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Ayodele BA, Pagel CN, Mackie EJ, Armour F, Yamada S, Zahra P, Courtman N, Whitton RC, Hitchens PL. Differences in bone turnover markers and injury risks between local and international horses: A Victorian Spring Racing Carnival study. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 38634210 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal injuries (MSI) are common in racehorses and have been of increasing concern in horses travelling internationally to compete. Understanding the differences in bone turnover between local horses and international horses following long-distance air transportation may inform MSI prevention strategies. OBJECTIVES To understand the differences in bone turnover markers and risk of MSI between local horses and international horses following long-distance air transportation. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort. METHODS The concentrations of bone turnover markers (OCN and CTXI), markers of stress (cortisol), inflammation (serum amyloid A) and circadian rhythm (melatonin), and bisphosphonates were determined in blood samples collected twice (14-17 days apart), from horses following international travel (n = 69), and from local horses (n = 79). The associations between markers, long-distance travel and MSI were determined using multivariable generalised linear regression models. RESULTS Within 3-5 days post-transport, concentrations of cortisol in international horses were higher than those of local horses (main effect, Coef. 0.39; 95% CI 0.24, 0.54; p < 0.001) but they decreased and were not different to those of local horses at the second timepoint (interaction effect, Coef. -0.27; 95% CI -0.46, -0.07; p = 0.007). After adjusting for age and sex, OCN and CTXI were not significantly different between international and local horses; however, OCN was lower in international horses at timepoint 2 (interaction effect, Coef. -0.16; 95% CI -0.31, -0.01; p = 0.043). The prevalence of MSI was higher in the international (26%; 95% CI 16, 38%) compared with local horses (8%; 95% CI 3, 16%; p < 0.001), with all severe MSI sustained by the international horses. At the second timepoint compared with the first timepoint post-transport, cortisol remained high or increased (interaction effect, Coef. 0.43; 95% CI 0.24, 0.61; p < 0.001) and OCN increased (interaction effect, Coef. 0.26; 95% CI 0.08, 0.44; p = 0.006) in the horses that sustained severe MSI. MAIN LIMITATIONS Horse population and racing career parameters differed between groups. Bone turnover markers have low sensitivity to detect local bone changes. CONCLUSIONS Most horses showed minimal effects of long-distance air transport within 2 weeks relative to local horses as assessed by stress and bone turnover markers. Screening for persistent high cortisol and evidence of net bone formation after long-distance air transportation may help to identify racehorses at high risk of catastrophic MSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunde A Ayodele
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles N Pagel
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eleanor J Mackie
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona Armour
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sean Yamada
- Racing Analytical Services Limited, Flemington, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Zahra
- Racing Analytical Services Limited, Flemington, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie Courtman
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - R Chris Whitton
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peta L Hitchens
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Ireland JL, Lester A, Banse HE. Factors affecting measurement of basal adrenocorticotropic hormone in adult domestic equids: A scoping review. Vet J 2024; 304:106071. [PMID: 38341024 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Measurement of basal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentration is the most commonly used diagnostic test for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). Although several pre-analytical and analytical factors have been reported to affect basal ACTH concentrations in equids, the extent to which these have been evaluated in the context of PPID diagnosis is unclear. The objectives of this scoping review were to identify and systematically chart current evidence about pre-analytical and analytical factors affecting basal ACTH concentrations in adult domestic equids. Systematic searches of electronic databases and conference proceedings were undertaken in June 2022, repeated in October 2022 and updated in August 2023. English language publications published prior to these dates were included. Screening and data extraction were undertaken individually by the authors, using predefined criteria and a modified scoping review data extraction template. After removal of duplicates, 903 publications were identified, of which 235 abstracts were screened for eligibility and 134 publications met inclusion criteria. Time of year, exercise, breed/type and transportation were the factors most frequently associated with significant increases in ACTH concentration (n = 26, 16, 13 and 10 publications, respectively). Only 25 publications reported inclusion of PPID cases in the study population, therefore the relationship between many factors affecting basal ACTH concentration and diagnostic accuracy for PPID remains undefined. However, several factors were identified that could impact interpretation of basal ACTH results. Findings also highlight the need for detailed reporting of pre-analytical and analytical conditions in future research to facilitate translation of evidence to practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ireland
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst CH64 7TE, Cheshire, UK.
