1
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Shirk BD, Heichel DL, Eccles LE, Rodgers LI, Lateef AH, Burke KA, Stoppel WL. Modifying Naturally Occurring, Nonmammalian-Sourced Biopolymers for Biomedical Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024. [PMID: 39259773 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Natural biopolymers have a rich history, with many uses across the fields of healthcare and medicine, including formulations for wound dressings, surgical implants, tissue culture substrates, and drug delivery vehicles. Yet, synthetic-based materials have been more successful in translation due to precise control and regulation achievable during manufacturing. However, there is a renewed interest in natural biopolymers, which offer a diverse landscape of architecture, sustainable sourcing, functional groups, and properties that synthetic counterparts cannot fully replicate as processing and sourcing of these materials has improved. Proteins and polysaccharides derived from various sources (crustaceans, plants, insects, etc.) are highlighted in this review. We discuss the common types of polysaccharide and protein biopolymers used in healthcare and medicine, highlighting methods and strategies to alter structures and intra- and interchain interactions to engineer specific functions, products, or materials. We focus on biopolymers obtained from natural, nonmammalian sources, including silk fibroins, alginates, chitosans, chitins, mucins, keratins, and resilins, while discussing strategies to improve upon their innate properties and sourcing standardization to expand their clinical uses and relevance. Emphasis will be placed on methods that preserve the structural integrity and native biological functions of the biopolymers and their makers. We will conclude by discussing the untapped potential of new technologies to manipulate native biopolymers while controlling their secondary and tertiary structures, offering a perspective on advancing biopolymer utility in novel applications within biomedical engineering, advanced manufacturing, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce D Shirk
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Danielle L Heichel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3222, United States
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
| | - Lauren E Eccles
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Liam I Rodgers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ali H Lateef
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Kelly A Burke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3222, United States
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
| | - Whitney L Stoppel
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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2
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Sołowińska K, Holec-Gąsior L. Single Cell Expression Systems for the Production of Recombinant Proteins for Immunodiagnosis and Immunoprophylaxis of Toxoplasmosis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1731. [PMID: 39203573 PMCID: PMC11357668 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis represents a significant public health and veterinary concern due to its widespread distribution, zoonotic transmission, and potential for severe health impacts in susceptible individuals and animal populations. The ability to design and produce recombinant proteins with precise antigenic properties is fundamental, as they serve as tools for accurate disease detection and effective immunization strategies, contributing to improved healthcare outcomes and disease control. Most commonly, a prokaryotic expression system is employed for the production of both single antigens and multi-epitope chimeric proteins; however, the cloning strategies, bacterial strain, vector, and expression conditions vary. Moreover, literature reports show the use of alternative microbial systems such as yeast or Leishmania tarentolae. This review provides an overview of the methods and strategies employed for the production of recombinant Toxoplasma gondii antigenic proteins for the serological detection of T. gondii infection and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucyna Holec-Gąsior
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
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3
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Wang H, Song M, Xu J, Liu Z, Peng M, Qin H, Wang S, Wang Z, Liu K. Long-Acting Strategies for Antibody Drugs: Structural Modification, Controlling Release, and Changing the Administration Route. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 49:295-316. [PMID: 38635015 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-024-00891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Because of their high specificity, high affinity, and targeting, antibody drugs have been widely used in the treatment of many diseases and have become the most favored new drugs for research in the world. However, some antibody drugs (such as small-molecule antibody fragments) have a short half-life and need to be administered frequently, and are often associated with injection-site reactions and local toxicities during use. Increasing attention has been paid to the development of antibody drugs that are long-acting and have fewer side effects. This paper reviews existing strategies to achieve long-acting antibody drugs, including modification of the drug structure, the application of drug delivery systems, and changing their administration route. Among these, microspheres have been studied extensively regarding their excellent tolerance at the injection site, controllable loading and release of drugs, and good material safety. Subcutaneous injection is favored by most patients because it can be quickly self-administered. Subcutaneous injection of microspheres is expected to become the focus of developing long-lasting antibody drug strategies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Mengdi Song
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhenjing Liu
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Mingyue Peng
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Haoqiang Qin
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Shaoqian Wang
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ziyang Wang
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Kehai Liu
- College of Food, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Ring Road, Nanhui New Town, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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4
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Nguyen TTK, Pham KY, Yook S. Engineered therapeutic proteins for sustained-release drug delivery systems. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:131-154. [PMID: 37717712 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Proteins play a vital role in diverse biological processes in the human body, and protein therapeutics have been applied to treat different diseases such as cancers, genetic disorders, autoimmunity, and inflammation. Protein therapeutics have demonstrated their advantages, such as specific pharmaceutical effects, low toxicity, and strong solubility. However, several disadvantages arise in clinical applications, including short half-life, immunogenicity, and low permeation, leading to reduced drug effectiveness. The structure of protein therapeutics can be modified to increase molecular size, leading to prolonged stability and increased plasma half-life. Notably, the controlled-release delivery systems for the sustained release of protein drugs and preserving the stability of cargo proteins are envisioned as a potential approach to overcome these challenges. In this review, we summarize recent research progress related to structural modifications (PEGylation, glycosylation, poly amino acid modification, and molecular biology-based strategies) and promising long-term delivery systems, such as polymer-based systems (injectable gel/implants, microparticles, nanoparticles, micro/nanogels, functional polymers), lipid-based systems (liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers), and inorganic nanoparticles exploited for protein therapeutics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this review, we highlight recent advances concerning modifying proteins directly to enhance their stability and functionality and discuss state-of-the-art methods for the delivery and controlled long-term release of active protein therapeutics to their target site. In terms of drug modifications, four widely used strategies, including PEGylation, poly amino acid modification, glycosylation, and genetic, are discussed. As for drug delivery systems, we emphasize recent progress relating to polymer-based systems, lipid-based systems developed, and inorganic nanoparticles for protein sustained-release delivery. This review points out the areas requiring focused research attention before the full potential of protein therapeutics for human health and disease can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoa Thi Kim Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Khang-Yen Pham
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.
| | - Simmyung Yook
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Chia S, Tay SJ, Song Z, Yang Y, Walsh I, Pang KT. Enhancing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of recombinant therapeutic proteins by manipulation of sialic acid content. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114757. [PMID: 37087980 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The circulatory half-life of recombinant therapeutic proteins is an important pharmacokinetic attribute because it determines the dosing frequency of these drugs, translating directly to treatment cost. Thus, recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins such as monoclonal antibodies have been chemically modified by various means to enhance their circulatory half-life. One approach is to manipulate the N-glycan composition of these agents. Among the many glycan constituents, sialic acid (specifically, N-acetylneuraminic acid) plays a critical role in extending circulatory half-life by masking the terminal galactose that would otherwise be recognised by the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), resulting in clearance of the biotherapeutic from the circulation. This review aims to provide an illustrative overview of various strategies to enhance the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of recombinant therapeutic proteins through manipulation of their sialic acid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Chia
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, 138668, Singapore
| | - Shi Jie Tay
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, 138668, Singapore
| | - Zhiwei Song
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, 138668, Singapore
| | - Yuansheng Yang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, 138668, Singapore
| | - Ian Walsh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, 138668, Singapore.
| | - Kuin Tian Pang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, 138668, Singapore; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technology University, 62 Nanyang Drive, N1.2-B3, 637459, Singapore.
