1
|
Guerrero L, Ebrahim A, Riley BT, Kim M, Huang Q, Finke AD, Keedy DA. Pushed to extremes: distinct effects of high temperature versus pressure on the structure of STEP. Commun Biol 2024; 7:59. [PMID: 38216663 PMCID: PMC10786866 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein function hinges on small shifts of three-dimensional structure. Elevating temperature or pressure may provide experimentally accessible insights into such shifts, but the effects of these distinct perturbations on protein structures have not been compared in atomic detail. To quantitatively explore these two axes, we report the first pair of structures at physiological temperature versus. high pressure for the same protein, STEP (PTPN5). We show that these perturbations have distinct and surprising effects on protein volume, patterns of ordered solvent, and local backbone and side-chain conformations. This includes interactions between key catalytic loops only at physiological temperature, and a distinct conformational ensemble for another active-site loop only at high pressure. Strikingly, in torsional space, physiological temperature shifts STEP toward previously reported active-like states, while high pressure shifts it toward a previously uncharted region. Altogether, our work indicates that temperature and pressure are complementary, powerful, fundamental macromolecular perturbations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Guerrero
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ali Ebrahim
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Blake T Riley
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Minyoung Kim
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Qingqiu Huang
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Aaron D Finke
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Daniel A Keedy
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- PhD Programs in Biochemistry, Biology, & Chemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Westmark PR, Gholston AK, Swietlik TJ, Maganti RK, Westmark CJ. Ketogenic Diet Affects Sleep Architecture in C57BL/6J Wild Type and Fragile X Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14460. [PMID: 37833907 PMCID: PMC10572443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly half of children with fragile X syndrome experience sleep problems including trouble falling asleep and frequent nighttime awakenings. The goals here were to assess sleep-wake cycles in mice in response to Fmr1 genotype and a dietary intervention that reduces hyperactivity. Electroencephalography (EEG) results were compared with published rest-activity patterns to determine if actigraphy is a viable surrogate for sleep EEG. Specifically, sleep-wake patterns in adult wild type and Fmr1KO littermate mice were recorded after EEG electrode implantation and the recordings manually scored for vigilance states. The data indicated that Fmr1KO mice exhibited sleep-wake patterns similar to wild type littermates when maintained on a control purified ingredient diet. Treatment with a high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet increased the percentage of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in both wild type and Fmr1KO mice during the dark cycle, which corresponded to decreased activity levels. Treatment with a ketogenic diet flattened diurnal sleep periodicity in both wild type and Fmr1KO mice. Differences in several sleep microstructure outcomes (number and length of sleep and wake bouts) supported the altered sleep states in response to a ketogenic diet and were correlated with altered rest-activity cycles. While actigraphy may be a less expensive, reduced labor surrogate for sleep EEG during the dark cycle, daytime resting in mice did not correlate with EEG sleep states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela R. Westmark
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (A.K.G.); (T.J.S.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Aaron K. Gholston
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (A.K.G.); (T.J.S.); (R.K.M.)
- Molecular Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Timothy J. Swietlik
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (A.K.G.); (T.J.S.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Rama K. Maganti
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (A.K.G.); (T.J.S.); (R.K.M.)
| | - Cara J. Westmark
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (P.R.W.); (A.K.G.); (T.J.S.); (R.K.M.)
- Molecular Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Samadi M, Hales CA, Lustberg DJ, Farris S, Ross MR, Zhao M, Hepler JR, Harbin NH, Robinson ESJ, Banks PJ, Bashir ZI, Dudek SM. Mechanisms of mGluR-dependent plasticity in hippocampal area CA2. Hippocampus 2023; 33:730-744. [PMID: 36971428 PMCID: PMC10213158 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Pyramidal cells in hippocampal area CA2 have synaptic properties that are distinct from the other CA subregions. Notably, this includes a lack of typical long-term potentiation of stratum radiatum synapses. CA2 neurons express high levels of several known and potential regulators of metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-dependent signaling including Striatal-Enriched Tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) and several Regulator of G-protein Signaling (RGS) proteins, yet the functions of these proteins in regulating mGluR-dependent synaptic plasticity in CA2 are completely unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine mGluR-dependent synaptic depression and to determine whether STEP and the RGS proteins RGS4 and RGS14 are involved. Using whole cell voltage-clamp recordings from mouse pyramidal cells, we found that mGluR agonist-induced long-term depression (mGluR-LTD) is more pronounced in CA2 compared with that observed in CA1. This mGluR-LTD in CA2 was found to be protein synthesis and STEP dependent, suggesting that CA2 mGluR-LTD shares mechanistic processes with those seen in CA1, but in addition, RGS14, but not RGS4, was essential for mGluR-LTD in CA2. In addition, we found that exogenous application of STEP could rescue mGluR-LTD in RGS14 KO slices. Supporting a role for CA2 synaptic plasticity in social cognition, we found that RGS14 KO mice had impaired social recognition memory as assessed in a social discrimination task. These results highlight possible roles for mGluRs, RGS14, and STEP in CA2-dependent behaviors, perhaps by biasing the dominant form of synaptic plasticity away from LTP and toward LTD in CA2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Samadi
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences BuildingUniversity Walk, University of BristolBristolUKBS8 1TD
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIH)111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle ParkDurhamNorth Carolina27709USA
- Present address:
Faculty Education Office, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Wolfson Education CentreLondonUKW12 0NN
| | - Claire A. Hales
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences BuildingUniversity Walk, University of BristolBristolUKBS8 1TD
- Present address:
Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain HealthUniversity of British Columbia2215, Wesbrook MallVancouverBritish ColumbiaV6T 1Z3Canada
| | - Daniel J. Lustberg
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIH)111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle ParkDurhamNorth Carolina27709USA
- Present address:
Mouse Pharmacology GroupPsychogenics Inc215 College RoadParamusNew Jersey07652USA
| | - Shannon Farris
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIH)111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle ParkDurhamNorth Carolina27709USA
- Present address:
Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia TechRoanokeVirginia24014USA
| | - Madeleine R. Ross
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIH)111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle ParkDurhamNorth Carolina27709USA
| | - Meilan Zhao
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIH)111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle ParkDurhamNorth Carolina27709USA
| | - John R. Hepler
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical BiologyEmory University School of Medicine100 Woodruff CircleAtlantaGeorgia30322USA
| | - Nicholas H. Harbin
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical BiologyEmory University School of Medicine100 Woodruff CircleAtlantaGeorgia30322USA
| | - Emma S. J. Robinson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences BuildingUniversity Walk, University of BristolBristolUKBS8 1TD
| | - Paul J. Banks
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences BuildingUniversity Walk, University of BristolBristolUKBS8 1TD
| | - Zafar I. Bashir
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences BuildingUniversity Walk, University of BristolBristolUKBS8 1TD
| | - Serena M. Dudek
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIH)111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle ParkDurhamNorth Carolina27709USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guerrero L, Ebrahim A, Riley BT, Kim M, Huang Q, Finke AD, Keedy DA. Pushed to extremes: distinct effects of high temperature vs. pressure on the structure of an atypical phosphatase. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.02.538097. [PMID: 37205580 PMCID: PMC10187168 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.02.538097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein function hinges on small shifts of three-dimensional structure. Elevating temperature or pressure may provide experimentally accessible insights into such shifts, but the effects of these distinct perturbations on protein structures have not been compared in atomic detail. To quantitatively explore these two axes, we report the first pair of structures at physiological temperature vs. high pressure for the same protein, STEP (PTPN5). We show that these perturbations have distinct and surprising effects on protein volume, patterns of ordered solvent, and local backbone and side-chain conformations. This includes novel interactions between key catalytic loops only at physiological temperature, and a distinct conformational ensemble for another active-site loop only at high pressure. Strikingly, in torsional space, physiological temperature shifts STEP toward previously reported active-like states, while high pressure shifts it toward a previously uncharted region. Together, our work argues that temperature and pressure are complementary, powerful, fundamental macromolecular perturbations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Guerrero
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY 10031
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - Ali Ebrahim
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY 10031
| | - Blake T Riley
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY 10031
| | - Minyoung Kim
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY 10031
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Qingqiu Huang
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Aaron D Finke
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Daniel A Keedy
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY 10031
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
- PhD Programs in Biochemistry, Biology, & Chemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The fragile X-related disorders are an important group of hereditary disorders that are caused by expanded CGG repeats in the 5' untranslated region of the FMR1 gene or by mutations in the coding sequence of this gene. Two categories of pathological CGG repeats are associated with these disorders, full mutation alleles and shorter premutation alleles. Individuals with full mutation alleles develop fragile X syndrome, which causes autism and intellectual disability, whereas those with premutation alleles, which have shorter CGG expansions, can develop fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Thus, fragile X-related disorders can manifest as neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental disorders, depending on the size of the repeat expansion. Here, we review mouse models of fragile X-related disorders and discuss how they have informed our understanding of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. We also assess the translational value of these models for developing rational targeted therapies for intellectual disability and autism disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rob Willemsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R Frank Kooy