| | - A Lester
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst CH64 7TE, Cheshire, UK
| | - H E Banse
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Menzies-Gow NJ, Banse HE, Duff A, Hart N, Ireland JL, Knowles EJ, McFarlane D, Rendle D. BEVA primary care clinical guidelines: Diagnosis and management of equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:220-242. [PMID: 37795557 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is a prevalent, age-related chronic disorder in equids. Diagnosis of PPID can be challenging because of its broad spectrum of clinical presentations and disparate published diagnostic criteria, and there are limited available treatment options. OBJECTIVES To develop evidence-based primary care guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of equine PPID based on the available literature. STUDY DESIGN Evidence-based clinical guideline using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. METHODS Research questions were proposed by a panel of veterinarians and developed into PICO or another structured format. VetSRev and Veterinary Evidence were searched for evidence summaries, and systematic searches of the NCBI PubMed and CAB Direct databases were conducted using keyword searches in July 2022 and updated in January 2023. The evidence was evaluated using the GRADE framework. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The research questions were categorised into four areas: (A) Case selection for diagnostic testing, pre-test probability and diagnostic test accuracy, (B) interpretation of test results, (C) pharmacological treatments and other treatment/management options and (D) monitoring treated cases. Relevant veterinary publications were identified and assessed using the GRADE criteria. The results were developed into recommendations: (A) Case selection for diagnostic testing and diagnostic test accuracy: (i) The prevalence of PPID in equids aged ≥15 years is between 21% and 27%; (ii) hypertrichosis or delayed/incomplete hair coat shedding provides a high index of clinical suspicion for PPID; (iii) the combination of clinical signs and age informs the index of clinical suspicion prior to diagnostic testing; (iv) estimated pre-test probability of PPID should be considered in interpretation of diagnostic test results; (v) pre-test probability of PPID is low in equids aged <10 years; (vi) both pre-test probability of disease and season of testing have strong influence on the ability to diagnose PPID using basal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or ACTH after thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation. The overall diagnostic accuracy of basal ACTH concentrations for diagnosing PPID ranged between 88% and 92% in the autumn and 70% and 86% in the non-autumn, depending on the pre-test probability. Based on a single study, the overall diagnostic accuracy of ACTH concentrations in response to TRH after 30 minutes for diagnosing PPID ranged between 92% and 98% in the autumn and 90% and 94% in the non-autumn, depending on the pre-test probability. Thus, it should be remembered that the risk of a false positive result increases in situations where there is a low pre-test probability, which could mean that treatment is initiated for PPID without checking for a more likely alternative diagnosis. This could compromise horse welfare due to the commencement of lifelong therapy and/or failing to identify and treat an alternative potentially life-threatening condition. (B) Interpretation of diagnostic tests: (i) There is a significant effect of breed on plasma ACTH concentration, particularly in the autumn with markedly higher ACTH concentrations in some but not all 'thrifty' breeds; (ii) basal and/or post-TRH ACTH concentrations may also be affected by latitude/location, diet/feeding, coat colour, critical illness and trailer transport; (iii) mild pain is unlikely to have a large effect on basal ACTH, but caution may be required for more severe pain; (iv) determining diagnostic thresholds that allow for all possible contributory factors is not practical; therefore, the use of equivocal ranges is supported; (v) dynamic insulin testing and TRH stimulation testing may be combined, but TRH stimulation testing should not immediately follow an oral sugar test; (vi) equids with PPID and hyperinsulinaemia appear to be at higher risk of laminitis, but ACTH is not an independent predictor of laminitis risk. (C) Pharmacologic treatments and other treatment/management options: (i) Pergolide improves most clinical signs associated with PPID in the majority of affected animals; (ii) Pergolide treatment lowers basal ACTH concentrations and improves the ACTH response to TRH in many animals, but measures of insulin