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Suzuki K, Okawa Y, Akter S, Ito H, Shiba Y. Arf GTPase-Activating proteins ADAP1 and ARAP1 regulate incorporation of CD63 in multivesicular bodies. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060338. [PMID: 38682696 PMCID: PMC11103404 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Arf GTPase-activating proteins (ArfGAPs) mediate the hydrolysis of GTP bound to ADP-ribosylation factors. ArfGAPs are critical for cargo sorting in the Golgi-to-ER traffic. However, the role of ArfGAPs in sorting into intralumenal vesicles (ILVs) in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in post-Golgi traffic remains unclear. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) of endosomal origin. CD63 is an EV marker. CD63 is enriched ILVs in MVBs of cells. However, the secretion of CD63 positive EVs has not been consistent with the data on CD63 localization in MVBs, and how CD63-containing EVs are formed is yet to be understood. To elucidate the mechanism of CD63 transport to ILVs, we focused on CD63 localization in MVBs and searched for the ArfGAPs involved in CD63 localization. We observed that ADAP1 and ARAP1 depletion inhibited CD63 localization to enlarged endosomes after Rab5Q79L overexpression. We tested epidermal growth factor (EGF) and CD9 localization in MVBs. We observed that ADAP1 and ARAP1 depletion inhibited CD9 localization in enlarged endosomes but not EGF. Our results indicate ADAP1 and ARAP1, regulate incorporation of CD63 and CD9, but not EGF, in overlapped and different MVBs. Our work will contribute to distinguish heterogenous ILVs and exosomes by ArfGAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasumi Suzuki
- Graduate course of Biological Sciences, Division of Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Iwate University, 020-8551, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Okawa
- Graduate course of Biological Sciences, Division of Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Iwate University, 020-8551, Morioka, Japan
| | - Sharmin Akter
- Graduate course of Biological Sciences, Division of Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Iwate University, 020-8551, Morioka, Japan
| | - Haruki Ito
- Biological Sciences Course, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 020-8551, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yoko Shiba
- Graduate course of Biological Sciences, Division of Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Iwate University, 020-8551, Morioka, Japan
- Biological Sciences Course, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 020-8551, Morioka, Japan
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2
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Zhang Z, Xie W, Gong B, Liang X, Yu H, Yu Y, Dong Z, Shao F. ARAP1 negatively regulates stress fibers formation and metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma via controlling Rho signaling. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:214. [PMID: 38008882 PMCID: PMC10678915 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases regulate multiple important cellular behaviors and their activities are strictly controlled by a mass of regulators. The dysfunction or abnormal expression of small GTPases or their regulators was frequently observed in various cancers. Here, we analyzed the expression and prognostic correlation of several GTPases and related regulators based on the TCGA database and found that Ankyrin Repeat and PH Domain 1 (ARAP1), a GTPase activating protein (GAP), is reduced in lung adenocarcinoma tissues compared to normal tissues and displays a positive correlation with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. qPCR and western blot verified that ARAP1 is frequently downregulated in lung adenocarcinoma tumor tissues and cancer cells, and its downregulation might be mediated by epigenetic modification. Moreover, metastatic assays showed that overexpression of ARAP1 significantly inhibits metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo. We further demonstrated that Rho signaling inhibition, mediated by RhoGAP activity of ARAP1, majorly contributes to suppressing migration and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cancer cells via inhibiting stress fibers formation. In summary, this study indicates that ARAP1 may serve as a potential prognostic predictor and a metastatic suppressor in lung adenocarcinoma via its RhoGAP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzheng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 2 Fuxue Lane, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenran Xie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Chashan, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bojiang Gong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Chashan, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Chashan, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjia Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Chashan, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwen Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Chashan, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiong Dong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Chashan, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fanggui Shao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Shao A, Lopez AJ, Chen J, Tham A, Javier S, Quiroz A, Frick S, Levine EM, Lloyd KCK, Leonard BC, Murphy CJ, Glaser TM, Moshiri A. Arap1 loss causes retinal pigment epithelium phagocytic dysfunction and subsequent photoreceptor death. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:276063. [PMID: 35758026 PMCID: PMC9346516 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a retinal degenerative disease, is the leading cause of heritable blindness. Previously, we described that Arap1−/− mice develop a similar pattern of photoreceptor degeneration. Arap1 is an Arf-directed GTPase-activating protein shown to modulate actin cytoskeletal dynamics. Curiously, Arap1 expression was detected in Müller glia and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), but not the photoreceptors themselves. In this study, we generated conditional knockout mice for Müller glia/RPE, Müller glia and RPE via targeting Rlbp1, Glast and Vmd2 promoters, respectively, to drive Cre recombinase expression to knock out Arap1. Vmd2-Cre Arap1tm1c/tm1c and Rlbp1-Cre Arap1tm1c/tm1c mice, but not Glast-Cre Arap1tm1c/tm1c mice, recapitulated the phenotype originally observed in germline Arap1−/− mice. Mass spectrometry analysis of human ARAP1 co-immunoprecipitation identified candidate binding partners of ARAP1, revealing potential interactants involved in phagocytosis, cytoskeletal composition, intracellular trafficking and endocytosis. Quantification of outer segment phagocytosis in vivo demonstrated a clear phagocytic defect in Arap1−/− mice compared to Arap1+/+ controls. We conclude that Arap1 expression in RPE is necessary for photoreceptor survival due to its indispensable function in RPE phagocytosis. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: We provide evidence that Arap1 expression in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is essential for maintaining photoreceptor health due to its indispensable role in RPE phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Shao
- The University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Antonio Jacobo Lopez
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, USA
| | - JiaJia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, USA
| | - Addy Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, USA
| | - Seanne Javier
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, USA
| | - Alejandra Quiroz
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, USA
| | - Sonia Frick
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, USA
| | - Edward M Levine
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - K C Kent Lloyd
- Mouse Biology Program, U.C. Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Brian C Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, USA.,Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Glaser
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ala Moshiri
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, USA
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Liu J, Pan C, Lu R, Zhang S. Long noncoding RNA ArfGAP with RhoGAP domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 1 antisense RNA 1 recruits enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit to promote the proliferation, migration and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cells. Bioengineered 2022; 13:7868-7880. [PMID: 35291911 PMCID: PMC9208492 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2050968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The detailed function of ARAP1-AS1, the antisense RNA of Arf-GAP with Rho-GAP domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1 (ARAP1), in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) has not been clearly elucidated and required further investigation. Our study is committed to exploring the role of ARAP1-AS1 in LUAD. Gene expression in LUAD was measured by real-time quantitative polymerase-chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The influence of ARAP1-AS1 on LUAD cell malignant behaviors was evaluated by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, colony formation assay, Transwell invasion assay and wound healing assay. Subcellular fractionation assay detected the cellular localization of ARAP1-AS1 in LUAD. The protein levels were subjected to western blotting. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and luciferase reporter assay were employed to verify the interaction between ARAP1-AS1, ARAP1 and enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (EZH2). Our investigation identified that ARAP1-AS1 was upregulated in LUAD cells and tissues. ARAP1-AS1 silencing repressed LUAD cell growth and migration. Furthermore, ARAP1-AS1 knockdown altered the expression of its sense mRNA, ARAP1. ARAP1-AS1 could recruit EZH2 to inhibit ARAP1 expression. Additionally, the downregulation of ARAP1 reversed ARAP1-AS1 downregulation-induced repression of cell growth and migration in LUAD. In conclusion, ARAP1-AS1 recruited EZH2 to silence ARAP1, facilitating cell proliferation, migration and invasion in LUAD. Our study demonstrated the possibility of ARAP1-AS1 to be a novel therapeutic target for LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shijiang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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5
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Rab11-FIP1 and Rab11-FIP5 Regulate pIgR/pIgA Transcytosis through TRIM21-Mediated Polyubiquitination. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910466. [PMID: 34638806 PMCID: PMC8508952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR)-mediated polymeric immunoglobulin A (pIgA) transcytosis across mucosal epithelial cells plays an essential role in mucosal immunity. The general trafficking process has been well investigated, yet the elaborate regulatory mechanisms remain enigmatic. We identified a new pIgR interacting protein, the Rab11 effector Rab11-FIP1. Rab11-FIP1 and Rab11-FIP5 knockdown additively impaired pIgA transcytosis in both polarized and incompletely polarized cells. Moreover, Rab11-FIP1 and Rab11-FIP5 knockdown exhibited more significant inhibitory effects on pIgA transcytosis in incompletely polarized cells than in polarized cells. Interestingly, the trafficking process of pIgA in incompletely polarized cells is distinct from that in polarized cells. In incompletely polarized cells, the endocytic pIgR/pIgA was first transported from the basolateral plasma membrane to the vicinity of the centrosome where Rab11-FIP1 and Rab11-FIP5 bound to it, before the Rab11a-positive endosomes containing pIgR/pIgA, Rab11-FIP1 and Rab11-FIP5 were further transported to the apical plasma membrane via Golgi apparatus. During the trafficking process, TRIM21 mediated the K11-linked polyubiquitination of Rab11-FIP1 and the K6-linked polyubiquitination of Rab11-FIP5 to promote their activation and pIgA transcytosis. This study indicates that polyubiquitinated Rab11-FIP1 and Rab11-FIP5 mediated by TRIM21 cooperatively facilitate pIgA transcytosis and provides new insights into the intracellular trafficking process of pIgA in incompletely polarized cells.
