPI staining. Collectively, the present results suggest that the Septin4 protein may be a target of ERS in melatonin-induced osteoblast apoptosis, which is involved in bone metabolism diseases, thus providing novel evidence for clinical melatonin treatment of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Sichao Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Zhengbo Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Kaicheng Wen
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Siming Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Wacili Da
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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12
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Li Z, Li X, Shen J, Zhang L, Chan MTV, Wu WKK. Emerging roles of non-coding RNAs in scoliosis. Cell Prolif 2019; 53:e12736. [PMID: 31828859 PMCID: PMC7046479 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Scoliosis, a complex three‐dimensional deformity of the spine with the Cobb angle (a measure of the spinal lateral curvature) >10 degree, encompasses a spectrum of pathologies, including congenital, idiopathic, syndromic and neuromuscular aetiologies. The pathogenesis is multifactorial involving both environmental and genetic factors but the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms of disease development remain largely unknown. Emerging evidence showed that non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs), namely microRNAs, long ncRNAs and circular RNAs, are deregulated in many orthopaedic diseases, including scoliosis. Importantly, these deregulated ncRNAs functionally participate in the initiation and progression of scoliosis. Here, we review recent progress in ncRNA research on scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xingye Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Fourth Clinical College of Peking University, Jishuitan Orthopaedic College of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxiong Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, Institute of Digestive Diseases and LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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13
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Man GCW, Tam EMS, Wong YS, Hung VWY, Hu Z, Lam TP, Liu Z, Cheung WH, Ng TB, Zhu Z, Qiu Y, Cheng JCY. Abnormal Osteoblastic Response to Leptin in Patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17128. [PMID: 31748652 PMCID: PMC6868007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a complex three-dimensional structural deformity of the spine with unknown etiology. Although leptin has been postulated as one of the etiologic factors in AIS, its effects on osteoblastic activity remain unknown. Herein, we conducted this study to investigate whether there are abnormal functional responses to leptin and abnormal expression of leptin receptor in AIS osteoblasts. In vitro assays were performed with osteoblasts isolated from 12 severe AIS girls and 6 non-AIS controls. The osteoblasts were exposed to different concentrations of leptin (0, 10, 100, 1000 ng/mL). The effects of leptin on cell proliferation, differentiation and mineralization were determined. Protein expressions of leptin receptor (LEP-R) under basal and osteogenic conditions were also evaluated by Western blot. Our results showed that leptin significantly stimulated osteoblasts from non-AIS subjects to proliferate, differentiate and mineralized. However, in the AIS group, the stimulatory effects of leptin on cell proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization were not observed. In addition, no statistically significant difference in the expression of leptin receptor under both basal and osteogenic conditions was found between AIS and control group. In conclusion, these findings might help to explain the low bone mass and deranged bone quality that is clinically associated with AIS girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene Chi-Wai Man
- SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,The Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong-Nanjing University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Elisa Man-Shan Tam
- SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,The Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong-Nanjing University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yi Shun Wong
- SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,The Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong-Nanjing University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Vivian Wing-Ying Hung
- SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Bone Quality and Health Centre, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,The Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong-Nanjing University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Zongshan Hu
- SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,The Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong-Nanjing University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Tsz Ping Lam
- SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Bone Quality and Health Centre, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,The Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong-Nanjing University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.,The Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong-Nanjing University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wing Hoi Cheung
- SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Bone Quality and Health Centre, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Zezhang Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.,The Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong-Nanjing University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.,The Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong-Nanjing University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jack Chun-Yiu Cheng
- SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,Bone Quality and Health Centre, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,The Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong-Nanjing University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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14
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Li J, Li N, Chen Y, Hui S, Fan J, Ye B, Fan Z, Zhang J, Zhao RC, Zhuang Q. SPRY4 is responsible for pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis by contributing to osteogenic differentiation and melatonin response of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:805. [PMID: 31645544 PMCID: PMC6811559 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1949-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a complex, three-dimensional deformity of the spine that commonly occurs in pubescent girls. Decreased osteogenic differentiation and aberrant melatonin signalling have been demonstrated in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from AIS patients and are implicated in the pathogenesis of AIS. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these abnormal cellular features remain largely unknown. Our previous work comparing gene expression profiles between MSCs from AIS patients and healthy controls identified 1027 differentially expressed genes. In the present study, we focused on one of the most downregulated genes, SPRY4, in the MAPK signalling pathway and examined its role in osteogenic differentiation. We found that SPRY4 is markedly downregulated in AIS MSCs. Knockdown of SPRY4 impaired differentiation of healthy MSCs to osteoblasts, while SPRY4 overexpression in AIS MSCs enhanced osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, melatonin treatment boosted osteogenic differentiation, whereas SPRY4 ablation ablated the promotional effects of melatonin. Moreover, SPRY4 was upregulated by melatonin exposure and contributed to osteogenic differentiation and melatonin response in a MEK-ERK1/2 dependent manner. Thus, loss of SPRY4 in bone marrow derived-MSCs results in reduced osteogenic differentiation, and these defects are further aggravated under the influence of melatonin. Our findings provide new insights for understanding the role of melatonin in AIS aetiology and highlight the importance of MSCs in AIS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Clinical Trial of Stem Cell Therapy, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Na Li
- Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Clinical Trial of Stem Cell Therapy, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Chen
- Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Clinical Trial of Stem Cell Therapy, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shangyi Hui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Junfen Fan
- Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Clinical Trial of Stem Cell Therapy, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Buqing Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zusen Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.