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Han YN, Lambert LJ, De Backer LJS, Wu J, Cosford NDP, Tautz L. Detection of Cellular Target Engagement for Small-Molecule Modulators of Striatal-Enriched Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP). Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2706:167-175. [PMID: 37558948 PMCID: PMC10956569 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3397-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) is a brain-specific enzyme that regulates the signaling molecules that control synaptic plasticity and neuronal function. Dysregulation of STEP is linked to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Experimental results from neurological deficit disease models suggest that the modulation of STEP could be beneficial in a number of these disorders. This prompted our work to identify small-molecule modulators of STEP to provide the foundation of a drug discovery program. As a component of our testing funnel to identify small-molecule STEP inhibitors, we have developed a cellular target engagement assay that can identify compounds that interact with STEP46. We provide a comprehensive protocol to enable the use of this miniaturized assay, and we demonstrate its utility to benchmark the binding of newly discovered compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Na Han
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lester J Lambert
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laurent J S De Backer
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jiaqian Wu
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lutz Tautz
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Armstrong JL, Saraf TS, Bhatavdekar O, Canal CE. Spontaneous seizures in adult Fmr1 knockout mice: FVB.129P2-Pde6b+ Tyr Fmr1/J. Epilepsy Res 2022; 182:106891. [PMID: 35290907 PMCID: PMC9050957 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of seizures in individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS) is ~25%; however, there are no reports of spontaneous seizures in the Fmr1 knockout mouse model of FXS. Herein, we report that 48% of adult (median age P96), Fmr1 knockout mice from our colony were found expired in their home cages. We observed and recorded adult Fmr1 knockout mice having spontaneous convulsions in their home cages. In addition, we captured by electroencephalography an adult Fmr1 knockout mouse having a spontaneous seizure-during preictal, ictal, and postictal phases-which confirmed the presence of a generalized seizure. We did not observe this phenotype in control conspecifics or in juvenile (age <P35) Fmr1 knockout mice. We hypothesized that chronic, random, noise perturbations during development caused the phenotype. We recorded decibels (dB) in our vivarium. The average was 61 dB, but operating the automatic door to the vivarium caused spikes to 95 dB. We modified the door to eliminate noise spikes, which reduced unexpected deaths to 33% in Fmr1 knockout mice raised from birth in this environment (P = 0.07). As the modifications did not eliminate unexpected deaths, we further hypothesized that building vibrations may also be a contributing factor. After installing anti-vibration pads underneath housing carts, unexpected deaths of Fmr1 knockout mice born and raised in this environment decreased to 29% (P < 0.01 compared to the original environment). We also observed significant sex effects, for example, after interventions to reduce sound and vibration, significantly fewer male, but not female, Fmr1 knockout mice died unexpectedly (P < 0.001). The spontaneous seizure phenotype in our Fmr1 knockout mice could serve as a model of seizures observed in individuals with FXS, potentially offering a new translationally-valid phenotype for FXS research. Finally, these observations, although anomalous, serve as a reminder to consider gene-environment interactions when interpreting data derived from Fmr1 knockout mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Armstrong
- Mercer University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Tanishka S Saraf
- Mercer University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Omkar Bhatavdekar
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 3400 North Charles Street, Croft Hall B27, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Clinton E Canal
- Mercer University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carvajal FJ, Cerpa W. Regulation of Phosphorylated State of NMDA Receptor by STEP 61 Phosphatase after Mild-Traumatic Brain Injury: Role of Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101575. [PMID: 34679709 PMCID: PMC8533270 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) mediates neuronal death through several events involving many molecular pathways, including the glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity for excessive stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), producing activation of death signaling pathways. However, the contribution of NMDARs (distribution and signaling-associated to the distribution) remains incompletely understood. We propose a critical role of STEP61 (Striatal-Enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase) in TBI; this phosphatase regulates the dephosphorylated state of the GluN2B subunit through two pathways: by direct dephosphorylation of tyrosine-1472 and indirectly via dephosphorylation and inactivation of Fyn kinase. We previously demonstrated oxidative stress’s contribution to NMDAR signaling and distribution using SOD2+/− mice such a model. We performed TBI protocol using a controlled frontal impact device using C57BL/6 mice and SOD2+/− animals. After TBI, we found alterations in cognitive performance, NMDAR-dependent synaptic function (decreased synaptic form of NMDARs and decreased synaptic current NMDAR-dependent), and increased STEP61 activity. These changes are reduced partially with the STEP61-inhibitor TC-2153 treatment in mice subjected to TBI protocol. This study contributes with evidence about the role of STEP61 in the neuropathological progression after TBI and also the alteration in their activity, such as an early biomarker of synaptic damage in traumatic lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Carvajal
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile;
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6200000, Chile
| | - Waldo Cerpa
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile;
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6200000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-2354-2656; Fax: +56-2-2354-2660
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rudnitskaya EA, Burnyasheva AO, Kozlova TA, Muraleva NA, Telegina DV, Khomenko TM, Volcho KP, Salakhutdinov NF, Kolosova NG. Ambiguous Effects of Prolonged Dietary Supplementation with a Striatal-Enriched Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Inhibitor, TC-2153, on a Rat Model of Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease. NEUROCHEM J+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712421030090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and is currently incurable. After unsuccessful attempts to create drugs targeting the amyloid-β pathway, a search for alternative approaches and treatments targeting nonamyloid AD pathologies is currently underway. One of them is inhibition of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) activity, which is increased in the prefrontal cortex of AD patients. Here we examined effects of prolonged treatment of OXYS rats which mimic key signs of sporadic AD with a STEP inhibitor, TC-2153, on the progression of signs of AD. TC-2153 had an ambiguous effect on the behavior of the animals: it significantly reduced the already low locomotor and exploratory activities and enhanced anxiety-related behavior in OXYS rats but improved their long-term memory in the Morris water maze. Moreover, TC-2153 had no effect on the accumulation of the amyloid-β protein and on the STEP61 protein level; the latter in the cortex and hippocampus did not differ between OXYS rats and control Wistar rats. These results suggest that the effects of prolonged treatment with TC-2153 may be mediated by mechanisms not related to STEP. In particular, TC-2153 can act as a potential hydrogen sulfide donor and thus substantially affect redox homeostasis.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hagerman RJ, Hagerman PJ. Fragile X Syndrome: Lessons Learned and What New Treatment Avenues Are on the Horizon. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 62:365-381. [PMID: 34499526 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-052120-090147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability and the leading single-gene form of autism spectrum disorder, encompassing cognitive, behavioral, and physical forms of clinical involvement. FXS is caused by large expansions of a noncoding CGG repeat (>200 repeats) in the FMR1 gene, at which point the gene is generally silenced. Absence of FMR1 protein (FMRP), important for synaptic development and maintenance, gives rise to the neurodevelopmental disorder. There is, at present, no therapeutic approach that directly reverses the loss of FMRP; however, there is an increasing number of potential treatments that target the pathways dysregulated in FXS, including those that address the enhanced activity of the mGluR5 pathway and deficits in GABA pathways. Based on studies of targeted therapeutics to date, the prospects are good for one or more effective therapies for FXS in the near future. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randi J Hagerman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, USA; .,MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Paul J Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mahaman YAR, Huang F, Embaye KS, Wang X, Zhu F. The Implication of STEP in Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Impairments in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:680118. [PMID: 34195199 PMCID: PMC8236946 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.680118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
STriatal-Enriched protein tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) is a tyrosine phosphatase that has been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, and many other neurological diseases. The protein level and activity of STEP have been found to be elevated in most of these disorders, and specifically in AD as a result of dysregulation of different pathways including PP2B/DARPP32/PP1, PKA as well as impairments of both proteasomal and lysosomal systems. The upregulation in STEP leads to increased binding to, and dephosphorylation of, its substrates which are mainly found to be synaptic plasticity and thus learning and memory related proteins. These proteins include kinases like Fyn, Pyk2, ERK1/2 and both NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits GluN2B and GluA2. The dephosphorylation of these molecules results in inactivation of these kinases and internalization of NMDA and AMPA receptor complexes leading to synapse loss and cognitive impairments. In this study, we aim to review STEP regulation and its implications in AD as well as other neurological disorders and then summarize data on targeting STEP as therapeutic strategy in these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yacoubou Abdoul Razak Mahaman
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kidane Siele Embaye
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Feiqi Zhu
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lambert LJ, Grotegut S, Celeridad M, Gosalia P, Backer LJSD, Bobkov AA, Salaniwal S, Chung TDY, Zeng FY, Pass I, Lombroso PJ, Cosford NDP, Tautz L. Development of a Robust High-Throughput Screening Platform for Inhibitors of the Striatal-Enriched Tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094417. [PMID: 33922601 PMCID: PMC8122956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many human diseases are the result of abnormal expression or activation of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Not surprisingly, more than 30 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are currently in clinical use and provide unique treatment options for many patients. PTPs on the other hand have long been regarded as “undruggable” and only recently have gained increased attention in drug discovery. Striatal-enriched tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) is a neuron-specific PTP that is overactive in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, and fragile X syndrome. An emergent model suggests that the increase in STEP activity interferes with synaptic function and contributes to the characteristic cognitive and behavioral deficits present in these diseases. Prior efforts to generate STEP inhibitors with properties that warrant clinical development have largely failed. To identify novel STEP inhibitor scaffolds, we developed a biophysical, label-free high-throughput screening (HTS) platform based on the protein thermal shift (PTS) technology. In contrast to conventional HTS using STEP enzymatic assays, we found the PTS platform highly robust and capable of identifying true hits with confirmed STEP inhibitory activity and selectivity. This new platform promises to greatly advance STEP drug discovery and should be applicable to other PTP targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lester J Lambert
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (L.J.L.); (M.C.); (L.J.D.B.); (N.D.C.)
| | - Stefan Grotegut
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (S.G.); (P.G.); (A.A.B.); (S.S.); (T.D.C.); (F.-Y.Z.); (I.P.)
| | - Maria Celeridad
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (L.J.L.); (M.C.); (L.J.D.B.); (N.D.C.)
| | - Palak Gosalia
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (S.G.); (P.G.); (A.A.B.); (S.S.); (T.D.C.); (F.-Y.Z.); (I.P.)
| | - Laurent JS De Backer
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (L.J.L.); (M.C.); (L.J.D.B.); (N.D.C.)
| | - Andrey A Bobkov
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (S.G.); (P.G.); (A.A.B.); (S.S.); (T.D.C.); (F.-Y.Z.); (I.P.)
| | - Sumeet Salaniwal
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (S.G.); (P.G.); (A.A.B.); (S.S.); (T.D.C.); (F.-Y.Z.); (I.P.)
| | - Thomas DY Chung
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (S.G.); (P.G.); (A.A.B.); (S.S.); (T.D.C.); (F.-Y.Z.); (I.P.)
| | - Fu-Yue Zeng
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (S.G.); (P.G.); (A.A.B.); (S.S.); (T.D.C.); (F.-Y.Z.); (I.P.)
| | - Ian Pass
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (S.G.); (P.G.); (A.A.B.); (S.S.); (T.D.C.); (F.-Y.Z.); (I.P.)
| | - Paul J Lombroso
- Child Study Center, Departments of Psychiatry and Departments of Neurobiology, Yale University, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Nicholas DP Cosford
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (L.J.L.); (M.C.); (L.J.D.B.); (N.D.C.)
| | - Lutz Tautz
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (L.J.L.); (M.C.); (L.J.D.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Common targets for a deadly duo of diabetes mellitus and colon cancer: Catching two fish with one worm. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 893:173805. [PMID: 33359221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is a major health issue and number of cases are increasing every year. Diabetes mellitus is also a significant health issue that is growing day by day worldwide having negative influences on the survival of individuals. Research has shown a strong relationship between the two malignant diseases. The risk of colon cancer with patients who have type 2 diabetes mellitus has spiked by 30%. The scientific research suggests insulin has a major role in the spread of cancer and the condition unifying between the two diseases is hyperinsulinemia. Several anti-diabetic agents are used for the treatment of type 2 diabetesmellitus. However, their mechanism of action against cancer activity is a question and only a few agents have shown positive signs of action in colon cancer associated with type 2 diabetesmellitus. Hence, the identification of targets, which is common for both colon cancer, associated with type 2 diabetesmellitus has become an urgent requirement. Novel targets such as Liver X receptors, Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), Glucose Transporters (GLUTs), Peroxisome proliferator activator receptors (PPARs), Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors (DPP4i), Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitors (CDK4i), Estrogen receptors,Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), Insulin-like growth factor receptors (IGF) are some of the targets which are common for both, type 2 diabetesmellitus and colon cancer. This current review gives an overview of the targets (using one worm) which are common for both viz. diabetes mellitus and colon cancer (two fish).
Collapse
|
14
|
Asih PR, Prikas E, Stefanoska K, Tan ARP, Ahel HI, Ittner A. Functions of p38 MAP Kinases in the Central Nervous System. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:570586. [PMID: 33013322 PMCID: PMC7509416 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.570586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are a central component in signaling networks in a multitude of mammalian cell types. This review covers recent advances on specific functions of p38 MAP kinases in cells of the central nervous system. Unique and specific functions of the four mammalian p38 kinases are found in all major cell types in the brain. Mechanisms of p38 activation and downstream phosphorylation substrates in these different contexts are outlined and how they contribute to functions of p38 in physiological and under disease conditions. Results in different model organisms demonstrated that p38 kinases are involved in cognitive functions, including functions related to anxiety, addiction behavior, neurotoxicity, neurodegeneration, and decision making. Finally, the role of p38 kinases in psychiatric and neurological conditions and the current progress on therapeutic inhibitors targeting p38 kinases are covered and implicate p38 kinases in a multitude of CNS-related physiological and disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prita R Asih
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Prikas
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristie Stefanoska
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda R P Tan
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Holly I Ahel
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arne Ittner
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Reduced axonal caliber and structural changes in a rat model of Fragile X syndrome with a deletion of a K-Homology domain of Fmr1. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:280. [PMID: 32788572 PMCID: PMC7423986 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is caused by mutations in the FMR1 gene. Neuroanatomical alterations have been reported in both male and female individuals with FXS, yet the morphological underpinnings of these alterations have not been elucidated. In the current study, we found structural changes in both male and female rats that model FXS, some of which are similarly impaired in both sexes, including the superior colliculus and periaqueductal gray, and others that show sex-specific changes. The splenium of the corpus callosum, for example, was only impaired in males. We also found reduced axonal caliber in the splenium, offering a mechanism for its structural changes. Furthermore, we found that overall, male rats have higher brain-wide diffusion than female rats. Our results provide insight into which brain regions are vulnerable to a loss of Fmr1 expression and reveal an impairment at the level of the axon that could cause structural changes in white matter regions.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chatterjee M, Singh P, Xu J, Lombroso PJ, Kurup PK. Inhibition of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) activity reverses behavioral deficits in a rodent model of autism. Behav Brain Res 2020; 391:112713. [PMID: 32461127 PMCID: PMC7346720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are highly prevalent childhood illnesses characterized by impairments in communication, social behavior, and repetitive behaviors. Studies have found aberrant synaptic plasticity and neuronal connectivity during the early stages of brain development and have suggested that these contribute to an increased risk for ASD. STEP is a protein tyrosine phosphatase that regulates synaptic plasticity and is implicated in several cognitive disorders. Here we test the hypothesis that STEP may contribute to some of the aberrant behaviors present in the VPA-induced mouse model of ASD. In utero VPA exposure of pregnant dams results in autistic-like behavior in the pups, which is associated with a significant increase in the STEP expression in the prefrontal cortex. The elevated STEP protein levels are correlated with increased dephosphorylation of STEP substrates GluN2B, Pyk2 and ERK, suggesting upregulated STEP activity. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of STEP rescues the sociability, repetitive and abnormal anxiety phenotypes commonly associated with ASD. These data suggest that STEP may play a role in the VPA model of ASD and STEP inhibition may have a potential therapeutic benefit in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manavi Chatterjee
- Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
| | - Priya Singh
- Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Jian Xu
- Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Paul J Lombroso
- Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Pradeep K Kurup
- Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1900 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gonzalez D, Tomasek M, Hays S, Sridhar V, Ammanuel S, Chang CW, Pawlowski K, Huber KM, Gibson JR. Audiogenic Seizures in the Fmr1 Knock-Out Mouse Are Induced by Fmr1 Deletion in Subcortical, VGlut2-Expressing Excitatory Neurons and Require Deletion in the Inferior Colliculus. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9852-9863. [PMID: 31666356 PMCID: PMC6891051 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0886-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability and the leading monogenetic cause of autism. One symptom of FXS and autism is sensory hypersensitivity (also called sensory over-responsivity). Perhaps related to this, the audiogenic seizure (AGS) is arguably the most robust behavioral phenotype in the FXS mouse model-the Fmr1 knock-out (KO) mouse. Therefore, the AGS may be considered a mouse model of sensory hypersensitivity. Hyperactive circuits are hypothesized to underlie dysfunction in a number of brain regions in patients with FXS and Fmr1 KO mice, and the AGS may be a result of this. But the specific cell types and brain regions underlying AGSs in the Fmr1 KO are unknown. We used conditional deletion or expression of Fmr1 in different cell populations to determine whether Fmr1 deletion in those cells was sufficient or necessary, respectively, for the AGS phenotype in males. Our data indicate that Fmr1 deletion in glutamatergic neurons that express vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGlut2) and are located in subcortical brain regions is sufficient and necessary to cause AGSs. Furthermore, the deletion of Fmr1 in glutamatergic neurons of the inferior colliculus is necessary for AGSs. When we demonstrate necessity, we show that Fmr1 expression in either the larger population of VGlut2-expressing glutamatergic neurons or the smaller population of inferior collicular glutamatergic neurons-in an otherwise Fmr1 KO mouse-eliminates AGSs. Therefore, targeting these neuronal populations in FXS and autism may be part of a therapeutic strategy to alleviate sensory hypersensitivity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sensory hypersensitivity in fragile X syndrome (FXS) and autism patients significantly interferes with quality of life. Audiogenic seizures (AGSs) are arguably the most robust behavioral phenotype in the FXS mouse model-the Fmr1 knockout-and may be considered a model of sensory hypersensitivity in FXS. We provide the clearest and most precise genetic evidence to date for the cell types and brain regions involved in causing AGSs in the Fmr1 knockout and, more broadly, for any mouse mutant. The expression of Fmr1 in these same cell types in an otherwise Fmr1 knockout eliminates AGSs indicating possible cellular targets for alleviating sensory hypersensitivity in FXS and other forms of autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seth Hays
- Department of Neuroscience, Dallas, and
| | | | | | | | - Karen Pawlowski
- Department of Otolaryngology and Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9035
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Evidence for a Contribution of the Nlgn3/Cyfip1/Fmr1 Pathway in the Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neuroscience 2019; 445:31-41. [PMID: 31705895 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are characterized by heterogeneity both in their presentation and their genetic aetiology. In order to discover points of convergence common to different cases of ASD, attempts were made to identify the biological pathways genes associated with ASD contribute to. Many of these genes were found to play a role in neuronal and synaptic development and function. Among these genes are FMR1, CYFIP1 and NLGN3, all present at the synapse and reliably linked to ASD. In this review, we evaluate the evidence for the contribution of these genes to the same biological pathway responsible for the regulation of structural and physiological plasticity. Alterations in dendritic spine density and turnover, as well as long-term depression (LTD), were found in mouse models of mutations of all three genes. This overlap in the phenotypes associated with these mouse models likely arises from the molecular interaction between the protein products of FMR1, CYFIP1, and NLG3. A number of other proteins linked to ASD are also likely to participate in these pathways, resulting in further downstream effects. Overall, a synaptic pathway centered around FMR1, CYFIP1, and NLG3 is likely to contribute to the phenotypes associated with structural and physiological plasticity characteristic of ASD.
Collapse
|
19
|
Mallozzi C, Pepponi R, Visentin S, Chiodi V, Lombroso PJ, Bader M, Popoli P, Domenici MR. The activity of the Striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase in neuronal cells is modulated by adenosine A 2A receptor. J Neurochem 2019; 152:284-298. [PMID: 31520531 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that a tonic activation of adenosine A2A receptors (A2A Rs) is required for cocaine-induced synaptic depression and increase in the activity of STriatal-Enriched protein tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP). In this study, we elaborated on the relationship between A2A R and STEP using genetic, pharmacological, and cellular tools. We found that the activities of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), and in particular of STEP, are significantly increased in the striatum and hippocampus of a transgenic rat strain over-expressing the neuronal A2A R (NSEA2A ) with respect to wild-type (WT) rats. Moreover the selective A2A R agonist 4-[2-[[6-Amino-9-(N-ethyl-β-d-ribofuranuronamidosyl)-9H-purin-2-yl]amino]ethyl]benzenepropanoic acid hydrochloride up-regulates PTPs and STEP activities in WT but not in NSEA2A rats, while the selective A2A R antagonist 4-(-2-[7-amino-2-{2-furyl}{1,2,4}triazolo{2,3-a} {1,3,5}triazin-5-yl-amino]ethyl)phenol restores the tyrosine phosphatase activities in NSEA2A , having no effects in WT rats. In addition, while cocaine induced the activation of PTP and STEP in WT rats, it failed to increase phosphatase activity in NSEA2A rats. A2A Rs modulate STEP activity also in the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line, where a calcium-dependent calcineurin/PP1 pathway was found to play a major role. In summary, the present study identified a novel interaction between A2A R and STEP that could have important clinical implications, since STEP has emerged as key regulator of signaling pathways involved in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases and A2A Rs are considered a promising target for the development of therapeutic strategies for different diseases of the central nervous system. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 270.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Mallozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Pepponi
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Visentin
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Chiodi
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paul J Lombroso
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrűck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrizia Popoli
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Domenici
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Microglia Adopt Longitudinal Transcriptional Changes After Traumatic Brain Injury. J Surg Res 2019; 246:113-122. [PMID: 31563831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an under-recognized public health threat. Even mild brain injuries can lead to long-term neurologic impairment. Microglia play a fundamental role in the development and progression of this ensuing neurologic impairment. Despite this, a microglia-specific injury signature has yet to be identified. We hypothesized that TBI would lead to long-term changes in the transcriptional profile of microglial pathways associated with the development of subsequent neurologic impairment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice underwent TBI via a controlled cortical impact and were followed longitudinally. FACSorted microglia from TBI mice were subjected to Quantiseq 3'-biased RNA sequencing at 7, 30, and 90 d after TBI. K-means clustering on 396 differentially expressed genes was performed, and gene ontology enrichment analysis was used to determine corresponding enriched processes. RESULTS Differentially expressed genes in microglia exhibited four main patterns of expression over the course of TBI. In particular, we identified four gene clusters which corresponded to the host defense response, synaptic plasticity, lipid remodeling, and membrane polarization. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptional profiling within individual populations of microglia after TBI remains a critical unmet research need within the field of TBI. This focused study identified several physiologic processes within microglia that may be associated with development of long-term neurologic impairment after TBI. These data demonstrate the capability of longitudinal transcriptional profiling to uncover potential cell-specific targets for the treatment of TBI.
Collapse
|
21
|
Zafarullah M, Tassone F. Molecular Biomarkers in Fragile X Syndrome. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9050096. [PMID: 31035599 PMCID: PMC6562871 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9050096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability (ID) and a known monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It is a trinucleotide repeat disorder, in which more than 200 CGG repeats in the 5’ untranslated region (UTR) of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene causes methylation of the promoter with consequent silencing of the gene, ultimately leading to the loss of the encoded fragile X mental retardation 1 protein, FMRP. FMRP is an RNA binding protein that plays a primary role as a repressor of translation of various mRNAs, many of which are involved in the maintenance and development of neuronal synaptic function and plasticity. In addition to intellectual disability, patients with FXS face several behavioral challenges, including anxiety, hyperactivity, seizures, repetitive behavior, and problems with executive and language performance. Currently, there is no cure or approved medication for the treatment of the underlying causes of FXS, but in the past few years, our knowledge about the proteins and pathways that are dysregulated by the loss of FMRP has increased, leading to clinical trials and to the path of developing molecular biomarkers for identifying potential targets for therapies. In this paper, we review candidate molecular biomarkers that have been identified in preclinical studies in the FXS mouse animal model and are now under validation for human applications or have already made their way to clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Zafarullah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA.
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA.
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Blázquez G, Castañé A, Saavedra A, Masana M, Alberch J, Pérez-Navarro E. Social Memory and Social Patterns Alterations in the Absence of STriatal-Enriched Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 12:317. [PMID: 30760987 PMCID: PMC6362413 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
STriatal-Enriched protein tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) is a neural-specific protein that opposes the development of synaptic strengthening and whose levels are altered in several neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Since STEP is expressed in brain regions implicated in social behavior, namely the striatum, the CA2 region of the hippocampus, cortex and amygdala, here we investigated whether social memory and social patterns were altered in STEP knockout (KO) mice. Our data robustly demonstrated that STEP KO mice presented specific social memory impairment as indicated by the three-chamber sociability test, the social discrimination test, the 11-trial habituation/dishabituation social recognition test, and the novel object recognition test (NORT). This affectation was not related to deficiencies in the detection of social olfactory cues, altered sociability or anxiety levels. However, STEP KO mice showed lower exploratory activity, reduced interaction time with an intruder, less dominant behavior and higher immobility time in the tail suspension test than controls, suggesting alterations in motivation. Moreover, the extracellular levels of dopamine (DA), but not serotonin (5-HT), were increased in the dorsal striatum of STEP KO mice. Overall, our results indicate that STEP deficiency disrupts social memory and other social behaviors as well as DA homeostasis in the dorsal striatum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Blázquez
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Castañé
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, CSIC-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Saavedra
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Masana
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Pérez-Navarro
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tautermann CS, Binder F, Büttner FH, Eickmeier C, Fiegen D, Gross U, Grundl MA, Heilker R, Hobson S, Hoerer S, Luippold A, Mack V, Montel F, Peters S, Bhattacharya S, Vaidehi N, Schnapp G, Thamm S, Zeeb M. Allosteric Activation of Striatal-Enriched Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP, PTPN5) by a Fragment-like Molecule. J Med Chem 2018; 62:306-316. [PMID: 30207464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 5 (PTPN5, STEP) is a brain specific phosphatase that regulates synaptic function and plasticity by modulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) trafficking. Dysregulation of STEP has been linked to neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, highlighting this enzyme as an attractive therapeutic target for drug discovery. Selective targeting of STEP with small molecules has been hampered by high conservation of the active site among protein tyrosine phosphatases. We report the discovery of the first small molecule allosteric activator for STEP that binds to the phosphatase domain. Allosteric binding is confirmed by both X-ray and 15N NMR experiments, and specificity has been demonstrated by an enzymatic test cascade. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate stimulation of enzymatic activity by a long-range allosteric mechanism. To allow the scientific community to make use of this tool, we offer to provide the compound in the course of an open innovation initiative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Supriyo Bhattacharya
- Department of Molecular Immunology , Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , 1500, E. Duarte Road , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Nagarajan Vaidehi
- Department of Molecular Immunology , Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope , 1500, E. Duarte Road , Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Saxena K, Webster J, Hallas-Potts A, Mackenzie R, Spooner PA, Thomson D, Kind P, Chattarji S, Morris RGM. Experiential contributions to social dominance in a rat model of fragile-X syndrome. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20180294. [PMID: 29899064 PMCID: PMC6015851 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Social withdrawal is one phenotypic feature of the monogenic neurodevelopmental disorder fragile-X. Using a 'knockout' rat model of fragile-X, we examined whether deletion of the Fmr1 gene that causes this condition would affect the ability to form and express a social hierarchy as measured in a tube test. Male fragile-X 'knockout' rats living together could successfully form a social dominance hierarchy, but were significantly subordinate to wild-type animals in mixed group cages. Over 10 days of repeated testing, the fragile-X mutant rats gradually showed greater variance and instability of rank during their tube-test encounters. This affected the outcome of future encounters with stranger animals from other cages, with the initial phenotype of wild-type dominance lost to a more complex picture that reflected, regardless of genotype, the prior experience of winning or losing. Our findings offer a novel insight into the complex dynamics of social interactions between laboratory living groups of fragile-X and wild-type rats. Even though this is a monogenic condition, experience has an impact upon future interactions with other animals. Gene/environment interactions should therefore be considered in the development of therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Saxena
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- The Patrick Wild Centre, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - J Webster
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - A Hallas-Potts
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - R Mackenzie
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - P A Spooner
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - D Thomson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - P Kind
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- The Patrick Wild Centre, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - S Chattarji
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- The Patrick Wild Centre, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, 560065, India
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - R G M Morris
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- The Patrick Wild Centre, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, 560065, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Moretto E, Murru L, Martano G, Sassone J, Passafaro M. Glutamatergic synapses in neurodevelopmental disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:328-342. [PMID: 28935587 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a group of diseases whose symptoms arise during childhood or adolescence and that impact several higher cognitive functions such as learning, sociability and mood. Accruing evidence suggests that a shared pathogenic mechanism underlying these diseases is the dysfunction of glutamatergic synapses. We summarize present knowledge on autism spectrum disorders (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), Down syndrome (DS), Rett syndrome (RS) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), highlighting the involvement of glutamatergic synapses and receptors in these disorders. The most commonly shared defects involve α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl- 4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPARs), N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), whose functions are strongly linked to synaptic plasticity, affecting both cell-autonomous features as well as circuit formation. Moreover, the major scaffolding proteins and, thus, the general structure of the synapse are often deregulated in neurodevelopmental disorders, which is not surprising considering their crucial role in the regulation of glutamate receptor positioning and functioning. This convergence of defects supports the definition of neurodevelopmental disorders as a continuum of pathological manifestations, suggesting that glutamatergic synapses could be a therapeutic target to ameliorate patient symptomatology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Moretto
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Murru
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Martano
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Jenny Sassone
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Passafaro
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zeidler S, Pop AS, Jaafar IA, de Boer H, Buijsen RAM, de Esch CEF, Nieuwenhuizen‐Bakker I, Hukema RK, Willemsen R. Paradoxical effect of baclofen on social behavior in the fragile X syndrome mouse model. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00991. [PMID: 29785777 PMCID: PMC5991574 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a common monogenetic cause of intellectual disability, autism spectrum features, and a broad range of other psychiatric and medical problems. FXS is caused by the lack of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), a translational regulator of specific mRNAs at the postsynaptic compartment. The absence of FMRP leads to aberrant synaptic plasticity, which is believed to be caused by an imbalance in excitatory and inhibitory network functioning of the synapse. Evidence from studies in mice demonstrates that GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and its receptors, is involved in the pathogenesis of FXS. Moreover, several FXS phenotypes, including social behavior deficits, could be corrected in Fmr1 KO mice after acute treatment with GABAB agonists. METHODS As FXS would probably require a lifelong treatment, we investigated the effect of chronic treatment with the GABAB agonist baclofen on social behavior in Fmr1 KO mice on two behavioral paradigms for social behavior: the automated tube test and the three-chamber sociability test. RESULTS Unexpectedly, chronic baclofen treatment resulted in worsening of the FXS phenotypes in these behavior tests. Strikingly, baclofen treatment also affected wild-type animals in both behavioral tests, inducing a phenotype similar to that of untreated Fmr1 KO mice. CONCLUSION Altogether, the disappointing results of recent clinical trials with the R-baclofen enantiomer arbaclofen and our current results indicate that baclofen should be reconsidered and further evaluated before its application in targeted treatment for FXS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimriet Zeidler
- Department of Clinical GeneticsErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Andreea S. Pop
- Department of Clinical GeneticsErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Israa A. Jaafar
- Department of Clinical GeneticsErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Helen de Boer
- Department of Clinical GeneticsErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ronald A. M. Buijsen
- Department of Clinical GeneticsErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Celine E. F. de Esch
- Department of Clinical GeneticsErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Renate K. Hukema
- Department of Clinical GeneticsErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rob Willemsen
- Department of Clinical GeneticsErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Banerjee A, Ifrim MF, Valdez AN, Raj N, Bassell GJ. Aberrant RNA translation in fragile X syndrome: From FMRP mechanisms to emerging therapeutic strategies. Brain Res 2018; 1693:24-36. [PMID: 29653083 PMCID: PMC7377270 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Research in the past decades has unfolded the multifaceted role of Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) and how its absence contributes to the pathophysiology of Fragile X syndrome (FXS). Excess signaling through group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors is commonly observed in mouse models of FXS, which in part is attributed to dysregulated translation and downstream signaling. Considering the wide spectrum of cellular and physiologic functions that loss of FMRP can affect in general, it may be advantageous to pursue disease mechanism based treatments that directly target translational components or signaling factors that regulate protein synthesis. Various FMRP targets upstream and downstream of the translational machinery are therefore being investigated to further our understanding of the molecular mechanism of RNA and protein synthesis dysregulation in FXS as well as test their potential role as therapeutic interventions to alleviate FXS associated symptoms. In this review, we will broadly discuss recent advancements made towards understanding the role of FMRP in translation regulation, new pre-clinical animal models with FMRP targets located at different levels of the translational and signal transduction pathways for therapeutic intervention as well as future use of stem cells to model FXS associated phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Marius F Ifrim
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Arielle N Valdez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nisha Raj
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gary J Bassell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dahlhaus R. Of Men and Mice: Modeling the Fragile X Syndrome. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:41. [PMID: 29599705 PMCID: PMC5862809 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is one of the most common forms of inherited intellectual disability in all human societies. Caused by the transcriptional silencing of a single gene, the fragile x mental retardation gene FMR1, FXS is characterized by a variety of symptoms, which range from mental disabilities to autism and epilepsy. More than 20 years ago, a first animal model was described, the Fmr1 knock-out mouse. Several other models have been developed since then, including conditional knock-out mice, knock-out rats, a zebrafish and a drosophila model. Using these model systems, various targets for potential pharmaceutical treatments have been identified and many treatments have been shown to be efficient in preclinical studies. However, all attempts to turn these findings into a therapy for patients have failed thus far. In this review, I will discuss underlying difficulties and address potential alternatives for our future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Dahlhaus
- Institute for Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer Centre, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xu J, Hartley BJ, Kurup P, Phillips A, Topol A, Xu M, Ononenyi C, Foscue E, Ho SM, Baguley TD, Carty N, Barros CS, Müller U, Gupta S, Gochman P, Rapoport J, Ellman JA, Pittenger C, Aronow B, Nairn AC, Nestor MW, Lombroso PJ, Brennand KJ. Inhibition of STEP 61 ameliorates deficits in mouse and hiPSC-based schizophrenia models. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:271-281. [PMID: 27752082 PMCID: PMC5395367 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The brain-specific tyrosine phosphatase, STEP (STriatal-Enriched protein tyrosine Phosphatase) is an important regulator of synaptic function. STEP normally opposes synaptic strengthening by increasing N-methyl D-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDAR) internalization through dephosphorylation of GluN2B and inactivation of the kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Fyn. Here we show that STEP61 is elevated in the cortex in the Nrg1+/- knockout mouse model of schizophrenia (SZ). Genetic reduction or pharmacological inhibition of STEP prevents the loss of NMDARs from synaptic membranes and reverses behavioral deficits in Nrg1+/- mice. STEP61 protein is also increased in cortical lysates from the central nervous system-specific ErbB2/4 mouse model of SZ, as well as in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived forebrain neurons and Ngn2-induced excitatory neurons, from two independent SZ patient cohorts. In these selected SZ models, increased STEP61 protein levels likely reflect reduced ubiquitination and degradation. These convergent findings from mouse and hiPSC SZ models provide evidence for STEP61 dysfunction in SZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - B J Hartley
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - P Kurup
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - A Phillips
- Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Topol
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C Ononenyi
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - E Foscue
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S-M Ho
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - T D Baguley
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - N Carty
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C S Barros
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA,Plymouth University School of Medicine, Plymouth UK
| | - U Müller
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S Gupta
- UC Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - P Gochman
- Childhood Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Rapoport
- Childhood Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J A Ellman
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - B Aronow
- UC Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A C Nairn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M W Nestor
- Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P J Lombroso
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Neurobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA E-mail:
| | - K J Brennand
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Targeting the intracellular signaling "STOP" and "GO" pathways for the treatment of alcohol use disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1727-1743. [PMID: 29654346 PMCID: PMC5949137 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, research has identified the molecular and neural substrates underlying the transition of moderate "social" consumption of alcohol to the characteristic alcohol use disorder (AUD) phenotypes including excessive and compulsive alcohol use which we define in the review as the GO signaling pathways. In addition, growing evidence points to the existence of molecular mechanisms that keep alcohol consumption in check and that confer resilience for the development of AUD which we define herein as the STOP signaling pathways. In this review, we focus on examples of the GO and the STOP intracellular signaling pathways and discuss our current knowledge of how manipulations of these pathways may be used for the treatment of AUD.
Collapse
|
31
|
Drug development for neurodevelopmental disorders: lessons learned from fragile X syndrome. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 17:280-299. [PMID: 29217836 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders such as fragile X syndrome (FXS) result in lifelong cognitive and behavioural deficits and represent a major public health burden. FXS is the most frequent monogenic form of intellectual disability and autism, and the underlying pathophysiology linked to its causal gene, FMR1, has been the focus of intense research. Key alterations in synaptic function thought to underlie this neurodevelopmental disorder have been characterized and rescued in animal models of FXS using genetic and pharmacological approaches. These robust preclinical findings have led to the implementation of the most comprehensive drug development programme undertaken thus far for a genetically defined neurodevelopmental disorder, including phase IIb trials of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonists and a phase III trial of a GABAB receptor agonist. However, none of the trials has been able to unambiguously demonstrate efficacy, and they have also highlighted the extent of the knowledge gaps in drug development for FXS and other neurodevelopmental disorders. In this Review, we examine potential issues in the previous studies and future directions for preclinical and clinical trials. FXS is at the forefront of efforts to develop drugs for neurodevelopmental disorders, and lessons learned in the process will also be important for such disorders.
Collapse
|
32
|
Witten MR, Wissler L, Snow M, Geschwindner S, Read JA, Brandon NJ, Nairn AC, Lombroso PJ, Käck H, Ellman JA. X-ray Characterization and Structure-Based Optimization of Striatal-Enriched Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9299-9319. [PMID: 29116812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Excessive activity of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) in the brain has been detected in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease. Notably, knockdown of STEP in an Alzheimer mouse model effected an increase in the phosphorylation levels of downstream STEP substrates and a significant reversal in the observed cognitive and memory deficits. These data point to the promising potential of STEP as a target for drug discovery in Alzheimer's treatment. We previously reported a substrate-based approach to the development of low molecular weight STEP inhibitors with Ki values as low as 7.8 μM. Herein, we disclose the first X-ray crystal structures of inhibitors bound to STEP and the surprising finding that they occupy noncoincident binding sites. Moreover, we utilize this structural information to optimize the inhibitor structure to achieve a Ki of 110 nM, with 15-60-fold selectivity across a series of phosphatases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Witten
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Lisa Wissler
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca , Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Melanie Snow
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca , Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Geschwindner
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca , Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jon A Read
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca , Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Brandon
- Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Angus C Nairn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Paul J Lombroso
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.,Child Study Center, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Helena Käck
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca , Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonathan A Ellman
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Age-related changes in STriatal-Enriched protein tyrosine Phosphatase levels: Regulation by BDNF. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 86:41-49. [PMID: 29122705 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent results indicate that STriatal-Enriched protein tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) levels are regulated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), whose expression changes during postnatal development and aging. Here, we studied STEP ontogeny in mouse brain and changes in STEP with age with emphasis on the possible regulation by BDNF. We found that STEP expression increased during the first weeks of life, reaching adult levels by 2-3weeks of age in the striatum and cortex, and by postnatal day (P) 7 in the hippocampus. STEP protein levels were unaffected in BDNF+/- mice, but were significantly reduced in the striatum and cortex, but not in the hippocampus, of BDNF-/- mice at P7 and P14. In adult wild-type mice there were no changes in cortical and hippocampal STEP61 levels with age. Conversely, striatal STEP levels were reduced from 12months of age, correlating with higher ubiquitination and increased BDNF content and signaling. Lower STEP levels in older mice were paralleled by increased phosphorylation of its substrates. Since altered STEP levels are involved in cellular malfunctioning events, its reduction in the striatum with increasing age should encourage future studies of how this imbalance might participate in the aging process.
Collapse
|
34
|
Chatterjee M, Kurup PK, Lundbye CJ, Hugger Toft AK, Kwon J, Benedict J, Kamceva M, Banke TG, Lombroso PJ. STEP inhibition reverses behavioral, electrophysiologic, and synaptic abnormalities in Fmr1 KO mice. Neuropharmacology 2017; 128:43-53. [PMID: 28943283 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading cause of inherited intellectual disability, with additional symptoms including attention deficit and hyperactivity, anxiety, impulsivity, and repetitive movements or actions. The majority of FXS cases are attributed to a CGG expansion that leads to transcriptional silencing and diminished expression of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP, an RNA binding protein, regulates the synthesis of dendritically-translated mRNAs by stalling ribosomal translation. Loss of FMRP leads to increased translation of some of these mRNAs, including the CNS-specific tyrosine phosphatase STEP (STriatal-Enriched protein tyrosine Phosphatase). Genetic reduction of STEP in Fmr1 KO mice have diminished audiogenic seizures and a reversal of social and non-social anxiety-related abnormalities. This study investigates whether a newly discovered STEP inhibitor (TC-2153) could attenuate the behavioral and synaptic abnormalities in Fmr1 KO mice. TC-2153 reversed audiogenic seizure incidences, reduced hyperactivity, normalized anxiety states, and increased sociability in Fmr1 KO mice. Moreover, TC-2153 reduced dendritic spine density and improved synaptic aberrations in Fmr1 KO neuronal cultures as well as in vivo. TC-2153 also reversed the mGluR-mediated exaggerated LTD in brain slices derived from Fmr1 KO mice. These studies suggest that STEP inhibition may have therapeutic benefit in FXS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manavi Chatterjee
- Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States.
| | - Pradeep K Kurup
- Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States
| | - Camilla J Lundbye
- Institute of Biomedicine - Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Jeemin Kwon
- Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States
| | - Jessie Benedict
- Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States
| | - Marija Kamceva
- Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States
| | - Tue G Banke
- Institute of Biomedicine - Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Paul J Lombroso
- Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rogers TD, Anacker AMJ, Kerr TM, Forsberg CG, Wang J, Zhang B, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. Effects of a social stimulus on gene expression in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Mol Autism 2017. [PMID: 28649315 PMCID: PMC5481916 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-017-0148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with fragile X syndrome (FXS) often have deficits in social behavior, and a substantial portion meet criteria for autism spectrum disorder. Though the genetic cause of FXS is known to be due to the silencing of FMR1, and the Fmr1 null mouse model representing this lesion has been extensively studied, the contributions of this gene and its protein product, FMRP, to social behavior are not well understood. METHODS Fmr1 null mice and wildtype littermates were exposed to a social or non-social stimulus. In one experiment, subjects were assessed for expression of the inducible transcription factor c-Fos in response to the stimulus, to detect brain regions with social-specific activity. In a separate experiment, tissue was taken from those brain regions showing differential activity, and RNA sequencing was performed. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry revealed a significantly greater number of c-Fos-positive cells in the lateral amygdala and medial amygdala in the brains of mice exposed to a social stimulus, compared to a non-social stimulus. In the prelimbic cortex, there was no significant effect of social stimulus; although the number of c-Fos-positive cells was lower in the social condition compared to the non-social condition, and negatively correlated with c-Fos in the amygdala. RNA sequencing revealed differentially expressed genes enriched for molecules known to interact with FMRP and also for autism-related genes identified in the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative gene database. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis detected enrichment of differentially expressed genes in networks and pathways related to neuronal development, intracellular signaling, and inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS Using the Fmr1 null mouse model of fragile X syndrome, we have identified brain regions, gene networks, and molecular pathways responsive to a social stimulus. These findings, and future experiments following up on the role of specific gene networks, may shed light on the neural mechanisms underlying dysregulated social behaviors in fragile X syndrome and more broadly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany D Rogers
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, 7158 MRBIII, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.,Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University, 355 Jones Hall, 624 Old Main Circle, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 USA
| | - Allison M J Anacker
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr, Unit 78, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Travis M Kerr
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, 910 Madison Ave, Suite 1002, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - C Gunnar Forsberg
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr, Unit 78, New York, NY 10032 USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shrivastava N, Naim MJ, Alam MJ, Nawaz F, Ahmed S, Alam O. Benzimidazole Scaffold as Anticancer Agent: Synthetic Approaches and Structure-Activity Relationship. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 350. [PMID: 28544162 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201700040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cancer, also known as malignant neoplasm, is a dreadful disease which involves abnormal cell growth having the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Benzimidazole is an organic compound that is heterocyclic and aromatic in nature. It is a bicyclic compound formed by the fusion of the benzene and imidazole ring systems. It is an important pharmacophore and a privileged structure in medicinal chemistry. According to the World Health Organisation (2015 survey), one in six deaths is due to cancer around the globe, accounting for 8.8 million deaths of which 70% of the cases were from low- and middle-income countries. In the efforts to develop suitable anticancer drugs, medicinal chemists have focussed on benzimidazole derivatives. This review article covers the current development of benzimidazole-based anticancer agents along with the synthetic approaches and structure-activity relationships (SAR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Shrivastava
- Faculty of Pharmacy, , Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Javed Naim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, , Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Jahangir Alam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, , Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Farah Nawaz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, , Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Shujauddin Ahmed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, , Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Ozair Alam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, , Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bonasera SJ, Chaudoin TR, Goulding EH, Mittek M, Dunaevsky A. Decreased home cage movement and oromotor impairments in adult Fmr1-KO mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 16:564-573. [PMID: 28218824 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a common inherited disorder that significantly impacts family and patient day-to-day living across the entire life span. The childhood and adolescent behavioral consequences of FXS are well appreciated. However, there are significantly fewer studies (except those examining psychiatric comorbidities) assessing behavioral phenotypes seen in adults with FXS. Mice engineered with a genetic lesion of fragile X mental retardation 1 (Fmr1) recapitulate important molecular and neuroanatomical characteristics of FXS, and provide a means to evaluate adult behavioral phenotypes associated with FXS. We give the first description of baseline behaviors including feeding, drinking, movement and their circadian rhythms; all observed over 16 consecutive days following extensive environmental habituation in adult Fmr1-KO mutant mice. We find no genotypic changes in mouse food ingestion, feeding patterns, metabolism or circadian patterns of movement, feeding and drinking. After habituation, Fmr1-KO mice show significantly less daily movement during their active phase (the dark cycle). However, Fmr1-KO mice have more bouts of activity during the light cycle compared with wild types. In addition, Fmr1-KO mice show significantly less daily water ingestion during the circadian dark cycle, and this reduction in water intake is accompanied by a decrease in the amount of water ingested per lick. The observed water ingestion and circadian phenotypes noted in Fmr1-KO mice recapitulate known clinical aspects previously described in FXS. The finding of decreased movement in Fmr1-KO mice is novel, and suggests a dissociation between baseline and novelty-evoked activity for Fmr1-KO mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Bonasera
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - T R Chaudoin
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - E H Goulding
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - M Mittek
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - A Dunaevsky
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Monroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lombroso PJ, Ogren M, Kurup P, Nairn AC. Molecular underpinnings of neurodegenerative disorders: striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling and synaptic plasticity. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 29098072 PMCID: PMC5642311 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8571.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This commentary focuses on potential molecular mechanisms related to the dysfunctional synaptic plasticity that is associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Specifically, we focus on the role of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) in modulating synaptic function in these illnesses. STEP affects neuronal communication by opposing synaptic strengthening and does so by dephosphorylating several key substrates known to control synaptic signaling and plasticity. STEP levels are elevated in brains from patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Studies in model systems have found that high levels of STEP result in internalization of glutamate receptors as well as inactivation of ERK1/2, Fyn, Pyk2, and other STEP substrates necessary for the development of synaptic strengthening. We discuss the search for inhibitors of STEP activity that may offer potential treatments for neurocognitive disorders that are characterized by increased STEP activity. Future studies are needed to examine the mechanisms of differential and region-specific changes in STEP expression pattern, as such knowledge could lead to targeted therapies for disorders involving disrupted STEP activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Lombroso
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Marilee Ogren
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Pradeep Kurup
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Angus C Nairn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lu P, Chen X, Feng Y, Zeng Q, Jiang C, Zhu X, Fan G, Xue Z. Integrated transcriptome analysis of human iPS cells derived from a fragile X syndrome patient during neuronal differentiation. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:1093-1105. [PMID: 27730449 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) patients carry the expansion of over 200 CGG repeats at the promoter of fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1), leading to decreased or absent expression of its encoded fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). However, the global transcriptional alteration by FMRP deficiency has not been well characterized at single nucleotide resolution, i.e., RNA-seq. Here, we performed in-vitro neuronal differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that were derived from fibroblasts of a FXS patient (FXS-iPSC). We then performed RNA-seq and examined the transcriptional misregulation at each intermediate stage during in-vitro differentiation of FXS-iPSC into neurons. After thoroughly analyzing the transcriptomic data and integrating them with those from other platforms, we found up-regulation of many genes encoding TFs for neuronal differentiation (WNT1, BMP4, POU3F4, TFAP2C, and PAX3), down-regulation of potassium channels (KCNA1, KCNC3, KCNG2, KCNIP4, KCNJ3, KCNK9, and KCNT1) and altered temporal regulation of SHANK1 and NNAT in FXS-iPSC derived neurons, indicating impaired neuronal differentiation and function in FXS patients. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the FMRP deficiency in FXS patients has significant impact on the gene expression patterns during development, which will help to discover potential targeting candidates for the cure of FXS symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- Tongji Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Tongji University, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yun Feng
- Tongji Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qiao Zeng
- Tongji Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Cizhong Jiang
- Tongji University, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xianmin Zhu
- Tongji University, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Guoping Fan
- Tongji University, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Tongji Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China.
- Tongji University Suzhou Institute, Suzhou, 215101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Role of Striatal-Enriched Tyrosine Phosphatase in Neuronal Function. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:8136925. [PMID: 27190655 PMCID: PMC4844879 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8136925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) is a CNS-enriched protein implicated in multiple neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders. STEP regulates key signaling proteins required for synaptic strengthening as well as NMDA and AMPA receptor trafficking. Both high and low levels of STEP disrupt synaptic function and contribute to learning and behavioral deficits. High levels of STEP are present in human postmortem samples and animal models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia and in animal models of fragile X syndrome. Low levels of STEP activity are present in additional disorders that include ischemia, Huntington's chorea, alcohol abuse, and stress disorders. Thus the current model of STEP is that optimal levels are required for optimal synaptic function. Here we focus on the role of STEP in Alzheimer's disease and the mechanisms by which STEP activity is increased in this illness. Both genetic lowering of STEP levels and pharmacological inhibition of STEP activity in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease reverse the biochemical and cognitive abnormalities that are present. These findings suggest that STEP is an important point for modulation of proteins required for synaptic plasticity.
Collapse
|
41
|
Seizure-Induced Regulations of Amyloid-β, STEP61, and STEP61 Substrates Involved in Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2123748. [PMID: 27127657 PMCID: PMC4835651 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2123748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline. Pathologic accumulation of soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers impairs synaptic plasticity and causes epileptic seizures, both of which contribute to cognitive dysfunction in AD. However, whether seizures could regulate Aβ-induced synaptic weakening remains unclear. Here we show that a single episode of electroconvulsive seizures (ECS) increased protein expression of membrane-associated STriatal-Enriched protein tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP61) and decreased tyrosine-phosphorylation of its substrates N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit GluN2B and extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in the rat hippocampus at 2 days following a single ECS. Interestingly, a significant decrease in ERK1/2 expression and an increase in APP and Aβ levels were observed at 3-4 days following a single ECS when STEP61 level returned to the baseline. Given that pathologic levels of Aβ increase STEP61 activity and STEP61-mediated dephosphorylation of GluN2B and ERK1/2 leads to NMDAR internalization and ERK1/2 inactivation, we propose that upregulation of STEP61 and downregulation of GluN2B and ERK1/2 phosphorylation mediate compensatory weakening of synaptic strength in response to acute enhancement of hippocampal network activity, whereas delayed decrease in ERK1/2 expression and increase in APP and Aβ expression may contribute to the maintenance of this synaptic weakening.
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Kim YJ, Kang Y, Park HY, Lee JR, Yu DY, Murata T, Gondo Y, Hwang JH, Kim YH, Lee CH, Rhee M, Han PL, Chung BH, Lee HJ, Kim KS. STEP signaling pathway mediates psychomotor stimulation and morphine withdrawal symptoms, but not for reward, analgesia and tolerance. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e212. [PMID: 26915673 PMCID: PMC4892880 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) is abundantly expressed in the striatum, which strongly expresses dopamine and opioid receptors and mediates the effects of many drugs of abuse. However, little is known about the role of STEP in opioid receptor function. In the present study, we generated STEP-targeted mice carrying a nonsense mutation (C230X) in the kinase interaction domain of STEP by screening the N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-driven mutant mouse genomic DNA library and subsequent in vitro fertilization. It was confirmed that the C230X nonsense mutation completely abolished functional STEP protein expression in the brain. STEP(C230X-/-) mice showed attenuated acute morphine-induced psychomotor activity and withdrawal symptoms, whereas morphine-induced analgesia, tolerance and reward behaviors were unaffected. STEP(C230X-/-) mice displayed reduced hyperlocomotion in response to intrastriatal injection of the μ-opioid receptor agonist DAMGO, but the behavioral responses to δ- and κ-opioid receptor agonists remained intact. These results suggest that STEP has a key role in the regulation of psychomotor action and physical dependency to morphine. These data suggest that STEP inhibition may be a critical target for the treatment of withdrawal symptoms associated with morphine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jung Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kang
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Park
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ran Lee
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Yeul Yu
- University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Takuya Murata
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoichi Gondo
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jung Hwan Hwang
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungchull Rhee
- College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chung-Nam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung-Lim Han
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Hyun Chung
- University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Shim Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Frederikse PH, Kasinathan C. KCC2 expression supersedes NKCC1 in mature fiber cells in mouse and rabbit lenses. Mol Vis 2015; 21:1142-50. [PMID: 26539026 PMCID: PMC4605749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Na-K-Cl cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and K-Cl cotransporter 2 (KCC2) have fundamental roles in neuron differentiation that are integrated with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate receptors, GABA synthesized by GAD25/65/67 encoded by GAD1/GAD2 genes, and GABA transporters (GATs). Cells in the eye lens express at least 13 GABA receptor subunits, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, GAD1/GAD2, GAT1-4 and vGAT, and NKCC1. NKCC1:KCC2 ratios determine the switch in GABA actions from trophic/growth promoting early in development to their classic inhibitory roles in adult neurons. Lens epithelial cells cover the anterior surface and differentiate to elongated fiber cells in the lens interior with comparable morphology and sub-cellular structures as neurons. NKCC1 is expressed before KCC2 in neuron development and increases cell chloride, which stimulates differentiation and process formation. Subsequently, KCC2 increases and extrudes cell chloride linked with maturation. KCC2 has an additional structural moonlighting role interacting with F-actin scaffolding in dendritic spine morphogenesis. We examined KCC2 versus NKCC1 spatial expression in relation to fiber cell developmental status within the lens. METHODS Immunofluorescence and immunoblots were used to detect expression in mouse and rabbit lenses. RESULTS NKCC1 was restricted to peripheral elongating lens fiber cells in young adult mouse and rabbit lenses. Lens KCC2 expression included the major KCC2b neuronal isoform and was detected in interior fiber cells with decreased NKCC1 expression and localized at the membranes. Lens expression of RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) regulated KCC2 is consistent with GAD1 and GAD2, several GABA and glutamate receptor subunits, miR-124, and other REST-regulated genes expressed in lenses. CONCLUSIONS NKCC1 in peripheral elongating fiber cells is superseded by KCC2 expression in interior mature fiber cells that also express >20 additional integral GABA biology genes, AMPA/NMDA glutamate receptors, and an array of accessory proteins that together underlie morphogenesis in neurons. The present findings provide further evidence that this fundamental neuronal regulation is extensively conserved in lens and identify additional parallels in the morphogenetic programs that underlie lens fiber cell and neuronal differentiation and contribute to the development of visual acuity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage/physiology
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Glutamate Decarboxylase/genetics
- Glutamate Decarboxylase/metabolism
- Lens, Crystalline/cytology
- Lens, Crystalline/growth & development
- Lens, Crystalline/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Rabbits
- Receptors, AMPA/genetics
- Receptors, AMPA/metabolism
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 2/genetics
- Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 2/metabolism
- Symporters/genetics
- Symporters/metabolism
- gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
- K Cl- Cotransporters
Collapse
|
45
|
Xu J, Kurup P, Baguley TD, Foscue E, Ellman JA, Nairn AC, Lombroso PJ. Inhibition of the tyrosine phosphatase STEP61 restores BDNF expression and reverses motor and cognitive deficits in phencyclidine-treated mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 73:1503-14. [PMID: 26450419 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and STriatal-Enriched protein tyrosine Phosphatase 61 (STEP61) have opposing functions in the brain, with BDNF supporting and STEP61 opposing synaptic strengthening. BDNF and STEP61 also exhibit an inverse pattern of expression in a number of brain disorders, including schizophrenia (SZ). NMDAR antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP) elicit SZ-like symptoms in rodent models and unaffected individuals, and exacerbate psychotic episodes in SZ. Here we characterize the regulation of BDNF expression by STEP61, utilizing PCP-treated cortical culture and PCP-treated mice. PCP-treated cortical neurons showed both an increase in STEP61 levels and a decrease in BDNF expression. The reduction in BDNF expression was prevented by STEP61 knockdown or use of the STEP inhibitor, TC-2153. The PCP-induced increase in STEP61 expression was associated with the inhibition of CREB-dependent BDNF transcription. Similarly, both genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of STEP prevented the PCP-induced reduction in BDNF expression in vivo and normalized PCP-induced hyperlocomotion and cognitive deficits. These results suggest a mechanism by which STEP61 regulates BDNF expression, with implications for cognitive functioning in CNS disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 S Frontage Rd., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Pradeep Kurup
- Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 S Frontage Rd., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Tyler D Baguley
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ethan Foscue
- Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 S Frontage Rd., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jonathan A Ellman
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Angus C Nairn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 300 George St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Paul J Lombroso
- Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 S Frontage Rd., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 300 George St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Xu J, Kurup P, Azkona G, Baguley TD, Saavedra A, Nairn AC, Ellman JA, Pérez-Navarro E, Lombroso PJ. Down-regulation of BDNF in cell and animal models increases striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase 61 (STEP61 ) levels. J Neurochem 2015; 136:285-94. [PMID: 26316048 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates synaptic strengthening and memory consolidation, and altered BDNF expression is implicated in a number of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. BDNF potentiates N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function through activation of Fyn and ERK1/2. STriatal-Enriched protein tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) is also implicated in many of the same disorders as BDNF but, in contrast to BDNF, STEP opposes the development of synaptic strengthening. STEP-mediated dephosphorylation of the NMDA receptor subunit GluN2B promotes internalization of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors, while dephosphorylation of the kinases Fyn, Pyk2, and ERK1/2 leads to their inactivation. Thus, STEP and BDNF have opposing functions. In this study, we demonstrate that manipulation of BDNF expression has a reciprocal effect on STEP61 levels. Reduced BDNF signaling leads to elevation of STEP61 both in BDNF(+/-) mice and after acute BDNF knockdown in cortical cultures. Moreover, a newly identified STEP inhibitor reverses the biochemical and motor abnormalities in BDNF(+/-) mice. In contrast, increased BDNF signaling upon treatment with a tropomyosin receptor kinase B agonist results in degradation of STEP61 and a subsequent increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of STEP substrates in cultured neurons and in mouse frontal cortex. These findings indicate that BDNF-tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling leads to degradation of STEP61 , while decreased BDNF expression results in increased STEP61 activity. A better understanding of the opposing interaction between STEP and BDNF in normal cognitive functions and in neuropsychiatric disorders will hopefully lead to better therapeutic strategies. Altered expression of BDNF and STEP61 has been implicated in several neurological disorders. BDNF and STEP61 are known to regulate synaptic strengthening, but in opposite directions. Here, we report that reduced BDNF signaling leads to elevation of STEP61 both in BDNF(+/-) mice and after acute BDNF knockdown in cortical cultures. In contrast, activation of TrkB receptor results in the degradation of STEP61 and reverses hyperlocomotor activity in BDNF(+/-) mice. Moreover, inhibition of STEP61 by TC-2153 is sufficient to enhance the Tyr phosphorylation of STEP substrates and also reverses hyperlocomotion in BDNF(+/-) mice. These findings give us a better understanding of the regulation of STEP61 by BDNF in normal cognitive functions and in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Pradeep Kurup
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Garikoitz Azkona
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Spain
| | - Tyler D Baguley
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ana Saavedra
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Spain
| | - Angus C Nairn
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jonathan A Ellman
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Esther Pérez-Navarro
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Spain
| | - Paul J Lombroso
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Richter JD, Bassell GJ, Klann E. Dysregulation and restoration of translational homeostasis in fragile X syndrome. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:595-605. [PMID: 26350240 DOI: 10.1038/nrn4001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most-frequently inherited form of intellectual disability and the most-prevalent single-gene cause of autism, results from a lack of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), an RNA-binding protein that acts, in most cases, to repress translation. Multiple pharmacological and genetic manipulations that target receptors, scaffolding proteins, kinases and translational control proteins can rescue neuronal morphology, synaptic function and behavioural phenotypes in FXS model mice, presumably by reducing excessive neuronal translation to normal levels. Such rescue strategies might also be explored in the future to identify the mRNAs that are critical for FXS pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Richter
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01545, USA
| | - Gary J Bassell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Eric Klann
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York City, New York 10003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sastre A, Campillo NE, Gil C, Martinez A. Therapeutic approaches for the future treatment of Fragile X. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
49
|
Saavedra A, Puigdellívol M, Tyebji S, Kurup P, Xu J, Ginés S, Alberch J, Lombroso PJ, Pérez-Navarro E. BDNF Induces Striatal-Enriched Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 61 Degradation Through the Proteasome. Mol Neurobiol 2015. [PMID: 26223799 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes synaptic strengthening through the regulation of kinase and phosphatase activity. Conversely, striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) opposes synaptic strengthening through inactivation or internalization of signaling molecules. Here, we investigated whether BDNF regulates STEP levels/activity. BDNF induced a reduction of STEP61 levels in primary cortical neurons, an effect that was prevented by inhibition of tyrosine kinases, phospholipase C gamma, or the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The levels of pGluN2B(Tyr1472) and pERK1/2(Thr202/Tyr204), two STEP substrates, increased in BDNF-treated cultures, and blockade of the UPS prevented STEP61 degradation and reduced BDNF-induced GluN2B and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Moreover, brief or sustained cell depolarization reduced STEP61 levels in cortical neurons by different mechanisms. BDNF also promoted UPS-mediated STEP61 degradation in cultured striatal and hippocampal neurons. In contrast, nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 had no effect on STEP61 levels. Our results thus indicate that STEP61 degradation is an important event in BDNF-mediated effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Saavedra
- Departament de Biologia Cel · lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Puigdellívol
- Departament de Biologia Cel · lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Shiraz Tyebji
- Departament de Biologia Cel · lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pradeep Kurup
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Silvia Ginés
- Departament de Biologia Cel · lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Departament de Biologia Cel · lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul J Lombroso
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Esther Pérez-Navarro
- Departament de Biologia Cel · lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Protein expression of targets of the FMRP regulon is altered in brains of subjects with schizophrenia and mood disorders. Schizophr Res 2015; 165:201-11. [PMID: 25956630 PMCID: PMC5037955 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is an RNA binding protein with 842 target mRNAs in mammalian brain. Silencing of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene leads to loss of expression of FMRP and upregulated metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) signaling resulting in the multiple physical and cognitive deficits associated with fragile X syndrome (FXS). Reduced FMRP expression has been identified in subjects with autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression who do not carry the mutation for FMR1. Our laboratory has recently demonstrated altered expression of four downstream targets of FMRP-mGluR5 signaling in brains of subjects with autism: homer 1, amyloid beta A4 precursor protein (APP), ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1), and striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP). In the current study we investigated the expression of the same four proteins in lateral cerebella of subjects with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression and in frontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In frontal cortex we observed: 1) reduced expression of 120 kDa form of APP in subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; 2) reduced expression of 61 kDa and 33k Da forms of STEP in subjects with schizophrenia; 3) reduced expression of 88 kDa form of APP in subjects with bipolar disorder; and 3) trends for reduced expression of 88 kDa form of APP and homer 1 in subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, respectively. In lateral cerebella there was no group difference, however we observed increased expression of RAC1 in subjects with bipolar disorder, and trends for increased RAC1 in subjects with schizophrenia and major depression. Our results provide further evidence that proteins involved in the FMRP-mGluR5 signaling pathway are altered in schizophrenia and mood disorders.
Collapse
|