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Soares R, Rocha G, Meliço-Silvestre A, Gonçalves T. HIV1-viral protein R (Vpr) mutations: associated phenotypes and relevance for clinical pathologies. Rev Med Virol 2016; 26:314-29. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Soares
- FMUC-Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- CNC-Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular; Universidade de Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- IPO-Instituto Português de Oncologia Francisco Gentil; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Graça Rocha
- FMUC-Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- Departamento de Doenças Infeciosas Hospital Pediátrico de Coimbra; CHUC-Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - António Meliço-Silvestre
- FMUC-Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- Departamento de Doenças Infeciosas; CHUC - Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- FMUC-Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- CNC-Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular; Universidade de Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
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Richards MH, Narasipura SD, Kim S, Seaton MS, Lutgen V, Al-Harthi L. Dynamic interaction between astrocytes and infiltrating PBMCs in context of neuroAIDS. Glia 2014; 63:441-51. [PMID: 25331637 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV-mediated neuropathogenesis is a multifaceted process involving several players, including resident brain cells (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia) and infiltrating cells [peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)]. We evaluated the dynamic interaction between astrocytes and infiltrating PBMCs as it impacts HIV in the CNS. We demonstrate that human primary-derived astrocytes (PDAs) predominantly secrete Wnt 1, 2b, 3, 5b, and 10b. Wnts are small secreted glycoproteins that initiate either β-catenin-dependent or independent signal transduction. The Wnt pathway plays a vital role in the regulation of CNS activities including neurogenesis, neurotransmitter release, synaptic plasticity, and memory consolidation. We show that HIV infection of PDAs altered astrocyte Wnt profile by elevating Wnts 2b and 10b. Astrocyte conditioned media (ACM) inhibited HIV replication in PBMCs by 50%. Removal of Wnts from ACM abrogated its ability to suppress HIV replication in PBMCs. Inversely, PBMCs supernatant activated PDAs, as demonstrated by a 10-fold increase in HLA-DR and a 5-fold increase in IFNγ expression, and enhanced astrocyte susceptibility to HIV by 2-fold, which was mediated by IFNγ in a Stat-3-dependent manner. Collectively, these data demonstrate a dynamic interaction between astrocytes and PBMCs, whereby astrocyte-secreted Wnts exert an anti-HIV effect on infected PBMCs and PBMCs, in turn, secrete IFNγ that enhance astrocyte susceptibility to productive HIV infection and mediate their activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen H Richards
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Haughey NJ, Zhu X, Bandaru VVR. A biological perspective of CSF lipids as surrogate markers for cognitive status in HIV. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:1136-46. [PMID: 24203462 PMCID: PMC3909934 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development and application of biomarkers to neurodegenerative diseases has become increasingly important in clinical practice and therapeutic trials. While substantial progress has been made at the basic science level in understanding the pathophysiology of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND), there are significant limitations in our current ability to predict the onset or trajectory of disease, and to accurately determine the effects of therapeutic interventions. Thus, the development of objective biomarkers is critical to further our understanding and treatment of HAND. In recent years, biomarker discovery efforts have largely been driven forward through the implementation of multiple "omics" approaches that include (but are not restricted to): Lipidomics, proteomics, metabolomics, genomics, transcriptomics, and advances in brain imaging approaches such as functional connectomics. In this paper we summarize our progress to date on lipidomic approaches to biomarker discovery, discuss how these data have influenced basic research on the neuropathology of HAND, and implications for the development of therapeutics that target metabolic pathways involved in lipid handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman J Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Pathology 517, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA,
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Kogan M, Rappaport J. HIV-1 accessory protein Vpr: relevance in the pathogenesis of HIV and potential for therapeutic intervention. Retrovirology 2011; 8:25. [PMID: 21489275 PMCID: PMC3090340 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV protein, Vpr, is a multifunctional accessory protein critical for efficient viral infection of target CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Vpr is incorporated into virions and functions to transport the preintegration complex into the nucleus where the process of viral integration into the host genome is completed. This action is particularly important in macrophages, which as a result of their terminal differentiation and non-proliferative status, would be otherwise more refractory to HIV infection. Vpr has several other critical functions including activation of HIV-1 LTR transcription, cell-cycle arrest due to DCAF-1 binding, and both direct and indirect contributions to T-cell dysfunction. The interactions of Vpr with molecular pathways in the context of macrophages, on the other hand, support accumulation of a persistent reservoir of HIV infection in cells of the myeloid lineage. The role of Vpr in the virus life cycle, as well as its effects on immune cells, appears to play an important role in the immune pathogenesis of AIDS and the development of HIV induced end-organ disease. In view of the pivotal functions of Vpr in virus infection, replication, and persistence of infection, this protein represents an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kogan