| | - Robert Chunhua Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Clinical Trial of Stem Cell Therapy, Beijing, P.R. China.
| | - Qianyu Zhuang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.
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15
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Nakano M, Ikegame M, Igarashi-Migitaka J, Maruyama Y, Suzuki N, Hattori A. Suppressive effect of melatonin on osteoclast function via osteocyte calcitonin. J Endocrinol 2019; 242:13-23. [PMID: 31042672 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have investigated the actions of melatonin on osteoblasts and osteoclasts. However, the underlying mechanisms, especially regarding osteocyte function, remain largely unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the underlying mechanisms of melatonin action on bone tissue via osteocyte function. Chick calvariae were employed as a model. In ovo injection of melatonin (5, 50 and 500 µg) dose-dependently decreased the mRNA expression levels of cathepsin K and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in chick calvariae without affecting the expression levels of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand or osteoprotegerin. Surprisingly enough, the expression of calcitonin mRNA in chick calvariae was significantly raised. After 3 days of in vitro treatment of melatonin (10-7 and 10-5 M) on newly hatched chick calvariae, both calcitonin mRNA expression in calvariae and the concentration of calcitonin in cultured medium were augmented in a dose-dependent manner, coincident with the decreased mRNA expression levels of cathepsin K and MMP9. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed expression of melatonin receptors and calcitonin by osteocytes buried in bone matrix. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of melatonin receptors, calcitonin and sclerostin (a marker of osteocyte), were strongly and positively correlated. In conclusion, we demonstrated the expression of melatonin receptors and calcitonin expression in osteocytes for the first time and suggest a new mechanism underlying the suppressive effect of melatonin on osteoclasts via upregulation of calcitonin secretion by osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nakano
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mika Ikegame
- Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junko Igarashi-Migitaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maruyama
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiba, Japan
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16
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Xu E, Lin T, Jiang H, Ji Z, Shao W, Meng Y, Gao R, Zhou X. Asymmetric expression of GPR126 in the convex/concave side of the spine is associated with spinal skeletal malformation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis population. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2019; 28:1977-1986. [DOI: 10.1007/s00586-019-06001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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The effect of exogenous melatonin on reducing scoliotic curvature and improving bone quality in melatonin-deficient C57BL/6J mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6202. [PMID: 30996275 PMCID: PMC6470154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-documented that melatonin deficiency has been linked to the etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. In this study, we intended to apply melatonin in melatonin-deficient mice to ascertain whether melatonin could reduce the incidence/severity of scoliosis, and investigate the role of melatonin on bone mineral density in scoliosis. A total of 80 mice were divided into 4 groups: 20 quadrupedal mice and 20 bipedal mice served as controls; 20 quadrupedal and 20 bipedal mice received oral melatonin (8 mg/kg BW) daily. After 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th weeks of treatment, radiographs and in vivo micro-CT were used to determine the incidence of scoliosis and bone qualities, respectively. Upon sacrifice, the levels of melatonin were measured in each group. At 20th week, the occurrence of scoliosis was 80%, 30%, 22% and 5% in bipedal, quadrupedal, bipedal + melatonin and quadrupedal + melatonin group, respectively. The trabecular bone quality of the vertebral body was significantly ameliorated in the melatonin-treated bipedal models. Likewise, the number of osteoclasts was significantly less in those treated with melatonin. Our results indicated that melatonin deficiency may be crucial for scoliotic development, and restoration of melatonin levels can prevent scoliotic development with the improvement in bone density.