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6
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Li X, Ma TK, Wen S, Li LL, Xu L, Zhu XW, Zhang CX, Liu N, Wang X, Fan QL. LncRNA ARAP1-AS2 promotes high glucose-induced human proximal tubular cell injury via persistent transactivation of the EGFR by interacting with ARAP1. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12994-13009. [PMID: 32969198 PMCID: PMC7701572 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistent transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) causes subsequent activation of the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway, which is closely associated with fibrosis and cell proliferation in diabetic nephropathy (DN), but the exact mechanism of persistent EGFR transactivation in DN remains unclear. ARAP1, a susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes, can regulate the endocytosis and ubiquitination of membrane receptors, but the effect of ARAP1 and its natural antisense long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), ARAP1-AS2, on the ubiquitination of EGFR in DN is not clear. In this study, we verified that the expression of ARAP1 and ARAP1-AS2 was significantly up-regulated in high glucose-induced human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells). Moreover, we found that overexpression or knockdown of ARAP1-AS2 could regulate fibrosis and HK-2 cell proliferation through EGFR/TGF-β/Smad3 signalling. RNA pulldown assays revealed that ARAP1-AS2 directly interacts with ARAP1. Coimmunoprecipitation, dual-immunofluorescence and ubiquitination assays showed that ARAP1 may maintain persistent EGFR activation by reducing EGFR ubiquitination through competing with Cbl for CIN85 binding. Taken together, our results suggest that the lncRNA ARAP1-AS2 may promote high glucose-induced proximal tubular cell injury via persistent EGFR/TGF-β/Smad3 pathway activation by interacting with ARAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tian-Kui Ma
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Si Wen
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lu-Lu Li
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin-Wang Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cong-Xiao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiu-Ling Fan
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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7
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Kelemen O, Pla I, Sanchez A, Rezeli M, Szasz AM, Malm J, Laszlo V, Kwon HJ, Dome B, Marko-Varga G. Proteomic analysis enables distinction of early- versus advanced-stage lung adenocarcinomas. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e106. [PMID: 32536039 PMCID: PMC7403673 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A gel‐free proteomic approach was utilized to perform in‐depth tissue protein profiling of lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) and normal lung tissues from early and advanced stages of the disease. The long‐term goal of this study is to generate a large‐scale, label‐free proteomics dataset from histologically well‐classified lung ADC that can be used to increase further our understanding of disease progression and aid in identifying novel biomarkers. Methods and results Cases of early‐stage (I‐II) and advanced‐stage (III‐IV) lung ADCs were selected and paired with normal lung tissues from 22 patients. The histologically and clinically stratified human primary lung ADCs were analyzed by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. From the analysis of ADC and normal specimens, 4863 protein groups were identified. To examine the protein expression profile of ADC, a peak area‐based quantitation method was used. In early‐ and advanced‐stage ADC, 365 and 366 proteins were differentially expressed, respectively, between normal and tumor tissues (adjusted P‐value < .01, fold change ≥ 4). A total of 155 proteins were dysregulated between early‐ and advanced‐stage ADCs and 18 were suggested as early‐specific stage ADC. In silico functional analysis of the upregulated proteins in both tumor groups revealed that most of the enriched pathways are involved in mRNA metabolism. Furthermore, the most overrepresented pathways in the proteins that were unique to ADC are related to mRNA metabolic processes. Conclusions Further analysis of these data may provide an insight into the molecular pathways involved in disease etiology and may lead to the identification of biomarker candidates and potential targets for therapy. Our study provides potential diagnostic biomarkers for lung ADC and novel stage‐specific drug targets for rational intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kelemen
- Clinical Protein Science and Imaging, Biomedical Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Indira Pla
- Clinical Protein Science and Imaging, Biomedical Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Aniel Sanchez
- Clinical Protein Science and Imaging, Biomedical Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Melinda Rezeli
- Clinical Protein Science and Imaging, Biomedical Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Attila Marcell Szasz
- Clinical Protein Science and Imaging, Biomedical Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Cancer Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Chemical Genomics Global Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Johan Malm
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktoria Laszlo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ho Jeong Kwon
- Clinical Protein Science and Imaging, Biomedical Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Chemical Genomics Global Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Balazs Dome
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Marko-Varga
- Clinical Protein Science and Imaging, Biomedical Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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8
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Li L, Xu L, Wen S, Yang Y, Li X, Fan Q. The effect of lncRNA-ARAP1-AS2/ARAP1 on high glucose-induced cytoskeleton rearrangement and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human renal tubular epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5787-5795. [PMID: 31975379 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in diabetic renal fibrosis. The ARAP1 gene is located near risk alleles for Type 2 diabetes, and its function has been linked to cytoskeleton rearrangement, Golgi apparatus remodeling, and endocytic trafficking of membrane receptors. The role of ARAP1 and its antisense RNA, ARAP1-AS2, in the pathogenesis of diabetes is unclear. To clarify the roles of ARAP1 and its antisense RNA in diabetes and related complications, we examined if the expression of these transcripts changed under high glucose (HG) conditions. To do this, we examined transcript levels in HK-2 cells, and explored the roles of ARAP1 and ARAP1-AS2 in the EMT process in HK-2 cells. We found increased expression of ARAP1-AS2 and ARAP1 in HK-2 cells under HG condition, and observed that the overexpression of ARAP1-AS2 significantly increased the EMT process. In addition, HG upregulated Cdc42-GTP levels in HK-2 cells, and increased cytoskeleton rearrangement, cell viability, and migration. After knockdown of ARAP1, the level of Cdc42-GTP was decreased; cytoskeleton reorganization, cell viability, and migration processes were decreased; and EMT and expression of fibrosis marker protein. Overall, our results indicated that ARAP1-AS2/ARAP1 may participate in cytoskeleton rearrangement and EMT processes in HK-2 cells through increased Cdc42-GTP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Si Wen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qiuling Fan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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9
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Sztul E, Chen PW, Casanova JE, Cherfils J, Dacks JB, Lambright DG, Lee FJS, Randazzo PA, Santy LC, Schürmann A, Wilhelmi I, Yohe ME, Kahn RA. ARF GTPases and their GEFs and GAPs: concepts and challenges. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1249-1271. [PMID: 31084567 PMCID: PMC6724607 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-12-0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed structural, biochemical, cell biological, and genetic studies of any gene/protein are required to develop models of its actions in cells. Studying a protein family in the aggregate yields additional information, as one can include analyses of their coevolution, acquisition or loss of functionalities, structural pliability, and the emergence of shared or variations in molecular mechanisms. An even richer understanding of cell biology can be achieved through evaluating functionally linked protein families. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of three protein families: the ARF GTPases, the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (ARF GEFs) that activate them, and the GTPase-activating proteins (ARF GAPs) that have the ability to both propagate and terminate signaling. However, despite decades of scrutiny, our understanding of how these essential proteins function in cells remains fragmentary. We believe that the inherent complexity of ARF signaling and its regulation by GEFs and GAPs will require the concerted effort of many laboratories working together, ideally within a consortium to optimally pool information and resources. The collaborative study of these three functionally connected families (≥70 mammalian genes) will yield transformative insights into regulation of cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Sztul
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Pei-Wen Chen
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267
| | - James E. Casanova
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Jacqueline Cherfils
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, CNRS and Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Joel B. Dacks
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - David G. Lambright
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Amherst, MA 01605
| | - Fang-Jen S. Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | | | - Lorraine C. Santy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Annette Schürmann
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, 85764 Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Ilka Wilhelmi
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, 85764 Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Marielle E. Yohe
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Richard A. Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322-3050
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Moore BA, Leonard BC, Sebbag L, Edwards SG, Cooper A, Imai DM, Straiton E, Santos L, Reilly C, Griffey SM, Bower L, Clary D, Mason J, Roux MJ, Meziane H, Herault Y, McKerlie C, Flenniken AM, Nutter LMJ, Berberovic Z, Owen C, Newbigging S, Adissu H, Eskandarian M, Hsu CW, Kalaga S, Udensi U, Asomugha C, Bohat R, Gallegos JJ, Seavitt JR, Heaney JD, Beaudet AL, Dickinson ME, Justice MJ, Philip V, Kumar V, Svenson KL, Braun RE, Wells S, Cater H, Stewart M, Clementson-Mobbs S, Joynson R, Gao X, Suzuki T, Wakana S, Smedley D, Seong JK, Tocchini-Valentini G, Moore M, Fletcher C, Karp N, Ramirez-Solis R, White JK, de Angelis MH, Wurst W, Thomasy SM, Flicek P, Parkinson H, Brown SDM, Meehan TF, Nishina PM, Murray SA, Krebs MP, Mallon AM, Lloyd KCK, Murphy CJ, Moshiri A. Identification of genes required for eye development by high-throughput screening of mouse knockouts. Commun Biol 2018; 1:236. [PMID: 30588515 PMCID: PMC6303268 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in next generation sequencing technologies, determining the genetic basis of ocular disease remains a major challenge due to the limited access and prohibitive cost of human forward genetics. Thus, less than 4,000 genes currently have available phenotype information for any organ system. Here we report the ophthalmic findings from the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium, a large-scale functional genetic screen with the goal of generating and phenotyping a null mutant for every mouse gene. Of 4364 genes evaluated, 347 were identified to influence ocular phenotypes, 75% of which are entirely novel in ocular pathology. This discovery greatly increases the current number of genes known to contribute to ophthalmic disease, and it is likely that many of the genes will subsequently prove to be important in human ocular development and disease. Bret Moore et al. from the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium report the identification of 347 mouse genes that influence ocular phenotypes when knocked out. 75% of the identified genes have not previously been associated with any ocular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret A Moore
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - Brian C Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - Sydney G Edwards
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - Ann Cooper
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - Denise M Imai
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ewan Straiton
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute (Mammalian Genetis Unit and Mary Lyon Center, Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Luis Santos
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute (Mammalian Genetis Unit and Mary Lyon Center, Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Christopher Reilly
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Stephen M Griffey
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Lynette Bower
- Mouse Biology Program, and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - David Clary
- Mouse Biology Program, and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Jeremy Mason
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1 SD, UK
| | - Michel J Roux
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France.,CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS, INSERM, University of Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Hamid Meziane
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France.,CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS, INSERM, University of Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Yann Herault
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France.,CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS, INSERM, University of Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | | | - Colin McKerlie
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Ann M Flenniken
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Lauryl M J Nutter
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Zorana Berberovic
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Celeste Owen
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Susan Newbigging
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Hibret Adissu
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Mohammed Eskandarian
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Chih-Wei Hsu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sowmya Kalaga
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Uchechukwu Udensi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chinwe Asomugha
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ritu Bohat
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Juan J Gallegos
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John R Seavitt
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jason D Heaney
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Arthur L Beaudet
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mary E Dickinson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Monica J Justice
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Vivek Philip
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Vivek Kumar
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | | | | | - Sara Wells
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute (Mammalian Genetis Unit and Mary Lyon Center, Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Heather Cater
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute (Mammalian Genetis Unit and Mary Lyon Center, Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Michelle Stewart
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute (Mammalian Genetis Unit and Mary Lyon Center, Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Sharon Clementson-Mobbs
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute (Mammalian Genetis Unit and Mary Lyon Center, Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Russell Joynson
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute (Mammalian Genetis Unit and Mary Lyon Center, Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Xiang Gao
- SKL of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Model Animal Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | | | | | - Damian Smedley
- Clinical Pharmacology, Charterhouse Square, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - J K Seong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (KMPC) and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Glauco Tocchini-Valentini
- Monterotondo Mouse Clinic, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, Via Ramarini, I-00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Mark Moore
- International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium, San Anselmo, CA, 94960, USA
| | | | - Natasha Karp
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ramiro Ramirez-Solis
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jacqueline K White
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA.,The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Paul Flicek
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1 SD, UK
| | - Helen Parkinson
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1 SD, UK
| | - Steve D M Brown
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute (Mammalian Genetis Unit and Mary Lyon Center, Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Terrence F Meehan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1 SD, UK
| | | | | | - Mark P Krebs
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Ann-Marie Mallon
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute (Mammalian Genetis Unit and Mary Lyon Center, Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - K C Kent Lloyd
- Mouse Biology Program, and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - Ala Moshiri
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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11
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Li Q, Yang W, Wang Y, Liu W. Biochemical and Structural Studies of the Interaction between ARAP1 and CIN85. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2132-2139. [PMID: 29589748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arf-GAP with Rho-GAP domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1 (ARAP1), Cbl-interacting protein of 85 kDa (CIN85), and casitas B-lineage lymphoma (Cbl) play important roles in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) internalization and recycling. In previous studies, ARAP1 was found to interact with CIN85, and their interaction attenuated the ubiquitination of EGFR. However, the molecular mechanism was still unclear. In this study, we first biochemically and structurally characterized the interaction between ARAP1 and CIN85, and found that the CIN85 SH3B domain bound to the ARAP1 PXPXXRX (except P) XXR/H/K motif with high affinity and specificity. Based on this binding model, we further predicted other potential CIN85 binding partners and tested their interactions biochemically. Moreover, our swapping data and structure alignment analysis suggested that the β2-β3 loops of the CIN85 SH3 domains and the H87ARAP1/E132CIN85 interaction were critical for ARAP1 binding specificity. Finally, our competitive analytical gel-filtration chromatography and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) results showed that ARAP1 could compete with Cbl for CIN85 binding, which provides a biochemical basis for the regulatory roles of ARAP1 in the CIN85-mediated EGFR internalizing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute , Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center , Shenzhen 518036 , China
| | | | - Yue Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute , Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center , Shenzhen 518036 , China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute , Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center , Shenzhen 518036 , China
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12
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Moshiri A, Humpal D, Leonard BC, Imai DM, Tham A, Bower L, Clary D, Glaser TM, Lloyd KCK, Murphy CJ. Arap1 Deficiency Causes Photoreceptor Degeneration in Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:1709-1718. [PMID: 28324111 PMCID: PMC5361582 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) ADP-ribosylation factors (Arfs) regulate membrane traffic and actin reorganization under the control of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Arap1 is an Arf-directed GAP that inhibits the trafficking of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to the early endosome, but the diversity of its functions is incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Arap1 in the mammalian retina. Methods Genetically engineered Arap1 knockout mice were screened for ocular abnormalities in the National Institutes of Health Knockout Mouse Production and Phenotyping (KOMP2) Project. Arap1 knockout and wild-type eyes were imaged using optical coherence tomography and fundus photography, and analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results Arap1-/- mice develop a normal appearing retina, but undergo photoreceptor degeneration starting at 4 weeks postnatal age. The fundus appearance of mutants is notable for pigmentary changes, optic nerve pallor, vascular attenuation, and outer retinal thinning, reminiscent of retinitis pigmentosa in humans. Immunohistochemical studies suggest the cell death is predominantly in the outer nuclear layer. Functional evaluation of the retina by electroretinography reveals amplitudes are reduced. Arap1 is detected most notably in Müller glia, and not in photoreceptors, implicating a role for Müller glia in photoreceptor survival. Conclusions Arap1 is necessary for normal photoreceptor survival in mice, and may be a novel gene relevant to human retinal degenerative processes, although its mechanism is unknown. Further studies in this mouse model of retinal degeneration will give insights into the cellular functions and signaling pathways in which Arap1 participates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Moshiri
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California, United States
| | - Devin Humpal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California, United States
| | - Brian C. Leonard
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Denise M. Imai
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, U.C. Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Addy Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California, United States
| | - Lynette Bower
- Mouse Biology Program, U.C. Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Dave Clary
- Mouse Biology Program, U.C. Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Thomas M. Glaser
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, U.C. Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - K. C. Kent Lloyd
- Mouse Biology Program, U.C. Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Christopher J. Murphy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California, United States
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, Davis, California, United States
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13
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Ly S, Navaroli DM, Didiot MC, Cardia J, Pandarinathan L, Alterman JF, Fogarty K, Standley C, Lifshitz LM, Bellve KD, Prot M, Echeverria D, Corvera S, Khvorova A. Visualization of self-delivering hydrophobically modified siRNA cellular internalization. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:15-25. [PMID: 27899655 PMCID: PMC5224471 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
siRNAs are a new class of therapeutic modalities with promising clinical efficacy that requires modification or formulation for delivery to the tissue and cell of interest. Conjugation of siRNAs to lipophilic groups supports efficient cellular uptake by a mechanism that is not well characterized. Here we study the mechanism of internalization of asymmetric, chemically stabilized, cholesterol-modified siRNAs (sd-rxRNAs®) that efficiently enter cells and tissues without the need for formulation. We demonstrate that uptake is rapid with significant membrane association within minutes of exposure followed by the formation of vesicular structures and internalization. Furthermore, sd-rxRNAs are internalized by a specific class of early endosomes and show preferential association with epidermal growth factor (EGF) but not transferrin (Tf) trafficking pathways as shown by live cell TIRF and structured illumination microscopy (SIM). In fixed cells, we observe ∼25% of sd-rxRNA co-localizing with EGF and <5% with Tf, which is indicative of selective endosomal sorting. Likewise, preferential sd-rxRNA co-localization was demonstrated with EEA1 but not RBSN-containing endosomes, consistent with preferential EGF-like trafficking through EEA1-containing endosomes. sd-rxRNA cellular uptake is a two-step process, with rapid membrane association followed by internalization through a selective, saturable subset of the endocytic process. However, the mechanistic role of EEA1 is not yet known. This method of visualization can be used to better understand the kinetics and mechanisms of hydrophobic siRNA cellular uptake and will assist in further optimization of these types of compounds for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Socheata Ly
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Deanna M Navaroli
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Marie-Cécile Didiot
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | | | | | - Julia F Alterman
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Kevin Fogarty
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Clive Standley
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Lawrence M Lifshitz
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Karl D Bellve
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Matthieu Prot
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Dimas Echeverria
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Silvia Corvera
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Anastasia Khvorova
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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14
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Roy NS, Yohe ME, Randazzo PA, Gruschus JM. Allosteric properties of PH domains in Arf regulatory proteins. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2016; 6:e1181700. [PMID: 27294009 DOI: 10.1080/21592799.2016.1181700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domains bind phospholipids and proteins. They are critical regulatory elements of a number enzymes including guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) for Ras-superfamily guanine nucleotide binding proteins such as ADP-ribosylation factors (Arfs). Recent studies have indicated that many PH domains may bind more than one ligand cooperatively. Here we discuss the molecular basis of PH domain-dependent allosteric behavior of 2 ADP-ribosylation factor exchange factors, Grp1 and Brag2, cooperative binding of ligands to the PH domains of Grp1 and the Arf GTPase-activating protein, ASAP1, and the consequences for activity of the associated catalytic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeladri Sekhar Roy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marielle E Yohe
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul A Randazzo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James M Gruschus
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
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15
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Regulators and Effectors of Arf GTPases in Neutrophils. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:235170. [PMID: 26609537 PMCID: PMC4644846 DOI: 10.1155/2015/235170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are key innate immune cells that represent the first line of defence against infection. They are the first leukocytes to migrate from the blood to injured or infected sites. This process involves molecular mechanisms that coordinate cell polarization, delivery of receptors, and activation of integrins at the leading edge of migrating PMNs. These phagocytes actively engulf microorganisms or form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to trap and kill pathogens with bactericidal compounds. Association of the NADPH oxidase complex at the phagosomal membrane for production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and delivery of proteolytic enzymes into the phagosome initiate pathogen killing and removal. G protein-dependent signalling pathways tightly control PMN functions. In this review, we will focus on the small monomeric GTPases of the Arf family and their guanine exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) as components of signalling cascades regulating PMN responses. GEFs and GAPs are multidomain proteins that control cellular events in time and space through interaction with other proteins and lipids inside the cells. The number of Arf GAPs identified in PMNs is expanding, and dissecting their functions will provide important insights into the role of these proteins in PMN physiology.
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16
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Porther N, Barbieri MA. The role of endocytic Rab GTPases in regulation of growth factor signaling and the migration and invasion of tumor cells. Small GTPases 2015; 6:135-44. [PMID: 26317377 PMCID: PMC4601184 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2015.1050152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is characterized pathologically by uncontrolled cell invasion, proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. It is a multistep process that encompasses the modulation of membrane permeability and invasion, cell spreading, cell migration and proliferation of the extracellular matrix, increase in cell adhesion molecules and interaction, decrease in cell attachment and induced survival signals and propagation of nutrient supplies (blood vessels). In cancer, a solid tumor cannot expand and spread without a series of synchronized events. Changes in cell adhesion receptor molecules (e.g., integrins, cadherin-catenins) and protease expressions have been linked to tumor invasion and metastasis. It has also been determined that ligand-growth factor receptor interactions have been associated with cancer development and metastasis via the endocytic pathway. Specifically, growth factors, which include IGF-1 and IGF-2 therapy, have been associated with most if not all of the features of metastasis. In this review, we will revisit some of the key findings on perhaps one of the most important hallmarks of cancer metastasis: cell migration and cell invasion and the role of the endocytic pathway in mediating this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Porther
- Department of Biological Sciences; Florida International University; Miami, FL USA
| | - MA Barbieri
- Department of Biological Sciences; Florida International University; Miami, FL USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute; Florida International University; Miami, FL USA
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden; Coral Gables, FL USA
- International Center of Tropical Botany; Florida International University; Miami, FL USA
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17
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Maternal Plane of Nutrition during Late Gestation and Weaning Age Alter Angus × Simmental Offspring Longissimus Muscle Transcriptome and Intramuscular Fat. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131478. [PMID: 26153887 PMCID: PMC4496061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In model organisms both the nutrition of the mother and the young offspring could induce long-lasting transcriptional changes in tissues. In livestock, such changes could have important roles in determining nutrient use and meat quality. The main objective was to evaluate if plane of maternal nutrition during late-gestation and weaning age alter the offspring's Longissimus muscle (LM) transcriptome, animal performance, and metabolic hormones. Whole-transcriptome microarray analysis was performed on LM samples of early (EW) and normal weaned (NW) Angus × Simmental calves born to grazing cows receiving no supplement [low plane of nutrition (LPN)] or 2.3 kg high-grain mix/day [medium plane of nutrition (MPN)] during the last 105 days of gestation. Biopsies of LM were harvested at 78 (EW), 187 (NW) and 354 (before slaughter) days of age. Despite greater feed intake in MPN offspring, blood insulin was greater in LPN offspring. Carcass intramuscular fat content was greater in EW offspring. Bioinformatics analysis of the transcriptome highlighted a modest overall response to maternal plane of nutrition, resulting in only 35 differentially expressed genes (DEG). However, weaning age and a high-grain diet (EW) strongly impacted the transcriptome (DEG = 167), especially causing a lipogenic program activation. In addition, between 78 and 187 days of age, EW steers had an activation of the innate immune system due presumably to macrophage infiltration of intramuscular fat. Between 187 and 354 days of age (the "finishing" phase), NW steers had an activation of the lipogenic transcriptome machinery, while EW steers had a clear inhibition through the epigenetic control of histone acetylases. Results underscored the need to conduct further studies to understand better the functional outcome of transcriptome changes induced in the offspring by pre- and post-natal nutrition. Additional knowledge on molecular and functional outcomes would help produce more efficient beef cattle.
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EGFR over-expression in non-small cell lung cancers harboring EGFR mutations is associated with marked down-regulation of CD82. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1540-9. [PMID: 25912735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations are strongly associated with lung adenocarcinoma and favorable response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. The mutated EGFR proteins (EGFRs) are hyper-phosphorylated and refractory to receptor down-regulation. To address the discrepancy between hyper-phosphorylation and lack of down-regulation of mutant EGFRs, we have examined the expression of EGFR negative regulators in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. We found that NSCLC cell lines expressing mutant EGFRs often had low expression of various negative regulators for EGFR. Among them, tumor suppressor CD82 was up-regulated by wild type (WT) EGFR but down-regulated by mutant EGFRs. Reconstitution of CD82 exerted stronger suppressive effects on mutant EGFRs than on WT EGFR. Active exportation of CD82 through the exosome was one of the mechanisms involved in achieving the overall CD82 down-regulation in mutant EGFR-expressing lung cancer cell lines. Over-expression of mutant EGFR protein frequently occurred in the lung cancer tissues of mutant EGFR-transgenic mice and also associated with CD82 down-regulation. Immunoblot analyses on the tumor tissues from 23 lung adenocarcinoma patients (12 with WT EGFR, and 11 with mutant EGFRs) also identified significantly stronger down-regulation of CD82 in tumors with mutant EGFRs than WT. Our data indicate that CD82 down-regulation could be a critical step involved in the EGFR over-expression and the stronger tumorigenic activity triggered by EGFR mutations. Up-regulation of the CD82 level may become a promising new treatment strategy for lung adenocarcinoma.
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Kon S, Funaki T, Satake M. Putative terminator and/or effector functions of Arf GAPs in the trafficking of clathrin-coated vesicles. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2014; 1:86-89. [PMID: 21922072 DOI: 10.4161/cl.1.3.16192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of ArfGAP1 as a terminator or effector in COPi-vesicle formation has been the subject of ongoing discussions. Here, the discussion on the putative terminator/effector functions has been enlarged to include Arf GAP members involved in the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles. ACAP1, whose role has been studied extensively, enhances the recycling of endocytosed proteins to the plasma membrane. Importantly, this positive role appears to be an overall reflection of both the terminator and effector activities attributed to ACAP1. Other Arf GAP subtypes have also been suggested to possess both terminator and effector activities. Interestingly, while most Arf GAP proteins regulate membrane trafficking by acting as facilitators, a few Arf GAP subtypes act as inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kon
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer; Tohoku University; Sendai, Japan
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Abstract
Mammalian cells have many membranous organelles that require proper composition of proteins and lipids. Cargo sorting is a process required for transporting specific proteins and lipids to appropriate organelles, and if this process is disrupted, organelle function as well as cell function is disrupted. ArfGAP family proteins have been found to be critical for receptor sorting. In this review, we summarize our recent knowledge about the mechanism of cargo sorting that require function of ArfGAPs in promoting the formation of transport vesicles, and discuss the involvement of specific ArfGAPs for the sorting of a variety of receptors, such as MPR, EGFR, TfR, Glut4, TRAIL-R1/DR4, M5-muscarinic receptor, c-KIT, rhodopsin and β1-integrin. Given the importance of many of these receptors to human disease, the studies of ArfGAPs may provide novel therapeutic strategies in addition to providing mechanistic insight of receptor sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Shiba
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD20892, USA
| | - Paul A Randazzo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD20892, USA
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A common functional regulatory variant at a type 2 diabetes locus upregulates ARAP1 expression in the pancreatic beta cell. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:186-97. [PMID: 24439111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified more than 70 loci associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D), but for most, the underlying causal variants, associated genes, and functional mechanisms remain unknown. At a T2D- and fasting-proinsulin-associated locus on 11q13.4, we have identified a functional regulatory DNA variant, a candidate target gene, and a plausible underlying molecular mechanism. Fine mapping, conditional analyses, and exome array genotyping in 8,635 individuals from the Metabolic Syndrome in Men study confirmed a single major association signal between fasting proinsulin and noncoding variants (p = 7.4 × 10(-50)). Measurement of allele-specific mRNA levels in human pancreatic islet samples heterozygous for rs11603334 showed that the T2D-risk and proinsulin-decreasing allele (C) is associated with increased ARAP1 expression (p < 0.02). We evaluated four candidate functional SNPs for allelic effects on transcriptional activity by performing reporter assays in rodent pancreatic beta cell lines. The C allele of rs11603334, located near one of the ARAP1 promoters, exhibited 2-fold higher transcriptional activity than did the T allele (p < 0.0001); three other candidate SNPs showed no allelic differences. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated decreased binding of pancreatic beta cell transcriptional regulators PAX6 and PAX4 to the rs11603334 C allele. Collectively, these data suggest that the T2D-risk allele of rs11603334 could abrogate binding of a complex containing PAX6 and PAX4 and thus lead to increased promoter activity and ARAP1 expression in human pancreatic islets. This work suggests that increased ARAP1 expression might contribute to T2D susceptibility at this GWAS locus.
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Cochrane K, Su V, Lau AF. The connexin43-interacting protein, CIP85, mediates the internalization of connexin43 from the plasma membrane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:53-66. [PMID: 23586710 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2013.784745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CIP85 was previously identified as a connexin43 (Cx43)-interacting protein that is ubiquitously expressed in multiple mammalian tissues and cell types. The interaction between the SH3 domain of CIP85 and a proline-rich region of Cx43 has previously been associated with an increased rate of Cx43 turnover through lysosomal mechanisms. This report presents biochemical and immunofluorescence evidence that overexpression of CIP85 reduced the presence of Cx43 in gap junction plaques at the plasma membrane. Furthermore, this effect was dependent upon the interaction of CIP85 with Cx43 at the plasma membrane. These results indicate that CIP85 increases Cx43 turnover by accelerating the internalization of Cx43 from the plasma membrane. CIP85 was also observed to interact with clathrin, which suggested a role for CIP85 in the clathrin-mediated internalization of Cx43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Cochrane
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Re RN, Chen B, Alam J, Cook JL. Reduction of Blood Pressure by AT1 Receptor Decoy Peptides. Ochsner J 2013; 13:33-36. [PMID: 23532469 PMCID: PMC3603185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously identified the binding of the chaperone protein gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) to a sequence on the carboxy-terminus of the angiotensin II AT1 receptor (AT1R) and showed that this binding enhances AT1R trafficking to the cell surface as well as angiotensin signaling. METHODS In this study, we treated sodium-depleted mice with decoy peptides consisting either of a fusion of the cell-penetrating peptide penetratin and the GABARAP/AT1R binding sequence or penetratin fused to a mutated AT1R sequence. We used telemetry to measure blood pressure. RESULTS Systolic and diastolic pressure fell during the 24 hours following decoy peptide injection but not after control peptide injection. Active cell-penetrating decoy peptide decreased 24-hour average systolic blood pressure from 129.8 ± 4.7 mmHg to 125.0 ± 6.0 mmHg (mean ± standard deviation). Diastolic blood pressure fell from 99.0 ± 7.1 mmHg to 95.0 ± 9.2 mmHg (n=5). Administration of the control peptide raised systolic blood pressure from 128.7 ± 1.3 mmHg to 131.7 ± 2.9 mmHg and diastolic pressure from 93.9 ± 4.5 mmHg to 95.9 ± 4.2 mmHg (n=5). The decreases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure after active peptide administration were statistically significant compared to control peptide administration (P<0.05, two-tailed Wilcoxon rank-sum test). CONCLUSION These results indicate the physiological and potentially therapeutic relevance of inhibitors of GABARAP/AT1R binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben Chen
- Institute of Translational Research, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Ochsner Clinic Foundation
| | - Jawed Alam
- Institute of Translational Research, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Ochsner Clinic Foundation
- The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans, LA
| | - Julia L. Cook
- Institute of Translational Research, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Ochsner Clinic Foundation
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Hasegawa J, Tsujita K, Takenawa T, Itoh T. ARAP1 regulates the ring size of circular dorsal ruffles through Arf1 and Arf5. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:2481-9. [PMID: 22573888 PMCID: PMC3386212 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-01-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs) are highly dynamic F-actin–based membrane structures involved in bulk endocytosis of membrane receptors and macropinocytosis. A key role of ARAP1, an Arf GAP protein, is found to be in the control of the ring size of CDRs. Small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) ADP-ribosylation factors (Arfs) regulate membrane traffic and actin reorganization under the strict control of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). ARAP1 (Arf GAP with Rho GAP domain, ankyrin repeat, and PH domain 1) is an Arf GAP molecule with multiple PH domains that recognize phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. We found that growth factor stimulation induced localization of ARAP1 to an area of the plasma membrane inside the ring structure of circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs). Moreover, expression of ARAP1 increased the size of the CDR filamentous-actin ring in an Arf GAP activity–dependent manner, whereas smaller CDRs were formed by ARAP1 knockdown. In addition, expression of a dominant-negative mutant of Arf1 and Arf5, the substrates of ARAP1, expanded the size of CDRs, suggesting that the two Arf isoforms regulate ring structure downstream of ARAP1. Therefore our results reveal a novel molecular mechanism of CDR ring size control through the ARAP1–Arf1/5 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Hasegawa
- Division of Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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25
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Luo R, Akpan IO, Hayashi R, Sramko M, Barr V, Shiba Y, Randazzo PA. GTP-binding protein-like domain of AGAP1 is protein binding site that allosterically regulates ArfGAP protein catalytic activity. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17176-17185. [PMID: 22453919 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.334458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AGAPs are a subtype of Arf GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) with 11 members in humans. In addition to the Arf GAP domain, the proteins contain a G-protein-like domain (GLD) with homology to Ras superfamily proteins and a PH domain. AGAPs bind to clathrin adaptors, function in post Golgi membrane traffic, and have been implicated in glioblastoma. The regulation of AGAPs is largely unexplored. Other enzymes containing GTP binding domains are regulated by nucleotide binding. However, nucleotide binding to AGAPs has not been detected. Here, we found that neither nucleotides nor deleting the GLD of AGAP1 affected catalysis, which led us to hypothesize that the GLD is a protein binding site that regulates GAP activity. Two-hybrid screens identified RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 as potential binding partners. Coimmunoprecipitation confirmed that AGAP1 and AGAP2 can bind to RhoA. Binding was mediated by the C terminus of RhoA and was independent of nucleotide. RhoA and the C-terminal peptide from RhoA increased GAP activity specifically for the substrate Arf1. In contrast, a C-terminal peptide from Cdc42 neither bound nor activated AGAP1. Based on these results, we propose that AGAPs are allosterically regulated through protein binding to the GLD domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibai Luo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Itoro O Akpan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ryo Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Marek Sramko
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Valarie Barr
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Yoko Shiba
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Paul A Randazzo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
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Rabenosyn-5 defines the fate of the transferrin receptor following clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E471-80. [PMID: 22308388 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115495109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface receptors and other proteins internalize through diverse mechanisms at the plasma membrane and are sorted to different destinations. Different subpopulations of early endosomes have been described, raising the question of whether different internalization mechanisms deliver cargo into different subsets of early endosomes. To address this fundamental question, we developed a microscopy platform to detect the precise position of endosomes relative to the plasma membrane during the uptake of ligands. Axial resolution is maximized by concurrently applied total internal reflection fluorescence and epifluorescence-structured light. We found that transferrin receptors are delivered selectively from clathrin-coated pits on the plasma membrane into a specific subpopulation of endosomes enriched in the multivalent Rab GTPase and phosphoinositide-binding protein Rabenosyn-5. Depletion of Rabenosyn-5, but not of other early endosomal proteins such as early endosome antigen 1, resulted in impaired transferrin uptake and lysosomal degradation of transferrin receptors. These studies reveal a critical role for Rabenosyn-5 in determining the fate of transferrin receptors internalized by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and, more broadly, a mechanism whereby the delivery of cargo from the plasma membrane into specific early endosome subpopulations is required for its appropriate intracellular traffic.
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Shirley S, Morizot A, Micheau O. Regulating TRAIL receptor-induced cell death at the membrane : a deadly discussion. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2011; 6:311-23. [PMID: 21756247 PMCID: PMC3204462 DOI: 10.2174/157489211796957757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of TRAIL/APO2L and monoclonal antibodies targeting TRAIL receptors for cancer therapy holds great promise, due to their ability to restore cancer cell sensitivity to apoptosis in association with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs in a large variety of tumors. TRAIL-induced cell death is tightly regulated right from the membrane and at the DISC (Death-Inducing Signaling Complex) level. The following patent and literature review aims to present and highlight recent findings of the deadly discussion that determines tumor cell fate upon TRAIL engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Shirley
- INSERM, U866, Dijon, F-21079 France; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, F-21079 France.
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28
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ARAP1 association with CIN85 affects epidermal growth factor receptor endocytic trafficking. Biol Cell 2011; 103:171-84. [PMID: 21275903 DOI: 10.1042/bc20100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ARAP1 is an Arf (ADP-ribosylation factor)-directed GAP (GTPase-activating protein) that inhibits the trafficking of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) to the early endosome. To further understand the function of ARAP1, we sought to identify proteins that interact with ARAP1. RESULTS Here we report that ARAP1 associates with the CIN85 (Cbl-interacting protein of 85 kDa). Arg86 and Arg90 of ARAP1 and the SH3 (Src homology 3) domains of CIN85 are necessary for the interaction. We found that a mutant of ARAP1 with reduced affinity for CIN85 does not efficiently rescue the effect of reduced ARAP1 expression on EGFR trafficking to the early endosome. Reduced expression of CIN85 has a similar effect as reduced expression of ARAP1 on traffic of the EGFR. Cbl proteins regulate the endocytic trafficking of the EGFR by mediating ubiquitination of the EGFR. Overexpression of ARAP1 reduced ubiquitination of the EGFR by Cbl and slowed Cbl-dependent degradation of the EGFR. Reduced expression of ARAP1 accelerated degradation of EGFR but did not affect the level of ubiquitination of the receptor that was detected. CONCLUSION ARAP1 interaction with CIN85 regulates endocytic trafficking of the EGFR and affects ubiquitination of EGFR. We propose a model in which the ARAP1-CIN85 complex drives exit of EGF-EGFR-Cbl complex from a pre-early endosome into a pathway distinct from the early endosome/lysosome pathway.
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Regulation of growth factor receptor degradation by ADP-ribosylation factor domain protein (ARD) 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:10454-9. [PMID: 21653881 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103867108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factor domain protein 1 (ARD1) is a 64-kDa protein containing a functional ADP-ribosylation factor (GTP hydrolase, GTPase), GTPase-activating protein, and E3 ubiquitin ligase domains. ARD1 activation by the guanine nucleotide-exchange factor cytohesin-1 was known. GTPase and E3 ligase activities of ARD1 suggest roles in protein transport and turnover. To explore this hypothesis, we used mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) from ARD1-/- mice stably transfected with plasmids for inducible expression of wild-type ARD1 protein (KO-WT), or ARD1 protein with inactivating mutations in E3 ligase domain (KO-E3), or containing persistently active GTP-bound (KO-GTP), or inactive GDP-bound (KO-GDP) GTPase domains. Inhibition of proteasomal proteases in mifepristone-induced KO-WT, KO-GDP, or KO-GTP MEFs resulted in accumulation of these ARD1 proteins, whereas KO-E3 accumulated without inhibitors. All data were consistent with the conclusion that ARD1 regulates its own steady-state levels in cells by autoubiquitination. Based on reported growth factor receptor-cytohesin interactions, EGF receptor (EGFR) was investigated in induced MEFs. Amounts of cell-surface and total EGFR were higher in KO-GDP and lower in KO-GTP than in KO-WT MEFs, with levels in both mutants greater (p = 0.001) after proteasomal inhibition. Significant differences among MEF lines in content of TGF-β receptor III were similar to those in EGFR, albeit not as large. Differences in amounts of insulin receptor mirrored those in EGFR, but did not reach statistical significance. Overall, the capacity of ARD1 GTPase to cycle between active and inactive forms and its autoubiquitination both appear to be necessary for the appropriate turnover of EGFR and perhaps additional growth factor receptors.
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Leclerc EA, Gazeilles L, Serre G, Guerrin M, Jonca N. The ubiquitous dermokine delta activates Rab5 function in the early endocytic pathway. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17816. [PMID: 21423773 PMCID: PMC3053396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the recently identified dermokine (Dmkn) gene leads to four families of proteins with as yet unknown functions. The secreted α, β and γ isoforms share an epidermis-restricted expression pattern, whereas the δ isoform is intracellular and ubiquitous. To get an insight into Dmknδ function, we performed yeast two-hybrid screening and identified the small GTPases Rab5 as partners for Dmknδ. The Rab5 proteins are known to regulate membrane docking and fusion in the early endocytic pathway. GST pull-down assays confirmed the direct interaction between Rab5 and Dmknδ. Transient expression of Dmknδ in HeLa cells led to the formation of punctate structures colocalized with endogenous Rab5 and clathrin, indicating Dmknδ involvement in the early steps of endocytosis. Dmknδ indeed colocalized with transferrin at early stages of endocytosis, but did not modulate its endocytosis or recycling kinetics. We also showed that Dmknδ was able to bind both inactive (GDP-bound) and active (GTP-bound) forms of Rab5 in vitro but preferentially targeted GDP-bound form in HeLa cells. Interestingly, Dmknδ expression rescued the Rab5S34N-mediated inhibition of endosome fusion. Moreover, Dmknδ caused the enlargement of vesicles positive for Rab5 by promoting GTP loading onto the small GTPase. Together our data reveal that Dmknδ activates Rab5 function and thus is involved in the early endosomal trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie A. Leclerc
- UMR 5165 “Epidermis Differentiation and Rheumatoid Autoimmunity Unit”, CNRS – University Toulouse III (IFR 150, INSERM – CNRS – University Toulouse III – CHU), CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Leila Gazeilles
- UMR 5165 “Epidermis Differentiation and Rheumatoid Autoimmunity Unit”, CNRS – University Toulouse III (IFR 150, INSERM – CNRS – University Toulouse III – CHU), CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Guy Serre
- UMR 5165 “Epidermis Differentiation and Rheumatoid Autoimmunity Unit”, CNRS – University Toulouse III (IFR 150, INSERM – CNRS – University Toulouse III – CHU), CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Marina Guerrin
- UMR 5165 “Epidermis Differentiation and Rheumatoid Autoimmunity Unit”, CNRS – University Toulouse III (IFR 150, INSERM – CNRS – University Toulouse III – CHU), CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Jonca
- UMR 5165 “Epidermis Differentiation and Rheumatoid Autoimmunity Unit”, CNRS – University Toulouse III (IFR 150, INSERM – CNRS – University Toulouse III – CHU), CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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Brockmeyer C, Paster W, Pepper D, Tan CP, Trudgian DC, McGowan S, Fu G, Gascoigne NRJ, Acuto O, Salek M. T cell receptor (TCR)-induced tyrosine phosphorylation dynamics identifies THEMIS as a new TCR signalosome component. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:7535-47. [PMID: 21189249 PMCID: PMC3045008 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.201236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) induces formation of a phosphorylation-dependent signaling network via multiprotein complexes, whose compositions and dynamics are incompletely understood. Using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based quantitative proteomics, we investigated the kinetics of signal propagation after TCR-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation. We confidently assigned 77 proteins (of 758 identified) as a direct or indirect consequence of tyrosine phosphorylation that proceeds in successive "signaling waves" revealing the temporal pace at which tyrosine kinases activate cellular functions. The first wave includes thymocyte-expressed molecule involved in selection (THEMIS), a protein recently implicated in thymocyte development but whose signaling role is unclear. We found that tyrosine phosphorylation of THEMIS depends on the presence of the scaffold proteins Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) and SH2 domain-containing lymphocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76). THEMIS associates with LAT, presumably via the adapter growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) and with phospholipase Cγ1 (PLC-γ1). RNAi-mediated THEMIS knock-down inhibited TCR-induced IL-2 gene expression due to reduced ERK and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)/activator protein 1 (AP-1) signaling, whereas JNK, p38, or nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation were unaffected. Our study reveals the dynamics of TCR-dependent signaling networks and suggests a specific role for THEMIS in early TCR signalosome function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David C. Trudgian
- Proteomics Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Simon McGowan
- the Computational Biology Research Group, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, and
| | - Guo Fu
- the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Nicholas R. J. Gascoigne
- the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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Funaki T, Kon S, Ronn RE, Henmi Y, Kobayashi Y, Watanabe T, Nakayama K, Tanabe K, Satake M. Localization of SMAP2 to the TGN and its Function in the Regulation of TGN Protein Transport. Cell Struct Funct 2011; 36:83-95. [DOI: 10.1247/csf.10022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomo Funaki
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Shunsuke Kon
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Roger E. Ronn
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Yuji Henmi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama University
| | - Yuka Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama University
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
| | | | - Kenji Tanabe
- Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama University
| | - Masanobu Satake
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
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Yagi R, Tanaka M, Sasaki K, Kamata R, Nakanishi Y, Kanai Y, Sakai R. ARAP3 inhibits peritoneal dissemination of scirrhous gastric carcinoma cells by regulating cell adhesion and invasion. Oncogene 2010; 30:1413-21. [PMID: 21076469 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During the analysis of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins in scirrhous gastric carcinoma cell lines, we observed an unusual expression of Arf-GAP with Rho-GAP domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 3 (ARAP3), a multimodular signaling protein that is a substrate of Src family kinases. Unlike other phosphotyrosine proteins, such as CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) and Homo sapiens chromosome 9 open reading frame 10/oxidative stress-associated Src activator (C9orf10/Ossa), which are overexpressed and hyperphosphorylated in scirrhous gastric carcinoma cell lines, ARAP3 was underexpressed in cancerous human gastric tissues. In this study, we found that overexpression of ARAP3 in the scirrhous gastric carcinoma cell lines significantly reduced peritoneal dissemination. In vitro studies also showed that ARAP3 regulated cell attachment to the extracellular matrix, as well as invasive activities. These effects were suppressed by mutations in the Rho-GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain or in the C-terminal two tyrosine residues that are phosphorylated by Src. Thus, the expression and phosphorylation state of ARAP3 may affect the invasiveness of cancer by modulating cell adhesion and motility. Our results suggest that ARAP3 is a unique Src substrate that suppresses peritoneal dissemination of scirrhous gastric carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yagi
- Growth Factor Division and National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Tokyo, Japan
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34
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The proximal signaling network of the BCR-ABL1 oncogene shows a modular organization. Oncogene 2010; 29:5895-910. [PMID: 20697350 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BCR-ABL1 is a fusion tyrosine kinase, which causes multiple types of leukemia. We used an integrated proteomic approach that includes label-free quantitative protein complex and phosphorylation profiling by mass spectrometry to systematically characterize the proximal signaling network of this oncogenic kinase. The proximal BCR-ABL1 signaling network shows a modular and layered organization with an inner core of three leukemia transformation-relevant adaptor protein complexes (Grb2/Gab2/Shc1 complex, CrkI complex and Dok1/Dok2 complex). We introduced an 'interaction directionality' analysis, which annotates static protein networks with information on the directionality of phosphorylation-dependent interactions. In this analysis, the observed network structure was consistent with a step-wise phosphorylation-dependent assembly of the Grb2/Gab2/Shc1 and the Dok1/Dok2 complexes on the BCR-ABL1 core. The CrkI complex demonstrated a different directionality, which supports a candidate assembly on the Nedd9 (Hef1, CasL) scaffold. As adaptor protein family members can compensate for each other in leukemic transformation, we compared members of the Dok and Crk protein families and found both overlapping and differential binding patterns. We identified an additional level of regulation for the CrkII protein via binding to 14-3-3 proteins, which was independent from its inhibitory phosphorylation. We also identified novel components of the inner core complexes, including the kinases Pragmin (Sgk223) and Lrrk1 (Lrrk2 paralog). Pragmin was found as a component of the CrkI complex and is a potential link between BCR-ABL1/CrkI and RhoA signaling. Lrrk1 is an unusual kinase with a GTPase domain. We detected Lrrk1 as a component of the Grb2/Gab2/Shc1 complex and found that it functionally interacts with the regulator of small GTPases Arap1 (Centd2) and possibly participates in the mitogen-activated protein kinase response to cellular stresses. This modular and phosphorylation-driven interaction network provides a framework for the integration of pleiotropic signaling effects of BCR-ABL1 toward leukemic transformation.
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Kang SA, Lee ES, Yoon HY, Randazzo PA, Lee ST. PTK6 inhibits down-regulation of EGF receptor through phosphorylation of ARAP1. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26013-21. [PMID: 20554524 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.088971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PTK6 (also known as Brk) is a non-receptor-tyrosine kinase containing SH3, SH2, and catalytic domains, that is expressed in more than 60% of breast carcinomas but not in normal mammary tissues. To analyze PTK6-interacting proteins, we have expressed Flag-tagged PTK6 in HEK293 cells and performed co-immunoprecipitation assays with Flag antibody-conjugated agarose. A 164-kDa protein in the precipitated fraction was identified as ARAP1 (also known as centaurin delta-2) by MALDI-TOF mass analysis. ARAP1 associated with PTK6 in an EGF/EGF receptor (EGFR)-dependent manner. In addition, the SH2 domain of PTK6, particularly the Arg(105) residue that contacts the phosphate group of the tyrosine residue, was essential for the association. Moreover, PTK6 phosphorylated residue Tyr(231) in the N-terminal domain of ARAP1. Expression of ARAP1, but not of the Y231F mutant, inhibited the down-regulation of EGFR in HEK293 cells expressing PTK6. Silencing of endogenous PTK6 expression in breast carcinoma cells decreased EGFR levels. These results demonstrate that PTK6 enhances EGFR signaling by inhibition of EGFR down-regulation through phosphorylation of ARAP1 in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ae Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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36
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Regulation of the Rho family small GTPase Wrch-1/RhoU by C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation requires Src. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:4324-38. [PMID: 20547754 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01646-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wrch-1 is an atypical Rho family small GTPase with roles in migration, epithelial cell morphogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and oncogenic transformation. Here, we observed rapid relocalization of Wrch-1 from the plasma membrane upon serum stimulation. Studies revealed a requirement for serum-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of Wrch-1 at residue Y254 within its C-terminal membrane targeting domain, mediated by the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src. Genetic or pharmacological loss of Src kinase activity blocked both phosphorylation and relocalization of Wrch-1. Functionally, Y254 was required for proper Wrch-1 modulation of cystogenesis in three-dimensional culture, and the phospho-deficient mutant, Y254F, was enhanced in Wrch-1-mediated anchorage-independent growth. Mechanistically, C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation and subsequent relocalization of Wrch-1 downregulated its ability to interact with and activate its effectors by decreasing active Wrch-1-GTP, perhaps by altering proximity to a GEF or GAP. Phospho-deficient Wrch-1(Y254F) remained at the plasma membrane and GTP bound and continued to recruit and activate its effector PAK, even upon serum stimulation. In contrast, a phospho-mimetic mutant, Y254E, was constitutively endosomally localized and GDP bound and failed to recruit PAK unless mutated to be constitutively active/GAP insensitive. C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation thus represents a new paradigm in posttranslational control of small GTPase localization, activation, and biological function.
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Di Pietro SM, Cascio D, Feliciano D, Bowie JU, Payne GS. Regulation of clathrin adaptor function in endocytosis: novel role for the SAM domain. EMBO J 2010; 29:1033-44. [PMID: 20150898 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During clathrin-mediated endocytosis, adaptor proteins play central roles in coordinating the assembly of clathrin coats and cargo selection. Here we characterize the binding of the yeast endocytic adaptor Sla1p to clathrin through a variant clathrin-binding motif that is negatively regulated by the Sla1p SHD2 domain. The crystal structure of SHD2 identifies the domain as a sterile alpha-motif (SAM) domain and shows a propensity to oligomerize. By co-immunoprecipitation, Sla1p binds to clathrin and self-associates in vivo. Mutations in the clathrin-binding motif that abolish clathrin binding and structure-based mutations in SHD2 that impede self-association result in endocytosis defects and altered dynamics of Sla1p assembly at the sites of endocytosis. These results define a novel mechanism for negative regulation of clathrin binding by an adaptor and suggest a role for SAM domains in clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago M Di Pietro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Campa F, Yoon HY, Ha VL, Szentpetery Z, Balla T, Randazzo PA. A PH domain in the Arf GTPase-activating protein (GAP) ARAP1 binds phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate and regulates Arf GAP activity independently of recruitment to the plasma membranes. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:28069-28083. [PMID: 19666464 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.028266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ARAP1 is a phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3))-dependent Arf GTPase-activating protein (GAP) with five PH domains that regulates endocytic trafficking of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Two tandem PH domains are immediately N-terminal of the Arf GAP domain, and one of these fits the consensus sequence for PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) binding. Here, we tested the hypothesis that PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3)-dependent recruitment mediated by the first PH domain of ARAP1 regulates the in vivo and in vitro function of ARAP1. We found that PH1 of ARAP1 specifically bound to PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3), but with relatively low affinity (approximately 1.6 microm), and the PH domains did not mediate PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3)-dependent recruitment to membranes in cells. However, PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) binding to the PH domain stimulated GAP activity and was required for in vivo function of ARAP1 as a regulator of endocytic trafficking of the EGFR. Based on these results, we propose a variation on the model for the function of phosphoinositide-binding PH domains. In our model, ARAP1 is recruited to membranes independently of PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3), the subsequent production of which triggers enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Campa
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Hye-Young Yoon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Vi Luan Ha
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Zsofia Szentpetery
- Program for Developmental Neuroscience, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Tamas Balla
- Program for Developmental Neuroscience, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Paul A Randazzo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
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