dysregulation (ID) are not altered in most cases; (iii) chasteberry has no effect on ACTH concentrations and there is no benefit to adding chasteberry to pergolide therapy; (iv) combination of cyproheptadine with pergolide is not superior to pergolide alone; (v) there is no evidence that pergolide has adverse cardiac effects in horses; (vi) Pergolide does not affect insulin sensitivity. (D) Monitoring pergolide-treated cases: (i) Hormone assays provide a crude indication of pituitary control in response to pergolide therapy, however it is unknown whether monitoring of ACTH concentrations and titrating of pergolide doses accordingly is associated with improved endocrinological or clinical outcome; (ii) it is unknown whether monitoring the ACTH response to TRH or clinical signs is associated with an improved outcome; (iii) there is very weak evidence to suggest that increasing pergolide dose in autumn months may be beneficial; (iv) there is little advantage in waiting for more than a month to perform follow-up endocrine testing following initiation of pergolide therapy; there may be merit in performing repeat tests sooner; (v) timing of sampling in relation to pergolide dosing does not confound measurement of ACTH concentration; (vi) there is no evidence that making changes after interpretation of ACTH concentrations measured at certain times of the year is associated with improved outcomes; (vii) evidence is very limited, however, compliance with PPID treatment appears to be poor and it is unclear whether this influences clinical outcome; (viii) evidence is very limited, but horses with clinical signs of PPID are likely to shed more nematode eggs than horses without clinical signs of PPID; it is unclear whether this results in an increased risk of parasitic disease or whether there is a need for more frequent assessment of faecal worm egg counts. MAIN LIMITATIONS Limited relevant publications in the veterinary scientific literature. CONCLUSIONS These findings should be used to inform decision-making in equine primary care practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi E Banse
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Aimi Duff
- Rainbow Equine Hospital, North Yorkshire, UK
| | | | - Joanne L Ireland
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Wirral, UK
| | | | - Dianne McFarlane
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Earley B, Edwards S, Faucitano L, Marti S, Miranda de La Lama GC, Costa LN, Thomsen PT, Ashe S, Mur L, Van der Stede Y, Herskin M. Welfare of equidae during transport. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07444. [PMID: 36092762 PMCID: PMC9449990 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the framework of its Farm to Fork Strategy, the Commission is undertaking a comprehensive evaluation of animal welfare legislation. This opinion deals with the protection of horses and donkeys during transport. While the opinion focuses primarily on road transport of horses, there are specific sections dealing with the transport of horses on roll-on-roll-off ferries, horses transported by air and the transport of donkeys. In addition, the opinion covers welfare concerns in relation to a specific scenario identified by the European Commission related to the transport of horses on long journeys to slaughterhouses. Current practices related to transport of horses during the different stages (preparation, loading and unloading, transit and the journey breaks) are described. Overall, 13 welfare consequences were identified as being highly relevant for the welfare of horses during transport based on severity, duration and frequency of occurrence: gastro-enteric disorders, handling stress, heat stress, injuries, isolation stress, motion stress, prolonged hunger, prolonged thirst, respiratory disorders, resting problems, restriction of movement, sensory overstimulation and separation stress. These welfare consequences and their animal-based measures are described. A variety of hazards were identified related to factors such as inexperienced/untrained handlers, lack of horse training, structural deficiencies of vehicles/facilities, poor driving skills/conditions, horse separation/regrouping, unfavourable microclimatic and environmental conditions and poor husbandry practices. The opinion contains general and specific conclusions in relation to the different stages of transport. Recommendations to prevent hazards and correct or mitigate welfare consequences have been developed. Recommendations were also developed to define quantitative thresholds for microclimatic conditions within the means of transport and for space allowance. The development of welfare consequences over time was assessed in relation to maximum journey time.