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18
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Kikanloo SR, Tarpada SP, Cho W. Etiology of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Literature Review. Asian Spine J 2019; 13:519-526. [PMID: 30744305 PMCID: PMC6547389 DOI: 10.31616/asj.2018.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the peripubertal development of spinal curvature of a minimum of 10°. AIS is thought to be attributable to genetic factors, nutrition, early exposure to toxins, and hormonal dysregulation. Recent literature suggests these factors may compound to determine both disease onset and severity. Currently, treatment is limited to observation, bracing, and surgical intervention. Intervention is presently determined by severity and risk of curve progression. As they emerge, new therapies may target specific etiologies of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Rashidi Kikanloo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sandip Parshottam Tarpada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Woojin Cho
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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19
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Ng SY, Bettany-Saltikov J, Cheung IYK, Chan KKY. The Role of Vitamin D in the Pathogenesis of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. Asian Spine J 2018; 12:1127-1145. [PMID: 30322242 PMCID: PMC6284127 DOI: 10.31616/asj.2018.12.6.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several theories have been proposed to explain the etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) until present. However, limited data are available regarding the impact of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency on scoliosis. Previous studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are prevalent in adolescents, including AIS patients. A series of studies conducted in Hong Kong have shown that as many as 30% of these patients have osteopenia. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 level has been found to positively correlate with bone mineral density (BMD) in healthy adolescents and negatively with Cobb angle in AIS patients; therefore, vitamin D deficiency is believed to play a role in AIS pathogenesis. This study attempts to review the relevant literature on AIS etiology to examine the association of vitamin D and various current theories. Our review suggested that vitamin D deficiency is associated with several current etiological theories of AIS. We postulate that vitamin D deficiency and/or insufficiency affects AIS development by its effect on the regulation of fibrosis, postural control, and BMD. Subclinical deficiency of vitamin K2, a fat-soluble vitamin, is also prevalent in adolescents; therefore, it is possible that the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is related to decreased fat intake. Further studies are required to elucidate the possible role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis and clinical management of AIS.
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20
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Zhang J, Chen H, Leung RKK, Choy KW, Lam TP, Ng BKW, Qiu Y, Feng JQ, Cheng JCY, Lee WYW. Aberrant miR-145-5p/β-catenin signal impairs osteocyte function in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800281. [PMID: 29906249 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Recently, noncoding RNAs have been thought to play important roles in the sporadic occurrence of spinal deformity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). As a prognostic factor for curve progression, low bone mass has been hypothesized to crosstalk with AIS pathogenesis. Abnormal osteoblasts activities are reported in AIS without a clear mechanism. In this study, bone biopsies from patients with AIS and control subjects and the primary osteoblasts derived from those samples were used to identify the potential microRNA (miRNA) candidates that interfere with osteoblasts and osteocytes function. Microarray analysis identified miRNA-145-5p (miR-145) as a potential upstream regulator. miR-145 and β-catenin mRNA ( CTNNB1) were overexpressed in AIS bone tissues and primary osteoblasts, and their expression correlated positively in AIS. Knockdown of miR-145 restored impaired osteocyte activity through the down-regulation of active β-catenin expression and its transcriptional activity. Significant negative correlations between circulating miR-145 and serum sclerostin, osteopontin, and osteoprotegerin were noted in patients with AIS, which was in line with our cellular findings. This is the first study to demonstrate the effect of aberrant miRNA expression and its effect on osteocyte function in AIS, which may contribute to the low bone mass. Our findings also provide insight into the development of circulating microRNAs as a bone quality biomarker or even a prognostic biomarker for AIS.-Zhang, J., Chen, H., Leung, R. K. K., Choy, K. W., Lam, T. P., Ng, B. K. W., Qiu,Y., Feng, J. Q., Cheng, J. C. Y., Lee, W. Y. W. Aberrant miR-145-5p/β-catenin signal impairs osteocyte function in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, S. H. Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huanxiong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, S. H. Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Ross K K Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kwong Wai Choy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz-Ping Lam
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, S. H. Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bobby K W Ng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, S. H. Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jack C Y Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, S. H. Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wayne Y W Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, S. H. Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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21
