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Shaikh M, Doshi G. Epigenetic Aging in Major Depressive Disorder: Clocks, Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives. Eur J Pharmacol 2024:176757. [PMID: 38897440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Depression, a chronic mental disorder characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and difficulty in daily tasks, impacts millions globally with varying treatment options. Antidepressants, despite their long half-life and minimal effectiveness, leave half of patients undertreated, highlighting the need for new therapies to enhance well-being. Epigenetics, which studies genetic changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype without altering the underlying Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) sequence, is explored in this article. This article delves into the intricate relationship between epigenetic mechanisms and depression, shedding light on how environmental stressors, early-life adversity, and genetic predispositions shape gene expression patterns associated with depression. We have also discussed Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, which enhance cognitive function and mood regulation in depression. Non-coding RNAs, (ncRNAs) such as Long Non-Coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and micro RNA (miRNAs), are highlighted as potential biomarkers for detecting and monitoring major depressive disorder (MDD). This article also emphasizes the reversible nature of epigenetic modifications and their influence on neuronal growth processes, underscoring the dynamic interplay between genetics, environment, and epigenetics in depression development. It explores the therapeutic potential of targeting epigenetic pathways in treating clinical depression. Additionally, it examines clinical findings related to epigenetic clocks and their role in studying depression and biological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqtada Shaikh
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai-400 056, India
| | - Gaurav Doshi
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai-400 056, India.
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2
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Singh P, Srivastava A, Guin D, Thakran S, Yadav J, Chandna P, Sood M, Chadda RK, Kukreti R. Genetic Landscape of Major Depressive Disorder: Assessment of Potential Diagnostic and Antidepressant Response Markers. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 26:692-738. [PMID: 36655406 PMCID: PMC10586057 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical heterogeneity in major depressive disorder (MDD), variable treatment response, and conflicting findings limit the ability of genomics toward the discovery of evidence-based diagnosis and treatment regimen. This study attempts to curate all genetic association findings to evaluate potential variants for clinical translation. METHODS We systematically reviewed all candidates and genome-wide association studies for both MDD susceptibility and antidepressant response, independently, using MEDLINE, particularly to identify replicated findings. These variants were evaluated for functional consequences using different in silico tools and further estimated their diagnostic predictability by calculating positive predictive values. RESULTS A total of 217 significantly associated studies comprising 1200 variants across 545 genes and 128 studies including 921 variants across 412 genes were included with MDD susceptibility and antidepressant response, respectively. Although the majority of associations were confirmed by a single study, we identified 31 and 18 replicated variants (in at least 2 studies) for MDD and antidepressant response. Functional annotation of these 31 variants predicted 20% coding variants as deleterious/damaging and 80.6% variants with regulatory effect. Similarly, the response-related 18 variants revealed 25% coding variant as damaging and 88.2% with substantial regulatory potential. Finally, we could calculate the diagnostic predictability of 19 and 5 variants whose positive predictive values ranges from 0.49 to 0.66 for MDD and 0.36 to 0.66 for response. CONCLUSIONS The replicated variants presented in our data are promising for disease diagnosis and improved response outcomes. Although these quantitative assessment measures are solely directive of available observational evidence, robust homogenous validation studies are required to strengthen these variants for molecular diagnostic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ankit Srivastava
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Debleena Guin
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi, India
| | - Sarita Thakran
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Jyoti Yadav
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - Puneet Chandna
- Indian Society of Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ISCCP), Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Mamta Sood
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Chadda
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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3
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Luo F, Zhu Z, Du Y, Chen L, Cheng Y. Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression Based on Genetic and Epigenetic Interactions. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3979-4003. [PMID: 37004608 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03313-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a serious mood disorder that tends to occur after the delivery, which may bring lifelong consequences to women and their families in terms of family relationships, social relationships, and mental health. Currently, various risk factors including environmental factors and genetic factors that may induce postpartum depression have been extensively studied. In this review, we suggest that postpartum women's susceptibility to postpartum depression may be the result of the interaction between the genes associated with postpartum depression as well as the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. We reviewed the genes that have been studied in postpartum depression, including genes related to the synthesis, metabolism, and transport of monoamine neurotransmitters, key molecules of the HPA axis, and the kynurenine pathway. These studies have found more or less gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, so we will discuss these issues in more detail. However, so far, the conclusions of these risk factors, especially genetic factors, are not completely consistent in the occurrence and exacerbation of symptoms in postpartum depression, and it is not clear how these risk factors specifically participate in the pathological mechanism of the disease and play a role. We conclude that the role of genetic polymorphisms, including genetic and epigenetic processes, in the occurrence and development of postpartum depression, is complex and ambiguous. We also note that interactions between multiple candidate genes and the environment have been suggested as causes of depression, suggesting that more definitive research is needed to understand the heritability and susceptibility of PPD. Overall, our work supports the hypothesis that postpartum depression is more likely to be caused by a combination of multiple genetic and environmental factors than by a single genetic or environmental influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Luo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zimo Zhu
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Du
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China.
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China.
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Machado Ramos KC, Konopka CK, Costa AG, Schunemann GZ, Ribeiro Rios LK, Barbieri Soder Â, Aguiar Ribeiro T. Risk factors associated with postpartum depression in a high-risk maternity clinic: a cross-sectional study. Minerva Obstet Gynecol 2023; 75:7-17. [PMID: 34180614 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-606x.21.04867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate obstetric, epidemiological and social factors related to postpartum depression (PPD) and investigate possible risk factors related to this disorder, in puerperal women who had their childbirth and were referred to the High-Risk Outpatient Clinic. METHODS A cross-sectional study from August-December/2019 was carried out. One hundred seventy-one puerperal women were analyzed by filling out an epidemiological questionnaire and the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) Form. Scores ≥10 were considered positive. Research on risk factors for postpartum depression was carried out. RESULTS 29.8% of mothers had a score related with PPD. Breastfeeding without complication is protective against PPD (P=0.002 and χ2=12.533). In contrast, not having a planned pregnancy (P=0.0175, χ2=5.717), having depression at any stage of life (P=0.013, χ2=6.237), depression during pregnancy (P≤0.0001, χ2=46.201) or having a family history of depression (P=0.001, χ2=10.527), are factors associated with the development of PPD. Moreover, just having depression during pregnancy was found to be a significant risk factor for the occurrence of PPD, increasing the risk of developing this pathology by 12 times (OR=12.891). CONCLUSIONS Depression during pregnancy is an important risk factor for the development of PPD. This can easily be detected using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale and treated in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C Machado Ramos
- Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Health Sciences Center, University Hospital of Santa Maria, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Cristine K Konopka
- Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Health Sciences Center, University Hospital of Santa Maria, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Arthur G Costa
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Lúcia K Ribeiro Rios
- Health Sciences Center, Faculty of Psychology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Tiango Aguiar Ribeiro
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil - .,Department of Surgery, Health Sciences Center, University Hospital of Santa Maria, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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5
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Moreira LKS, Moreira CVL, Custódio CHX, Dias MLP, Rosa DA, Ferreira-Neto ML, Colombari E, Costa EA, Fajemiroye JO, Pedrino GR. Post-partum depression: From clinical understanding to preclinical assessments. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1173635. [PMID: 37143780 PMCID: PMC10151489 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1173635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-partum depression (PPD) with varying clinical manifestations affecting new parents remains underdiagnosed and poorly treated. This minireview revisits the pharmacotherapy, and relevant etiological basis, capable of advancing preclinical research frameworks. Maternal tasks accompanied by numerous behavioral readouts demand modeling different paradigms that reflect the complex and heterogenous nature of PPD. Hence, effective PPD-like characterization in animals towards the discovery of pharmacological intervention demands research that deepens our understanding of the roles of hormonal and non-hormonal components and mediators of this psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matheus L. P. Dias
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Daniel A. Rosa
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Marcos L. Ferreira-Neto
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Elson A. Costa
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - James O. Fajemiroye
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Arthur Wesley Archibald, Evangelical University of Goiás, Anápolis, Brazil
- *Correspondence: James O. Fajemiroye,
| | - Gustavo R. Pedrino
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
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Schneider MO, Pretscher J, Goecke TW, Häberle L, Engel A, Kornhuber J, Eichler A, Ekici AB, Beckmann MW, Fasching PA, Schwenke E. Genetic variants in the genes of the sex steroid hormone metabolism and depressive symptoms during and after pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2022; 307:1763-1770. [PMID: 35680688 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-022-06644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to conduct an association analysis of depressive symptoms and polymorphisms in the ESR1, PGR, CYP19A1, and COMT genes in pregnant and postpartum women. METHODS The Franconian Maternal Health Evaluation Study (FRAMES) recruited healthy pregnant women prospectively for assessment of maternal and fetal health. The German version of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was completed at three time points in this prospective cohort study. Visit 1 was at study entry in the third trimester of pregnancy, visit 2 was shortly after birth, and visit 3 was 6-8 months after birth. Germline DNA and depression measurements from 361 pregnant women were available for analysis. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the above-mentioned genes were genotyped. After reconstruction of haplotypes for PGR (rs1042838 and rs10895068) and CYP19A1 (rs10046 and rs4646), a multifactorial linear mixed model was applied to the data to describe the association between haplotypes and depression values. The single SNPs for ESR1 (rs488133) and COMT (rs4680) were analyzed separately using linear mixed models analogously. RESULTS The mean antepartum EPDS measurement was 5.1, the mean postpartal measurement after 48-72 h was 3.5, and the mean value 6-8 months postpartum was 4.2. The SNPs in PGR were reconstructed into three haplotypes. The most common haplotype was GG, with 63.43% of patients carrying two copies and 33.52% carrying one copy. For haplotype GA, the group of carriers of two copies (0.28%) was combined with the carriers of one copy (9.70%). Haplotype reconstruction using CYP19A1 SNPs resulted in three haplotypes. The most common haplotype was TC, with 25.48% of patients carrying two copies and 51.52% one copy. None of the haplotype blocks and neither of the two single SNPs showed any significant associations with EPDS values. CONCLUSIONS The candidate haplotypes analyzed in PGR and CYP19A1 and single SNPs in ESR1 and COMT did not show any association with depression scores as assessed by EPDS in this cohort of healthy unselected pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Schneider
- Erlangen University Perinatal Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 21-23, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jutta Pretscher
- Erlangen University Perinatal Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 21-23, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tamme W Goecke
- Erlangen University Perinatal Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 21-23, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Obstetrics, RoMed Clinic Rosenheim, Rosenheim, Germany
| | - Lothar Häberle
- Biostatistics Unit, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anne Engel
- Biostatistics Unit, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Eichler
- Department of of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Erlangen University Perinatal Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 21-23, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter A Fasching
- Erlangen University Perinatal Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 21-23, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Schwenke
- Erlangen University Perinatal Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 21-23, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Abad C, Karahoda R, Kastner P, Portillo R, Horackova H, Kucera R, Nachtigal P, Staud F. Profiling of Tryptophan Metabolic Pathways in the Rat Fetoplacental Unit During Gestation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207578. [PMID: 33066440 PMCID: PMC7589826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental homeostasis of tryptophan is essential for fetal development and programming. The two main metabolic pathways (serotonin and kynurenine) produce bioactive metabolites with immunosuppressive, neurotoxic, or neuroprotective properties and their concentrations in the fetoplacental unit must be tightly regulated throughout gestation. Here, we investigated the expression/function of key enzymes/transporters involved in tryptophan pathways during mid-to-late gestation in rat placenta and fetal organs. Quantitative PCR and heatmap analysis revealed the differential expression of several genes involved in serotonin and kynurenine pathways. To identify the flux of substrates through these pathways, Droplet Digital PCR, western blot, and functional analyses were carried out for the rate-limiting enzymes and transporters. Our findings show that placental tryptophan metabolism to serotonin is crucial in mid-gestation, with a subsequent switch to fetal serotonin synthesis. Concurrently, at term, the close interplay between transporters and metabolizing enzymes of both placenta and fetal organs orchestrates serotonin homeostasis and prevents hyper/hypo-serotonemia. On the other hand, the placental production of kynurenine increases during pregnancy, with a low contribution of fetal organs throughout gestation. Any external insult to this tightly regulated harmony of transporters and enzymes within the fetoplacental unit may affect optimal in utero conditions and have a negative impact on fetal programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cilia Abad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (C.A.); (R.K.); (R.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Rona Karahoda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (C.A.); (R.K.); (R.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Petr Kastner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Ramon Portillo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (C.A.); (R.K.); (R.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Hana Horackova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (C.A.); (R.K.); (R.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Radim Kucera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Petr Nachtigal
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Frantisek Staud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (C.A.); (R.K.); (R.P.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-495-067-407
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Chan YL, Lai WC, Chen JS, Tseng JTC, Chuang PC, Jou J, Lee CT, Sun HS. TIAM2S Mediates Serotonin Homeostasis and Provokes a Pro-Inflammatory Immune Microenvironment Permissive for Colorectal Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071844. [PMID: 32650570 PMCID: PMC7408714 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The short isoform of human TIAM2 has been shown to promote proliferation and invasion in various cancer cells. However, the roles of TIAM2S in immune cells in relation to tumor development have not been investigated. To characterize the effects of TIAM2S, we generated TIAM2S-overexpressing mouse lines and found that aged TIAM2S-transgenic (TIAM2S-TG) developed significantly higher occurrence of lymphocytic infiltration and tumorigenesis in various organs, including colon. In addition, TIAM2S-TG is more sensitized to AOM-induced colon tumor development, suggesting a priming effect toward tumorigenesis. In the light of our recent findings that TIAM2S functions as a novel regulator of cellular serotonin level, we found that serotonin, in addition to Cox2, is a unique inflammation marker presented in the colonic lesion sites in the aged TG animals. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that ectopic TIAM2S altered immunity via the expansion of T lymphocytes; this was especially pronounced in CD8+ T cells in combination with CXCL13/BCA-1 pro-inflammatory chemokine in the serum of TIAM2S-TG mice. Consequently, T lymphocytes and B cells were recruited to the lesion sites and stimulated IL-23/IL17A expression to form the tertiary lymphoid organs. Collectively, our research suggests that TIAM2S provokes a pro-inflammatory immune microenvironment permissive to colorectal tumorigenesis through the serotonin-induced immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Chan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Lai
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Shing Chen
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan
| | - Joseph Ta-Chien Tseng
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chin Chuang
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan Jou
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Chung-Ta Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - H Sunny Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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9
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Yun H, Park ES, Choi S, Shin B, Yu J, Yu J, Amarasekara DS, Kim S, Lee N, Choi JS, Choi Y, Rho J. TDAG51 is a crucial regulator of maternal care and depressive-like behavior after parturition. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008214. [PMID: 31251738 PMCID: PMC6599150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Postpartum depression is a severe emotional and mental disorder that involves maternal care defects and psychiatric illness. Postpartum depression is closely associated with a combination of physical changes and physiological stress during pregnancy or after parturition in stress-sensitive women. Although postpartum depression is relatively well known to have deleterious effects on the developing fetus, the influence of genetic risk factors on the development of postpartum depression remains unclear. In this study, we discovered a novel function of T cell death-associated gene 51 (TDAG51/PHLDA1) in the regulation of maternal and depressive-like behavior. After parturition, TDAG51-deficient dams showed impaired maternal behavior in pup retrieving, nursing and nest building tests. In contrast to the normal dams, the TDAG51-deficient dams also exhibited more sensitive depressive-like behaviors after parturition. Furthermore, changes in the expression levels of various maternal and depressive-like behavior-associated genes regulating neuroendocrine factor and monoamine neurotransmitter levels were observed in TDAG51-deficient postpartum brain tissues. These findings indicate that TDAG51 plays a protective role against maternal care defects and depressive-like behavior after parturition. Thus, TDAG51 is a maternal care-associated gene that functions as a crucial regulator of maternal and depressive-like behavior after parturition. Postpartum depression is a severe emotional and mental disease that can affect women typically after parturition. However, the genetic risk factors associated with the development of postpartum depression are still largely unknown. We discovered a novel function of T cell death-associated gene 51 (TDAG51) in the regulation of maternal behavior and postpartum depression. We report that TDAG51 deficiency induces depressive-like and abnormal maternal behavior after parturition. The loss of TDAG51 in postpartum brain tissues induces changes in the expression levels of various maternal and depressive-like behavior-associated genes that regulate the levels of neuroendocrine factors and monoamine neurotransmitters. TDAG51 is a maternal care-associated gene that functions as a crucial regulator of maternal and depressive-like behavior after parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongseok Yun
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eui-Soon Park
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seunga Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Bongjin Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jungeun Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | - Sumi Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Nari Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong-Soon Choi
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yongwon Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jaerang Rho
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
- * E-mail:
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10
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Elwood J, Murray E, Bell A, Sinclair M, Kernohan WG, Stockdale J. A systematic review investigating if genetic or epigenetic markers are associated with postnatal depression. J Affect Disord 2019; 253:51-62. [PMID: 31029013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postnatal depression (PND) is common, affects the health of the mother, the development of the infant and places a large financial burden on services. Genetic and epigenetic biomarkers for PND could potentially improve the accuracy of current antenatal screening approaches. The aim of this systematic review is to report on the evidence for an association between genetic or epigenetic factors and postnatal depression. METHOD A systematic search of five databases (Medline, EMBASE, PILOT, PsychINFO and SCOPUS) was carried out using the following (MeSh) terms and keywords: postpartum, depression, postnatal depression, genetics, genetic polymorphisms and epigenetics. Inclusion criteria were applied and quality of studies was assessed using guidelines from the HuGE Review Handbook (Little and Higgins, 2006). RESULTS Following removal of duplicate articles, 543 remained; of these 37 met the inclusion criteria. Positive associations have been reported between PND and polymorphisms in the HMNC1, COMT, MAOT, PRKCB, ESR1, SLC6A4 genes in the presence of stressful life events, the BDNF gene when the postnatal period occurs during autumn and winter months and the OXT and OXTR genes in the presence of childhood adversity experienced by the mother. Epigenetic interactions with genotype, estrogen, and childhood adversity were identified that are predictive of PND. LIMITATIONS The number of studies investigating some of the markers was small and grey literature was not included. CONCLUSION This review highlights the importance of examining the interaction between epigenetic, genetic, hormonal and environmental factors in order to fully understand the risk factors for PND and to improve the accuracy of current antenatal and early postnatal screening procedures. Women susceptible to PND appear to have heightened epigenetic sensitivity to the physiological changes of childbirth or to environmental factors conferred by genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Elwood
- Centre for Maternal, Fetal and Infant Research Ulster University, Shore Road, Co. Antrim, N. Ireland BT370Q, United Kingdom.
| | - Elaine Murray
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, United Kingdom
| | - Aleeca Bell
- Department of Women, Children and Family Health Science, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Nursing, United States
| | - Marlene Sinclair
- Centre for Maternal, Fetal and Infant Research Ulster University, Shore Road, Co. Antrim, N. Ireland BT370Q, United Kingdom
| | - W George Kernohan
- Managing Chronic Illness Research Centre, Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, United Kingdom
| | - Janine Stockdale
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
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11
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Perry LM, Goldstein-Piekarski AN, Williams LM. Sex differences modulating serotonergic polymorphisms implicated in the mechanistic pathways of risk for depression and related disorders. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:737-762. [PMID: 27870440 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite consistent observations of sex differences in depression and related emotional disorders, we do not yet know how these sex differences modulate the effects of genetic polymorphisms implicated in risk for these disorders. This Mini-Review focuses on genetic polymorphisms of the serotonergic system to illustrate how sex differences might modulate the neurobiological pathways involved in the development of depression. We consider the interacting role of environmental factors such as early-life stress. Given limited current knowledge about this topic, we highlight methodological considerations, challenges, and guidelines for future research. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeAnn M Perry
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Andrea N Goldstein-Piekarski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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12
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Rabinowitz JA, Drabick DA. Do children fare for better and for worse? Associations among child features and parenting with child competence and symptoms. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Hiroi R, Weyrich G, Koebele SV, Mennenga SE, Talboom JS, Hewitt LT, Lavery CN, Mendoza P, Jordan A, Bimonte-Nelson HA. Benefits of Hormone Therapy Estrogens Depend on Estrogen Type: 17β-Estradiol and Conjugated Equine Estrogens Have Differential Effects on Cognitive, Anxiety-Like, and Depressive-Like Behaviors and Increase Tryptophan Hydroxylase-2 mRNA Levels in Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Subregions. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:517. [PMID: 28008302 PMCID: PMC5143618 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased serotonin (5-HT) function is associated with numerous cognitive and affective disorders. Women are more vulnerable to these disorders and have a lower rate of 5-HT synthesis than men. Serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) are a major source of 5-HT in the forebrain and play a critical role in regulation of stress-related disorders. In particular, polymorphisms of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TpH2, the brain-specific, rate-limiting enzyme for 5-HT biosynthesis) are implicated in cognitive and affective disorders. Administration of 17β-estradiol (E2), the most potent naturally circulating estrogen in women and rats, can have beneficial effects on cognitive, anxiety-like, and depressive-like behaviors. Moreover, E2 increases TpH2 mRNA in specific subregions of the DRN. Although conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) are a commonly prescribed estrogen component of hormone therapy in menopausal women, there is a marked gap in knowledge regarding how CEE affects these behaviors and the brain 5-HT system. Therefore, we compared the effects of CEE and E2 treatments on behavior and TpH2 mRNA. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized, administered either vehicle, CEE, or E2 and tested on a battery of cognitive, anxiety-like, and depressive-like behaviors. The brains of these animals were subsequently analyzed for TpH2 mRNA. Both CEE and E2 exerted beneficial behavioral effects, although efficacy depended on the distinct behavior and for cognition, on the task difficulty. Compared to CEE, E2 generally had more robust anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. E2 increased TpH2 mRNA in the caudal and mid DRN, corroborating previous findings. However, CEE increased TpH2 mRNA in the caudal and rostral, but not the mid, DRN, suggesting that distinct estrogens can have subregion-specific effects on TpH2 gene expression. We also found differential correlations between the level of TpH2 mRNA in specific DRN subregions and behavior, depending on the type of behavior. These distinct associations imply that cognition, anxiety-like, and depressive-like behaviors are modulated by unique serotonergic neurocircuitry, opening the possibility of novel avenues of targeted treatment for different types of cognitive and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Hiroi
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Giulia Weyrich
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Stephanie V Koebele
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sarah E Mennenga
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Joshua S Talboom
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Lauren T Hewitt
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Courtney N Lavery
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Perla Mendoza
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ambra Jordan
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Heather A Bimonte-Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenix, AZ, USA
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14
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Hiroi R, Carbone DL, Zuloaga DG, Bimonte-Nelson HA, Handa RJ. Sex-dependent programming effects of prenatal glucocorticoid treatment on the developing serotonin system and stress-related behaviors in adulthood. Neuroscience 2016; 320:43-56. [PMID: 26844389 PMCID: PMC4840233 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal stress and overexposure to glucocorticoids (GC) during development may be associated with an increased susceptibility to a number of diseases in adulthood including neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety. In animal models, prenatal overexposure to GC results in hyper-responsiveness to stress in adulthood, and females appear to be more susceptible than males. Here, we tested the hypothesis that overexposure to GC during fetal development has sex-specific programming effects on the brain, resulting in altered behaviors in adulthood. We examined the effects of dexamethasone (DEX; a synthetic GC) during prenatal life on stress-related behaviors in adulthood and on the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TpH2) gene expression in the adult dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). TpH2 is the rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin (5-HT) synthesis and has been implicated in the etiology of human affective disorders. Timed-pregnant rats were treated with DEX from gestational days 18-22. Male and female offspring were sacrificed on the day of birth (postnatal day 0; P0), P7, and in adulthood (P80-84) and brains were examined for changes in TpH2 mRNA expression. Adult animals were also tested for anxiety- and depressive- like behaviors. In adulthood, prenatal DEX increased anxiety- and depressive- like behaviors selectively in females, as measured by decreased time spent in the center of the open field and increased time spent immobile in the forced swim test, respectively. Prenatal DEX increased TpH2 mRNA selectively in the female caudal DRN at P7, whereas it decreased TpH2 mRNA selectively in the female caudal DRN in adulthood. In animals challenged with restraint stress in adulthood, TpH2 mRNA was significantly lower in rostral DRN of prenatal DEX-treated females compared to vehicle-treated females. These data demonstrated that prenatal overexposure to GC alters the development of TpH2 gene expression and these alterations correlated with lasting behavioral changes found in adult female offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hiroi
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 550 E. Van Buren Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 950 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - D L Carbone
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 550 E. Van Buren Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
| | - D G Zuloaga
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 550 E. Van Buren Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
| | - H A Bimonte-Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 950 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - R J Handa
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 550 E. Van Buren Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
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15
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Nephew BC, Murgatroyd C, Pittet F, Febo M. Brain Reward Pathway Dysfunction in Maternal Depression and Addiction: A Present and Future Transgenerational Risk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:105-116. [PMID: 27617302 PMCID: PMC5013732 DOI: 10.17756/jrds.2015-017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Two research areas that could benefit from a greater focus on the role of the reward pathway are maternal depression and maternal addiction. Both depression and addiction in mothers are mediated by deficiencies in the reward pathway and represent substantial risks to the health of offspring and future generations. This targeted review discusses maternal reward deficits in depressed and addicted mothers, neural, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms, and the transgenerational transmission of these deficits from mother to offspring. Postpartum depression and drug use disorders may entail alterations in the reward pathway, particularly in striatal and prefrontal areas, which may affect maternal attachment to offspring and heighten the risk of transgenerational effects on the oxytocin and dopamine systems. Alterations may involve neural circuitry changes, genetic factors that impact monoaminergic neurotransmission, as well as growth factors such as BDNF and stress-associated signaling in the brain. Improved maternal reward-based preventative measures and treatments may be specifically effective for mothers and their offspring suffering from depression and/or addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Nephew
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Reproductive Biology, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | | | - Florent Pittet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Reproductive Biology, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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16
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Couto TCE, Brancaglion MYM, Alvim-Soares A, Moreira L, Garcia FD, Nicolato R, Aguiar RALP, Leite HV, Corrêa H. Postpartum depression: A systematic review of the genetics involved. World J Psychiatry 2015; 5:103-111. [PMID: 25815259 PMCID: PMC4369539 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v5.i1.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Postpartum depression is one of the most prevalent psychopathologies. Its prevalence is estimated to be between 10% and 15%. Despite its multifactorial etiology, it is known that genetics play an important role in the genesis of this disorder. This paper reviews epidemiological evidence supporting the role of genetics in postpartum depression (PPD). The main objectives of this review are to determine which genes and polymorphisms are associated with PPD and discuss how this association may occur. In addition, this paper explores whether these genes are somehow related to or even the same as those linked to Major Depression (MD). To identify gaps in the current knowledge that require investigation, a systematic review was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, LILACS and SciELO using the index terms “postpartum depression” and “genetics”. Literature searches for articles in peer-reviewed journals were made until April 2014. PPD was indexed 56 times with genetics. The inclusion criteria were articles in Portuguese, Spanish or English that were available by institutional means or sent by authors upon request; this search resulted in 20 papers. Genes and polymorphisms traditionally related to MD, which are those involved in the serotonin, catecholamine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tryptophan metabolism, have been the most studied, and some have been related to PPD. The results are conflicting and some depend on epigenetics, which makes the data incipient. Further studies are required to determine the genes that are involved in PPD and establish the nature of the relationship between these genes and PPD.
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17
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Abstract
Mood disturbances, especially depressive disorders, are the most frequent neuropsychiatric complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI). These disorders have a complex clinical presentation and are highly comorbid with anxiety, substance misuse, and other behavioral alterations such as impulsivity and aggression. Furthermore, once developed, mood disorders tend to have a chronic and refractory course. Thus, the functional repercussion of these disorders is huge, affecting the rehabilitation process and the long-term outcome of TBI patients. The pathophysiology of mood disorders involves the interplay of factors that precede trauma (e.g., genetic vulnerability and previous psychiatric history), factors that pertain to the traumatic injury itself (e.g., type, extent, and location of brain damage) and factors that influence the recovery process (e.g., family and social support). It is hardly surprising that mood disorders are associated with structural and functional changes of neural circuits linking brain areas specialized in emotional processing such as the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and amygdala. In turn, the onset of mood disorders may contribute to further prefrontal dysfunction among TBI patients. Finally, in spite of the prevalence and impact of these disorders, there have been relatively few rigorous studies of therapeutic options. Development of treatment strategies constitutes a priority in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo E Jorge
- Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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18
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Yano S, Moseley K, Azen C. Melatonin and dopamine as biomarkers to optimize treatment in phenylketonuria: effects of tryptophan and tyrosine supplementation. J Pediatr 2014; 165:184-189.e1. [PMID: 24857519 PMCID: PMC8889885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether additional supplementation of tryptophan (Trp) and tyrosine (Tyr) improve serotonin and dopamine metabolism in individuals with phenylketonuria treated with large neutral amino acid (LNAA) tablets. STUDY DESIGN Ten adult individuals with phenylketonuria participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study consisting of three 3-week phases: washout, treatment with LNAA tablets plus supplementation with either Trp and Tyr tablets or placebo, and LNAA tablets plus the alternate supplementation. An overnight protocol to measure blood melatonin, a serotonin metabolite in the pinealocytes, and urine 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and dopamine in first-void urine specimens was conducted after each phase. RESULTS Serum melatonin and urine 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and dopamine levels were increased in the LNAA phase (LNAA plus placebo) compared with the washout phase. Serum melatonin and urine 6-sulfatoxymelatonin were not increased in the active phase (LNAA plus Trp + Tyr) compared with the LNAA phase, although plasma Trp:LNAA was increased compared with the LNAA phase. Among 7 subjects with a plasma Trp/LNAA >0.03, a negative correlation between urine 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and plasma phenylalanine levels was observed (r = -0.072). Urine dopamine levels and plasma Tyr:LNAA were increased in the active phase compared with the LNAA phase. CONCLUSION Melatonin levels were not increased with the higher dose of Trp supplementation, but dopamine levels were increased with the higher dose of Tyr supplementation. Serotonin synthesis appears to be suppressed by high phenylalanine levels at the Trp hydroxylase level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Yano
- Genetics Division, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kathryn Moseley
- Genetics Division, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Colleen Azen
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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19
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Abstract
In this article, we examine the epidemiology and risk factors for the development of the most common mood disorders observed in the aftermath of TBI: depressive disorders and bipolar spectrum disorders. We describe the classification approach and diagnostic criteria proposed in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders. We also examine the differential diagnosis of post-TBI mood disorders and describe the mainstay of the evaluation process. Finally, we place a special emphasis on the analysis of the different therapeutic options and provide guidelines for the appropriate management of these conditions.
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20
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Pinsonneault JK, Sullivan D, Sadee W, Soares CN, Hampson E, Steiner M. Association study of the estrogen receptor gene ESR1 with postpartum depression--a pilot study. Arch Womens Ment Health 2013; 16:499-509. [PMID: 23917948 PMCID: PMC3833886 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-013-0373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal mood disorders, such as postpartum depression (PPD), are costly for society, with potentially serious consequences for mother and child. While multiple genes appear to play a role in PPD susceptibility, the contributions of specific genetic variations remain unclear. Previously implicated as a candidate gene, the estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1) is a key player in mediating hormonal differences during pregnancy and the postpartum period. This study addresses genetic factors in perinatal mood disorders, testing nine polymorphisms in ESR1. Two hundred fifty-seven postpartum women were screened for mood disorders, including 52 women with PPD and 32 without any symptoms of mood disorders. We detected a significant association for the upstream TA microsatellite repeat with Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores (p = 0.007). The same variant was also associated with the occurrence of PPD. Separately, 11 candidate functional polymorphisms in 7 additional genes were genotyped to investigate gene-gene interaction with the ESR1 TA repeat, identifying a potential interaction with the serotonin transporter. Our results support a role for ESR1 in the etiology of PPD, possibly through the modulation of serotonin signaling. Our findings for ESR1 could have broad implications for other disorders and therapies that involve estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K. Pinsonneault
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Pharmacogenomics, The Ohio State University
| | - Danielle Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Pharmacogenomics, The Ohio State University,The Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University
| | - Wolfgang Sadee
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Pharmacogenomics, The Ohio State University
| | - Claudio N. Soares
- Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology, McMaster University
| | - Elizabeth Hampson
- Department of Psychology and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario
| | - Meir Steiner
- Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology, McMaster University
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Associations Between Variations in TPH1 , TPH2 and SLC6A4 Genes and Postpartum Depression: A Study in the Jordanian Population. Balkan J Med Genet 2013; 16:41-8. [PMID: 24265583 PMCID: PMC3835295 DOI: 10.2478/bjmg-2013-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the association between
tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH1
) (218A>C),
tryptophan hydroxylase-2
(
TPH2
) (1463G>A) and
serotonin carrier family 6, member 4 (SLC6A4)
[long (L)
vs.
short (S)] gene polymorphisms with post-partum depression (PPD) in women from Jordan. A total of 370 postpartum (130 depressed and 240 non depressed) women volunteered for the study. Genotyping was carried out using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for
TPH1
, amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) for
TPH2
and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for
SLC6A4
S and L. The Edinburgh postnatal depression scale was used to screen postpartum women. Both S and L alleles of
SLC6A4
are common in Jordanian women (about 51.0 and 49.0%, respectively), while allele
TPH1
-218C is more common (64.0%) than allele A (37.0%). Regarding
TPH2
, allele A is absent from the examined women. None of the examined polymorphisms were found to be associated with PPD (
p
>0.05). However, depression history, pregnancy problems and economic status were found to be significantly associated with PPD (
p
<0.05). The results suggest that
TPH1
,
TPH2
and
SLC6A4
S and L polymorphisms do not seem to be important in Jordan for predisposing to PPD.
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22
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Hiroi R, Handa RJ. Estrogen receptor-β regulates human tryptophan hydroxylase-2 through an estrogen response element in the 5' untranslated region. J Neurochem 2013; 127:487-95. [PMID: 24033289 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the dorsal raphe nucleus, 17β-estradiol (E2) increases the expression of the brain-specific, rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin biosynthesis, tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (Tph2). Although estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) has been localized to Tph2 neurons, little is known about the transcriptional regulation of the Tph2 gene by estrogen. Since the ERβ agonist, diarylpropionitrile (DPN) also increases Tph2 expression, we tested the hypothesis that E2 regulates the Tph2 promoter through direct interactions with ERβ. A serotonergic cell line, B14, which endogenously expresses ERβ was transiently transfected with a fragment of the human TPH2 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) cloned into a luciferase reporter vector (TPH2-luc). Treatment with E2 or DPN caused a dose-dependent increase of TPH2-luc activity. In contrast, E2 conjugated to bovine serum albumin, which is cell membrane impermeable, had no effect on TPH2-luc activity. An estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist blocked E2 or DPN-induced TPH2-luc activity suggesting a classical ER mechanism. In silico analysis revealed an estrogen-response element (ERE) half-site located within the TPH2 5'-UTR. Deletion and site-directed mutation of this site abolished ligand-induced TPH2-luc activity. These results support the concept that there is a direct and functional interaction between E2:ERβ and the ERE half-site of the TPH2 promoter to regulate Tph2 expression. We illustrate a direct regulation of the TPH2 transcription by estradiol and ERβ via a newly identified ERE half-site within the TPH2 promoter: (i) Estradiol- or an ERβ agonist-induced TPH2 transcription was blocked by an ER antagonist, while (ii) membrane impermeable form of estradiol did not induce transcription. (iii) Deletion or mutation of the ERE half-site abolished ligand-induced TPH2 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Hiroi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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23
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Skalkidou A, Hellgren C, Comasco E, Sylvén S, Sundström Poromaa I. Biological aspects of postpartum depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [PMID: 23181531 DOI: 10.2217/whe.12.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In comparison with the vast epidemiological literature on postpartum depression (PPD), relatively few studies have examined the biological aspects of the disorder. However, research into the biological mechanisms of PPD is a challenging task, as normal pregnancy and the postpartum period cause adaptive endocrine changes, which would otherwise be considered pathological in nonpregnant women. This review focuses on the adaptive changes of childbearing and nursing, which ultimately may put women at increased risk of PPD. In light of the normal physiology, the authors also attempt to describe the current evidence of the biological changes associated with the development of depression in the postpartum period, including ovarian steroids, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the serotonergic neurotransmitter system, the thyroid system and inflammatory markers. In addition, current knowledge on candidate genes associated with PPD is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkistis Skalkidou
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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Goenjian AK, Bailey JN, Walling DP, Steinberg AM, Schmidt D, Dandekar U, Noble EP. Association of TPH1, TPH2, and 5HTTLPR with PTSD and depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord 2012; 140:244-52. [PMID: 22483952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the potential contribution of the serotonin hydroxylase (TPH1 and TPH2) genes, and the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5HTTLPR) to the unique and pleiotropic risk of PTSD symptoms and depressive symptoms. METHODS Participants included 200 adults exposed to the 1988 Spitak earthquake from 12 multigenerational families (3 to 5 generations). Severity of trauma exposure, PTSD, and depressive symptoms were assessed using standard psychometric instruments. Pedigree-based variance component analysis was used to assess the association between select genes and the phenotypes. RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex, exposure and environmental variables, there was a significant association of PTSD symptoms with the 't' allele of TPH1 SNP rs2108977 (p<0.004), explaining 3% of the phenotypic variance. This allele also showed a non-significant trend for an association with depressive symptoms (p=0.08). Also, there was a significant association of PTSD symptoms and the 't' allele of TPH2 SNP rs11178997 (p=0.03), explaining 4% of the variance. Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with the 's' allele of 5HTTLPR (p=0.03), explaining 4% of the variance. LIMITATIONS Retrospective rating of exposure may have been subject to memory failure leading to misestimation of symptom severities. Second, findings may not be generalizable to other ethnic/racial populations. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first published report showing that variants in TPH1 and TPH2 genes constitute risk factors for PTSD symptoms. Additionally, the TPH1 gene may be associated pleiotropically with PTSD and depressive symptoms. The association of the 's' allele of 5HTTLPR polymorphism with depression adds to similar findings from case/case-control studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen K Goenjian
- UCLA/Duke University National Center for Child Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), USA.
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Fasching PA, Faschingbauer F, Goecke TW, Engel A, Häberle L, Seifert A, Voigt F, Amann M, Rebhan D, Burger P, Kornhuber J, Ekici AB, Beckmann MW, Binder EB. Genetic variants in the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene (TPH2) and depression during and after pregnancy. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46:1109-17. [PMID: 22721547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies indicate that altered serotonergic transmission may be a risk factor for depression in the peripartum period. The aim of this study was to investigate whether genetic polymorphisms in the TPH2 gene, the gene product of which is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin in the central nervous system, are associated with depressive symptoms in pregnancy and the postpartum period. METHODS In a cohort of 361 Caucasians, the severity of depression was assessed prospectively during pregnancy (third trimester) and the postpartum period (2-3 days and 6-8 months) using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TPH2 and SNPs that are known to be of functional relevance were genotyped. For each haplotype block or SNP, a multifactorial linear mixed model was performed to analyse the EPDS values over time. RESULTS The haplotype block in the promoter region of TPH2 showed significant associations with depression values during pregnancy and 6-8 months afterwards. Additionally, a haplotype block in intron 8 had an influence on depression values during pregnancy, but not after birth. There was a significant interaction between time and haplotypes and the severity of depression. The effect of TPH2 haplotypes on EPDS values was strongest during pregnancy and 6 months after birth, with a low depression rating in the first few days after delivery for all women. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort, TPH2 haplotypes known to be of functional relevance were found to be associated with different EPDS values during and after pregnancy. These haplotypes were associated with depressive symptoms both before and after delivery and were thus not specific for postpartum-onset depression. This underlines the relevance of these functional polymorphisms for depression in general and the importance of longitudinal assessments in research on postpartum depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Fasching
- Erlangen University Perinatal Center, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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26
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Binder EB, Newport DJ, Zach EB, Smith AK, Deveau TC, Altshuler LL, Cohen LS, Stowe ZN, Cubells JF. A serotonin transporter gene polymorphism predicts peripartum depressive symptoms in an at-risk psychiatric cohort. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:640-6. [PMID: 20045118 PMCID: PMC2891911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripartum major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder with potential detrimental consequences for both mother and child. Despite its enormous health care relevance, data regarding genetic predictors of peripartum depression are sparse. The aim of this study was to investigate associations of the serotonin-transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genotype with peripartum MDD in an at-risk population. METHODS Two hundred and seventy four women with a prior history of MDD were genotyped for 5-HTTLPR and serially evaluated in late pregnancy (gestational weeks 31-40), early post-partum (week 1-8) and late post-partum (week 9-24) for diagnosis of a current major depressive episode (MDE) and depressive symptom severity. RESULTS 5-HTTLPR S-allele carrier status predicted the occurrence of a MDE in the early post-partum period only (OR=5.13, p=0.017). This association persisted despite continued antidepressant treatment. CONCLUSIONS The 5-HTTLPR genotype may be a clinically relevant predictor of early post-partum depression in an at-risk population. OBJECTIVE Peripartum major depressive disorder is a prevalent psychiatric disorder with potential detrimental consequences for both mother and child. Despite its enormous health care relevance, data regarding genetic predictors of peripartum depression are sparse. The aim of this study was to investigate associations of the serotonin-transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genotype with peripartum MDD in an at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth B. Binder
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA
,Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Atlanta, GA
,Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - D. Jeffrey Newport
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA
| | - Elizabeth B. Zach
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alicia K. Smith
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA
,Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Atlanta, GA
| | - Todd C. Deveau
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lori L. Altshuler
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lee S. Cohen
- Perinatal and Reproductive Psychiatry Clinical Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Zachary N. Stowe
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Atlanta, GA
,Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Atlanta, GA
| | - Joseph F. Cubells
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA
,Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Atlanta, GA
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Figueira P, Malloy-Diniz L, Campos SB, Miranda DM, Romano-Silva MA, De Marco L, Neves FS, Correa H. An association study between the Val66Met polymorphism of the BDNF gene and postpartum depression. Arch Womens Ment Health 2010; 13:285-9. [PMID: 20169377 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-010-0146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum depression disorder (PPD) is a severe illness affecting around 15% of deliveries. Several evidences suggest that PPD is, at least, partially genetic determined. The gene encoding BDNF is a strong candidate for pathogenesis of PPD since that it has been observed decrease of serum BDNF in patients suffering from PPD. The gene encoding BDNF has a polymorphism (Val66Met) that alters the regulated protein secretion; the methionine variant being associated with insufficient secretion compared with the Valine variant. We hypothesized that BDNF gene Val66Met polymorphism could be associated with PPD. We assessed 227 subjects randomly selected who had delivery at a maternity hospital using EPDS. Differences in genotype frequency were calculated by chi (2) test. Logistic Regression Analyses was performed to verify the existence of interaction between biological, psychiatric and environmental variables and PPD. Difference between groups was tested with Student's t test. Tests were two-tailed and results significant when p < or = 0.05. No difference in BDNF genotype distribution was observed between the depressed and non-depressed women. Educational level, stress during pregnancy, bipolar disorder and anxiety was strongly associated with PPD. We were not able to show an association between BDNF polymorphisms and PPD. Further studies are necessary to both of confirm our results and improve validity of PPD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Figueira
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Population-specific functional variant of the TPH2 gene 2755C>A polymorphism contributes risk association to major depression and anxiety in Chinese peripartum women. Arch Womens Ment Health 2009; 12:401-8. [PMID: 19588223 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-009-0088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The rate-limiting enzyme of serotonin biosynthesis, tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), is one of the most promising candidate genes for psychiatric disorders. Although evidence strongly suggests that the TPH2 is significant in the etiology of major depression and anxiety disorder, whether it also contributes to the etiology of peripartum major depression and anxiety disorder, a specific subtype influenced considerably by other environmental factors like hormones, is unclear. This study investigated the role of TPH2 in the etiology of peripartum major depression and anxiety disorder in a Han Chinese population in Taiwan. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms were selected from previously profiled genetic information of TPH2 in Han Chinese. A cohort of postpartum Chinese women that included 117 patients with major depression, anxiety disorder, or both and 83 healthy controls were genotyped with selected TPH2 markers. The TPH2 2755A allele was found only in women with peripartum major depression and anxiety disorder (p = 0.043) and exhibited a dominant gene action (p = 0.038) with an estimated disease risk of 1.73. Although the sample size is small, results from this study suggest that the TPH2 C2755A polymorphism may represent a population-specific risk factor for peripartum major depression and anxiety disorder, perhaps by interacting with hormones.
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Figueira P, Corrêa H, Malloy-Diniz L, Romano-Silva MA. Escala de Depressão Pós-natal de Edimburgo para triagem no sistema público de saúde. Rev Saude Publica 2009; 43 Suppl 1:79-84. [DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102009000800012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Avaliar a utilização da Escala de Depressão Pós-natal de Edimburgo como instrumento de triagem no sistema público de saúde. MÉTODOS: A Escala foi administrada entre o 40º e 90º dia do pós-parto, a 245 mulheres que tiveram parto em uma maternidade privada no município de Belo Horizonte (MG), entre 2005 e 2006. As participantes foram submetidas a uma entrevista psiquiátrica estruturada (Mini-Plus 5.0) utilizada como padrão-ouro para diagnóstico de depressão. Foram calculadas sensibilidade e especificidade da escala e utilizou-se a curva ROC para achar o melhor ponto de corte. Foi utilizado o teste t de Student para comparação das variáveis numéricas e o qui-quadrado para as variáveis categóricas. A confiabilidade foi aferida pelo coeficiente de consistência interna á de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: Foram diagnosticadas 66 mulheres com o quadro depressivo pós-parto (26,9% da amostra). Não houve diferença entre as mulheres com e sem depressão pós-parto em relação à idade, escolaridade, número de partos anteriores e estado civil. Utilizando-se o ponto de corte de 10, a sensibilidade da escala foi 86,4, a especificidade 91,1 e o valor preditivo positivo 0,78. CONCLUSÕES: As propriedades psicométricas da Escala a caracterizam como um bom instrumento de triagem da depressão pós-parto e seu uso disseminado no Sistema Único de Saúde poderia repercutir positivamente com aumento significativo na taxa de reconhecimento, diagnóstico, e tratamento da depressão pós parto.
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Nilsson KW, Sjöberg RL, Leppert J, Oreland L, Damberg M. Transcription factor AP-2 beta genotype and psychosocial adversity in relation to adolescent depressive symptomatology. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:363-70. [PMID: 19184334 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate possible interactions between the gene coding for activating protein-2 beta (AP-2 beta) and psychosocial factors to predict depressive symptoms in adolescents. Two-hundred 16- and 19-year-old adolescents from the county of Västmanland, Sweden, were asked to complete a questionnaire, interviewed about psychosocial risk factors, and genotyped with regard to the transcription factor AP-2 beta intron 2 polymorphism. AP-2 beta genotype interacted significantly both with type of housing and parental separation to predict depressive symptoms. Individuals who were homozygous for the short AP-2 beta allele displayed higher depression scores when psychosocial adversity was taken into account. Amongst carriers of one or two copies of the long allele, there was no difference in depressive symptoms despite differences in psychosocial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent W Nilsson
- Centre for Clinical Research, Central Hospital, Uppsala University, 721 89, Västerås, Sweden.
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31
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Zubenko GS, Jones ML, Estevez AO, Hughes HB, Estevez M. Identification of a CREB-dependent serotonergic pathway and neuronal circuit regulating foraging behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans: a useful model for mental disorders and their treatments? Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:12-23. [PMID: 19035344 PMCID: PMC3234207 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)-mediated cell signaling pathway is conserved through evolution and participates in a broad range of complex behaviors of divergent species including man. This study describes the integration of genetic, pharmacologic, and anatomic methods to elucidate a serotonergic signaling pathway by which the CREB homolog CRH-1 controls foraging rate (FR) in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, along with the complete neuronal circuit through which this pathway operates. In the anterior afferent arm of the circuit, CRH-1 controls FR by regulating the expression of tph-1, the sole structural gene for tryptophan hydroxylase, in serotonergic sensory (ADF) neurons whose post-synaptic effects are mediated through 5HT(2)-like SER-1 receptors. The posterior afferent limb of the circuit includes an interneuron (RIH) that does not express tph-1 and whose serotonergic phenotype is dependent on the contribution of this neurotransmitter from another source, probably the ADF neurons. The postsynaptic effects of the RIH interneuron are mediated through 5HT(1)-like SER-4 receptors. This model has potential utility for the study of clinical disorders and experimental therapeutics. Furthermore, the discovery of serotonergic neurons that depend on other sources for their neurotransmitter phenotype could provide a mechanism for rapidly altering the number and distribution of serotonergic pathways in developing and adult nervous systems, providing a dimension of functional complexity that has been previously unrecognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S. Zubenko
- Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Biological Sciences, Mellon College of Science, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Michelle L. Jones
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Annette O. Estevez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Hugh B. Hughes
- Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Miguel Estevez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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Sanjuan J, Martin-Santos R, Garcia-Esteve L, Carot JM, Guillamat R, Gutierrez-Zotes A, Gornemann I, Canellas F, Baca-Garcia E, Jover M, Navines R, Valles V, Vilella E, de Diego Y, Castro JA, Ivorra JL, Gelabert E, Guitart M, Labad A, Mayoral F, Roca M, Gratacos M, Costas J, van Os J, de Frutos R. Mood changes after delivery: role of the serotonin transporter gene. Br J Psychiatry 2008; 193:383-8. [PMID: 18978318 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.045427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphic variations in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) moderate the depressogenic effects of tryptophan depletion. After childbirth there is a sharp reduction in brain tryptophan availability, thus polymorphic variations in 5-HTT may play a similar role in the post-partum period. AIMS To study the role of 5-HTT polymorphic variations in mood changes after delivery. METHOD One thousand, eight hundred and four depression-free Spanish women were studied post-partum. We evaluated depressive symptoms at 2-3 days, 8 weeks and 32 weeks post-partum. We used diagnostic interview to confirm major depression for all probable cases. Based on two polymorphisms of 5-HTT (5-HTTLPR and STin2 VNTR), three genotype combinations were created to reflect different levels of 5-HTT expression. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-three women (12.7%) experienced major depression during the 32-week post-partum period. Depressive symptoms were associated with the high-expression 5-HTT genotypes in a dose-response fashion at 8 weeks post-partum, but not at 32 weeks. CONCLUSIONS High-expression 5-HTT genotypes may render women more vulnerable to depressive symptoms after childbirth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sanjuan
- Hospital Clínico, UV, CIBER Enfermedades Mentales,Valencia, Spain.
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Brewer JK. Behavioral genetics of the depression/cancer correlation: a look at the Ras oncogene family and the 'cerebral diabetes paradigm'. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 35:307-22. [PMID: 18563304 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-008-9078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the causes of the observed linkage between depression and later onset of cancer. The prevailing view is that cancer in depressed patients results from a weakened immune system. However, molecular biologists have recognized that dysregulation of the ras proto-oncogene results in impaired serotonin and dopamine synthesis manifesting as major depression. A qualitative review of the literature showed that (1) studies using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory showed a greater correlation between depression and later cancer onset than those employing other measures and (2) the more related the cancer type was to the Ras oncogene family, the greater the correlation between depression and later cancer onset. These results support the hypothesis that the ras proto-oncogene plays a role in the etiology of depression and could be the common denominator in long-observed depression/cancer linkages. Previous depression/cancer linkage studies are confounded in that they failed to analyze cancer type and accurately diagnose depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet K Brewer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurosciences, Section of Neuropsychology, University of Illinois-Carle Clinic, 602 West University Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Gizatullin R, Zaboli G, Jönsson EG, Asberg M, Leopardi R. The tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) 2 gene unlike TPH-1 exhibits no association with stress-induced depression. J Affect Disord 2008; 107:175-9. [PMID: 17692928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonin (5-HT) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders including major depression (MD). Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HT), and might be related to the pathogenesis of MD. Two isoforms are known, TPH-1 and TPH-2. Their association with MD is still debated. METHODS A case-control design was used for candidate gene-disease association in 194 patients with stress-induced MD, and 246 healthy controls, all North European Caucasians. Five TPH-2 polymorphisms were analyzed in terms of genotype, allele, and haplotype-based associations. RESULTS Neither single marker nor haplotype-based analyses showed significant associations between TPH-2 and MD. LIMITATIONS The interpretations are limited by the restricted population size. CONCLUSIONS There was no association between TPH-2 gene variants and MD in the same population that had shown a strong association with TPH-1. Hence, the results suggest that in this particular group of stress-induced depression patients TPH-1 appears to be more relevant to MD pathogenesis than TPH-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat Gizatullin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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35
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Anisman H, Merali Z, Stead JDH. Experiential and genetic contributions to depressive- and anxiety-like disorders: clinical and experimental studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 32:1185-206. [PMID: 18423590 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Stressful events have been implicated in the precipitation of depression and anxiety. These disorders may evolve owing to one or more of an array of neuronal changes that occur in several brain regions. It seems likely that these stressor-provoked neurochemical alterations are moderated by genetic determinants, as well as by a constellation of experiential and environmental factors. Indeed, animal studies have shown that vulnerability to depressive-like behaviors involve mechanisms similar to those associated with human depression (e.g., altered serotonin, corticotropin releasing hormone and their receptors, growth factors), and that the effects of stressors are influenced by previous stressor experiences, particularly those encountered early in life. These stressor effects might reflect sensitization of neuronal functioning, phenotypic changes of processes that lead to neurochemical release or receptor sensitivity, or epigenetic processes that modify expression of specific genes associated with stressor reactivity. It is suggested that depression is a life-long disorder, which even after effective treatment, has a high rate of re-occurrence owing to sensitized processes or epigenetic factors that promote persistent alterations of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hymie Anisman
- Institute of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
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36
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Consoli D, Leggio GM, Mazzola C, Micale V, Drago F. Behavioral effects of the β3 adrenoceptor agonist SR58611A: Is it the putative prototype of a new class of antidepressant/anxiolytic drugs? Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 573:139-47. [PMID: 17669397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2006] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence corroborates the notion that deficiencies of serotonergic system are likely involved in the pathogenesis of both depression and anxiety. Activation of beta(3) adrenoceptors has been shown to increase brain tryptophan content suggesting an elevation of brain serotonin (5HT) synthesis. SR58611A is a selective beta(3) adrenergic agent possessing a profile of antidepressant activity in routine rodents' experimental models of depression. The present study was undertaken to evaluate in rodents the antidepressant properties of SR58611A and to assess its putative anxiolytic value in experimental models of depression and anxiety. Compared to the control group, SR58611A (0.1, 1, 5 or 10 mg/kg) caused a dose-dependent reduction in immobility of Wistar male rats in the forced swim test. The maximum dose appeared to be equivalent to an effective dose of clomipramine (50 mg/kg). In addition, acute injection of SR58611A induced in rats a dose-dependent decrease in grooming response to a novel environment (novelty-induced grooming test). For any dose, the effect was lower than that of diazepam (1 mg/kg). Chronic treatment with SR58611A resulted also in an increased social interaction time in the social interaction test without affecting motor activity of rats. Furthermore, similarly to diazepam a chronic treatment with the highest doses of SR58611A was followed by increased exploratory behavior in Swiss male mice exposed to the elevated plus maze test. These effects are mediated by beta(3) adrenoceptors since i.p. pretreatment with the selective beta(3) adrenoceptor antagonist SR59230A (5 mg/kg) blocked the effects of SR58611A. Finally, also the 5HT antagonist methysergide (2 mg/kg) prevented the antidepressant and anxiolytic-like activity of SR58611A indicating that 5HT transmission is strictly involved in its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Consoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
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Teo YY, Fry AE, Clark TG, Tai ES, Seielstad M. On the Usage of HWE for Identifying Genotyping Errors. Ann Hum Genet 2007; 71:701-3; author reply 704. [PMID: 17388941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yik Y Teo
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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38
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Lonstein JS. Regulation of anxiety during the postpartum period. Front Neuroendocrinol 2007; 28:115-41. [PMID: 17604088 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Healthy mother-infant interactions are critical for the physical, cognitive, and psychological development of offspring. Such interactions rely on numerous factors, including a positive maternal emotional state. However, many postpartum women experience emotional dysregulation, often involving elevated anxiety. Neuroendocrine factors contributing to the onset of postpartum anxiety symptoms are mostly unknown, but irregularities in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function, reduced prolactin and oxytocin signaling, or parturitional withdrawal of ovarian, placental and neural steroids could contribute to anxiety in susceptible women. Although the causes of initial onset are unclear, postpartum anxiety can be mitigated by recent contact with infants. Numerous neurochemical systems, including oxytocin, prolactin, GABA, and norepinephrine mediate this anxiolytic effect of infant contact. Insight into the etiology of postpartum anxiety disorders, and how contact with infants helps counter existing anxiety dysregulation, will surely facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of postpartum women at risk for, or experiencing, an anxiety disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Lonstein
- Neuroscience Program & Department of Psychology, Giltner Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Zou GY, Donner A. The merits of testing Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the analysis of unmatched case-control data: a cautionary note. Ann Hum Genet 2006; 70:923-33. [PMID: 17044866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Testing for departures from the assumption of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) has been widely recommended as a preliminary step in the analysis of genetic case-control studies. Some authors suggest using a two-stage procedure in which gene/disease associations are ultimately evaluated using either the Pearson chi-square procedure or the Cochran-Armitage test for trend. Other authors go further and encourage investigators to discard data that are in violation of HWE, essentially using the test as a tool for identifying genotyping errors. In this paper we show that 1) testing for HWE should not be used as a tool to identify genotyping errors; and 2) it is not necessary, and possibly even harmful, to test the HWE assumption before testing for association between alleles and disease. Instead one should inherently account for deviations from HWE with an adjusted chi-square test statistic, a procedure which in the present context is identical to the trend test. Examples from previous reports are used to illustrate the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yong Zou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Hiroi R, McDevitt RA, Neumaier JF. Estrogen selectively increases tryptophan hydroxylase-2 mRNA expression in distinct subregions of rat midbrain raphe nucleus: association between gene expression and anxiety behavior in the open field. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:288-95. [PMID: 16458260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian steroids modulate anxiety behavior, perhaps by regulating the serotonergic neurons in the midbrain raphe nucleus. The regulation of the brain-specific isoform of rat tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH2) by ovarian hormones has not yet been investigated. Therefore, we examined the effects of estrogen and progesterone on TPH2 mRNA in the rat dorsal and median raphe nuclei (DRN and MRN, respectively) and whether TPH2 mRNA levels correlated with anxiety behavior. METHODS Ovariectomized rats were treated for two weeks with placebo, estrogen or estrogen plus progesterone, exposed to the open field test, and TPH2 mRNA was quantified by in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS Estrogen increased TPH2 mRNA in the mid-ventromedial and caudal subregions of the DRN and the caudal MRN. Combined estrogen and progesterone treatment did not change TPH2 mRNA relative to ovariectomized controls. TPH2 mRNA in caudal DRN was associated with lower anxiety-like behavior, whereas TPH2 mRNA in rostral dorsomedial DRN was associated with increased anxiety-like behavior. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that estrogen may increase the capacity for serotonin synthesis in discrete subgroups of raphe neurons, and reinforce previous observations that different subregions of DRN contribute to distinct components of anxiety behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Hiroi
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Jorge RE, Starkstein SE. Pathophysiologic aspects of major depression following traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2006; 20:475-87. [PMID: 16304485 DOI: 10.1097/00001199-200511000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mood disorders, particularly major depression, are the most frequent complication of traumatic brain injury. Major depression is present in about 40% of patients hospitalization for a traumatic brain injury. Anxiety disorders, substance abuse, dysregulation of emotional expression, and aggressive outbursts are frequently associated with major depression, and their coexistence constitutes a marker of a more disabling clinical course. The complex interactions of genetic, developmental, and psychosocial factors determine patients' vulnerability to developing affective disturbances following a traumatic brain injury. Symptoms of depression cluster into the domains of low mood and distorted self-attitude, lack of motivation and anhedonia, subjective cognitive complaints, and hyperactive and disinhibited behavior. It is reasonable to assume that these symptomatic clusters have specific underlying mechanisms that need to be integrated in a comprehensive pathophysiologic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo E Jorge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.
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