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Humphreys S, Kass PH, Magdesian KG, Goodrich E, Berryhill E. Seasonal variation of endogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations in healthy non-geriatric donkeys in Northern California. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:981920. [PMID: 36032308 PMCID: PMC9412165 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.981920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is often used to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) in horses. The hormone naturally increases in the fall in horses, and donkeys have been found to have higher ACTH concentrations than horses. However, circannual variation of ACTH has not been assessed in donkeys. The objective of the study was to establish seasonal variation of basal plasma ACTH concentrations over the course of a year in clinically healthy, non-geriatric donkeys. It was hypothesized that donkey ACTH concentrations would be higher than those reported in horses without PPID in all seasons, and that, similarly to horses, ACTH concentrations would further increase in the fall months. Twenty-six healthy adult donkeys (10 standards, 16 miniatures), a median (range) of 6 (2–13) years of age, were included. Donkeys were housed at a single location. Serial plasma samples were obtained monthly for 12 months. Plasma ACTH concentrations were determined by immunoassay. Data are presented as median (range), with a P-value < 0.05 considered significant. ACTH concentrations were lowest in the winter and spring [12.8 (5.0–73.6) pg/ml and 12.5 (2.8–62.6) pg/ml, respectively], with an increase in the summer [53.2 (29.7–305.0) pg/ml], and peak in the fall [77.1 (12.4–319.0) pg/ml]. ACTH concentrations were highest in the month of September [122.0 (41.7–319.0) pg/ml]. Donkey ACTH concentrations were higher than equine reference ranges from May through November but showed similar circannual variation with dramatic increases in the fall months. Species-specific reference ranges are necessary for accurate interpretation of endocrinopathy screenings in donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Humphreys
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Philip H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - K. Gary Magdesian
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Erin Goodrich
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Emily Berryhill
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Emily Berryhill
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Dai F, Mazzola S, Cannas S, Heinzl EUL, Padalino B, Minero M, Dalla Costa E. Habituation to Transport Helps Reducing Stress-Related Behavior in Donkeys During Loading. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:593138. [PMID: 33344531 PMCID: PMC7744657 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.593138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adopting proper animal management strategies, including training, might reduce to a substantial extent the adverse effects of transport-related stress in animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of habituation to transport on stress-related behaviors and physiological indicators during loading and unloading in donkeys. Fourteen donkeys were recruited and divided in two treatment groups: Habituation (H; M = 5, F = 2) and Control (C; M = 5, F = 2). H donkeys were gradually habituated to be transported, traveling together with their mothers and other adult donkeys well-accustomed to transport, while C donkeys had never been transported before. Loading and unloading phases were video recorded and behavior was analyzed. Saliva samples for cortisol concentration determination were collected at rest and after unloading. Latency time to load was significantly shorter for H donkeys than C donkeys (Mann-Whitney; p = 0.004). C donkeys also showed significantly more stress-related behaviors (Mann-Whitney; p = 0.026) and required a higher but not statistically significant number of human interventions to load. Cortisol concentration increased in both groups, but no differences were found between them (Mann-Whitney; p > 0.05). These results suggest that habituation to transport could mitigate stress during loading procedures in donkeys reducing loading time, frequency of stress-related behaviors and diminishing the need of human intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Dai
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Mazzola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Cannas
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Padalino