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Cirmanova V, Zofkova I, Kasalicky P, Lanska V, Bayer M, Starka L, Kanceva R. Hormonal and bone parameters in pubertal girls. Physiol Res 2018; 66:S419-S424. [PMID: 28948826 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we analyzed associations between muscles mass, total bone mineral content (BMC), lumbar spine bone density (BMD L1-L4) and serum or urine hormones in healthy peripubertal girls. Total BMC and areal BMD L1-L4, muscle mass and fat were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Muscle force (N) was estimated by a dynamometer. Circulating estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), 25-hydroxy vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), leptin, osteocalcin, bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (bALP) and total calcium and phosphorus were quantified as the nocturnal melatonin and serotonin urinary excretion. Partial correlations adjusted for height, Tanner score and physical activity confirmed positive relationships between BMC or BMD L1-L4 (Z-score) and lean mass or fat. Furthermore, positive relationship was observed between BMC or BMD L1-L4 (Z-score) and serum leptin. After adjustment for Tanner score and physical activity, positive associations were observed between lean mass and IGF-1, leptin levels or muscle force. We proved positive relationships between bone mass and serum leptin in peripubertal girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cirmanova
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Ogura-Ochi K, Fujisawa S, Iwata N, Komatsubara M, Nishiyama Y, Tsukamoto-Yamauchi N, Inagaki K, Wada J, Otsuka F. Regulatory role of melatonin and BMP-4 in prolactin production by rat pituitary lactotrope GH3 cells. Peptides 2017. [PMID: 28627372 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of melatonin on prolactin production and its regulatory mechanism remain uncertain. We investigated the regulatory role of melatonin in prolactin production using rat pituitary lactotrope GH3 cells by focusing on the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) system. Melatonin receptor activation, induced by melatonin and its receptor agonist ramelteon, significantly suppressed basal and forskolin-induced prolactin secretion and prolactin mRNA expression in GH3 cells. The melatonin MT2 receptor was predominantly expressed in GH3 cells, and the inhibitory effects of melatonin on prolactin production were reversed by treatment with the receptor antagonist luzindole, suggesting functional involvement of MT2 action in the suppression of prolactin release. Melatonin receptor activation also suppressed BMP-4-induced prolactin expression by inhibiting phosphorylation of Smad and transcription of the BMP-target gene Id-1, while BMP-4 treatment upregulated MT2 expression. Melatonin receptor activation suppressed basal, BMP-4-induced and forskolin-induced cAMP synthesis; however, BtcAMP-induced prolactin mRNA expression was not affected by melatonin or ramelteon, suggesting that MT2 activation leads to inhibition of prolactin production through the suppression of Smad signaling and cAMP synthesis. Experiments using intracellular signal inhibitors revealed that the ERK pathway is, at least in part, involved in prolactin induction by GH3 cells. Thus, a new regulatory role of melatonin involving BMP-4 in prolactin secretion was uncovered in lactotrope GH3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nahoko Iwata
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Nishiyama
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | - Jun Wada
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Fumio Otsuka
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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Zamecnik J, Krskova L, Hacek J, Stetkarova I, Krbec M. Etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Expression of melatonin receptors 1A/1B, calmodulin and estrogen receptor 2 in deep paravertebral muscles revisited. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5719-5724. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Chen C, Xu C, Zhou T, Gao B, Zhou H, Chen C, Zhang C, Huang D, Su P. Abnormal osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells from patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in response to melatonin. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1201-9. [PMID: 27314307 PMCID: PMC4940077 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of membranous and endochondral ossification in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) remain incompletely understood. To investigate abnormalities in the melatonin signaling pathway and cellular response to melatonin in AIS, a case-control study of osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation was performed using human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). AIS was diagnosed by physical and radiographic examination. hMSCs were isolated from the bone marrow of patients with AIS and control subjects (n=12 each), and purified by density gradient centrifugation. The expression levels of melatonin receptors (MTs) 1 and 2 were detected by western blotting. Osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation was induced by culturing hMSCs in osteogenic and chondrogenic media containing vehicle or 50 nM melatonin. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assays, quantitative glycosaminoglycan (GAG) analysis, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis were performed. Compared with controls, MT2 demonstrated low expression in the AIS group. Melatonin increased ALP activity, GAG synthesis and upregulated the expression of genes involved in osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation including, ALP, osteopontin, osteocalcin, runt-related transcription factor 2, collagen type II, collagen type X, aggrecan and sex-determining region Y-box 9 in the normal control hMSCs, but did not affect the AIS groups. Thus, AIS hMSCs exhibit abnormal cellular responses to melatonin during osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, which may be associated with abnormal membranous and endochondral ossification, and skeletal growth. These results indicate a potential modulating role of melatonin via the MT2 receptor on abnormal osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiaation in patients with AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Caixia Xu
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Taifeng Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Changhua Chen
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
| | - Changli Zhang
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Peiqiang Su
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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Çakir ZÜ, Demirel C, Kilciksiz SC, Gürgül S, Zincircioğlu SB, Erdal N. Melatonin can Ameliorate Radiation-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation-Related Deterioration of Bone Quality in Rat Femur. Inflammation 2016; 39:1134-40. [PMID: 27052631 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the radioprotective effects of melatonin on the biomechanical properties of bone in comparison to amifostine (WR-2721). Forty Sprague Dawley rats were divided equally into 5 groups namely; control (C), irradiation (R; single dose of 50 Gy), irradiation + WR-2721 (R + WR-2721; irradiation + 200 mg/kg WR-2721) radiation + melatonin 25 mg/kg (R + M25; irradiation + 25 mg/kg melatonin), and radiation + melatonin 50 mg/kg (R + M50; irradiation + 50 mg/kg melatonin). In order to measure extrinsic (organ-level mechanical properties of bone; the ultimate strength, deformation, stiffness, energy absorption capacity) and intrinsic (tissue-level mechanical properties of bone; ultimate stress, ultimate strain, elastic modulus, toughness) features of the bone, a three-point bending (TPB) test was performed for biomechanical evaluation. In addition, a bone mineral density (BMD) test was carried out. The BMD and extrinsic properties of the diaphyseal femur were found to be significantly higher in the R + M25 group than in group R (p < 0.05). A significant increase was observed in R + M50 (p < 0.05) in comparison to group R in the cross-sectional area of the femoral shaft and elastic modulus parameter. The protective effect of melatonin was similar to that of WR-2721. Thus, biomechanical quality of irradiated bone can be ameliorated by free radical scavenger melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelal Ünlü Çakir
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, TR-27310, Turkey
| | - Can Demirel
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, TR-27310, Turkey.
| | | | - Serkan Gürgül
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, TR-60000, Turkey
| | | | - Nurten Erdal
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, TR-33169, Turkey
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26
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Yang M, Wei X, Yang W, Li Y, Ni H, Zhao Y, Chen Z, Bai Y, Li M. The polymorphisms of melatonin receptor 1B gene (MTNR1B) (rs4753426 and rs10830963) and susceptibility to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Sci 2015; 20:593-600. [PMID: 25898821 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-015-0725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether MTNR1B rs4753426 and rs10830963 polymorphisms are correlated with AIS. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common form of spinal deformity, while its etiology remains uncertain. Melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B) gene polymorphisms have been found to be significantly associated with AIS risk; however, some of these results are controversial. METHODS An systematic online search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library to identify case-control studies investigating the relationship between MTNR1B rs4753426 and rs10830963 polymorphisms and the susceptibility of AIS. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) was calculated to assess the associations, and subgroup meta-analyses were performed according to the ethnicity of the study populations. RESULTS A total of five studies involving 2395 cases and 3645 controls met the inclusion criteria after assessment by two reviewers. Overall, no significant associations were found between MTNR1B rs4753426 polymorphism and AIS risk (C vs. T: OR = 1.11, 95 % CI 0.94-1.30, P = 0.21; CC vs. TT: OR = 1.15, 95 % CI 0.97-1.36, P = 0.12; CT vs. TT: OR = 1.14, 95 % CI 0.97-1.35, P = 0.10; CC/CT vs. TT: OR = 1.14, 95 % CI 0.98-1.33, P = 0.09; CC vs. CT/TT OR = 1.10, 95 % CI 0.84-1.45, P = 0.48), as well as the MTNR1B rs10830963 polymorphism (G vs. C: OR = 0.99, 95 % CI 0.88-1.12, P = 0.91; GG vs. CC: OR = 0.99, 95 % CI 0.74-1.33, P = 0.96; CG vs. CC: OR = 1.00, 95 % CI 0.84-1.18, P = 0.88; GG/CG vs. CC: OR = 0.99, 95 % CI 0.84-1.17, P = 0.93; GG vs. CG/CC OR = 0.99, 95 % CI 0.75-1.30, P = 0.92). When stratified by ethnicity, there were no significant associations between MTNR1B rs4753426 and MTNR1B rs10830963 polymorphisms and AIS risk in either Asian or Caucasian populations. CONCLUSION MTNR1B rs4753426 and MTNR1B rs10830963 polymorphisms are not obviously associated with risk of AIS in either Asian populations or Caucasian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China,