- Department of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Fischer-Smith T, Bell C, Croul S, Lewis M, Rappaport J. Monocyte/macrophage trafficking in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome encephalitis: lessons from human and nonhuman primate studies. J Neurovirol 2009; 14:318-26. [PMID: 18780233 DOI: 10.1080/13550280802132857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here the authors discuss evidence in human and animal models supporting two opposing views regarding the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the central nervous system (CNS): (1) HIV infection in the CNS is a compartmentalized infection, with the virus-infected macrophages entering the CNS early, infecting resident microglia and astrocytes, and achieving a state of latency with evolution toward a fulminant CNS infection late in the course of disease; or alternatively, (2) events in the periphery lead to altered monocyte/macrophage (MPhi) homeostasis, with increased CNS invasion of infected and/or uninfected MPhis. Here the authors have reevaluated evidence presented in the favor of the latter model, with a discussion of phenotypic characteristics distinguishing normal resident microglia with those accumulating in HIV encephalitis (HIVE). CD163 is normally expressed by perivascular MPhi s but not resident microglia in normal CNS of humans and rhesus macaques. In agreement with other studies, the authors demonstrate expression of CD163 by brain MPhi s in HIVE and simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis (SIVE). CNS tissues from HIV-sero positive individuals with HIVE or HIV-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) were also examined. In HIVE, the authors further demonstrate colocalization of CD163 and CD16 (Fcgamma III recptor) gene expression, the latter marker associated with HIV infection of monocyte in vivo and permissivity of infection. Indeed, CD163(+) MPhis and microglia are often productively infected in HIVE CNS. In SIV infected rhesus macaques, CD163(+) cells accumulate perivascularly, within nodular lesions and the parenchyma in animals with encephalitis. Likewise, parenchymal microglia and perivascular MPhi s are CD163(+) in HIVE. In contrast to HIVE, CD163(+)perivascular and parenchymal MPhi s in HIV-associated PML were only associated with areas of demyelinating lesions. Interestingly, SIV-infected rhesus macaques whose viral burden was predominantly at 1 x 10(6) copies/ml or greater developed encephalitis. To further investigate the relationship between CD163(+)/CD16(+) MPhis/microglia in the CNS and altered homeostasis in the periphery, the authors performed flow-cytometric analyses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from SIV-infected rhesus macaques. The results demonstrate an increase in the percent frequency of CD163(+)/CD16(+) monocytes in animals with detectable virus that correlated significantly with increased viral burden and CD4(+) T-cell decline. These results suggest the importance of this monocyte subset in HIV/SIV CNS disease, and also in the immune pathogenesis of lentiviral infection. The authors further discuss the potential role of CD163(+)/CD16(+) monocyte/MPhi subset expansion, altered myeloid homeostasis, and potential consequences for immune polarization and suppression. The results and discussion here suggest new avenues for the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) therapeutics and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Fischer-Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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Haine V, Fischer-Smith T, Rappaport J. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the pathogenesis of HIV infection: potential target for therapeutic intervention. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2007; 1:32-40. [PMID: 18040789 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-005-9003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) appears to play a major role in promoting and maintaining reservoirs of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in infected individuals. HIV-1 infection induces production of M-CSF by macrophages, which in turn promotes further infection of macrophages via increases in CD4 and CCR5 receptors, as well as increases in virus gene expression. M-CSF promotes the ontogeny and survival of macrophages, contributing to both the number and longevity of these infected cells. M-CSF dysregulation promotes the differentiation of monocytes toward macrophages and osteoclasts and at the same time may inhibit differentiation toward dendritic cells, resulting in immune impairment. The potential role of M-CSF in HIV-associated end organ diseases including HIV-associated dementia, HIV-associated nephropathy, and osteoporosis is discussed. This review emphasizes the need for developing M-CSF antagonists for treatment of HIV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Haine