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Minero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Dalla Costa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction and Metabolic Syndrome in Donkeys. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122335. [PMID: 33302557 PMCID: PMC7763272 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Donkeys are one of the six species of the equid family. Even though they may look similar to horses, there are optical, behavioral, and physiological differences between the two species. The most important endocrine diseases in horses (equine metabolic syndrome and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: PPID) also exist in donkeys. The key symptoms of asinine metabolic syndrome (AMS), similar to horses, are obesity, insulin dysregulation, and laminitis. It can be diagnosed with either basal glucose and insulin concentration or dynamic tests. The intravenous glucose tolerance test and the combined glucose insulin tolerance test were evaluated for donkeys. The therapy of AMS is aimed at weight and exercise management. Donkeys suffering from PPID are often laminitic. Other authors have reported on hypertrichosis as a cardinal sign. Donkey-specific differences in shedding compared to horses have to be considered. The PPID can be diagnosed with donkey-specific reference values or dynamic testing. The dexamethasone suppression test, the thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) test, and the combined dexamethasone suppression/TRH test were evaluated for donkeys. Abstract Appropriate medical care for donkeys is challenging despite being important working animals in non-industrialized countries and pets in first world countries. Although the same principles of diagnosis and therapy as in horses are commonly applied, there are differences in reference values and physiologic reaction to dynamic tests. However, donkeys seem to suffer from typical equine diseases, such as metabolic syndrome and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). Asinine metabolic syndrome (AMS) comprises obesity, insulin dysregulation, and laminitis. The principles of diagnosis are similar to horses. Donkey-specific reference ranges for insulin and glucose have been evaluated previously. Examinations regarding dynamic testing revealed differences in the intravenous glucose tolerance test and the combined insulin tolerance test compared to horses. The therapy of AMS is based mainly on weight loss and exercise. There are conflicting data regarding the incidence of PPID in donkeys. Laminitis and hypertrichosis were described as the main clinical signs. Species-specific and seasonal reference ranges were defined to diagnose PPID in donkeys. Furthermore, the dexamethasone suppression test, the thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) test and the combined dexamethasone suppression/TRH test were evaluated. Pergolide is commonly recommended for treatment.
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May Salivary Chromogranin A Act as a Physiological Index of Stress in Transported Donkeys? A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10060972. [PMID: 32503233 PMCID: PMC7341495 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Road transport is known to be a stressful animal husbandry procedure as it induces the activation of two main physiological stress-related pathways: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis and the sympathetic-adrenal medulla axis. This preliminary study aimed to investigate whether salivary chromogranin A (CgA) concentration, known as a biomarker of the sympathetic activity system during psychological stress, may represent a novel physiological index of transportation-induced stress in donkeys. Nineteen Romagnolo donkeys, raised in groups on paddocks, were subject to two transportations, following the farm's routine procedures, for a mean duration of 64 min each on two consecutive days. Salivary samples were gently collected 15 min before and 15 min after each transportation. Salivary CgA was measured by a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. Results showed that CgA salivary levels significantly decreased after both transportations. The physiological mechanisms underlying this result may be related to catestatin activity, a bioactive product of the proteolytic cleavage of CgA, that acts as an inhibitor of catecholamine release. This hypothesis requires further investigation, particularly considering the limited number of subjects involved in this preliminary study. The identification of a reliable and non-invasive stress-marker would represent a useful tool for improving farm animals' welfare in transport conditions.