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27
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Swanson CM, Shea SA, Stone KL, Cauley JA, Rosen CJ, Redline S, Karsenty G, Orwoll ES. Obstructive sleep apnea and metabolic bone disease: insights into the relationship between bone and sleep. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:199-211. [PMID: 25639209 PMCID: PMC4572893 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and low bone mass are two prevalent conditions, particularly among older adults-a section of the U.S. population that is expected to grow dramatically over the coming years. OSA, the most common form of sleep-disordered breathing, has been linked to multiple cardiovascular, metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory derangements and may have adverse effects on bone. However, little is known about how OSA (including the associated hypoxia and sleep loss) affects bone metabolism. In order to gain insight into the relationship between sleep and bone, we review the growing information on OSA and metabolic bone disease and discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms by which OSA may affect bone metabolism/architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Swanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Bone and Mineral Unit, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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28
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Abnormal response of the proliferation and differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes to melatonin in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17100-14. [PMID: 25257530 PMCID: PMC4200781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150917100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the melatonin signaling pathway and the involvement of melatonin receptor MT2 have been reported in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Whether these abnormalities were involved in the systemic abnormal skeletal growth in AIS during the peripubertal period remain unknown. In this cross-sectional case-control study, growth plate chondrocytes (GPCs) were cultured from twenty AIS and ten normal control subjects. Although the MT2 receptor was identified in GPCs from both AIS and controls, its mRNA expression was significantly lower in AIS patients than the controls. GPCs were cultured in the presence of either the vehicle or various concentrations of melatonin, with or without the selective MT2 melatonin receptor antagonist 4-P-PDOT (10 µM). Then the cell viability and the mRNA expression of collagen type X (COLX) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were assessed by MTT and qPCR, respectively. In the control GPCs, melatonin at the concentrations of 1, 100 nM and 10 µM significantly reduced the population of viable cells, and the mRNA level of COLX and ALP compared to the vehicle. Similar changes were not observed in the presence of 4-P-PDOT. Further, neither proliferation nor differentiation of GPCs from AIS patients was affected by the melatonin treatment. These findings support the presence of a functional abnormality of the melatonin signaling pathway in AIS GPCs, which might be associated with the abnormal endochondral ossification in AIS patients.
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29
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Man GCW, Wai MGC, Wang WWJ, Jun WWW, Yim APY, Yee YAP, Wong JH, Ho WJ, Ng TB, Bun NT, Lam TP, Ping LT, Lee SKM, Man LSK, Ng BKW, Wah NBK, Wang CC, Chiu WC, Qiu Y, Yong Q, Cheng CY, Yiu CJC. A review of pinealectomy-induced melatonin-deficient animal models for the study of etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16484-99. [PMID: 25238413 PMCID: PMC4200812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common orthopedic disorder of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. Melatonin and melatonin pathway dysfunction has been widely suspected to play an important role in the pathogenesis. Many different types of animal models have been developed to induce experimental scoliosis mimicking the pathoanatomical features of idiopathic scoliosis in human. The scoliosis deformity was believed to be induced by pinealectomy and mediated through the resulting melatonin-deficiency. However, the lack of upright mechanical spinal loading and inherent rotational instability of the curvature render the similarity of these models to the human counterparts questionable. Different concerns have been raised challenging the scientific validity and limitations of each model. The objectives of this review follow the logical need to re-examine and compare the relevance and appropriateness of each of the animal models that have been used for studying the etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in human in the past 15 to 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Man Gene Chi Wai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Wang William Wei Jun
- Department of Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | | | - Yim Annie Po Yee
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Wong Jack Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Ng Tzi Bun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Lam Tsz Ping
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Lee Simon Kwong Man
- Lee Hysan Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Ng Bobby Kin Wah
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Wang Chi Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Qiu Yong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | | | - Cheng Jack Chun Yiu
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Hong Kong, China.
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30
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Litovka IH, Mazepa-Kryzhanivs'ka YO, Berezovskyĭ VI. The effect of melatonin on bone tissue metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.15407/fz60.02.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Amstrup AK, Sikjaer T, Mosekilde L, Rejnmark L. Melatonin and the skeleton. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24:2919-27. [PMID: 23716040 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin may affect bone metabolism through bone anabolic as well as antiresorptive effects. An age-related decrease in peak melatonin levels at nighttime is well documented, which may increase bone resorption and bone loss in the elderly. In vitro, melatonin reduces oxidative stress on bone cells by acting as an antioxidant. Furthermore, melatonin improves bone formation by promoting differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) into the osteoblastic cell linage. Bone resorption is reduced by increased synthesis of osteoprogeterin (OPG), a decoy receptor that prevents receptor activator of NK-κB ligand (RANKL) in binding to its receptor. Moreover, melatonin is believed to reduce the synthesis of RANKL preventing further bone resorption. In ovariectomized as well as nonovariectomized rodents, melatonin has shown beneficial effects on bone as assessed by biochemical bone turnover markers, DXA, and μCT scans. Furthermore, in pinealectomized animals, bone mineral density (BMD) is significantly decreased compared to controls, supporting the importance of sufficient melatonin levels. In humans, dysfunction of the melatonin signaling pathway may be involved in idiopathic scoliosis, and the increased fracture risk in nighttime workers may be related to changes in the circadian rhythm of melatonin. In the so-far only randomized study on melatonin treatment, no effects were, however, found on bone turnover markers. In conclusion, melatonin may have beneficial effects on the skeleton, but more studies on humans are warranted in order to find out whether supplementation with melatonin at bedtime may preserve bone mass and improve bone biomechanical competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Amstrup
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology (MEA), THG Tage-Hansens Gade 2, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark,
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Tsukamoto N, Otsuka F, Ogura-Ochi K, Inagaki K, Nakamura E, Toma K, Terasaka T, Iwasaki Y, Makino H. Melatonin receptor activation suppresses adrenocorticotropin production via BMP-4 action by pituitary AtT20 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 375:1-9. [PMID: 23701823 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The role of melatonin, a regulator of circadian rhythm, in adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) production by corticotrope cells has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of melatonin on ACTH production in relation to the biological activity of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 using mouse corticotrope AtT20 cells that express melatonin type-1 (MT1R) but not type-2 (MT2R) receptors. We previously reported that BMP-4 inhibits corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-induced ACTH production and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) transcription by inhibiting MAPK signaling. Both melatonin and an MT1R/MT2R agonist, ramelteon, suppressed CRH-induced ACTH production, POMC transcription and cAMP synthesis. The inhibitory effects of ramelteon on basal and CRH-induced POMC mRNA and ACTH levels were more potent than those of melatonin. Treatment with melatonin or ramelteon in combination with BMP-4 additively suppressed CRH-induced ACTH production. Of note, the level of MT1R expression was upregulated by BMP-4 stimulation. The suppressive effects of melatonin and ramelteon on POMC transcription and cAMP synthesis induced by CRH were not affected by an MT2R antagonist, luzindole. On the other hand, BMP-4-induced Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation and the expression of a BMP target gene, Id-1, were augmented in the presence of melatonin and ramelteon. Considering that the expression levels of BMP receptors, ALK-3/BMPRII, were increased by ramelteon, MT1R action may play an enhancing role in BMP-receptor signaling. Among the MT1R signaling pathways including AKT, ERK and JNK pathways, inhibition of AKT signaling functionally reversed the MT1R effects on both CRH-induced POMC transcription and BMP-4-induced Id-1 transcription. Collectively, MT1R signaling and BMP-4 actions were mutually augmented, leading to fine-tuning of ACTH production by corticotrope cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/biosynthesis
- Animals
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/physiology
- Cell Line
- Corticotrophs/metabolism
- Culture Media, Serum-Free
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Indenes/pharmacology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Melatonin/physiology
- Mice
- Pituitary Gland/cytology
- Pro-Opiomelanocortin/genetics
- Pro-Opiomelanocortin/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/metabolism
- Smad Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Tsukamoto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Yim APY, Yeung HY, Sun G, Lee KM, Ng TB, Lam TP, Ng BKW, Qiu Y, Moreau A, Cheng JCY. Abnormal Skeletal Growth in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Is Associated with Abnormal Quantitative Expression of Melatonin Receptor, MT2. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6345-58. [PMID: 23519105 PMCID: PMC3634428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14036345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The defect of the melatonin signaling pathway has been proposed to be one of the key etiopathogenic factors in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). A previous report showed that melatonin receptor, MT2, was undetectable in some AIS girls. The present study aimed to investigate whether the abnormal MT2 expression in AIS is quantitative or qualitative. Cultured osteoblasts were obtained from 41 AIS girls and nine normal controls. Semi-quantification of protein expression by Western blot and mRNA expression by TaqMan real-time PCR for both MT1 and MT2 were performed. Anthropometric parameters were also compared and correlated with the protein expression and mRNA expression of the receptors. The results showed significantly lower protein and mRNA expression of MT2 in AIS girls compared with that in normal controls (p = 0.02 and p = 0.019, respectively). No differences were found in the expression of MT1. When dichotomizing the AIS girls according to their MT2 expression, the group with low expression was found to have a significantly longer arm span (p = 0.036). The results of this study showed for the first time a quantitative change of MT2 in AIS that was also correlated with abnormal arm span as part of abnormal systemic skeletal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Po-yee Yim
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; E-Mails: (A.P.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.S.); (T.L.); (B.K.N.)
| | - Hiu-yan Yeung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; E-Mails: (A.P.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.S.); (T.L.); (B.K.N.)
| | - Guangquan Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; E-Mails: (A.P.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.S.); (T.L.); (B.K.N.)
| | - Kwong-man Lee
- Lee Hysan clinical research laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; E-Mail:
| | - Tzi-bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; E-Mail:
| | - Tsz-ping Lam
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; E-Mails: (A.P.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.S.); (T.L.); (B.K.N.)
| | - Bobby Kin-wah Ng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; E-Mails: (A.P.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.S.); (T.L.); (B.K.N.)
| | - Yong Qiu
- Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210000, China; E-Mail:
- The Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alain Moreau
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Jack Chun-yiu Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; E-Mails: (A.P.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.S.); (T.L.); (B.K.N.)
- The Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Hong Kong, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +852-26-098-631; Fax: +852-26-036-889
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Kotlarczyk MP, Lassila HC, O'Neil CK, D'Amico F, Enderby LT, Witt-Enderby PA, Balk JL. Melatonin osteoporosis prevention study (MOPS): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study examining the effects of melatonin on bone health and quality of life in perimenopausal women. J Pineal Res 2012; 52:414-26. [PMID: 22220591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this double-blind study was to assess the effects of nightly melatonin supplementation on bone health and quality of life in perimenopausal women. A total of 18 women (ages 45-54) were randomized to receive melatonin (3mg, p.o., n=13) or placebo (n=5) nightly for 6months. Bone density was measured by calcaneal ultrasound. Bone turnover marker (osteocalcin, OC for bone formation and NTX for bone resorption) levels were measured bimonthly in serum. Participants completed Menopause-Specific Quality of Life-Intervention (MENQOL) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaires before and after treatment. Subjects also kept daily diaries recording menstrual cycling, well-being, and sleep patterns. The results from this study showed no significant change (6-month-baseline) in bone density, NTX, or OC between groups; however, the ratio of NTX:OC trended downward over time toward a ratio of 1:1 in the melatonin group. Melatonin had no effect on vasomotor, psychosocial, or sexual MENQOL domain scores; however, it did improve physical domain scores compared to placebo (mean change melatonin: -0.6 versus placebo: 0.1, P<0.05). Menstrual cycling was reduced in women taking melatonin (mean cycles melatonin: 4.3 versus placebo: 6.5, P<0.05), and days between cycles were longer (mean days melatonin: 51.2 versus placebo: 24.1, P<0.05). No differences in duration of menses occurred between groups. The overall PSQI score and average number of hours slept were similar between groups. These findings show that melatonin supplementation was well tolerated, improved physical symptoms associated with perimenopause, and may restore imbalances in bone remodeling to prevent bone loss. Further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary P Kotlarczyk
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
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Slominski RM, Reiter RJ, Schlabritz-Loutsevitch N, Ostrom RS, Slominski AT. Melatonin membrane receptors in peripheral tissues: distribution and functions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 351:152-66. [PMID: 22245784 PMCID: PMC3288509 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many of melatonin's actions are mediated through interaction with the G-protein coupled membrane bound melatonin receptors type 1 and type 2 (MT1 and MT2, respectively) or, indirectly with nuclear orphan receptors from the RORα/RZR family. Melatonin also binds to the quinone reductase II enzyme, previously defined the MT3 receptor. Melatonin receptors are widely distributed in the body; herein we summarize their expression and actions in non-neural tissues. Several controversies still exist regarding, for example, whether melatonin binds the RORα/RZR family. Studies of the peripheral distribution of melatonin receptors are important since they are attractive targets for immunomodulation, regulation of endocrine, reproductive and cardiovascular functions, modulation of skin pigmentation, hair growth, cancerogenesis, and aging. Melatonin receptor agonists and antagonists have an exciting future since they could define multiple mechanisms by which melatonin modulates the complexity of such a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir M. Slominski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, United States
| | - Natalia Schlabritz-Loutsevitch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Rennolds S. Ostrom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 5000, Memphis, TN 38163, United States. Tel.: +1 901 448 3741. (A.T. Slominski)
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