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, 1900 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Roberts ES, Burudi EME, Flynn C, Madden LJ, Roinick KL, Watry DD, Zandonatti MA, Taffe MA, Fox HS. Acute SIV infection of the brain leads to upregulation of IL6 and interferon-regulated genes: expression patterns throughout disease progression and impact on neuroAIDS. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 157:81-92. [PMID: 15579284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The virus/host interactions during the acute phase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection help determine the course of disease. During this time period, virus enters the brain. Here, we report clusters of genes whose transcripts are significantly upregulated in the frontal lobe of the brain during acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of rhesus monkeys. Many of these genes are involved in interferon (IFN) and/or interleukin (IL)-6 pathways. Although neither IFNalpha nor IFNgamma are elevated in the brain, IL6 is increased. Both IFNalpha and IL6 are elevated in plasma during this acute phase. The upregulation of STAT1, verified by immunohistochemical staining, can be due to both central nervous system (CNS) (SIV and IL6) and peripheral (IFNalpha and IL6) causes, and can itself drive the expression of many of these genes. Examination of the levels of expression of the upregulated genes in the post-acute and long-term phases of infection, as well as in SIV encephalitis, reveals increased expression throughout SIV infection, which may serve to protect the brain, but can have untoward long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor S Roberts
- Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN-1, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Kim WK, Corey S, Chesney G, Knight H, Klumpp S, Wüthrich C, Letvin N, Koralnik I, Lackner A, Veasey R, Williams K. Identification of T lymphocytes in simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis: distribution of CD8+ T cells in association with central nervous system vessels and virus. J Neurovirol 2004; 10:315-25. [PMID: 15385254 DOI: 10.1080/13550280490505382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes are found within brains infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) where they are a minor, but consistently identified, population. However, little analysis of their phenotypes has been done, and questions concerning whether or not they are viral antigen specific has not been thoroughly examined. We investigated the central nervous system (CNS) of SIV-infected rhesus macaques to identify T-lymphocyte subsets in relation to virus-infected cells and brain microvessels. We have found that a sensitive antigen-retrieval technique greatly enhanced immunohistochemical detection of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in control studies. In encephalitic brains of SIV-infected monkeys with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), we found a significant accumulation of CD8+ T lymphocytes but little-to-no accumulation of CD4+ T lymphocytes. CD4+ cells, when detected, were mostly monocyte/macrophages closely associated with CNS vessels. Using a combination of in situ hybridization for SIV RNA, and immunohistochemistry for CD8+ T lymphocytes and/or Glut-1 for endothelial cells on brain microvessels, we found CD8+ T lymphocytes with an angiocentric distribution often adjacent to virus-infected cells. In the CNS of animals with SIV encephalitis, there was a trend of CD8+ T lymphocytes that were not directly juxtaposed with CNS vessels. These data suggest that in brains of SIV-infected monkeys and HIV-infected humans, CD8+ T lymphocytes traffic to and are retained in the CNS in an angiocentric and possibly antigen-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong-Ki Kim
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Albright AV, Martín J, O'Connor M, González-Scarano F. Interactions between HIV-1 gp120, chemokines, and cultured adult microglial cells. J Neurovirol 2001; 7:196-207. [PMID: 11517394 DOI: 10.1080/13550280152403245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
HIV dementia (HIVD), a disease that is apparently mediated by neurotoxins and viral proteins secreted by HIV infected microglia, is characterized neuropathologically by an increased number of activated microglia in the brains of affected individuals. Consequently, the rational design of potential therapeutic strategies should take into account the mechanisms that lead to microglial activation and to their increased prominence in the adult brain. In this regard, one leading hypothesis proposes that microglia are recruited to specific sites in the central nervous system (CNS) as a result of interactions between microglial chemokine receptors and chemokines, or even the viral glycoprotein gp120, which binds chemokine receptors in the process of cellular entry. Adult microglia express the functional chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 molecules that mediate chemotaxis in these and other cell types. We determined that purified adult microglial cultures contain a heterogeneous population with respect to their ability to respond to the alpha- and beta-chemokines, SDF1alpha, and MIP-1beta. A mean of 14.6% of the microglia assayed responded to both alpha- and beta-chemokines (CCR5(+)CXCR4(+) phenotype); 45.4% of microglia were phenotyped as CCR5(+)CXCR4(-); 12.9% of the microglia were CXCR4(+)CCR5(-); and 27.0% of microglia did not respond to either chemokine. No increase in intracellular calcium levels was seen in the vast majority of microglia exposed to the soluble HIV envelope protein, gp120, or to HIV envelope (gp120/gp41) expressed on MLV virus pseudotypes. However, exposure of microglia to soluble fractalkine or to other chemokines resulted in an intracellular calcium flux. Our results raise the possibility of microglial heterogeneity with respect to their response to chemokines, and indicate that any effects due to gp120 are likely to be considerably less robust than the response of microglia to the natural ligands of their chemokine receptors, for example SDF1alpha and MIP-1beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Albright
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6146, USA.
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Abstract
The complement system plays an important role in the antimicrobial defense of the organism. Its components recognize a large variety of pathogens and target them for destruction, either directly by formation of a membrane attack complex or indirectly by recruiting phagocytic cells. In addition, it has several functions in cell activation, clearance of immune complexes, control of inflammatory reactions, chemotaxis and autoimmunity. For mediation of all these tasks of the complement system, complement receptor molecules on the cell surface play a key role. Current knowledge on structure, function, signal transduction and associated molecules is briefly summarized here. The role of complement receptors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated pathogenesis is ambiguous and varies depending on cell type. On the one hand, complement receptors support the infected host to manage HIV infection and to defend itself, at least partially, against viral spreading throughout the organism. Such complement receptor-mediated supporting mechanisms are activation of immune cells and lysis of viral particles and infected host cells. On the other hand, HIV employs complement receptors to intrude more easily into various cell types, to become localized into lymph follicles and to activate viral replication in latently infected cells. This review summarizes the complex interaction of virus and complement receptors in HIV infection for different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Speth
- Institute for Hygiene, Innsbruck, Austria
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11
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Shoeman RL, Höner B, Mothes E, Traub P. Potential role of the viral protease in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 associated pathogenesis. Med Hypotheses 1992; 37:137-50. [PMID: 1584103 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(92)90071-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) results in a variety of pathological changes culminating in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). While most of these changes can readily be accounted for either by direct effects of HIV-1 on the immune system or by indirect effects of secondary infectious agents as a result of faulty immune surveillance, the direct cause for a number of disease states, including some neuropathies, myopathies, nephropathy, thrombocytopenia, wasting syndromes and increased incidence of cancers (primarily lymphoma) has remained an enigma. We have recently shown that the HIV-1 protease, a viral encoded enzyme necessary for virus maturation and infectivity, can cleave a variety of host cell cytoskeletal proteins in vitro. Potential substrates for the HIV-1 protease are found in all of the cell types affected in these unexplained diseases. Recent proposals suggest that elements of the cytoskeleton may play an important role in the regulation of large scale genetic regulation. We propose that some of the degenerative changes associated with infection by HIV-1 are a direct consequence of cleavage of host cell cytoskeletal proteins, which in turn may be responsible for the increased incidence of cancer in HIV-1 infected individuals as a result of the perturbation of the regulation of gene expression by cytoskeletal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Shoeman
- Max-Planck-Institut für Zellbiologie, Ladenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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12
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Strigle SM, Gal AA. Review of the central nervous system cytopathology in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Diagn Cytopathol 1991; 7:387-401. [PMID: 1935518 DOI: 10.1002/dc.2840070412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a neurotropic retrovirus capable of producing a wide spectrum of central nervous system changes. Nearly 40% of HIV-infected patients demonstrate neuropathy ranging from dementia to the opportunistic infections and neoplasia seen in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Dramatic increases in the numbers of AIDS cases have allowed for the cytotechnologist and cytopathologist to become acquainted with the various pathologic manifestations of HIV infection. In this review, we are reporting the HIV-related diseases in the central nervous system and the role of diagnostic cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Strigle
- Department of Anatomic Pathology/Cytology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
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13
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Clapham PR. Human immunodeficiency virus infection of non-haematopoietic cells. The role of CD4-independent entry. Rev Med Virol 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1980010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li SL, Kaaya EE, Feichtinger H, Putkonen P, Parravicini C, Böttiger D, Biberfeld G, Biberfeld P. Monocyte/macrophage giant cell disease in SIV-infected cynomolgus monkeys. RESEARCH IN VIROLOGY 1991; 142:173-82. [PMID: 1896642 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2516(91)90054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A non-opportunistic, generalized giant cell disease (GCD) was found in 12 out of 25 (48%) cynomologus monkeys infected with SIVsm. Most organs were affected notably the lymph nodes (LN), spleen, gut, liver, lungs and CNS. The multinucleated GC varied considerably in cell size and in the number and cytoplasmic distribution of the nuclei. Immunohistochemically most GC expressed SIV antigens and markers of mononuclear phagocytes (CD68), CD4 and also occasionally the T-cell markers CD45RO, CD43 and CD2. Monkeys with GCD had more pronounced immunosuppression with lower CD4-cell counts, more often demonstrable SIV antigen in the blood and LN and had been infected for a longer time period, as compared to monkeys without GCD. These findings show that SIV infection in cynomolgus monkeys is frequently associated with extensive formation of multinucleated GC of macrophage origin, which appears to be related to the pathogenesis of the infection and the degree of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Li
- Immunopathology Lab., Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Vitković L, Kalebic T, de Cunha A, Fauci AS. Astrocyte-conditioned medium stimulates HIV-1 expression in a chronically infected promonocyte clone. J Neuroimmunol 1990; 30:153-60. [PMID: 2229407 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(90)90099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human promonocytic cells chronically infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) (clone U1.1.5) were grown in the presence of media conditioned by primary rat cortical astrocytes and HIV-1 expression was assessed by measuring reverse transcriptase activity. Media conditioned by non-stimulated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated astrocytes induced the expression of HIV-1 2.1-fold and 4.1-fold, respectively. LPS alone, media conditioned by the uninfected parental cell line of U1.1.5 (U937), and culture media from four other cell lines, had no effect on viral expression. The magnitude of induction was time- and dose-dependent. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) was detected in LPS-stimulated astrocyte-conditioned medium and the HIV-inducing capability of the medium was neutralized, in part, by an antibody to recombinant murine TNF-alpha. These results suggest a role for astrocytes in the induction of HIV expression and thus in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vitković
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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