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Padalino B, Raidal SL. Effects of Transport Conditions on Behavioural and Physiological Responses of Horses. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10010160. [PMID: 31963529 PMCID: PMC7022509 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulations for minimal space and direction of travel for land transport in horses vary worldwide and there is currently no definitive guidance to promote equine health and welfare. This study evaluated the effects of bay size and direction of travel (forwards/backwards) in horses by comparing the behavioural, physiological, laboratory and gastroscopy parameters between transported and confined horses. A total of twenty-six mares took part in the study; 12 horses were confined for 12 h, and all mares underwent 12 hours' transportation, travelling in single (n = 18) or wide bays (n = 8), and forward (n = 10) or rear (n = 16) facing. Behaviour was recorded during confinement/transportation and analysed using a behaviour sampling ethogram. Clinical examination, blood samples and gastroscopy were conducted before and after confinement/transportation. The frequency of behaviours relating to stress and balance increased during transport, and horses transported in a rear-facing position and in a wider bay size showed fewer balance-related behaviours. Balance behaviours, particularly loss of balance, were positively associated with the severity of gastric ulceration after transportation and elevated muscle enzymes, while increased stress behaviours correlated with decreased gastrointestinal sounds. Heart rate and rectal temperature after transportation were positively associated with balance and stress behaviours, and with squamous gastric ulcer scores. Transportation was associated with expected increases in cortisol and muscle enzymes, but positioning and space allowance had minimal effects on these analytes. Findings suggest that transportation in a rear-facing position and in wider bays might reduce the impact of transport on horse health and welfare, and monitoring behaviour in transit and physiological measurements after transportation should be recommended. Behavioural and physiological parameters were more sensitive than haematological, biochemical or endocrine analytes to identify horses suffering from transport stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Padalino
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-2096023
| | - Sharanne L Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Stuart University, Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia;
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Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Donkey Internal Medicine—Part I: Metabolic, Endocrine, and Alimentary Tract Disturbances. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [PMCID: PMC7111315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic and endocrine disturbances are common in donkeys. This species has an inherent ability to thrive with limited and poor-quality roughage. Donkeys are extremely efficient in energy storage and mobilization, which predisposes to hyperlipemia, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of dyslipidemias is higher in donkeys than other equids, which is more evident under stressful conditions. Diagnosis of endocrine and metabolic disorders in donkeys should be based on species-specific information considering that differences in a multitude of variables compared with horses have been demonstrated. Protocols to assess endocrine disorders (e.g., pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and thyroid illness) are unavailable, and extrapolation from horse data can be misleading. Treatment guidelines for these conditions in donkeys are currently not reported. On the other hand, the typical stoic and hardy behavior of donkeys can hinder prompt diagnosis of gastrointestinal problems, specifically colic, which is commonly caused by dental issues in this species. Moreover, subclinical gastric ulcer syndrome appears to be a common pathology in this species, especially in working donkeys. Donkeys are different to horses. Numerous physiological and clinic-pathologic idiosyncrasies are reported in horses. Data published for horses should not be extrapolated for donkeys. Specific reference ranges, doses, and protocols have to be used for donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Mendoza
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
- Corresponding author at: Dr Francisco J. Mendoza, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Ramiro E. Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Alejandro Perez-Ecija
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
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Padalino B, Raidal SL, Knight P, Celi P, Jeffcott L, Muscatello G. Behaviour during transportation predicts stress response and lower airway contamination in horses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194272. [PMID: 29566072 PMCID: PMC5863983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to document the effects of an eight hour journey on behavioural, clinical, haematological, environmental and respiratory parameters, and to identify possible associations between factors. Twelve horses underwent clinical examination, respiratory endoscopy with tracheal wash (TW) aspiration, and collection of venous and arterial blood before (BJ) and after the journey (AJ). TW were submitted for conventional quantitative bacteriological evaluation and genetic microbiome analyses. Behaviour was assessed in stables prior to transportation and throughout the journey. Transportation caused mild, but significant, effects on fluid and electrolyte balance and an acute phase response, characterized by neutrophilia, hyperfibrinogenaemia and hyperglobulinaemia. The proportion of neutrophils in TW, tracheal mucus and TW bacterial concentration was increased AJ, with preferential replication of Pasteurellaceae. Horse behaviour en route predicted clinical and respiratory outcomes. The frequency of stress related behaviours was greatest in the first hour of the journey, and balance-related behaviours were most common in the final hour of the journey. Horses which lowered their heads less frequently en route and showed more stress-related behaviours had higher physiological stress (serum cortisol and heart rate on arrival), increased tracheal mucus and inflammation scores, and higher TW bacterial concentration AJ (P<0.05). Six horses with abnormal lung auscultation AJ proved to have had higher tracheal inflammation scores at preloading (P = 0.017), an overall higher concentration of bacteria in their TW (P = 0.013), and an increased percentage of neutrophils in TW at five days AJ (P = 0.003) in comparison to the other horses. While transport-related health problems are multifactorial, clinical examination, including auscultation and endoscopic inspection of the lower respiratory tract before and after journey, and behavioural observation en route may identify animals at increased risk of transport associated respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Padalino
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, HKSAR
- * E-mail:
| | - Sharanne L. Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Stuart University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Knight
- Discipline of Biomedical Science, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia
| | - Pietro Celi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Leo Jeffcott
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gary Muscatello
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Medica P, Cravana C, Bruschetta G, Ferlazzo A, Fazio E. Breeding season and transport interactions on the pituitary-adrenocortical and biochemical responses of horses. J Vet Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Ge J, Li H, Sun F, Li XN, Lin J, Xia J, Zhang C, Li JL. Transport stress-induced cerebrum oxidative stress is not mitigated by activating the Nrf2 antioxidant defense response in newly hatched chicks. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:2871-2878. [PMID: 28727098 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transportation of newly hatched chicks from the hatchery to the farm is inevitable, especially for parent stock and grandsire parent stock chicks. However, the possible effects of transport stress in the newly hatched chicks are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the adaptive responses to transport stress by activing the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-induced antioxidant defense. One hundred twenty newly hatched chicks were divided into 3 groups (control group, transport group, and simulation transport group) for 2, 4, and 8 h of real or simulated transportation. Transport stress could cause oxidative stress in the cerebrum of newly hatched chicks by increasing lipid peroxidation and production of free radicals and decreasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the glutathione:oxidized glutathione ratio. Transport stress activated the Nrf2 signaling pathway and triggered the transcription of antioxidant parameters. However, transport stress-induced cerebrum oxidative stress was not mitigated by activating the Nrf2 antioxidant defense response in newly hatched chicks.
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Immunological, clinical, haematological and oxidative responses to long distance transportation in horses. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:78-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Medica P, Bruschetta G, Cravana C, Ferlazzo A, Fazio E. Effect of transportation on the sympatho-adrenal system responses in horses. Res Vet Sci 2017; 125:401-404. [PMID: 29126628 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of current study was to evaluate the effect of transportation stress on the circulating adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) responses of stallions, according to the different distances. Forty-two stallions were studied before and after road transportation of 100, 200 and 300km, for a period of 1-3h. An increase in plasma A after 100km (P<0.001) was observed. A similar result was seen in plasma NA after 100km (P<0.001), and 300km (P<0.001). Increases in plasma DA after 100 and 200km (P<0.0001) were observed, with a decrease after 300km (P<0.0001). Significant interactions among groups and times for A (P<0.0001), NA (P<0.0006) and DA (P<0.0001) changes were observed. These results indicate that the sympatho-adrenal system response of horses was greater after short (100km), than medium-longer period of transportation (200 and 300km). This may indicate an adaptation process during transport, considering A and NA as the primary candidate neurotransmitters for the maintenance of homeostatic process to alleviate the effects of the perceived transportation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Bruschetta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Biochemistry, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Cravana
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Adriana Ferlazzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
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18
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Rota A, Sgorbini M, Panzani D, Bonelli F, Baragli P, Ille N, Gatta D, Sighieri C, Casini L, Maggiorelli MM, Aurich C, Camillo F. Effect of housing system on reproductive behaviour and on some endocrinological and seminal parameters of donkey stallions. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 53:40-47. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Rota
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - M Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - D Panzani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - F Bonelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - P Baragli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - N Ille
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer; Department for Small Animals and Horses; Vetmeduni Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - D Gatta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - C Sighieri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - L Casini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - MM Maggiorelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - C Aurich
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer; Department for Small Animals and Horses; Vetmeduni Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - F