1
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Capuano R, Ciotti M, Catini A, Bernardini S, Di Natale C. Clinical applications of volatilomic assays. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024:1-20. [PMID: 39129534 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2387038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The study of metabolomics is revealing immense potential for diagnosis, therapy monitoring, and understanding of pathogenesis processes. Volatilomics is a subcategory of metabolomics interested in the detection of molecules that are small enough to be released in the gas phase. Volatile compounds produced by cellular processes are released into the blood and lymph, and can reach the external environment through different pathways, such as the blood-air interface in the lung that are detected in breath, or the blood-water interface in the kidney that leads to volatile compounds detected in urine. Besides breath and urine, additional sources of volatile compounds such as saliva, blood, feces, and skin are available. Volatilomics traces its roots back over fifty years to the pioneering investigations in the 1970s. Despite extensive research, the field remains in its infancy, hindered by a lack of standardization despite ample experimental evidence. The proliferation of analytical instrumentations, sample preparations and methods of volatilome sampling still make it difficult to compare results from different studies and to establish a common standard approach to volatilomics. This review aims to provide an overview of volatilomics' diagnostic potential, focusing on two key technical aspects: sampling and analysis. Sampling poses a challenge due to the susceptibility of human samples to contamination and confounding factors from various sources like the environment and lifestyle. The discussion then delves into targeted and untargeted approaches in volatilomics. Some case studies are presented to exemplify the results obtained so far. Finally, the review concludes with a discussion on the necessary steps to fully integrate volatilomics into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Capuano
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Volatilomics, "A. D'Amico", University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandro Catini
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Volatilomics, "A. D'Amico", University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Interdepartmental Center for Volatilomics, "A. D'Amico", University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Volatilomics, "A. D'Amico", University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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2
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Chatzilakou E, Hu Y, Jiang N, Yetisen AK. Biosensors for melanoma skin cancer diagnostics. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 250:116045. [PMID: 38301546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Skin cancer is a critical global public health concern, with melanoma being the deadliest variant, correlated to 80% of skin cancer-related deaths and a remarkable propensity to metastasize. Despite notable progress in skin cancer prevention and diagnosis, the limitations of existing methods accentuate the demand for precise diagnostic tools. Biosensors have emerged as valuable clinical tools, enabling rapid and reliable point-of-care (POC) testing of skin cancer. This review offers insights into skin cancer development, highlights essential cutaneous melanoma biomarkers, and assesses the current landscape of biosensing technologies for diagnosis. The comprehensive analysis in this review underscores the transformative potential of biosensors in revolutionizing melanoma skin cancer diagnosis, emphasizing their critical role in advancing patient outcomes and healthcare efficiency. The increasing availability of these approaches supports direct diagnosis and aims to reduce the reliance on biopsies, enhancing POC diagnosis. Recent advancements in biosensors for skin cancer diagnosis hold great promise, with their integration into healthcare expected to enhance early detection accuracy and reliability, thereby mitigating socioeconomic disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Chatzilakou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BU, UK
| | - Yubing Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BU, UK.
| | - Nan Jiang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; JinFeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China.
| | - Ali K Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BU, UK.
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3
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Sekine Y, Oikawa D, Todaka M. Human skin gas profile of individuals with the people allergic to me phenomenon. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9471. [PMID: 37301918 PMCID: PMC10257688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that some people claim that their skin gases provoke allergy-like reactions in people in their near vicinity. Such a phenomenon or symptom is called 'people allergic to me (PATM)'. Although numerous people suffer from PATM, the actual conditions are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of human skin profiles in patients with PATM by measuring the dermal emission fluxes of 75 skin gases using passive flux sampler and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We found common features in the human skin gas profiles of 20 subjects with PATM, with a significant difference from those of 24 non-PATM subjects: greater emissions of petrochemicals, organosulfur compounds, and some aldehydes and lower emissions of aroma compounds and others. The ratio of toluene to benzaldehyde is considered a vital sign that suggests the fundamental of PATM. These findings indicate that PATM is a medically unexplained phenomenon or symptom worthy of further research, which requires an interdisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshika Sekine
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Oikawa
- AIREX Inc., R&D Laboratory, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Michihito Todaka
- AIREX Inc., R&D Laboratory, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
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4
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Development of a wristband-type wearable device for the colorimetric detection of ammonia emanating from the human skin surface. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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5
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Hu W, Wu W, Jian Y, Haick H, Zhang G, Qian Y, Yuan M, Yao M. Volatolomics in healthcare and its advanced detection technology. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 15:8185-8213. [PMID: 35789633 PMCID: PMC9243817 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4459-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Various diseases increasingly challenge the health status and life quality of human beings. Volatolome emitted from patients has been considered as a potential family of markers, volatolomics, for diagnosis/screening. There are two fundamental issues of volatolomics in healthcare. On one hand, the solid relationship between the volatolome and specific diseases needs to be clarified and verified. On the other hand, effective methods should be explored for the precise detection of volatolome. Several comprehensive review articles had been published in this field. However, a timely and systematical summary and elaboration is still desired. In this review article, the research methodology of volatolomics in healthcare is critically considered and given out, at first. Then, the sets of volatolome according to specific diseases through different body sources and the analytical instruments for their identifications are systematically summarized. Thirdly, the advanced electronic nose and photonic nose technologies for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detection are well introduced. The existed obstacles and future perspectives are deeply thought and discussed. This article could give a good guidance to researchers in this interdisciplinary field, not only understanding the cutting-edge detection technologies for doctors (medicinal background), but also making reference to clarify the choice of aimed VOCs during the sensor research for chemists, materials scientists, electronics engineers, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Hu
- School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, 730107 China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensors, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi’an, 730107 China
| | - Yingying Jian
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensors, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi’an, 730107 China
| | - Hossam Haick
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200002 Israel
| | - Guangjian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Yun Qian
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Miaomiao Yuan
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033 China
| | - Mingshui Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-phase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 310006 China
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
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6
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Gouzerh F, Bessière JM, Ujvari B, Thomas F, Dujon AM, Dormont L. Odors and cancer: Current status and future directions. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1877:188644. [PMID: 34737023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world. Because tumors detected at early stages are easier to treat, the search for biomarkers-especially non-invasive ones-that allow early detection of malignancies remains a central goal to reduce cancer mortality. Cancer, like other pathologies, often alters body odors, and much has been done by scientists over the last few decades to assess the value of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as signatures of cancers. We present here a quantitative review of 208 studies carried out between 1984 and 2020 that explore VOCs as potential biomarkers of cancers. We analyzed the main findings of these studies, listing and classifying VOCs related to different cancer types while considering both sampling methods and analysis techniques. Considering this synthesis, we discuss several of the challenges and the most promising prospects of this research direction in the war against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Gouzerh
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), Montpellier, France; MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France.
| | - Jean-Marie Bessière
- Ecole Nationale de Chimie de Montpellier, Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée, Montpellier, France
| | - Beata Ujvari
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Waurn Ponds, Vic 3216, Australia
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), Montpellier, France; MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Antoine M Dujon
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), Montpellier, France; MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Waurn Ponds, Vic 3216, Australia
| | - Laurent Dormont
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
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7
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Murdocca M, De Masi C, Pucci S, Mango R, Novelli G, Di Natale C, Sangiuolo F. LOX-1 and cancer: an indissoluble liaison. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:1088-1098. [PMID: 33402733 PMCID: PMC8571092 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a strong correlation between metabolic disorders, tumor onset, and progression has been demonstrated, directing new therapeutic strategies on metabolic targets. OLR1 gene encodes the LOX-1 receptor protein, responsible for the recognition, binding, and internalization of ox-LDL. In the past, several studied, aimed to clarify the role of LOX-1 receptor in atherosclerosis, shed light on its role in the stimulation of the expression of adhesion molecules, pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, and pro-angiogenic proteins, including NF-kB and VEGF, in vascular endothelial cells and macrophages. In recent years, LOX-1 upregulation in different tumors evidenced its involvement in cancer onset, progression and metastasis. In this review, we outline the role of LOX-1 in tumor spreading and metastasis, evidencing its function in VEGF induction, HIF-1alpha activation, and MMP-9/MMP-2 expression, pushing up the neoangiogenic and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process in glioblastoma, osteosarcoma prostate, colon, breast, lung, and pancreatic tumors. Moreover, our studies contributed to evidence its role in interacting with WNT/APC/β-catenin axis, highlighting new pathways in sporadic colon cancer onset. The application of volatilome analysis in high expressing LOX-1 tumor-bearing mice correlates with the tumor evolution, suggesting a closed link between LOX-1 upregulation and metabolic changes in individual volatile compounds and thus providing a viable method for a simple, non-invasive alternative monitoring of tumor progression. These findings underline the role of LOX-1 as regulator of tumor progression, migration, invasion, metastasis formation, and tumor-related neo-angiogenesis, proposing this receptor as a promising therapeutic target and thus enhancing current antineoplastic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murdocca
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.