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6
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Liu YL, Zhu XX, Niu LY, Gao Y, Gan H, Wu ZN, Li J, Feng SX, Dou GF, Gu RL, Meng ZY. The Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of A Novel Recombinant Activated Human Factor VII, GEN-0828, in Hemophilia B Mice. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:877-883. [PMID: 36565924 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
GEN-0828, a proposed clinical candidate for hemophilia and trauma hemorrhage treatment, is a novel recombinant activated human factor VII (rFVIIa). The purpose of this paper is to compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of GEN-0828 in hemophilia B mice with those of NovoSeven®, the only marketed rFVIIa product worldwide., GEN-0828 and NovoSeven® showed similar affinity bioactivity to recombinant tissue factor (rTF) in vitro. Pharmacodynamics data indicated a generally similar hemostatic efficacy (ED50) of GEN-0828 (10.91 KIU·kg-1) and NovoSeven® (18.91 KIU·kg-1) at the doses studied in hemophilia B mice, while GEN-0828 represented a lower initial effective dosage compared with that of NovoSeven® in terms of both blood loss and APTT. GEN-0828 exhibited linear pharmacokinetic profiles in hemophilia B mice at the 30-338 KIU·kg-1 dose range, the comparative pharmacokinetic study with NovoSeven® indicated better characteristics than NovoSeven® in terms of the appropriate higher maximal concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUClast) and longer mean residence time (MRT). In conclusion, GEN-0828 was a promising new type of rFVIIa compound with favourable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lu Liu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Li-Yun Niu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hui Gan
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhuo-Na Wu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jian Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Su-Xiang Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of China, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Gui-Fang Dou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Gu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Zhi-Yun Meng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
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7
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Akbar R, Bashour H, Rawat P, Robert PA, Smorodina E, Cotet TS, Flem-Karlsen K, Frank R, Mehta BB, Vu MH, Zengin T, Gutierrez-Marcos J, Lund-Johansen F, Andersen JT, Greiff V. Progress and challenges for the machine learning-based design of fit-for-purpose monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2022; 14:2008790. [PMID: 35293269 PMCID: PMC8928824 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.2008790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the therapeutic efficacy and commercial success of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are tremendous, the design and discovery of new candidates remain a time and cost-intensive endeavor. In this regard, progress in the generation of data describing antigen binding and developability, computational methodology, and artificial intelligence may pave the way for a new era of in silico on-demand immunotherapeutics design and discovery. Here, we argue that the main necessary machine learning (ML) components for an in silico mAb sequence generator are: understanding of the rules of mAb-antigen binding, capacity to modularly combine mAb design parameters, and algorithms for unconstrained parameter-driven in silico mAb sequence synthesis. We review the current progress toward the realization of these necessary components and discuss the challenges that must be overcome to allow the on-demand ML-based discovery and design of fit-for-purpose mAb therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmad Akbar
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Habib Bashour
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Puneet Rawat
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Philippe A. Robert
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Smorodina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | | | - Karine Flem-Karlsen
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Robert Frank
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Brij Bhushan Mehta
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mai Ha Vu
- Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Talip Zengin
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Bioinformatics, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Turkey
| | | | | | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Victor Greiff
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Villacrés C, Tayi VS, Butler M. Strategic feeding of NS0 and CHO cell cultures to control glycan profiles and immunogenic epitopes of monoclonal antibodies. J Biotechnol 2021; 333:49-62. [PMID: 33901620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The control of glycosylation profiles is essential to the consistent manufacture of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies that may be produced from a variety of cell lines including CHO and NS0. Of particular concern is the potential for generating non-human epitopes such as N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and Galα1-3 Gal that may be immunogenic. We have looked at the effects of a commonly used media supplements of manganese, galactose and uridine (MGU) on Mab production from CHO and NS0 cells in enhancing galactosylation and sialylation as well as the generation of these non-human glycan epitopes. In the absence of the MGU supplement, the humanized IgG1 antibody (Hu1D10) produced from NS0 cells showed a low level of mono- and di-sialylated structures (SI:0.09) of which 75 % of sialic acid was Neu5Gc. The chimeric human-llama Mab (EG2-hFc) produced from CHO cells showed an equally low level of sialylation (SI: 0.12) but the Neu5Gc content of sialic acid was negligible (<3%). Combinations of the MGU supplements added to the production cultures resulted in a substantial increase in the galactosylation of both Mabs (up to GI:0.78 in Hu1D10 and 0.81 in EG2-hFc). However, the effects on sialylation differed between the two Mabs. We observed a slight increase in sialylation of the EG2-hFc Mab by a combination of MG but it appeared that one of the components (uridine) was inhibitory to sialylation. On the other hand, MG or MGU increased sialylation of Hu1D10 substantially (SI:0.72) with an increase that could be attributed predominantly to the formation of Neu5Ac rather than Neu5Gc. The increased level of galactosylation observed with MG or MGU was attributed to an activation of the galactosyl transferase enzymes through enhanced intracellular levels of UDP-Gal and the availability of Mn2+ as an enzymic co-factor. However, this effect not only increased the desirable beta 1-4 Gal linkage to GlcNAc but unfortunately in NS0 cells increased the formation of Galα1-3 Gal which was shown to increase x3 in the presence of combinations of the MGU supplements. Supplementation of media with fetal bovine serum (FBS) increased the availability of free Neu5Ac which resulted in a significant increase in the sialylation of Hu1D10 from NS0 cells. This also resulted in a significant decrease in the proportion of Neu5Gc in the measured sialic acid from the Mab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Villacrés
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Venkata S Tayi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Michael Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2, Canada; National Institute for Bioprocessing Research & Training (NIBRT), Fosters Avenue, Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland.
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9
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Abstract
Glycosylation is a common posttranslational modification of therapeutic proteins. The glycosylation pattern is dependent on many parameters such as the host cell line or the culture conditions. N- and O-linked glycans usually play a great role on the stability, safety, and efficacy of the drug. For this reason, glycosylation is considered as a critical quality attribute of therapeutic glycoproteins, and a thorough characterization should be performed, as well as a systematic control for each batch produced. This chapter gives a short presentation of the structure of glycans commonly found on recombinant therapeutic proteins, and their role on the properties of the drug, in terms of stability, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy. Lastly, the use of mass spectrometry for the analysis of glycoproteins is briefly described.
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10
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González-Feliciano JA, Akamine P, Capó-Vélez CM, Delgado-Vélez M, Dussupt V, Krebs SJ, Wojna V, Polonis VR, Baerga-Ortiz A, Lasalde-Dominicci JA. A recombinant gp145 Env glycoprotein from HIV-1 expressed in two different cell lines: Effects on glycosylation and antigenicity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231679. [PMID: 32559193 PMCID: PMC7304579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein (Env) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has been the primary target for the development of a protective vaccine against infection. The extensive N-linked glycosylation on Env is an important consideration as it may affect efficacy, stability, and expression yields. The expression host has been shown to influence the extent and type of glycosylation that decorates the protein target. Here, we report the glycosylation profile of the candidate subtype C immunogen CO6980v0c22 gp145, which is currently in Phase I clinical trials, produced in two different host cells: CHO-K1 and Expi293F. The amino acid sequence for both glycoproteins was confirmed to be identical by peptide mass fingerprinting. However, the isoelectric point of the proteins differed; 4.5–5.5 and 6.0–7.0 for gp145 produced in CHO-K1 and Expi293F, respectively. These differences in pI were eliminated by enzymatic treatment with sialidase, indicating a large difference in the incorporation of sialic acid between hosts. This dramatic difference in the number of sialylated glycans between hosts was confirmed by analysis of PNGase F-released glycans using MALDI-ToF MS. These differences in glycosylation, however, did not greatly translate into differences in antibody recognition. Biosensor assays showed that gp145 produced in CHO-K1 had similar affinity toward the broadly neutralizing antibodies, 2G12 and PG16, as the gp145 produced in Expi293F. Additionally, both immunogens showed the same reactivity against plasma of HIV-infected patients. Taken together, these results support the notion that there are sizeable differences in the glycosylation of Env depending on the expression host. How these differences translate to vaccine efficacy remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pearl Akamine
- Molecular Sciences Research Center Inc., University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Coral M. Capó-Vélez
- Molecular Sciences Research Center Inc., University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Manuel Delgado-Vélez
- Molecular Sciences Research Center Inc., University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Vincent Dussupt
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shelly J. Krebs
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Valerie Wojna
- Division of Neurology, Internal Medicine Department and NeuroHIV Research Program, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Victoria R. Polonis
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Abel Baerga-Ortiz
- Molecular Sciences Research Center Inc., University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- * E-mail: (ABO); (JALD)
| | - José A. Lasalde-Dominicci
- Molecular Sciences Research Center Inc., University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- * E-mail: (ABO); (JALD)
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11
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Duivelshof BL, Jiskoot W, Beck A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D, D’Atri V. Glycosylation of biosimilars: Recent advances in analytical characterization and clinical implications. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1089:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Tan H, Su W, Zhang W, Wang P, Sattler M, Zou P. Recent Advances in Half-life Extension Strategies for Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:4932-4946. [PMID: 30727869 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190206105232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptides and proteins are two classes of molecules with attractive possibilities for therapeutic applications. However, the bottleneck for the therapeutic application of many peptides and proteins is their short halflives in vivo, typically just a few minutes to hours. Half-life extension strategies have been extensively studied and many of them have been proven to be effective in the generation of long-acting therapeutics with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in half-life extension strategies, illustrate their potential applications and give some examples, highlighting the strategies that have been used in approved drugs and for drugs in clinical trials. Meanwhile, several novel strategies that are still in the process of discovery or at a preclinical stage are also introduced. In these strategies, the two most frequently used half-life extension methods are the reduction in the rate of renal clearance or the exploitation of the recycling mechanism of FcRn by binding to the albumin or IgG-Fc. Here, we discuss half-life extension strategies of recombinant therapeutic protein via genetic fusion, rather than chemical conjugation such as PEGylation. With the rapid development of genetic engineering and protein engineering, novel strategies for half-life extension have been emerged consistently. Some of these will be evaluated in clinical trials and may become viable alternatives to current strategies for making next-generation biodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbo Tan
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Wencheng Su
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengju Wang
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Michael Sattler
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Peijian Zou
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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13
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Amann T, Schmieder V, Faustrup Kildegaard H, Borth N, Andersen MR. Genetic engineering approaches to improve posttranslational modification of biopharmaceuticals in different production platforms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2778-2796. [PMID: 31237682 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The number of approved biopharmaceuticals, where product quality attributes remain of major importance, is increasing steadily. Within the available variety of expression hosts, the production of biopharmaceuticals faces diverse limitations with respect to posttranslational modifications (PTM), while different biopharmaceuticals demand different forms and specifications of PTMs for proper functionality. With the growing toolbox of genetic engineering technologies, it is now possible to address general as well as host- or biopharmaceutical-specific product quality obstacles. In this review, we present diverse expression systems derived from mammalians, bacteria, yeast, plants, and insects as well as available genetic engineering tools. We focus on genes for knockout/knockdown and overexpression for meaningful approaches to improve biopharmaceutical PTMs and discuss their applicability as well as future trends in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Amann
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Valerie Schmieder
- acib GmbH-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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14
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Zhang Y, Fan C, Zhang L, Ma X. Glycosylation-dependent antitumor therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 163:471-485. [PMID: 31030759 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic market for monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) has grown exponentially since 2000. It is expected that the world-wide market for MAbs could reach $125 billion in 2020. For cancer treatment alone, more than 30 MAbs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration since 1997. Unlike structure-defined small molecule-based anti-cancer drugs, the expensive MAb is a mixture of heterogeneously glycosylated proteins. All MAbs typically have a single N-glycosylation site on each of the Fc region. The clinical efficacy of the MAbs depends on the N-glycan structures. Loss of N-glycosylation on the MAbs leads to the loss of the ability to activate complement, to bind to Fc receptors, and to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Moreover, antigen-antibody complexes produced from N-glycan-deficient MAbs are failed to be eliminated rapidly from the blood circulation. Even in certain cases, the N-glycan heterogeneity does not significantly influence pharmacokinetics or half-life of MAbs, reduced terminal galactosylation decreases complement-dependent cytotoxicity, the absence of core fucosylation enhances ADCC due to the increased affinities for the FcγRIIIа receptor, and high sialylation levels reduce ADCC activity and impact inflammatory responses. Furthermore, only mammalian cell lines that make human-like N-glycan structures can be used for MAbs production since certain mammalian cell lines can produce non-human glycan epitopes such as galactose-α-1,3-galactose and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NGNA), which can trigger unwanted immune response. Therefore, mastering the knowledge of N-glycan structures and glycobiology is the key to produce and provide patients with reliable MAbs with consistent glycosylation profile and expected clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhang
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chun Fan
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xuexiao Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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15
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Xu Y, Wang D, Mason B, Rossomando T, Li N, Liu D, Cheung JK, Xu W, Raghava S, Katiyar A, Nowak C, Xiang T, Dong DD, Sun J, Beck A, Liu H. Structure, heterogeneity and developability assessment of therapeutic antibodies. MAbs 2018; 11:239-264. [PMID: 30543482 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1553476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to developability assessment with the understanding that thorough evaluation of monoclonal antibody lead candidates at an early stage can avoid delays during late-stage development. The concept of developability is based on the knowledge gained from the successful development of approximately 80 marketed antibody and Fc-fusion protein drug products and from the lessons learned from many failed development programs over the last three decades. Here, we reviewed antibody quality attributes that are critical to development and traditional and state-of-the-art analytical methods to monitor those attributes. Based on our collective experiences, a practical workflow is proposed as a best practice for developability assessment including in silico evaluation, extended characterization and forced degradation using appropriate analytical methods that allow characterization with limited material consumption and fast turnaround time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingda Xu
- a Protein Analytics , Adimab , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- b Analytical Department , Bioanalytix, Inc ., Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Bruce Mason
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tony Rossomando
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Ning Li
- d Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Dingjiang Liu
- e Formulation Development , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Jason K Cheung
- f Pharmaceutical Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Wei Xu
- g Analytical Method Development , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Smita Raghava
- h Sterile Formulation Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- i Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
| | - Christine Nowak
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Diane D Dong
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Joanne Sun
- k Product development , Innovent Biologics , Suzhou Industrial Park , China
| | - Alain Beck
- l Analytical chemistry , NBEs, Center d'immunologie Pierre Fabre , St Julien-en-Genevois Cedex , France
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
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16
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Expression of a thermotolerant laccase from Pycnoporus sanguineus in Trichoderma reesei and its application in the degradation of bisphenol A. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 125:371-376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Cymer F, Beck H, Rohde A, Reusch D. Therapeutic monoclonal antibody N-glycosylation – Structure, function and therapeutic potential. Biologicals 2018; 52:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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18
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Rodríguez MC, Ceaglio N, Antuña S, Tardivo MB, Etcheverrigaray M, Prieto C. High yield process for the production of active human α-galactosidase a in CHO-K1 cells through lentivirus transgenesis. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:1334-1345. [PMID: 28840666 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fabry disease is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by a deficiency in lysosomal α-Galactosidase A. Currently, two enzyme replacement therapies (ERT) are available. However, access to orphan drugs continues to be limited by their high price. Selection of adequate high-expression systems still constitutes a challenge for alleviating the cost of treatments. Several strategies have been implemented, with varying success, trying to optimize the production process of recombinant human α-Galactosidase A (rhαGAL) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. Herein, we describe for the first time the application of a strategy based on third-generation lentiviral particles (LP) transduction of suspension CHO-K1 cells to obtain high-producing rhαGAL clones (3.5 to 59.4 pg cell-1 d-1 ). After two purification steps, the active enzyme was recovered (2.4 × 106 U mg-1 ) with 98% purity and 60% overall yield. Michaelis-Menten analysis demonstrated that rhαGAL was capable of hydrolyzing the synthetic substrate 4MU-α-Gal at a comparable rate to Fabrazyme®, the current CHO-derived ERT available for Fabry disease. In addition, rhαGAL presented the same mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) content, about 40% higher acid sialic amount and 33% reduced content of the immunogenic type of sialic acid (Neu5Gc) than the corresponding ones for Fabrazyme®. In comparison with other rhαGAL production processes reported to date, our approach achieves the highest rhαGAL productivity preserving adequate activity and glycosylation pattern. Even more, considering the improved glycosylation characteristics of rhαGAL, which might provide advantages regarding pharmacokinetics, our enzyme could be postulated as a promising alternative for therapeutic use in Fabry disease. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1334-1345, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Celeste Rodríguez
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, C.C. 242, Santa Fe, S3000ZAA, Argentina
| | - Natalia Ceaglio
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, C.C. 242, Santa Fe, S3000ZAA, Argentina
| | | | | | - Marina Etcheverrigaray
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, C.C. 242, Santa Fe, S3000ZAA, Argentina
| | - Claudio Prieto
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, C.C. 242, Santa Fe, S3000ZAA, Argentina
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19
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Losfeld ME, Scibona E, Lin CW, Villiger TK, Gauss R, Morbidelli M, Aebi M. Influence of protein/glycan interaction on site-specific glycan heterogeneity. FASEB J 2017; 31:4623-4635. [PMID: 28679530 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700403r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
To study how the interaction between N-linked glycans and the surrounding amino acids influences oligosaccharide processing, we used protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a glycoprotein bearing 5 N-glycosylation sites, as a model system and expressed it transiently in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-S cell line. PDI was produced as both secreted Sec-PDI and endoplasmic reticulum-retained glycoprotein (ER)-PDI, to study glycan processing by ER and Golgi resident enzymes. Quantitative site-specific glycosylation profiles were obtained, and flux analysis enabled modeling site-specific glycan processing. By altering the primary sequence of PDI, we changed the glycan/protein interaction and thus the site-specific glycoprofile because of the improved enzymatic fluxes at enzymatic bottlenecks. Our results highlight the importance of direct interactions between N-glycans and surface-exposed amino acids of glycoproteins on processing in the ER and the Golgi and the possibility of changing a site-specific N-glycan profile by modulating such interactions and thus the associated enzymatic fluxes. Altering the primary protein sequence can therefore be used to glycoengineer recombinant proteins.-Losfeld, M.-E., Scibona, E., Lin, C.-W., Villiger, T. K., Gauss, R., Morbidelli, M., Aebi, M. Influence of protein/glycan interaction on site-specific glycan heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Estelle Losfeld
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ernesto Scibona
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas K Villiger
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Gauss
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Aebi
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
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20
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Meininger M, Stepath M, Hennig R, Cajic S, Rapp E, Rotering H, Wolff M, Reichl U. Sialic acid-specific affinity chromatography for the separation of erythropoietin glycoforms using serotonin as a ligand. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1012-1013:193-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Adeno-associated-virus-mediated transduction of the mammary gland enables sustained production of recombinant proteins in milk. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15115. [PMID: 26463440 PMCID: PMC4604487 DOI: 10.1038/srep15115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopharming for the production of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins in the mammary gland of transgenic animals is an attractive but laborious alternative compared to mammalian cell fermentation. The disadvantage of the lengthy process of genetically modifying an entire animal could be circumvented with somatic transduction of only the mammary epithelium with recombinant, replication-defective viruses. While other viral vectors offer very limited scope for this approach, vectors based on adeno-associated virus (AAV) appear to be ideal candidates because AAV is helper-dependent, does not induce a strong immune response and has no association with disease. Here, we sought to test the suitability of recombinant AAV (rAAV) for biopharming. Using reporter genes, we showed that injected rAAV efficiently transduced mouse mammary cells. When rAAV encoding human myelin basic protein (hMBP) was injected into the mammary glands of mice and rabbits, this resulted in the expression of readily detectable protein levels of up to 0.5 g/L in the milk. Furthermore we demonstrated that production of hMBP persisted over extended periods and that protein expression could be renewed in a subsequent lactation by re-injection of rAAV into a previously injected mouse gland.
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22
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Zhu L, Guo Q, Guo H, Liu T, Zheng Y, Gu P, Chen X, Wang H, Hou S, Guo Y. Versatile characterization of glycosylation modification in CTLA4-Ig fusion proteins by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. MAbs 2015; 6:1474-85. [PMID: 25484062 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.36313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CTLA4-Ig is a highly glycosylated therapeutic fusion protein that contains multiple N- and O-glycosylation sites. Glycosylation plays a vital role in protein solubility, stability, serum half-life, activity, and immunogenicity. For a CTLA4-Ig biosimilar development program, comparative analytical data, especially the glycosylation data, can influence decisions about the type and amount of animal and clinical data needed to establish biosimilarity. Because of the limited clinical experience with biosimilars before approval, a comprehensive level of knowledge about the biosimilar candidates is needed to achieve subsequent development. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a versatile technique for characterizing N- and O-glycosylation modification of recombinant therapeutic proteins, including 3 levels: intact protein analysis, peptide mapping analysis, and released glycans analysis. In this report, an in-depth characterization of glycosylation of a candidate biosimilar was carried out using a systematic approach: N- and O-linked glycans were identified and electron-transfer dissociation was then used to pinpoint the 4 occupied O-glycosylation sites for the first time. As the results show, the approach provides a set of routine tools that combine accurate intact mass measurement, peptide mapping, and released glycan profiling. This approach can be used to comprehensively research a candidate biosimilar Fc-fusion protein and provides a basis for future studies addressing the similarity of CTLA4-Ig biosimilars.
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Key Words
- 2-AB, 2-aminobenzamide
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4
- CTLA4-Ig fusion protein
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- ESI, electrospray ionization
- FA, formic acid
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GFP, [Giu1]-Fibrinopeptide B
- IAM, Iodoacetamide
- LC, Liquid chromatography
- MS, mass spectrometry
- PNGase F, peptide N-glycosidase
- PTMs, post-translational modifications
- Q-Tof quadrupole-time of flight
- RA, Rheumatoid arthritis
- TIC, Total Ion Chromatography
- Tof, Time of flight
- UPLC, Ultra-performance liquid chromatography
- characterization
- glycan
- glycosylation modification
- intact protein
- mass spectrometry
- peptide mapping
- similarity
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- a International Joint Cancer Institute; Second Military Medical University ; Shanghai , China
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Tharmalingam T, Wu CH, Callahan S, T Goudar C. A framework for real-time glycosylation monitoring (RT-GM) in mammalian cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1146-54. [PMID: 25545171 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical characteristic of biotherapeutics because of its central role in in vivo efficacy. Multiple factors including medium composition and process conditions impact protein glycosylation and characterizing cellular response to these changes is essential to understand the underlying relationships. Current practice typically involves glycosylation characterization at the end of a fed-batch culture, which in addition to being an aggregate of the process, reflects a bias towards the end of the culture where a majority of the product is made. In an attempt to rigorously characterize the entire time-course of a fed-batch culture, a real-time glycosylation monitoring (RT-GM) framework was developed. It involves using the micro sequential injection (μSI) system as a sample preparation platform coupled with an ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system for real-time monitoring of the antibody glycan profile. Automated sampling and sample preparations were performed using the μSI system and this framework was used to study manganese (Mn)-induced glycosylation changes over the course of a fed-batch culture. As expected, Mn-supplemented cultures exhibited higher galactosylation levels compared to control while the fucosylation and mannosylation were consistent for both supplemented and control cultures. Overall, the approach presented in the study allows real time monitoring of glycosylation changes and this information can be rapidly translated into process control and/or process optimization decisions to accelerate process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharmala Tharmalingam
- Pre-Pivotal Drug Substance Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California
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24
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The sweet tooth of bacteria: common themes in bacterial glycoconjugates. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:372-417. [PMID: 25184559 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have been increasingly recognized as being superorganisms, living in close contact with a microbiota on all their mucosal surfaces. However, most studies on the human microbiota have focused on gaining comprehensive insights into the composition of the microbiota under different health conditions (e.g., enterotypes), while there is also a need for detailed knowledge of the different molecules that mediate interactions with the host. Glycoconjugates are an interesting class of molecules for detailed studies, as they form a strain-specific barcode on the surface of bacteria, mediating specific interactions with the host. Strikingly, most glycoconjugates are synthesized by similar biosynthesis mechanisms. Bacteria can produce their major glycoconjugates by using a sequential or an en bloc mechanism, with both mechanistic options coexisting in many species for different macromolecules. In this review, these common themes are conceptualized and illustrated for all major classes of known bacterial glycoconjugates, with a special focus on the rather recently emergent field of glycosylated proteins. We describe the biosynthesis and importance of glycoconjugates in both pathogenic and beneficial bacteria and in both Gram-positive and -negative organisms. The focus lies on microorganisms important for human physiology. In addition, the potential for a better knowledge of bacterial glycoconjugates in the emerging field of glycoengineering and other perspectives is discussed.
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25
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Škulj M, Pezdirec D, Gaser D, Kreft M, Zorec R. Reduction in C-terminal amidated species of recombinant monoclonal antibodies by genetic modification of CHO cells. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:76. [PMID: 25123359 PMCID: PMC4146454 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-14-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During development of recombinant monoclonal antibodies in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, C-terminal amidated species are observed. C-terminal amidation is catalysed by peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), an enzyme known to be expressed in CHO cells. The significant variations between clones during clone selection, and the relatively high content of amidated species (up to 15%) in comparison to reference material (4%), led us to develop a cell line with reduced production of C-terminal amidated monoclonal antibodies using genetic manipulation. RESULTS Initial target validation was performed using the RNA interference approach against PAM, which resulted in a CHO cell line with C-terminal amidation decreased to 3%. Due to the transient effects of small-interfering RNAs, and possible stability problems using short-hairpin RNAs, we knocked-down the PAM gene using zinc finger nucleases. Plasmid DNA and mRNA for zinc finger nucleases were used to generate a PAM knock-out, which resulted in two CHO cell lines with C-terminal amidation decreased to 6%, in CHO Der2 and CHO Der3 cells. CONCLUSION Two genetically modified cell lines were generated using a zinc finger nuclease approach to decrease C-terminal amidation on recombinant monoclonal antibodies. These two cell lines now represent a pool from which the candidate clone with the highest comparability to the reference molecule can be selected, for production of high-quality and safe therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Škulj
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmacetucals d,d, Kolodvorska 27, 1234 Mengeš, Slovenia.
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26
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Hua L, Liu Y, Zhen S, Wan D, Cao J, Gao X. Expression and biochemical characterization of recombinant human epididymis protein 4. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 102:52-62. [PMID: 25131860 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Whey acidic proteins (WAP) belong to a large gene family of antibacterial peptides that perform critical immune system functions. The function of human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), a 124-amino acid long polypeptide that has two whey acidic protein four-disulfide core (WFDC) domains, is not well studied. Here, a fusion gene encoding the HE4 protein fused to an IgG1 Fc domain was constructed. The recombinant HE4 protein was expressed as a secretory protein in Pichia pastoris and mammalian HEK293-F cells and was subsequently purified. Our data suggested that the HE4 protein produced by these two expression systems bound to both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, but demonstrated slightly inhibitory activity towards the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, HE4 exhibited proteinase inhibitory activity towards trypsin, elastase, matrix metallopeptidase 9, and the secretory proteinases from Bacillus subtilis. The effects of glycosylation on the biochemical characterization of HE4 were also investigated. LC-ESI-MS glycosylation analysis showed that the high-mannose glycosylated form of HE4 expressed by P. pastoris has lower biological activity when compared to its complex-glycosylated form produced from HEK293-F cells. The implications of this are discussed, which may be provide theoretical basis for its important role in the development of cancer and innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hua
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shi-zi-shan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Shuai Zhen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Deyou Wan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Jiyue Cao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shi-zi-shan Street, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China.
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Keogh D, Thompson R, Larragy R, McMahon K, O'Connell M, O'Connor B, Clarke P. Generating novel recombinant prokaryotic lectins with altered carbohydrate binding properties through mutagenesis of the PA-IL protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2091-104. [PMID: 24462641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prokaryotic lectins offer significant advantages over eukaryotic lectins for the development of enhanced glycoselective tools. Amenability to recombinant expression in Escherichia coli simplifies their production and presents opportunities for further genetic manipulation to create novel recombinant prokaryotic lectins (RPLs) with altered or enhanced carbohydrate binding properties. This study explored the potential of the α-galactophilic PA-IL lectin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa for use as a scaffold structure for the generation of novel RPLs. METHOD Specific amino acid residues in the carbohydrate binding site of a recombinant PA-IL protein were randomly substituted by site-directed mutagenesis. The resulting expression clones were then functionally screened to identify clones expressing rPA-IL proteins with altered carbohydrate binding properties. RESULTS This study generated RPLs exhibiting diverse carbohydrate binding activities including specificity and high affinity for β-linked galactose and N-acetyl-lactosamine (LacNAc) displayed by N-linked glycans on glycoprotein targets. Key amino acid substitutions were identified and linked with specific carbohydrate binding activities. Ultimately, the utility of these novel RPLs for glycoprotein analysis and for selective fractionation and isolation of glycoproteins and their glycoforms was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS The carbohydrate binding properties of the PA-IL protein can be significantly altered using site-directed mutagenesis strategies to generate novel RPLs with diverse carbohydrate binding properties. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The novel RPLs reported would find a broad range of applications in glycobiology, diagnostics and in the analysis of biotherapeutics. The ability to readily produce these RPLs in gram quantities could enable them to find larger scale applications for glycoprotein or biotherapeutic purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Keogh
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Roisin Thompson
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland; Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), National Centre for Sensor Research (NCSR), Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ruth Larragy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland; Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), National Centre for Sensor Research (NCSR), Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Kenneth McMahon
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Michael O'Connell
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brendan O'Connor
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland; Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), National Centre for Sensor Research (NCSR), Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paul Clarke
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland; Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), National Centre for Sensor Research (NCSR), Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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Wei W, Kim JM, Medina D, Lakatta EG, Lin L. GeneOptimizer program-assisted cDNA reengineering enhances sRAGE autologous expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 95:143-8. [PMID: 24373844 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) is a secreted mammalian protein that functions as a decoy to counter-react RAGE signaling-resultant pathological conditions, and has high therapeutic potentials. Our prior studies showed that recombinant human sRAGE expressed in Chinese hamster, Ceanothus griseus, ovary (CHO) cells is modified by specific N-glycosylation, and exhibits higher bioactivity than that expressed in other host systems including insect Spodoptera frugiperda cells. Here, we show that GeneOptimizer software program-assisted, reengineered sRAGE cDNA enhances the recombinant protein expression in CHO cells. The cDNA sequence encoding human sRAGE was optimized for RNA structure, stability, and codon usages in CHO cells. We found that such optimization augmented sRAGE expression over 2 folds of its wild-type counterpart. We also studied how individual parameter impacted sRAGE autologous expression in CHO cells, and whether sRAGE bioactivity was compromised. We found that the enhanced expression appeared not to affect sRAGE N-glycosylation and bioactivity. Optimization of sRAGE expression provides a basis for future large-scale production of this protein to meet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wei
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Ji Min Kim
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Danny Medina
- GeneArt Division, Life Technologies-Invitrogen Inc., 5823 Newton Drive, Carlsbad, CA 92008, United States
| | - Edward G Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Li Lin
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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29
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Tae HJ, Kim JM, Park S, Tomiya N, Li G, Wei W, Petrashevskaya N, Ahmet I, Pang J, Cruschwitz S, Riebe RA, Zhang Y, Morrell CH, Browe D, Lee YC, Xiao RP, Talan MI, Lakatta EG, Lin L. The N-glycoform of sRAGE is the key determinant for its therapeutic efficacy to attenuate injury-elicited arterial inflammation and neointimal growth. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:1369-81. [PMID: 24132651 PMCID: PMC3846495 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Signaling of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been implicated in the development of injury-elicited vascular complications. Soluble RAGE (sRAGE) acts as a decoy of RAGE and has been used to treat pathological vascular conditions in animal models. However, previous studies used a high dose of sRAGE produced in insect Sf9 cells (sRAGE(Sf9))and multiple injections to achieve the therapeutic outcome. Here, we explore whether modulation of sRAGE N-glycoform impacts its bioactivity and augments its therapeutic efficacy. We first profiled carbohydrate components of sRAGE produced in Chinese hamster Ovary cells (sRAGE(CHO)) to show that a majority of its N-glycans belong to sialylated complex types that are not shared by sRAGE(Sf9). In cell-based NF-κB activation and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration assays, sRAGE(CHO) exhibited a significantly higher bioactivity relative to sRAGE(Sf9) to inhibit RAGE alarmin ligand-induced NF-κB activation and VSMC migration. We next studied whether this N-glycoform-associated bioactivity of sRAGE(CHO) is translated to higher in vivo therapeutic efficacy in a rat carotid artery balloon injury model. Consistent with the observed higher bioactivity in cell assays, sRAGE(CHO) significantly reduced injury-induced neointimal growth and the expression of inflammatory markers in injured vasculature. Specifically, a single dose of 3 ng/g of sRAGE(CHO) reduced neointimal hyperplasia by over 70%, whereas the same dose of sRAGE(Sf9) showed no effect. The administered sRAGE(CHO) is rapidly and specifically recruited to the injured arterial locus, suggesting that early intervention of arterial injury with sRAGE(CHO) may offset an inflammatory circuit and reduce the ensuing tissue remodeling. Our findings showed that the N-glycoform of sRAGE is the key determinant underlying its bioactivity and thus is an important glycobioengineering target to develop a highly potent therapeutic sRAGE for future clinical applications. KEY MESSAGE The specific N-glycoform modification is the key underlying sRAGE bioactivity Markedly reduced sRAGE dose to attenuate neointimal hyperplasia and inflammation Provide a molecular target for glycobioengineering of sRAGE as a therapeutic protein Blocking RAGE alarmin ligands during acute injury phase offsets neointimal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Tae
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Ji Min Kim
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Sungha Park
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Noboru Tomiya
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Geng Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, the People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Wei
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Natalia Petrashevskaya
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Ismayil Ahmet
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - John Pang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Stefanie Cruschwitz
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Riebe
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Yinghua Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Christopher H. Morrell
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Loyola University, Baltimore, Maryland, the United States
| | - David Browe
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Yuan Chuan Lee
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Rui-ping Xiao
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, the People’s Republic of China
| | - Mark I. Talan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Edward G. Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Li Lin
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Liu B, Spearman M, Doering J, Lattová E, Perreault H, Butler M. The availability of glucose to CHO cells affects the intracellular lipid-linked oligosaccharide distribution, site occupancy and the N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody. J Biotechnol 2013; 170:17-27. [PMID: 24286971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The glycosylation pattern of a chimeric heavy chain antibody (EG2) produced from CHO cells was affected by the glucose concentration (0-25mM) of cultures established at high density (>10(6)ml(-1)) over 24h. The resulting proportion of non-glycosylated Mab was directly correlated to the exposure time of cells to media depleted of glucose. Deprivation of glucose for the full 24h resulted in a 45% non-glycosylated Mab fraction. Analysis of steady state levels of intracellular lipid-linked oligosaccharides (LLOs) showed that under glucose limitation there was a reduction in the amount of full length LLO (Glc3Man9GlcNac2), with a concomitant increase in the smaller mannosyl-glycans (Man2-5GlcNAc2). Glycan microheterogeneity was quantified by galactosylation and sialylation indices (GI and SI) which showed a direct correlation to the cell specific glucose uptake. The GI increased to 0.83 following media supplementation with a cocktail of uridine, manganese and galactose. This is significantly higher than for a fully humanized antibody (DP12) produced under the similar conditions or for similar antibodies reported in the literature. The high GI of the chimeric antibody (EG2) may be due to its low molecular weight and unusual structure. These findings are important in relation to the low substrate that may occur in fed-batch cultures for Mab production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Maureen Spearman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - John Doering
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Erica Lattová
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Hélène Perreault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Michael Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2.
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31
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Lee JW, Forciniti D. Effect of glycosylation on the partition behavior of a human antibody in aqueous two-phase systems. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:943-50. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J.-W. Lee
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Dept.; Missouri University of Science and Technology; Rolla MO 65409
| | - D. Forciniti
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Dept.; Missouri University of Science and Technology; Rolla MO 65409
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32
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Streefland M, Martens DE, Beuvery EC, Wijffels RH. Process analytical technology (PAT) tools for the cultivation step in biopharmaceutical production. Eng Life Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Streefland
- Bioprocess Engineering; Wageningen University; Wageningen; The Netherlands
| | - Dirk E. Martens
- Bioprocess Engineering; Wageningen University; Wageningen; The Netherlands
| | | | - René H. Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering; Wageningen University; Wageningen; The Netherlands
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34
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Go EP, Liao HX, Alam SM, Hua D, Haynes BF, Desaire H. Characterization of host-cell line specific glycosylation profiles of early transmitted/founder HIV-1 gp120 envelope proteins. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1223-34. [PMID: 23339644 PMCID: PMC3674872 DOI: 10.1021/pr300870t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation plays an essential role in regulating protein function by modulating biological, structural, and therapeutic properties. However, due to its inherent heterogeneity and diversity, the comprehensive analysis of protein glycosylation remains a challenge. As part of our continuing effort in the analysis of glycosylation profiles of recombinant HIV-1 envelope-based immunogens, we evaluated and compared the host-cell specific glycosylation pattern of recombinant HIV-1 surface glycoprotein, gp120, derived from clade C transmitted/founder virus 1086.C expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and human embryonic kidney containing T antigen (293T) cell lines. We used an integrated glycopeptide-based mass mapping workflow that includes a partial deglycosylation step described in our previous study with the inclusion of a fragmentation technique, electron transfer dissociation (ETD), to complement collision-induced dissociation. The inclusion of ETD facilitated the analysis by providing additional validation for glycopeptide identification and expanding the identified glycopeptides to include coverage of O-linked glycosylation. The site-specific glycosylation analysis shows that the transmitted/founder 1086.C gp120 expressed in CHO and 293T displayed distinct similarities and differences. For N-linked glycosylation, two sites (N386 and N392) in the V4 region were populated with high mannose glycans in the CHO cell-derived 1086.C gp120, while these sites had a mixture of high mannose and processed glycans in the 293T cell-derived 1086.C gp120. Compositional analysis of O-linked glycans revealed that 293T cell-derived 1086.C gp120 consisted of core 1, 2, and 4 type O-linked glycans, while CHO cell-derived 1086.C exclusively consisted of core 1 type O-linked glycans. Overall, glycosylation site occupancy of the CHO and 293T cell-derived 1086.C gp120 showed a high degree of similarity except for one site at N88 in the C1 region. This site was partially occupied in 293T-gp120 but fully occupied in CHO-gp120. Site-specific glycopeptide analysis of transmitted/founder 1086.C gp120 expressed in CHO cells revealed the presence of phosphorylated glycans, while 293T cell-produced 1086.C gp120 glycans were not phosphorylated. While the influence of phosphorylated glycans on immunogenicity is unclear, distinguishing host-cell specific variations in glycosylation profiles provide insights into the similarity (or difference) in recombinant vaccine products. While these differences had minimal effect on envelope antigenicity, they may be important in considering immunogenicity and functional capacities of recombinant envelope proteins produced in different expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden P. Go
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - David Hua
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Overexpression of CHOP alone and in combination with chaperones is effective in improving antibody production in mammalian cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:2531-9. [PMID: 22926643 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Secretory capacities including folding and assembly are believed to be limiting factors in the establishment of mammalian cell lines producing high levels of recombinant therapeutic proteins. To achieve industrial success, it is also important to improve protein folding, assembly, and secretory processes in combination with increasing transcription and translation. Here, we identified the expression of CHOP/Gadd153 and GRP78, which are unfolded protein response (UPR)-related genes, correlated with recombinant antibody production in stable CHO cells. Subsequently, CHOP overexpression resulted in increasing recombinant antibody production in some mammalian cell lines, and in addition a threefold further enhancement was obtained by combining expression with UPR-related genes or ER chaperones in transient assays. Overexpression of CHOP had no effect on the biochemical characteristics of the product. These results suggest overexpression of CHOP and its combinations may be an effective method to efficiently select a single cell line with a high level of antibody production in the development of cell lines for manufacturing.
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36
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Ansorena E, Casales E, Aranda A, Tamayo E, Garbayo E, Smerdou C, Blanco-Prieto MJ, Aymerich MS. A simple and efficient method for the production of human glycosylated glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor using a Semliki Forest virus expression system. Int J Pharm 2012; 440:19-26. [PMID: 22580212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (hGDNF) is a very promising protein for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. The present work describes a quick and simple method to obtain a high amount of purified hGDNF using a mammalian cell-derived system. The method is based on the high expression level provided by a Semliki Forest virus vector and its ability to induce a strong shut-off of host-cell protein synthesis in mammalian cells. As a result, hGDNF is the only protein present in the supernatant and can be efficiently purified by a single chromatographic step. Using this system it was possible to eliminate other secreted proteins from the culture medium, like insulin-like growth factor-5, which are hard to remove using other hGDNF production methods. Purified hGDNF presents a complex glycosylation pattern typical of mammalian expression systems and is biologically active. This protocol could be extended to other secreted proteins and could be easily scaled up for industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ansorena
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Chung S, Quarmby V, Gao X, Ying Y, Lin L, Reed C, Fong C, Lau W, Qiu ZJ, Shen A, Vanderlaan M, Song A. Quantitative evaluation of fucose reducing effects in a humanized antibody on Fcγ receptor binding and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activities. MAbs 2012; 4:326-40. [PMID: 22531441 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.19941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence or absence of core fucose in the Fc region N-linked glycans of antibodies affects their binding affinity toward FcγRIIIa as well as their antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. However, the quantitative nature of this structure-function relationship remains unclear. In this study, the in vitro biological activity of an afucosylated anti-CD20 antibody was fully characterized. Further, the effect of fucose reduction on Fc effector functions was quantitatively evaluated using the afucosylated antibody, its "regular" fucosylated counterpart and a series of mixtures containing varying proportions of "regular" and afucosylated materials. Compared with the "regular" fucosylated antibody, the afucosylated antibody demonstrated similar binding interactions with the target antigen (CD20), C1q and FcγRIa, moderate increases in binding to FcγRIIa and IIb, and substantially increased binding to FcγRIIIa. The afucosylated antibodies also showed comparable complement-dependent cytotoxicity activity but markedly increased ADCC activity. Based on EC 50 values derived from dose-response curves, our results indicate that the amount of afucosylated glycan in antibody samples correlate with both FcγRIIIa binding activity and ADCC activity in a linear fashion. Furthermore, the extent of ADCC enhancement due to fucose depletion was not affected by the FcγRIIIa genotype of the effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Chung
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Kaseko G, Liu M, Li Q, Mahaworasilpa T. Novel human partner cell line for immortalisation of rare antigen-specific B cells in mAb development. BMC Proc 2012; 5 Suppl 8:P130. [PMID: 22373339 PMCID: PMC3284940 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-5-s8-p130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Galina Kaseko
- The Stephen Sanig Research Institute, Suite G17, National Innovation Centre, Australian Technology Park, 4 Cornwallis Street, Eveleigh, NSW, 2015, Australia
| | - Marjorie Liu
- The Stephen Sanig Research Institute, Suite G17, National Innovation Centre, Australian Technology Park, 4 Cornwallis Street, Eveleigh, NSW, 2015, Australia
| | - Qiong Li
- The Stephen Sanig Research Institute, Suite G17, National Innovation Centre, Australian Technology Park, 4 Cornwallis Street, Eveleigh, NSW, 2015, Australia
| | - Tohsak Mahaworasilpa
- The Stephen Sanig Research Institute, Suite G17, National Innovation Centre, Australian Technology Park, 4 Cornwallis Street, Eveleigh, NSW, 2015, Australia
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39
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Ahmed I, Kaspar B, Sharma U. Biosimilars: Impact of Biologic Product Life Cycle and European Experience on the Regulatory Trajectory in the United States. Clin Ther 2012; 34:400-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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40
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Morfini M, Jiménez-Yuste V, Eichler H, Fischer R, Kirchmaier CM, Scharling B, Bjerre J. Pharmacokinetic properties of two different recombinant activated factor VII formulations. Haemophilia 2011; 18:431-6. [PMID: 21999231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2011.02674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant factor VIIa is indicated for treatment of bleeding episodes in patients with haemophilia A or B with inhibitors; in FVII deficiency and in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. The aim of the study reported here was to compare the pharmacokinetic profiles between two formulations of rFVIIa that are produced in two different cell lines and media: Chinese hamster ovary cells cultured in a serum-free medium (CHO-rFVIIa) and baby hamster kidney cells cultured in a non-human serum-based medium (BHK-rFVIIa). Two clinical trials were performed; one in healthy subjects and the other in patients with congenital haemophilia A or B, with or without inhibitors. Subjects were recruited into a two-way crossover trial and were randomized to receive a dose of CHO-rFVIIa and BHK-rFVIIa. Healthy subjects received one dose of 90 μg CHO-rFVIIa kg(-1) bodyweight (bw) in the newly developed room-temperature stable rFVIIa formulation and one dose of 90 μg BHK-rFVIIa kg(-1) bw, in the original rFVIIa formulation. Patients with haemophilia received one dose of 270 μg CHO-rFVIIa kg(-1) and one dose of 270 μg BHK-rFVIIa kg(-1), both in the room-temperature stable formulation. The trials showed higher FVII activity levels [higher area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC)] following administration of CHO-rFVIIa than after BHK-rFVIIa. Therefore, bioequivalence could not be established. The difference in FVII activity levels is believed to be a result of different glycosylation patterns between the two products. Neither the use of CHO-rFVIIa nor the use of one single dose of 270 μg kg(-1) of the newly developed room-temperature stable rFVIIa raised any safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morfini
- Agency for Haemophilia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Firenze, Italy.
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41
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Zafar S, Nasir A, Bokhari H. Computational analysis reveals abundance of potential glycoproteins in Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. Bioinformation 2011; 6:352-5. [PMID: 21814394 PMCID: PMC3143399 DOI: 10.6026/97320630006352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most common type of post-translational modification (PTM) and is known to affect protein stability, folding and activity. Inactivity of enzymes mediating glycosylation can result in serious disorders including colon cancer and brain disorders. Out of five main types of glycosylation, N-linked glycosylation is most abundant and characterized by the addition of a sugar group to an Asparagine residue at the N-X-S/T motif. Enzyme mediating such transfer is known as oligosaccharyl transferase (OST). It has been hypothesized before that a significant number of proteins serve as glycoproteins. In this study, we used programming implementations of Python to statistically quantify the representation of glycoproteins by scanning all the available proteome sequence data at ExPASy server for the presence of glycoproteins and also the enzyme which plays critical role in glycosylation i.e. OST. Our results suggest that more than 50% of the proteins carry N-X-S/T motif i.e. they could be potential glycoproteins. Furthermore, approximately 28-36% (1/3) of proteins possesses signature motifs which are characteristic features of enzyme OST. Quantifying this bias individually reveals that both the number of proteins tagged with N-X-S/T motif and the average number of motifs per protein is significantly higher in case of eukaryotes when compared to prokaryotes. In the light of these results we conclude that there is a significant bias in the representation of glycoproteins in the proteomes of all species and is manifested substantially in eukaryotes and claim for glycosylation to be the most common and ubiquitous PTM in cells, especially in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Zafar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, ChakShahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Arshan Nasir
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, ChakShahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, ChakShahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Abstract
Glycans as Biomarkers: Status and PerspectivesProtein glycosylation is a ubiquitous and complex co- and post-translational modification leading to glycan formation, i.e. oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to peptide backbones. The significance of changes in glycosylation for the beginning, progress and outcome of different human diseases is widely recognized. Thus, glycans are considered as unique structures to diagnose, predict susceptibility to and monitor the progression of disease. In the »omics« era, the glycome, a glycan analogue of the proteome and genome, holds considerable promise as a source of new biomarkers. In the design of a strategy for biomarker discovery, new principles and platforms for the analysis of relatively small amounts of numerous glycoproteins are needed. Emerging glycomics technologies comprising different types of mass spectrometry and affinity-based arrays are next in line to deliver new analytical procedures in the field of biomarkers. Screening different types of glycomolecules, selection of differentially expressed components, their enrichment and purification or identification are the most challenging parts of experimental and clinical glycoproteomics. This requires large-scale technologies enabling high sensitivity, proper standardization and validation of the methods to be used. Further progress in the field of applied glycoscience requires an integrated systematic approach in order to explore properly all opportunities for disease diagnosis.
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Barker MK, Wilkinson BL, Faridmoayer A, Scaman CH, Fairbanks AJ, Rose DR. Production and crystallization of processing α-glucosidase I: Pichia pastoris expression and a two-step purification toward structural determination. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 79:96-101. [PMID: 21640829 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic N-glycoprotein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum begins with the catalytic action of processing α-glucosidase I (αGlu). αGlu trims the terminal glucose from nascent glycoproteins in an inverting-mechanism glycoside hydrolysis reaction. αGlu has been studied in terms of kinetic parameters and potential key residues; however, the active site is unknown. A structural model would yield important insights into the reaction mechanism. A model would also be useful in developing specific therapeutics, as αGlu is a viable drug target against viruses with glycosylated envelope proteins. However, due to lack of a high-yielding overexpression and purification scheme, no eukaryotic structural model of αGlu has been determined. To address this issue, we overexpressed the Saccharomyces cerevisiae soluble αGlu, Cwht1p, in the host Pichia pastoris. It was purified in a simple two-step protocol, with a final yield of 4.2mg Cwht1p per liter of growth culture. To test catalytic activity, we developed a modified synthesis of a tetrasaccharide substrate, Glc(3)ManOMe. Cwht1p with Glc(3)ManOMe shows a K(m) of 1.26 mM. Cwht1p crystals were grown and subjected to X-ray irradiation, giving a complete diffraction dataset to 2.04 Å resolution. Work is ongoing to obtain phases so that we may further understand this fundamental member of the N-glycosylation pathway through the discovery of its molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Barker
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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44
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An unbiased approach for analysis of protein glycosylation and application to influenza vaccine hemagglutinin. Anal Biochem 2011; 415:67-80. [PMID: 21545787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here a mass spectrometry-based platform for the analysis of glycoproteins is presented. Glycopeptides and released glycans are analyzed, the former by quadrupole orthogonal time-of-flight liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (QoTOF LC/MS) and the latter by permethylation analysis using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-TOF MS. QoTOF LC/MS analysis reveals the stochastic distribution of glycoforms at occupied sequons, and the latter provides a semiquantitative assessment of overall protein glycosylation. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) was used for unbiased enrichment of glycopeptides and was validated using five model N-glycoproteins bearing a wide array of glycans, including high-mannose, complex, and hybrid subtypes such as sulfo and sialyl forms. Sialyl and especially sulfated glycans are difficult to analyze because these substitutions are labile. The conditions used here allow detection of these compounds quantitatively, intact, and in the context of overall glycosylation. As a test case, we analyzed influenza B/Malaysia/2506/2004 hemagglutinin, a component of the 2006-2007 influenza vaccine. It bears 11 glycosylation sites. Approximately 90% of its glycans are high mannose, and 10% are present as complex and hybrid types, including those with sulfate. The stochastic distribution of glycoforms at glycosylation sites is revealed. This platform should have wide applications to glycoproteins in basic sciences and industry because no apparent bias for any glycoforms is observed.
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45
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Abstract
Sales of monoclonal antibody (mAbs) therapies exceeded $ 40 billion in 2010 and are expected to reach $ 70 billion by 2015. The majority of the approved antibodies are targeting cancer and autoimmune diseases with the top 5 grossing antibodies populating these two areas. In addition over 100 monoclonal antibodies are in Phase II and III of clinical development and numerous others are in various pre-clinical and safety studies. Commercial production of monoclonal antibodies is one of the few biotechnology manufacturing areas that has undergone significant improvements and standardization over the last ten years. Platform technologies have been established based on the structural similarities of these molecules and the regulatory requirements. These improvements include better cell lines, advent of high-performing media free of animal-derived components, and advances in bioreactor and purification processes. In this chapter we will examine the progress made in antibody production as well as discuss the future of manufacturing for these molecules, including the emergence of single use technologies.
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46
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Application of a pH responsive multimodal hydrophobic interaction chromatography medium for the analysis of glycosylated proteins. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:678-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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47
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Ge W, Arp J, Lian D, Liu W, Baroja ML, Jiang J, Ramcharran S, Eldeen FZ, Zinser E, Steinkasserer A, Chou P, Brand S, Nicolette C, Garcia B, Wang H. Immunosuppression involving soluble CD83 induces tolerogenic dendritic cells that prevent cardiac allograft rejection. Transplantation 2010; 90:1145-56. [PMID: 20861805 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181f95718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial regulators of immunity and important in inducing and maintaining tolerance. Here, we investigated the potential of a novel DC-immunomodulating agent, soluble CD83 (sCD83), in inducing transplant tolerance. METHODS We used the C3H-to-C57BL/6 mouse cardiac transplantation model that exhibits a combination of severe cell-mediated rejection and moderate antibody-mediated rejection and investigated whether sCD83 could augment a combination therapy consisting of Rapamycin (Rapa) and anti-CD45RB monoclonal antibody (α-CD45) to prolong allograft survival. RESULTS Monotherapies consisting of Rapa and α-CD45 were incapable of preventing rejection. However, all treatments involving sCD83 were capable of (1) down-modulating expression of various DC surface molecules, such as major histocompatibility complex class II and costimulatory molecules, (2) reducing the allogeneic stimulatory capacity of the DCs, and (3) significantly inhibiting antidonor antibody responses. Most striking results were observed in the triple therapy-treated group, sCD83Rapaα-CD45, where cell-mediated rejection and antibody-mediated rejection were abrogated for over 100 days. Donor-specific tolerance was achieved in long-term surviving recipients, because donor skin transplants were readily accepted for an additional 100 days, whereas third-party skin grafts were rejected. Success of triple therapy treatment was accompanied by enhancement of tolerogenic-DCs that conferred antigen-specific protection on adoptive transfer to recipients of an allogeneic heart graft. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that sCD83 is capable of attenuating DC maturation and function, and inducing donor-specific allograft tolerance, in the absence of toxicity. Thus, sCD83 seems to be a safe and valuable counterpart to current DC-modulating agents.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/pharmacology
- CD11c Antigen/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/prevention & control
- Heart Transplantation/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Humoral/drug effects
- Immunoglobulins/genetics
- Immunoglobulins/pharmacology
- Immunophenotyping
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/immunology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
- Skin Transplantation
- Time Factors
- Transplantation Tolerance/drug effects
- Transplantation, Homologous
- CD83 Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ge
- Department of Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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48
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Cunningham S, Gerlach JQ, Kane M, Joshi L. Glyco-biosensors: recent advances and applications for the detection of free and bound carbohydrates. Analyst 2010; 135:2471-80. [PMID: 20714521 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00276c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The field of biosensor development now encompasses several areas specifically geared toward the rapid and sensitive detection, identification, and quantification of target analytes. In contrast to the more mature research and development of nucleic acid and protein biosensors, the development of 'glyco-biosensors' for detecting carbohydrates and conjugates of carbohydrates (glycoconjugates) is at a relatively nascent stage. The application of glyco-biosensors aims to open novel analytical and diagnostic avenues, encompassing industrial bioprocesses, biomedical and clinical applications. This area of research has been greatly aided by advancement brought by interdisciplinary mergers of engineering, biology, chemistry and physical sciences and enabling the miniaturization of detection platforms. In this review, we briefly introduce the need for glyco-biosensors, discuss current analytical technologies, and examine advances in glyco-biosensor approaches aimed at the detection and/or quantification of glycoconjugates or carbohydrates derived from glycoconjugates since 2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Cunningham
- Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway
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49
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Hong JK, Cho SM, Yoon SK. Substitution of glutamine by glutamate enhances production and galactosylation of recombinant IgG in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 88:869-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Dojima T, Nishina T, Kato T, Uno T, Yagi H, Kato K, Ueda H, Park EY. Improved secretion of molecular chaperone-assisted human IgG in silkworm, and no alterations in their N-linked glycan structures. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 26:232-8. [PMID: 19918885 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human 29IJ6 IgG was expressed in silkworm using a Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) bacmid system. The mean amounts of 296IJ6 IgG produced in larval hemolymph and whole pupae were 30.1 microg/larva and 78.0 microg/pupa, respectively. The use of molecular chaperones including calreticulin (CRT), calnexin (CNX), and immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (BiP, GRP78) improved the production of 296IJ6 IgG secretion in the larvae fivefold. The total yield of recombinant 29IJ6 IgG was 239 microg/mL when coexpressed with CRT. However, the overexpression of molecular chaperones had negative effects on secretion. The N-linked glycans of secreted 296IJ6 IgG in silkworm hemolymph were dominated by paucimannose structures. Small amounts of GlcNAc residues linked to the Manalpha1,3 branch were detected. When molecular chaperones were coexpressed, the compositions of N-linked glycans in the IgG1 produced were unchanged compared with those produced without them. This suggests that N-glycosylation is controlled by a regulatory function in the Golgi apparatus even though the post-translational modification of 296IJ6 IgG was assisted by the coexpression of molecular chaperones. Therefore, if the glycosylation pathways that coexpress N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, galactosyltransferase, and sialyltransferase could be improved, silkworm larvae might prove a useful system for producing human antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Dojima
- Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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