| | - C De Masi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - S Pucci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - R Mango
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Tor Vergata Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - G Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - C Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - F Sangiuolo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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8
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Urine LOX-1 and Volatilome as Promising Tools towards the Early Detection of Renal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164213. [PMID: 34439368 PMCID: PMC8393749 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is often late diagnosed at an advanced stage, worsening the prognosis of the patients. Thus, an early marker is desirable. This paper presents an innovative combined approach useful to identify, for the first time, the presence of LOX-1 protein within the urine of clear cell RCC patients. The LOX-1 protein is related to metabolic disorder-associated carcinogenesis and is shown to be quantitatively correlated to tumor grade and stage. The analysis of volatile compounds released by urine shows the diagnostic potentialities of volatilome and indicates that at least one volatile compound is correlated with both LOX-1 and cancer. In this work, we propose the potential use of a noninvasive approach that enables an early, routine ccRCC diagnosis and leads to a better management of the patients. Abstract Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents around 3% of all cancers, within which clear cell RCC (ccRCC) are the most common type (70–75%). The RCC disease regularly progresses asymptomatically and upon presentation is recurrently metastatic, therefore, an early method of detection is necessary. The identification of one or more specific biomarkers measurable in biofluids (i.e., urine) by combined approaches could surely be appropriate for this kind of cancer, especially due to easy obtainability by noninvasive method. OLR1 is a metabolic gene that encodes for the Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), implicated in inflammation, atherosclerosis, ROS, and metabolic disorder-associated carcinogenesis. Specifically, LOX-1 is clearly involved in tumor insurgence and progression of different human cancers. This work reports for the first time the presence of LOX-1 protein in ccRCC urine and its peculiar distribution in tumoral tissues. The urine samples headspace has also been analyzed for the presence of the volatile compounds (VOCs) by SPME-GC/MS and gas sensor array. In particular, it was found by GC/MS analysis that 2-Cyclohexen-1-one,3-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)- correlates with LOX-1 concentration in urine. The combined approach of VOCs analysis and protein quantification could lead to promising results in terms of diagnostic and prognostic potential for ccRCC tumors.
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9
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Sinclair E, Walton-Doyle C, Sarkar D, Hollywood KA, Milne J, Lim SH, Kunath T, Rijs AM, de Bie RMA, Silverdale M, Trivedi DK, Barran P. Validating Differential Volatilome Profiles in Parkinson's Disease. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:300-306. [PMID: 33655068 PMCID: PMC7908024 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that does not currently have a robust clinical diagnostic test. Nonmotor symptoms such as skin disorders have long since been associated with the disease, and more recently a characteristic odor emanating from the skin of people with Parkinson's has been identified. Here, dynamic head space (DHS) thermal desorption (TD) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is implemented to directly measure the volatile components of sebum on swabs sampled from people with Parkinson's-both drug naïve and those on PD medications (n = 100) and control subjects (n = 29). Supervised multivariate analyses of data showed 84.4% correct classification of PD cases using all detected volatile compounds. Variable importance in projection (VIP) scores were generated from these data, which revealed eight features with VIP > 1 and p < 0.05 which all presented a downregulation within the control cohorts. Purified standards based on previously annotated analytes of interest eicosane and octadecanal did not match to patient sample data, although multiple metabolite features are annotated with these compounds all with high spectral matches indicating the presence of a series of similar structured species. DHS-TD-GC-MS analysis of a range of lipid standards has revealed the presence of common hydrocarbon species rather than differentiated intact compounds which are hypothesized to be breakdown products of lipids. This replication study validates that a differential volatile profile between control and PD cohorts can be measured using an analytical method that measures volatile compounds directly from skin swabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Sinclair
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin Walton-Doyle
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Depanjan Sarkar
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A. Hollywood
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Manchester
Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM),
Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Milne
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Sze Hway Lim
- Department
of Neurology, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic
Health Science Centre, The University of
Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Tilo Kunath
- Institute
for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Anouk M. Rijs
- Division
of BioAnalytical Chemistry, AIMMS Amsterdam Institute of Molecular
and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob M. A. de Bie
- Department
of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam
University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105
AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monty Silverdale
- Department
of Neurology, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic
Health Science Centre, The University of
Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Drupad K. Trivedi
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Perdita Barran
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
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10
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Yi N, Shen M, Erdely D, Cheng H. Stretchable gas sensors for detecting biomarkers from humans and exposed environments. Trends Analyt Chem 2020; 133:116085. [PMID: 33244191 PMCID: PMC7685242 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The recent advent of stretchable gas sensors demonstrates their capabilities to detect not only gaseous biomarkers from the human body but also toxic gas species from the exposed environment. To ensure accurate gas detection without device breakdown from the mechanical deformations, the stretchable gas sensors often rely on the direct integration of gas-sensitive nanomaterials on the stretchable substrate or fibrous network, as well as being configured into stretchable structures. The nanomaterials in the forms of nanoparticles, nanowires, or thin-films with nanometer thickness are explored for a variety of sensing materials. The commonly used stretchable structures in the stretchable gas sensors include wrinkled structures from a pre-strain strategy, island-bridge layouts or serpentine interconnects, strain isolation approaches, and their combinations. This review aims to summarize the recent advancement in novel nanomaterials, sensor design innovations, and new fabrication approaches of stretchable gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mingzhou Shen
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Daniel Erdely
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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11
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Stewart KME, Scott AJ, Penlidis A. Evaluation of doped and undoped poly (
o
‐anisidine) as sensing materials for a sensor array for volatile organic compounds. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. E. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Polymer ResearchUniversity of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Center for Materials and Manufacturing SciencesTroy University Troy Alabama USA
| | - Alison J. Scott
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Polymer ResearchUniversity of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada
| | - Alexander Penlidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Polymer ResearchUniversity of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada
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12
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Daulton E, Wicaksono A, Bechar J, Covington JA, Hardwicke J. The Detection of Wound Infection by Ion Mobility Chemical Analysis. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10030019. [PMID: 32121452 PMCID: PMC7146168 DOI: 10.3390/bios10030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Surgical site infection represents a large burden of care in the National Health Service. Current methods for diagnosis include a subjective clinical assessment and wound swab culture that may take several days to return a result. Both techniques are potentially unreliable and result in delays in using targeted antibiotics. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are produced by micro-organisms such as those present in an infected wound. This study describes the use of a device to differentiate VOCs produced by an infected wound vs. colonised wound. Malodourous wound dressings were collected from patients, these were a mix of post-operative wounds and vascular leg ulcers. Wound microbiology swabs were taken and antibiotics commenced as clinically appropriate. A control group of soiled, but not malodorous wound dressings were collected from patients who had a split skin graft (SSG) donor site. The analyser used was a G.A.S. GC-IMS. The results from the samples had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 88%, with a positive predictive value of 90%. An area under the curve (AUC) of 91% demonstrates an excellent ability to discriminate those with an infected wound from those without. VOC detection using GC-IMS has the potential to serve as a diagnostic tool for the differentiation of infected and non-infected wounds and facilitate the treatment of wound infections that is cost effective, non-invasive, acceptable to patients, portable, and reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Daulton
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (E.D.); (A.W.)
| | - Alfian Wicaksono
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (E.D.); (A.W.)
| | - Janak Bechar
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Medical School Building, Coventry CV4 7HL, UK; (J.B.); (J.H.)
| | - James A. Covington
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (E.D.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Joseph Hardwicke
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Medical School Building, Coventry CV4 7HL, UK; (J.B.); (J.H.)
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
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13
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Machine Learning Methods Applied to Predict Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection via Sensor Array of Electronic Nose in Intensive Care Unit. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19081866. [PMID: 31003541 PMCID: PMC6514817 DOI: 10.3390/s19081866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
One concern to the patients is the off-line detection of pneumonia infection status after using the ventilator in the intensive care unit. Hence, machine learning methods for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) rapid diagnose are proposed. A popular device, Cyranose 320 e-nose, is usually used in research on lung disease, which is a highly integrated system and sensor comprising 32 array using polymer and carbon black materials. In this study, a total of 24 subjects were involved, including 12 subjects who are infected with pneumonia, and the rest are non-infected. Three layers of back propagation artificial neural network and support vector machine (SVM) methods were applied to patients’ data to predict whether they are infected with VAP with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Furthermore, in order to improve the accuracy and the generalization of the prediction models, the ensemble neural networks (ENN) method was applied. In this study, ENN and SVM prediction models were trained and tested. In order to evaluate the models’ performance, a fivefold cross-validation method was applied. The results showed that both ENN and SVM models have high recognition rates of VAP with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, with 0.9479 ± 0.0135 and 0.8686 ± 0.0422 accuracies, 0.9714 ± 0.0131, 0.9250 ± 0.0423 sensitivities, and 0.9288 ± 0.0306, 0.8639 ± 0.0276 positive predictive values, respectively. The ENN model showed better performance compared to SVM in the recognition of VAP with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the two models were 0.9842 ± 0.0058 and 0.9410 ± 0.0301, respectively, showing that both models are very stable and accurate classifiers. This study aims to assist the physician in providing a scientific and effective reference for performing early detection in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection or other diseases.
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14
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Wojnowski W, Dymerski T, Gębicki J, Namieśnik J. Electronic Noses in Medical Diagnostics. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:197-215. [PMID: 28982314 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171004164636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic nose technology is being developed in order to analyse complex mixtures of volatiles in a way parallel to biologic olfaction. When applied in the field of medicine, the use of such devices should enable the identification and discrimination between different diseases. In this review, a comprehensive summary of research in medical diagnostics using electronic noses is presented. A special attention has been paid to the application of these devices and sensor technologies, in response to current trends in medicine. METHODS Peer-reviewed research literature pertaining to the subject matter was identified based on a search of bibliographic databases. The quality and relevance of retrieved papers was assessed using standard tools. Their content was critically reviewed and certain information contained therein was compiled in tabularized form. RESULTS The majority of reviewed studies show promising results, often surpassing the accuracy and sensitivity of established diagnostic methods. However, only a relatively small number of devices have been field tested. The methods used for sample collection and data processing in various studies were listed in a table, together with electronic nose models used in these investigations. CONCLUSION Despite the fact that devices equipped with arrays of chemical sensors are not routinely used in everyday medical practice, their prospective use would solve some established issues in medical diagnostics, as well as lead to developments in prophylactics by facilitating a widespread use of non-invasive screening tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Wojnowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Dymerski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Gębicki
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
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15
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Ferrante di Ruffano L, Dinnes J, Deeks JJ, Chuchu N, Bayliss SE, Davenport C, Takwoingi Y, Godfrey K, O'Sullivan C, Matin RN, Tehrani H, Williams HC. Optical coherence tomography for diagnosing skin cancer in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 12:CD013189. [PMID: 30521690 PMCID: PMC6516952 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early accurate detection of all skin cancer types is essential to guide appropriate management and to improve morbidity and survival. Melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are high-risk skin cancers, which have the potential to metastasise and ultimately lead to death, whereas basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is usually localised, with potential to infiltrate and damage surrounding tissue. Anxiety around missing early cases needs to be balanced against inappropriate referral and unnecessary excision of benign lesions. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a microscopic imaging technique, which magnifies the surface of a skin lesion using near-infrared light. Used in conjunction with clinical or dermoscopic examination of suspected skin cancer, or both, OCT may offer additional diagnostic information compared to other technologies. OBJECTIVES To determine the diagnostic accuracy of OCT for the detection of cutaneous invasive melanoma and atypical intraepidermal melanocytic variants, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), or cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) in adults. SEARCH METHODS We undertook a comprehensive search of the following databases from inception up to August 2016: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; MEDLINE; Embase; CINAHL; CPCI; Zetoc; Science Citation Index; US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register; NIHR Clinical Research Network Portfolio Database; and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. We studied reference lists and published systematic review articles. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies of any design evaluating OCT in adults with lesions suspicious for invasive melanoma and atypical intraepidermal melanocytic variants, BCC or cSCC, compared with a reference standard of histological confirmation or clinical follow-up. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted data using a standardised data extraction and quality assessment form (based on QUADAS-2). Our unit of analysis was lesions. Where possible, we estimated summary sensitivities and specificities using the bivariate hierarchical model. MAIN RESULTS We included five studies with 529 cutaneous lesions (282 malignant lesions) providing nine datasets for OCT, two for visual inspection alone, and two for visual inspection plus dermoscopy. Studies were of moderate to unclear quality, using data-driven thresholds for test positivity and giving poor accounts of reference standard interpretation and blinding. Studies may not have been representative of populations eligible for OCT in practice, for example due to high disease prevalence in study populations, and may not have reflected how OCT is used in practice, for example by using previously acquired OCT images.It was not possible to make summary statements regarding accuracy of detection of melanoma or of cSCC because of the paucity of studies, small sample sizes, and for melanoma differences in the OCT technologies used (high-definition versus conventional resolution OCT), and differences in the degree of testing performed prior to OCT (i.e. visual inspection alone or visual inspection plus dermoscopy).Pooled data from two studies using conventional swept-source OCT alongside visual inspection and dermoscopy for the detection of BCC estimated the sensitivity of OCT as 95% (95% confidence interval (CI) 91% to 97%) and specificity of 77% (95% CI 69% to 83%).When applied to a hypothetical population of 1000 lesions at the mean observed BCC prevalence of 60%, OCT would miss 31 BCCs (91 fewer than would be missed by visual inspection alone and 53 fewer than would be missed by visual inspection plus dermoscopy), and OCT would lead to 93 false-positive results for BCC (a reduction in unnecessary excisions of 159 compared to using visual inspection alone and of 87 compared to visual inspection plus dermoscopy). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Insufficient data are available on the use of OCT for the detection of melanoma or cSCC. Initial data suggest conventional OCT may have a role for the diagnosis of BCC in clinically challenging lesions, with our meta-analysis showing a higher sensitivity and higher specificity when compared to visual inspection plus dermoscopy. However, the small number of studies and varying methodological quality means implications to guide practice cannot currently be drawn.Appropriately designed prospective comparative studies are required, given the paucity of data comparing OCT with dermoscopy and other similar diagnostic aids such as reflectance confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacqueline Dinnes
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchEdgbaston CampusBirminghamUKB15 2TT
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamNIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreBirminghamUK
| | - Jonathan J Deeks
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchEdgbaston CampusBirminghamUKB15 2TT
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamNIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreBirminghamUK
| | - Naomi Chuchu
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchEdgbaston CampusBirminghamUKB15 2TT
| | - Susan E Bayliss
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchEdgbaston CampusBirminghamUKB15 2TT
| | - Clare Davenport
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchEdgbaston CampusBirminghamUKB15 2TT
| | - Yemisi Takwoingi
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchEdgbaston CampusBirminghamUKB15 2TT
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamNIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreBirminghamUK
| | - Kathie Godfrey
- The University of Nottinghamc/o Cochrane Skin GroupNottinghamUK
| | | | - Rubeta N Matin
- Churchill HospitalDepartment of DermatologyOld RoadHeadingtonOxfordUKOX3 7LE
| | - Hamid Tehrani
- Whiston HospitalDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryWarrington RoadLiverpoolUKL35 5DR
| | - Hywel C Williams
- University of NottinghamCentre of Evidence Based DermatologyQueen's Medical CentreDerby RoadNottinghamUKNG7 2UH
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16
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Dinnes J, Deeks JJ, Saleh D, Chuchu N, Bayliss SE, Patel L, Davenport C, Takwoingi Y, Godfrey K, Matin RN, Patalay R, Williams HC. Reflectance confocal microscopy for diagnosing cutaneous melanoma in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 12:CD013190. [PMID: 30521681 PMCID: PMC6492459 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma has one of the fastest rising incidence rates of any cancer. It accounts for a small percentage of skin cancer cases but is responsible for the majority of skin cancer deaths. Early detection and treatment is key to improving survival; however, anxiety around missing early cases needs to be balanced against appropriate levels of referral and excision of benign lesions. Used in conjunction with clinical or dermoscopic suspicion of malignancy, or both, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) may reduce unnecessary excisions without missing melanoma cases. OBJECTIVES To determine the diagnostic accuracy of reflectance confocal microscopy for the detection of cutaneous invasive melanoma and atypical intraepidermal melanocytic variants in adults with any lesion suspicious for melanoma and lesions that are difficult to diagnose, and to compare its accuracy with that of dermoscopy. SEARCH METHODS We undertook a comprehensive search of the following databases from inception up to August 2016: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; MEDLINE; Embase; and seven other databases. We studied reference lists and published systematic review articles. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies of any design that evaluated RCM alone, or RCM in comparison to dermoscopy, in adults with lesions suspicious for melanoma or atypical intraepidermal melanocytic variants, compared with a reference standard of either histological confirmation or clinical follow-up. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted all data using a standardised data extraction and quality assessment form (based on QUADAS-2). We contacted authors of included studies where information related to the target condition or diagnostic threshold were missing. We estimated summary sensitivities and specificities per algorithm and threshold using the bivariate hierarchical model. To compare RCM with dermoscopy, we grouped studies by population (defined by difficulty of lesion diagnosis) and combined data using hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) methods. Analysis of studies allowing direct comparison between tests was undertaken. To facilitate interpretation of results, we computed values of specificity at the point on the SROC curve with 90% sensitivity as this value lies within the estimates for the majority of analyses. We investigated the impact of using a purposely developed RCM algorithm and in-person test interpretation. MAIN RESULTS The search identified 18 publications reporting on 19 study cohorts with 2838 lesions (including 658 with melanoma), which provided 67 datasets for RCM and seven for dermoscopy. Studies were generally at high or unclear risk of bias across almost all domains and of high or unclear concern regarding applicability of the evidence. Selective participant recruitment, lack of blinding of the reference test to the RCM result, and differential verification were particularly problematic. Studies may not be representative of populations eligible for RCM, and test interpretation was often undertaken remotely from the patient and blinded to clinical information.Meta-analysis found RCM to be more accurate than dermoscopy in studies of participants with any lesion suspicious for melanoma and in participants with lesions that were more difficult to diagnose (equivocal lesion populations). Assuming a fixed sensitivity of 90% for both tests, specificities were 82% for RCM and 42% for dermoscopy for any lesion suspicious for melanoma (9 RCM datasets; 1452 lesions and 370 melanomas). For a hypothetical population of 1000 lesions at the median observed melanoma prevalence of 30%, this equated to a reduction in unnecessary excisions with RCM of 280 compared to dermoscopy, with 30 melanomas missed by both tests. For studies in equivocal lesions, specificities of 86% would be observed for RCM and 49% for dermoscopy (7 RCM datasets; 1177 lesions and 180 melanomas). At the median observed melanoma prevalence of 20%, this reduced unnecessary excisions by 296 with RCM compared with dermoscopy, with 20 melanomas missed by both tests. Across all populations, algorithms and thresholds assessed, the sensitivity and specificity of the Pellacani RCM score at a threshold of three or greater were estimated at 92% (95% confidence interval (CI) 87 to 95) for RCM and 72% (95% CI 62 to 81) for dermoscopy. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS RCM may have a potential role in clinical practice, particularly for the assessment of lesions that are difficult to diagnose using visual inspection and dermoscopy alone, where the evidence suggests that RCM may be both more sensitive and specific in comparison to dermoscopy. Given the paucity of data to allow comparison with dermoscopy, the results presented require further confirmation in prospective studies comparing RCM with dermoscopy in a real-world setting in a representative population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Dinnes
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchBirminghamUKB15 2TT
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamNIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreBirminghamUK
| | - Jonathan J Deeks
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchBirminghamUKB15 2TT
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamNIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreBirminghamUK
| | - Daniel Saleh
- Newcastle Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Victoria InfirmaryNewcastle HospitalsNewcastleUK
- The University of Queensland, PA‐Southside Clinical UnitSchool of Clinical MedicineBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Naomi Chuchu
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchBirminghamUKB15 2TT
| | - Susan E Bayliss
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchBirminghamUKB15 2TT
| | - Lopa Patel
- Royal Stoke HospitalPlastic SurgeryStoke‐on‐TrentStaffordshireUKST4 6QG
| | - Clare Davenport
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchBirminghamUKB15 2TT
| | - Yemisi Takwoingi
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchBirminghamUKB15 2TT
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamNIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreBirminghamUK
| | - Kathie Godfrey
- The University of Nottinghamc/o Cochrane Skin GroupNottinghamUK
| | - Rubeta N Matin
- Churchill HospitalDepartment of DermatologyOld RoadHeadingtonOxfordUKOX3 7LE
| | - Rakesh Patalay
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation TrustDepartment of DermatologyDSLU, Cancer CentreGreat Maze PondLondonUKSE1 9RT
| | - Hywel C Williams
- University of NottinghamCentre of Evidence Based DermatologyQueen's Medical CentreDerby RoadNottinghamUKNG7 2UH
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Broza YY, Vishinkin R, Barash O, Nakhleh MK, Haick H. Synergy between nanomaterials and volatile organic compounds for non-invasive medical evaluation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4781-4859. [PMID: 29888356 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article is an overview of the present and ongoing developments in the field of nanomaterial-based sensors for enabling fast, relatively inexpensive and minimally (or non-) invasive diagnostics of health conditions with follow-up by detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) excreted from one or combination of human body fluids and tissues (e.g., blood, urine, breath, skin). Part of the review provides a didactic examination of the concepts and approaches related to emerging sensing materials and transduction techniques linked with the VOC-based non-invasive medical evaluations. We also present and discuss diverse characteristics of these innovative sensors, such as their mode of operation, sensitivity, selectivity and response time, as well as the major approaches proposed for enhancing their ability as hybrid sensors to afford multidimensional sensing and information-based sensing. The other parts of the review give an updated compilation of the past and currently available VOC-based sensors for disease diagnostics. This compilation summarizes all VOCs identified in relation to sickness and sampling origin that links these data with advanced nanomaterial-based sensing technologies. Both strength and pitfalls are discussed and criticized, particularly from the perspective of the information and communication era. Further ideas regarding improvement of sensors, sensor arrays, sensing devices and the proposed workflow are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Y Broza
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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18
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Di Natale C, Martinelli E, Magna G, Mandoj F, Monti D, Nardis S, Stefanelli M, Paolesse R. Porphyrins for olfaction mimic: The Rome Tor Vergata approach. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424617300026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The impressive chemistry shown by porphyrins in natural systems is particularly attractive for exploitation in chemical sensors. In these devices the sensing mechanisms can mimic most of the porphyrin biological reactivity, such as reversible binding, activation of small molecules, redox activity, and photoactivated processes. The simultaneous presence of multiple binding mechanisms allows porphyrins to interact with a large variety of analytes. This feature reduces the selectivity, but prompts the development of sensor arrays, where the cross-selectivity of more sensors is used to classify and identify samples characterized by a complex composition. Since 1995 the Sensors Group of the University of Rome Tor Vergata has exploited these features to prepare sensor arrays based on different transducers and aimed at several applications. These kinds of devices have been reported as electronic noses (gaseous phase analytes) and electronic tongues (liquid phase analytes) to underline that their working mechanisms are tentatively similar to that of biological senses. We report here some of the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Di Natale
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Eugenio Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Magna
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Federica Mandoj
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Donato Monti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Nardis
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Manuela Stefanelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
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19
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Ashrafi M, Bates M, Baguneid M, Alonso-Rasgado T, Rautemaa-Richardson R, Bayat A. Volatile organic compound detection as a potential means of diagnosing cutaneous wound infections. Wound Repair Regen 2017; 25:574-590. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ashrafi
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research; Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Centre for Dermatological Research, University of Manchester, Manchester; United Kingdom
- University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital; Manchester United Kingdom
- Bioengineering Group, School of Materials; University of Manchester, Manchester; United Kingdom
| | | | - Mohamed Baguneid
- University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital; Manchester United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Alonso-Rasgado
- Bioengineering Group, School of Materials; University of Manchester, Manchester; United Kingdom
| | - Riina Rautemaa-Richardson
- University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital; Manchester United Kingdom
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester; Manchester United Kingdom
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research; Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Centre for Dermatological Research, University of Manchester, Manchester; United Kingdom
- Bioengineering Group, School of Materials; University of Manchester, Manchester; United Kingdom
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20
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Determination of volatile organic compounds exhaled by cell lines derived from hematological malignancies. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170106. [PMID: 28507202 PMCID: PMC5479021 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The gas human exhaled contains many volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which is related to the health status of body. Analysis of VOCs has been proposed as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for certain cancers. Detailed research on the VOCs in gas exhaled by cell can characterize cell type specific metabolites and may be helpful to detect the cancer markers in clinical practice. Methods: Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to detect VOCs in the headspace of tissue culture flask in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) cell line JEKO and acute mononuclear leukemia cell line SHI-1, to elaborate the characteristic gaseous biomarkers of hematological malignancies. While macrophage cells and lymphocytic cells were acted as control. The blank group was only the RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum that without cells. Results: Comparing with control group, the concentration of dimethyl sulfide, 2,4-dimethylheptane, methylbenzene, o-xylene, dodecane, and 1,3-di-tert-butylbenzene in JEKO cells was relatively higher, while the concentration of ethanol, hexanal, and benzaldehyde was lower. In SHI-1 cells, the levels of 2,4-dimethylheptane, benzene, 4-methyldecane, chloroform, 3,7-dimethyl dodecane, and hexadecane were significantly elevated, but the levels of hexanol and cyclohexanol were distinctly reduced. Conclusions: This pilot study revealed that the malignant hematological cells could change the components of VOCs in the cell culture flask in a cell type-specific pattern. The traits of VOCs in our setting offered new strategy for hematological malignancies tracing, and would act as potential biomarkers in diagnosis of malignant hematological diseases.
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Monteiro M, Moreira N, Pinto J, Pires-Luís AS, Henrique R, Jerónimo C, Bastos MDL, Gil AM, Carvalho M, Guedes de Pinho P. GC-MS metabolomics-based approach for the identification of a potential VOC-biomarker panel in the urine of renal cell carcinoma patients. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2092-2105. [PMID: 28378454 PMCID: PMC5571542 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from biological samples appears as one of the most promising approaches in metabolomics for the study of diseases, namely cancer. In fact, it offers advantages, such as non‐invasiveness and robustness for high‐throughput applications. The purpose of this work was to study the urinary volatile metabolic profile of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (n = 30) and controls (n = 37) with the aim of identifying a potential specific urinary volatile pattern as a non‐invasive strategy to detect RCC. Moreover, the effect of some confounding factors such as age, gender, smoking habits and body mass index was evaluated as well as the ability of urinary VOCs to discriminate RCC subtypes and stages. A headspace solid‐phase microextraction/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry‐based method was performed, followed by multivariate data analysis. A variable selection method was applied to reduce the impact of potential redundant and noisy chromatographic variables, and all models were validated by Monte Carlo cross‐validation and permutation tests. Regarding the effect of RCC on the urine VOCs composition, a panel of 21 VOCs descriptive of RCC was defined, capable of discriminating RCC patients from controls in principal component analysis. Discriminant VOCs were further individually validated in two independent samples sets (nine RCC patients and 12 controls, seven RCC patients with diabetes mellitus type 2) by univariate statistical analysis. Two VOCs were found consistently and significantly altered between RCC and controls (2‐oxopropanal and, according to identification using NIST14, 2,5,8‐trimethyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalene‐1‐ol), strongly suggesting enhanced potential as RCC biomarkers. Gender, smoking habits and body mass index showed negligible and age‐only minimal effects on the urinary VOCs, compared to the deviations resultant from the disease. Moreover, in this cohort, the urinary volatilome did not show ability to discriminate RCC stages and histological subtypes. The results validated the value of urinary volatilome for the detection of RCC and advanced with the identification of potential RCC urinary biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Monteiro
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nathalie Moreira
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Pinto
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana S Pires-Luís
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOPorto), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOPorto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOPorto), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOPorto), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology-Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOPorto), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology-Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M Gil
- CICECO-Instituto de Materiais de Aveiro (CICECO/UA), Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Márcia Carvalho
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Willis C, Britton L, Swindells M, Jones E, Kemp A, Muirhead N, Gul A, Matin R, Knutsson L, Ali M. Invasive melanomain vivocan be distinguished from basal cell carcinoma, benign naevi and healthy skin by canine olfaction: a proof-of-principle study of differential volatile organic compound emission. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:1020-1029. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C.M. Willis
- Department of Dermatology; Amersham Hospital; Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust; Amersham HP7 0JD U.K
| | - L.E. Britton
- Department of Dermatology; Amersham Hospital; Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust; Amersham HP7 0JD U.K
| | - M.A. Swindells
- Search Dogs UK; 9 Church Road Thornton-Cleveleys Lancashire FY5 2TX U.K
| | - E.M. Jones
- Department of Statistical Science; University College London; Gower Street London WC1E 6BT U.K
| | - A.E. Kemp
- Department of Dermatology; Amersham Hospital; Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust; Amersham HP7 0JD U.K
| | - N.L. Muirhead
- Department of Dermatology; Amersham Hospital; Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust; Amersham HP7 0JD U.K
| | - A. Gul
- Department of Dermatology; Amersham Hospital; Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust; Amersham HP7 0JD U.K
| | - R.N. Matin
- Department of Dermatology; Churchill Hospital; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Oxford OX3 7LE U.K
| | - L. Knutsson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Linköping University; 581 83 Linköping Sweden
| | - M. Ali
- Department of Dermatology; Amersham Hospital; Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust; Amersham HP7 0JD U.K
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Wang Z, Sun M, Wang C. Detection of Melanoma Cancer Biomarker Dimethyl Disulfide Using Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy at 266 nm. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 70:1080-5. [PMID: 27076515 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816641575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Skin cells emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and some of them can be used as biomarkers for screening specific diseases. Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) has been recently reported as a biomarker of melanoma skin cancer (Kwak et al. "Volatile Biomarkers from Human Melanoma Cells". J. Chromatogr. B. 2013. 931: 90-96.). With the motivation of diagnosing melanoma using DMDS as its biomarker, we explore the potential of measuring DMDS using an advanced laser spectroscopic technique as an alternative method. We report on the first DMDS measurements using an experimental system based on cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS). The test samples were mixtures of DMDS vapor and nitrogen in different concentrations. Two sampling methods were investigated to dilute the DMDS sample to low concentrations for ringdown measurements. The results showed that the ringdown system responded to various DMDS concentrations linearly and a theoretical detection limit of sub-ppb (parts per billion) could be achieved at the absorption wavelength of 266 nm. This ringdown system exhibited a high dynamic range for DMDS measurements, from ppm (parts per million) to ppt (parts per trillion) levels, given different laser wavelengths used. The feasibility of developing a portable melanoma screening sensor using the CRDS technique was also demonstrated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhennan Wang
- Laser Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Meixiu Sun
- Laser Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Chuji Wang
- Laser Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
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Vishinkin R, Haick H. Nanoscale Sensor Technologies for Disease Detection via Volatolomics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:6142-64. [PMID: 26448487 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The detection of many diseases is missed because of delayed diagnoses or the low efficacy of some treatments. This emphasizes the urgent need for inexpensive and minimally invasive technologies that would allow efficient early detection, stratifying the population for personalized therapy, and improving the efficacy of rapid bed-side assessment of treatment. An emerging approach that has a high potential to fulfill these needs is based on so-called "volatolomics", namely, chemical processes involving profiles of highly volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from body fluids, including breath, skin, urine and blood. This article presents a didactic review of some of the main advances related to the use of nanomaterial-based solid-state and flexible sensors, and related artificially intelligent sensing arrays for the detection and monitoring of disease with volatolomics. The article attempts to review the technological gaps and confounding factors related to VOC testing. Different ways to choose nanomaterial-based sensors are discussed, while considering the profiles of targeted volatile markers and possible limitations of applying the sensing approach. Perspectives for taking volatolomics to a new level in the field of diagnostics are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Vishinkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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Dinnes J, Matin RN, Moreau JF, Patel L, Chan SA, Chuchu N, Bayliss SE, Grainge M, Takwoingi Y, Davenport C, Walter FM, Fleming C, Schofield J, Shroff N, Godfrey K, O'Sullivan C, Deeks JJ, Williams HC. Tests to assist in the diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma in adults: a generic protocol. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jac Dinnes
- University of Birmingham; Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Birmingham UK B15 2TT
| | - Rubeta N Matin
- Churchill Hospital; Department of Dermatology; Old Road Headington Oxford UK OX3 7LJ
| | - Jacqueline F Moreau
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Internal Medicine; Department of Medicine, Office of Education UPMC Montefiore Hospital, N715 Pittsburgh USA PA, 15213
| | - Lopa Patel
- Royal Stoke Hospital; Plastic Surgery; Stoke-on-Trent Staffordshire UK ST4 6QG
| | - Sue Ann Chan
- NHS; Dermatology; 104 Times Square Avenue Brierley Hill Dudley UK DY5 1SX
| | - Naomi Chuchu
- University of Birmingham; Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Birmingham UK B15 2TT
| | - Susan E Bayliss
- University of Birmingham; Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Birmingham UK B15 2TT
| | - Matthew Grainge
- School of Community Health Sciences; Division of Epidemiology and Public Health; University of Nottingham Nottingham UK NG7 2UH
| | - Yemisi Takwoingi
- University of Birmingham; Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Birmingham UK B15 2TT
| | - Clare Davenport
- University of Birmingham; Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Birmingham UK B15 2TT
| | - Fiona M Walter
- University of Cambridge; Public Health & Primary Care; Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway Cambridge UK CB1 8RN
| | - Colin Fleming
- NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital; Dermatology; Ninewells Drive Dundee UK DD1 9SY
| | - Julia Schofield
- United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust; Dermatology; Greetwell Street Lincoln UK LN2 5QY
| | - Neil Shroff
- Keyworth Medical Practice; Bunny Lane Keyworth Nottingham UK NG12 5JU
| | - Kathie Godfrey
- The University of Nottingham; c/o Cochrane Skin Group; Nottingham UK
| | | | - Jonathan J Deeks
- University of Birmingham; Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Birmingham UK B15 2TT
| | - Hywel C Williams
- The University of Nottingham; Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology; Queen's Medical Centre Derby Road Nottingham UK NG7 2UH
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Broza YY, Mochalski P, Ruzsanyi V, Amann A, Haick H. Hybrid volatolomics and disease detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:11036-48. [PMID: 26235374 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201500153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This Review presents a concise, but not exhaustive, didactic overview of some of the main concepts and approaches related to "volatolomics"-an emerging frontier for fast, risk-free, and potentially inexpensive diagnostics. It attempts to review the source and characteristics of volatolomics through the so-called volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from cells and their microenvironment. It also reviews the existence of VOCs in several bodily fluids, including the cellular environment, blood, breath, skin, feces, urine, and saliva. Finally, the usefulness of volatolomics for diagnosis from a single bodily fluid, as well as ways to improve these diagnostic aspects by "hybrid" approaches that combine VOC profiles collected from two or more bodily fluids, will be discussed. The perspectives of this approach in developing the field of diagnostics to a new level are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Y Broza
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003 (Israel)
| | - Pawel Mochalski
- Breath Research Institute and University-Clinic for Anesthesia, The University of Innsbruck and Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Vera Ruzsanyi
- Breath Research Institute and University-Clinic for Anesthesia, The University of Innsbruck and Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Anton Amann
- Breath Research Institute and University-Clinic for Anesthesia, The University of Innsbruck and Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Hossam Haick
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003 (Israel).
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Broza YY, Mochalski P, Ruzsanyi V, Amann A, Haick H. Hybride Volatolomik und der Nachweis von Krankheiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201500153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Scarlata S, Pennazza G, Santonico M, Pedone C, Antonelli Incalzi R. Exhaled breath analysis by electronic nose in respiratory diseases. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:933-56. [PMID: 25959642 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1043895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Breath analysis via electronic nose is a technique oriented around volatile organic compound (VOC) profiling in exhaled breath for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. This approach, when supported by methodologies for VOC identification, has been often referred to as metabolomics or breathomics. Although breath analysis may have a substantial impact on clinical practice, as it may allow early diagnosis and large-scale screening strategies while being noninvasive and inexpensive, some technical and methodological limitations must be solved, together with crucial interpretative issues. By integrating a review of the currently available literature with more speculative arguments about the potential interpretation and application of VOC analysis, the authors aim to provide an overview of the main relevant aspects of this promising field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Scarlata
- Unit of Respiratory Pathophysiology, Campus Bio-Medico University and Teaching Hospital, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200 - 00128, Rome, Italy
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Biomarkers for Detection and Monitoring of B16 Melanoma in Mouse Urine and Feces. J Biomark 2015; 2015:841245. [PMID: 26317038 PMCID: PMC4437384 DOI: 10.1155/2015/841245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most malignant type of skin cancer. Early detection of melanoma is thus critical for patient prognosis and survival. At present, examination by a skilled dermatologist followed by biopsy of suspicious lesions is the diagnostic gold standard. The aim of the present study was to examine an alternative and noninvasive method for the diagnosis of melanoma at an early stage. We identified and compared the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in mouse urine and feces, before and after a subcutaneous injection of B16 melanoma cells. We identified a total of 16 VOCs in urine and 13 VOCs in feces that could serve as potential biomarkers. Statistical analysis significantly discriminated between the cancer and control groups. These results should be validated in a larger-scale animal study, after which a study could be designed in patients to develop a melanoma biomarker.
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Analysis of volatile human urinary metabolome by solid-phase microextraction in combination with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for biomarker discovery: Application in a pilot study to discriminate patients with renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:1993-2002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Detecting bladder cancer using volatile analyses: is this the future? Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1147-50. [PMID: 25077351 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Arasaradnam RP, Covington JA, Harmston C, Nwokolo CU. Review article: next generation diagnostic modalities in gastroenterology--gas phase volatile compound biomarker detection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39:780-9. [PMID: 24612215 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detection of airborne gas phase biomarkers that emanate from biological samples like urine, breath and faeces may herald a new age of non-invasive diagnostics. These biomarkers may reflect status in health and disease and can be detected by humans and other animals, to some extent, but far more consistently with instruments. The continued advancement in micro and nanotechnology has produced a range of compact and sophisticated gas analysis sensors and sensor systems, focussed primarily towards environmental and security applications. These instruments are now increasingly adapted for use in clinical testing and with the discovery of new gas volatile compound biomarkers, lead naturally to a new era of non-invasive diagnostics. AIM To review current sensor instruments like the electronic nose (e-nose) and ion mobility spectroscopy (IMS), existing technology like gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and their application in the detection of gas phase volatile compound biomarkers in medicine - focussing on gastroenterology. METHODS A systematic search on Medline and Pubmed databases was performed to identify articles relevant to gas and volatile organic compounds. RESULTS E-nose and IMS instruments achieve sensitivities and specificities ranging from 75 to 92% in differentiating between inflammatory bowel disease, bile acid diarrhoea and colon cancer from controls. For pulmonary disease, the sensitivities and specificities exceed 90% in differentiating between pulmonary malignancy, pneumonia and obstructive airways disease. These sensitivity levels also hold true for diabetes (92%) and bladder cancer (90%) when GC-MS is combined with an e-nose. CONCLUSIONS The accurate reproducible sensing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using portable near-patient devices is a goal within reach for today's clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Arasaradnam
- Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
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Asimakopoulos AD, Del Fabbro D, Miano R, Santonico M, Capuano R, Pennazza G, D'Amico A, Finazzi-Agrò E. Prostate cancer diagnosis through electronic nose in the urine headspace setting: a pilot study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2014; 17:206-11. [PMID: 24686772 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the efficacy of prostate cancer (PCa) detection by the electronic nose (EN) on human urine samples. METHODS Urine samples were obtained from candidates of prostate biopsy (PB). Exclusion criteria were a history of urothelial carcinoma or other malignant disease, urine infection, fasting for <12 h before PB or ingestion of alcohol or foods that might alter the urine smell in the last 24 h. The initial part of the voided urine and the midstream were collected separately in two sterile containers. Both samples were analyzed by the EN immediately after the collection. All patients underwent a standard transperineal, transrectal-ultrasound-guided PB. The pathological results were compared with the outcomes of the EN. Sensitivity and specificity of EN were assessed. RESULTS Forty-one men were included in the study. Fourteen out of the 41 patients were positive for PCa. Midstream urine did not correlate significantly neither with a positive nor with a negative PB. Instead, significantly different results on the initial part of the urine stream between positive and negative PBs were obtained. The EN correctly recognized 10 out of the 14 cases (that is, sensitivity 71.4% (confidence interval (CI) 42-92%)) of PCa while four were false negatives. Moreover, the device recognized as negative 25 out of the 27 (that is, specificity 92.6% (CI 76-99%)) samples of negative PBs, with only two false positives. CONCLUSIONS We believe this is the first demonstration of an olfactory imprinting of the initial part of the urine stream in patients with PCa that was revealed by an EN, with high specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Asimakopoulos
- UOC of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata-Policlinico Casilino, Rome, Italy
| | - D Del Fabbro
- UOC of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Tor Vergata, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - R Miano
- UOC of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Tor Vergata, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - M Santonico
- Center for Integrated Research-CIR, Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - R Capuano
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - G Pennazza
- Center for Integrated Research-CIR, Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - A D'Amico
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - E Finazzi-Agrò
- UOC of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Tor Vergata, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Fung AO, Mykhaylova N. Analysis of Airborne Biomarkers for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:225-47. [PMID: 24464813 DOI: 10.1177/2211068213517119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Treatable diseases continue to exact a heavy burden worldwide despite powerful advances in treatment. Diagnostics play crucial roles in the detection, management, and ultimate prevention of these diseases by guiding the allocation of precious medical resources. Motivated by globalization and evolving disease, and enabled by advances in molecular pathology, the scientific community has produced an explosion of research on miniaturized integrated biosensor platforms for disease detection. Low-cost, automated tests promise accessibility in low-resource settings by loosening constraints around infrastructure and usability. To address the challenges raised by invasive and intrusive sample collection, researchers are exploring alternative biomarkers in various specimens. Specifically, patient-generated airborne biomarkers suit minimally invasive collection and automated analysis. Disease biomarkers are known to exist in aerosols and volatile compounds in breath, odor, and headspace, media that can be exploited for field-ready diagnostics. This article reviews global disease priorities and the characteristics of low-resource settings. It surveys existing technologies for the analysis of bioaerosols and volatile organic compounds, and emerging technologies that could enable their translation to the point of care. Engineering advances promise to enable appropriate diagnostics by detecting chemical and microbial markers. Nonetheless, further innovation and cost reduction are needed for these technologies to broadly affect global health.
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Haick H, Broza YY, Mochalski P, Ruzsanyi V, Amann A. Assessment, origin, and implementation of breath volatile cancer markers. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 43:1423-49. [PMID: 24305596 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60329f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new non-invasive and potentially inexpensive frontier in the diagnosis of cancer relies on the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath samples. Breath can be sampled and analyzed in real-time, leading to fascinating and cost-effective clinical diagnostic procedures. Nevertheless, breath analysis is a very young field of research and faces challenges, mainly because the biochemical mechanisms behind the cancer-related VOCs are largely unknown. In this review, we present a list of 115 validated cancer-related VOCs published in the literature during the past decade, and classify them with respect to their "fat-to-blood" and "blood-to-air" partition coefficients. These partition coefficients provide an estimation of the relative concentrations of VOCs in alveolar breath, in blood and in the fat compartments of the human body. Additionally, we try to clarify controversial issues concerning possible experimental malpractice in the field, and propose ways to translate the basic science results as well as the mechanistic understanding to tools (sensors) that could serve as point-of-care diagnostics of cancer. We end this review with a conclusion and a future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Haick
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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Broza YY, Haick H. Nanomaterial-based sensors for detection of disease by volatile organic compounds. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:785-806. [PMID: 23656265 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of developing new diagnostic and detection technologies for the growing number of clinical challenges is rising each year. Here, we present a concise, yet didactic review on a new diagnostics frontier based on the detection of disease-related volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by means of nanomaterial-based sensors. Nanomaterials are ideal for such sensor arrays because they are easily fabricated, chemically versatile and can be integrated into currently available sensing platforms. Following a general introduction, we provide a brief description of the VOC-related diseases concept. Then, we focus on detection of VOC-related diseases by selective and crossreactive sensing approaches, through chemical, optical and mechanical transducers incorporating the most important classes of nanomaterials. Selected examples of the integration of nanomaterials into selective sensors and crossreactive sensor arrays are given. We conclude with a brief discussion on the integration possibilities of different types of nanomaterials into sensor arrays, and the expected outcomes and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Y Broza
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200002, Israel
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Rodriguez-Lujan I, Bailador G, Sanchez-Avila C, Herrero A, Vidal-de-Miguel G. Analysis of pattern recognition and dimensionality reduction techniques for odor biometrics. Knowl Based Syst 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tian F, Feng J, Li G, Dang L, Yin X, Peng X. On-line Calibration of Semiconductor Gas Sensors Based on Prediction Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4304/jcp.8.9.2204-2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chatterjee S, Castro M, Feller JF. An e-nose made of carbon nanotube based quantum resistive sensors for the detection of eighteen polar/nonpolar VOC biomarkers of lung cancer. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:4563-4575. [PMID: 32261199 DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20819b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A room temperature operating electronic nose (e-nose) has been developed by the assembly of conductive polymer nanocomposite (CPC) quantum resistive sensors (QRS). The fabrication of QRS by spray layer by layer (sLbL) of CPC solutions allowed us to obtain transducers with reproducible initial properties that could be easily tailored by adjusting either the number of sprayed layers and/or the solution composition. The selectivity of QRS was varied by changing the chemical nature of the polymer matrix in which carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were dispersed in solution, i.e., poly(carbonate) (PC), poly(caprolactone) (PCL), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(styrene) (PS), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The e-nose was then successfully used to detect several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) selected among lung cancer biomarkers: a first set of seven polar vapours (water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, propanol, isopropanol, and 2-butanone), and another set of eleven less and nonpolar vapours (chloroform, toluene, benzene, styrene, cyclohexane, o-xylene, n-propane, n-decane, 1,2,4-trimethyl benzene, isoprene, and 1-hexene). The discrimination ability of the e-nose evaluated after a 3D principal component analysis (PCA) pattern recognition treatment was proved to be very good. Moreover, the quantitativity of the transducers' chemo-resistive responses was well fitted with the Langmuir-Henry-Clustering (LHC) model for both acetone and toluene vapours in a wide range of concentrations. The QRS developed in this study appear to be very good candidates to design low cost e-noses for the anticipated diagnosis of lung cancer by VOC analysis in breath, with ppm level sensitivity (tested down to 2.5 parts per million), short response time (a couple of seconds), low consumption, and a large signal to noise ratio (SNR ≥ 10).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chatterjee
- Smart Plastics Group, European University of Brittany (UEB), LIMATB-UBS, Lorient, France.
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Dini F, Capuano R, Strand T, Ek AC, Lindgren M, Paolesse R, Di Natale C, Lundström I. Volatile emissions from compressed tissue. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69271. [PMID: 23874929 PMCID: PMC3706374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Since almost every fifth patient treated in hospital care develops pressure ulcers, early identification of risk is important. A non-invasive method for the elucidation of endogenous biomarkers related to pressure ulcers could be an excellent tool for this purpose. We therefore found it of interest to determine if there is a difference in the emissions of volatiles from compressed and uncompressed tissue. The ultimate goal is to find a non-invasive method to obtain an early warning for the risk of developing pressure ulcers for bed-ridden persons. Chemical analysis of the emissions, collected in compresses, was made with gas-chromatography – mass spectrometry and with a chemical sensor array, the so called electronic nose. It was found that the emissions from healthy and hospitalized persons differed significantly irrespective of the site. Within each group there was a clear difference between the compressed and uncompressed site. Peaks that could be certainly deemed as markers of the compression were, however, not identified. Nonetheless, different compounds connected to the application of local mechanical pressure were found. The results obtained with GC-MS reveal the complexity of VOC composition, thus an array of non-selective chemical sensors seems to be a suitable choice for the analysis of skin emission from compressed tissues; it may represent a practical instrument for bed side diagnostics. Results show that the adopted electronic noses are likely sensitive to the total amount of the emission rather than to its composition. The development of a gas sensor-based device requires then the design of sensor receptors adequate to detect the VOCs bouquet typical of pressure. This preliminary experiment evidences the necessity of studies where each given person is followed for a long time in a ward in order to detect the insurgence of specific VOCs pattern changes signalling the occurrence of ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Dini
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Volatile biomarkers from human melanoma cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 931:90-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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D'Amico A, Di Natale C, Falconi C, Martinelli E, Paolesse R, Pennazza G, Santonico M, Sterk PJ. Detection and identification of cancers by the electronic nose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 6:175-85. [PMID: 23480684 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2012.665870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The early determination of serious pathologies has so far been an important issue in both the medical and social fields. The search for an instrument able to detect cancers has led to the consideration of the usage of chemicals of the human body, which carry, through its volatile compounds, information coming from or related to defined pathologies. AREAS COVERED The electronic nose (EN) seems to represent a good solution for the detection of cancers of different types. Recent results showed the utility of an EN to smell chemicals related to lung, melanoma, prostatic, breast and pancreatic cancers. The results obtainable from ENs are chemical images and, as it will be shown in this paper, the probability of cancer recognition is rather high. Main results obtained at international level and by the authors of this paper will be commented upon. EXPERT OPINION A personal opinion is given trying to foresee future developments of the olfaction strategy. To this purpose, two main aspects are considered: looking for better overall stability of the EN and for a new use of ENs in detecting alterations between blood and pathology components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo D'Amico
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Electronic Engineering , Via del Politecnico, 1 - 00133 Rome , Italy +39 06 7259 7349 ; +39 06 2020 519 ;
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Roine A, Tolvanen M, Sipiläinen M, Kumpulainen P, Helenius MA, Lehtimäki T, Vepsäläinen J, Keinänen TA, Häkkinen MR, Koskimäki J, Veskimäe E, Tuokko A, Visakorpi T, Tammela TL, Sioris T, Paavonen T, Lekkala J, Helle H, Oksala NKJ. Detection of smell print differences between nonmalignant and malignant prostate cells with an electronic nose. Future Oncol 2013; 8:1157-65. [PMID: 23030490 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine whether an electronic nose can differentiate cultured nonmalignant and malignant prostatic cells from each other and whether the smell print is secreted to the surrounding medium. MATERIALS & METHODS Prostatic nonmalignant (EP-156T and controls) and malignant (LNCaP) cell lines, as well as conditioned and unconditioned media, were collected. The smell prints of the samples were analyzed by a ChemPro(®) 100 electronic nose device. The data were normalized and dimension reduction was conducted. The samples were classified and misclassification rates were calculated. RESULTS The electronic nose differentiated the nonmalignant and malignant cell lines from each other, achieving misclassification rates of 2.9-3.6%. Cells did not differ from the conditioned medium but differed from the unconditioned medium (misclassification rates: 0.0-25.6%). CONCLUSION Malignant and nonmalignant prostatic cell lines have distinct smell prints. Prostatic cancer cells seem to modify the smell print of their medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Roine
- Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
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Abaffy T, Möller MG, Riemer DD, Milikowski C, DeFazio RA. Comparative analysis of volatile metabolomics signals from melanoma and benign skin: a pilot study. Metabolomics 2013; 9:998-1008. [PMID: 24039618 PMCID: PMC3769583 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-013-0523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC) as biomarkers of cancer is both promising and challenging. In this pilot study, we used an untargeted approach to compare volatile metabolomic signatures of melanoma and matched control non-neoplastic skin from the same patient. VOC from fresh (non-fixed) biopsied tissue were collected using the headspace solid phase micro extraction method (HS SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GCMS). We applied the XCMS analysis platform and MetaboAnalyst software to reveal many differentially expressed metabolic features. Our analysis revealed increased levels of lauric acid (C12:0) and palmitic acid (C16:0) in melanoma. The identity of these compounds was confirmed by comparison with chemical standards. Increased levels of these fatty acids are likely to be a consequence of up-regulated de novo lipid synthesis, a known characteristic of cancer. Increased oxidative stress is likely to cause an additional increase in lauric acid. Implementation of this study design on larger number of cases will be necessary for the future metabolomics biomarker discovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Abaffy
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - M. G. Möller
- Division of Surgical Oncology, DeWitt Daughtry Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - D. D. Riemer
- Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - C. Milikowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - R. A. DeFazio
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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Shirasu M, Touhara K. The scent of disease: volatile organic compounds of the human body related to disease and disorder. J Biochem 2011; 150:257-66. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Wilson AD, Baietto M. Advances in electronic-nose technologies developed for biomedical applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2011; 11:1105-76. [PMID: 22346620 PMCID: PMC3274093 DOI: 10.3390/s110101105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The research and development of new electronic-nose applications in the biomedical field has accelerated at a phenomenal rate over the past 25 years. Many innovative e-nose technologies have provided solutions and applications to a wide variety of complex biomedical and healthcare problems. The purposes of this review are to present a comprehensive analysis of past and recent biomedical research findings and developments of electronic-nose sensor technologies, and to identify current and future potential e-nose applications that will continue to advance the effectiveness and efficiency of biomedical treatments and healthcare services for many years. An abundance of electronic-nose applications has been developed for a variety of healthcare sectors including diagnostics, immunology, pathology, patient recovery, pharmacology, physical therapy, physiology, preventative medicine, remote healthcare, and wound and graft healing. Specific biomedical e-nose applications range from uses in biochemical testing, blood-compatibility evaluations, disease diagnoses, and drug delivery to monitoring of metabolic levels, organ dysfunctions, and patient conditions through telemedicine. This paper summarizes the major electronic-nose technologies developed for healthcare and biomedical applications since the late 1980s when electronic aroma detection technologies were first recognized to be potentially useful in providing effective solutions to problems in the healthcare industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphus D. Wilson
- Southern Hardwoods Laboratory, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 432 Stoneville Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Manuela Baietto
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; E-Mail:
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Abaffy T, Duncan R, Riemer DD, Tietje O, Elgart G, Milikowski C, DeFazio RA. Differential volatile signatures from skin, naevi and melanoma: a novel approach to detect a pathological process. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13813. [PMID: 21079799 PMCID: PMC2973952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early detection of melanoma is of great importance to reduce mortality. Discovering new melanoma biomarkers would improve early detection and diagnosis. Here, we present a novel approach to detect volatile compounds from skin. Methods and Findings We used Head Space Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to identify volatile signatures from melanoma, naevi and skin samples. We hypothesized that the metabolic state of tissue alters the profile of volatile compounds. Volatiles released from fresh biopsy tissue of melanoma and benign naevus were compared based on their difference in frequency distribution and their expression level. We also analyzed volatile profiles from frozen tissue, including skin and melanoma. Conclusions Three volatiles, 4-methyl decane, dodecane and undecane were preferentially expressed in both fresh and frozen melanoma, indicating that they are candidate biomarkers. Twelve candidate biomarkers evaluated by fuzzy logic analysis of frozen samples distinguished melanoma from skin with 89% sensitivity and 90% specificity. Our results demonstrate proof-of-principle that there is differential expression of volatiles in melanoma. Our volatile metabolomic approach will lead to a better understanding of melanoma and can enable development of new diagnostic and treatment strategies based on altered metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Abaffy
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America.
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Zhou Y, Smith M, Smith L, Warr R. Using 3D differential forms to characterize a pigmented lesion in vivo. Skin Res Technol 2010; 16:77-84. [PMID: 20384886 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2009.00384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE After the formulation of ABCD rules, many new feature extraction methods are emerging to describe the asymmetry, border irregularity, color variation and diameter of malignant melanoma. In this paper, a new research direction orthogonal to ABCD rules that characterizes 3D local disruption of skin surfaces to realize automatic recognition of melanoma is described. METHODS This paper examines 3D differential forms of skin surfaces to characterize the local geometrical properties of melanoma. Firstly, 3D data of skin surfaces are obtained using a photometric stereo device. Then differential forms of lesion surfaces are determined to describe the geometrical texture patterns involved. Using only these geometrical features, a simple least-squared error-based linear classifier can be constructed to realize the classification of malignant melanomas and benign lesions. RESULTS As with the 3D data of 35 melanoma and 66 benign lesion samples collected from local pigmented lesion clinics, the optimal sensitivity and specificity of the constructed linear classifier are 71.4% and 86.4%, respectively. The total area enclosed by the corresponding receiver operating characteristics curve is 0.823. CONCLUSION This study indicates that differential forms obtained from 3D data are very promising in characterizing melanoma. Combining these features with other skin features such as border irregularity and color variation might further improve the accuracy and reliability of the automatic diagnosis of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Machine Vision Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
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Montuschi P, Santonico M, Mondino C, Pennazza G, Mantini G, Martinelli E, Capuano R, Ciabattoni G, Paolesse R, Di Natale C, Barnes PJ, D'Amico A. Diagnostic performance of an electronic nose, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, and lung function testing in asthma. Chest 2010; 137:790-6. [PMID: 20081096 DOI: 10.1378/chest.09-1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of exhaled breath by biosensors discriminates between patients with asthma and healthy subjects. An electronic nose consists of a chemical sensor array for the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and an algorithm for pattern recognition. We compared the diagnostic performance of a prototype of an electronic nose with lung function tests and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) in patients with atopic asthma. METHODS A cross-sectional study was undertaken in 27 patients with intermittent and persistent mild asthma and in 24 healthy subjects. Two procedures for collecting exhaled breath were followed to study the differences between total and alveolar air. Seven patients with asthma and seven healthy subjects participated in a study with mass spectrometry (MS) fingerprinting as an independent technique for assessing between group discrimination. Classification was based on principal component analysis and a feed-forward neural network. RESULTS The best results were obtained when the electronic nose analysis was performed on alveolar air. Diagnostic performance for electronic nose, FENO, and lung function testing was 87.5%, 79.2%, and 70.8%, respectively. The combination of electronic nose and FENO had the highest diagnostic performance for asthma (95.8%). MS fingerprints of VOCs could discriminate between patients with asthma and healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS The electronic nose has a high diagnostic performance that can be increased when combined with FENO. Large studies are now required to definitively establish the diagnostic performance of the electronic nose. Whether this integrated noninvasive approach will translate into an early diagnosis of asthma has to be clarified. TRIAL REGISTRATION EUDRACT https://eudralink.emea.europa.eu; Identifier: 2007-000890-51; and clinicaltrials.gov; Identifier: NCT00819676.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Montuschi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo F. Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Pennazza G, Santonico M, Bartolazzi A, Martinelli, Paolesse R, Di Natale C, Bono R, Tamburrelli V, Cristina S, D'Amico A. Melanoma Volatile Fingerprint with a Gas Sensor Array: In Vivo and In Vitro Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proche.2009.07.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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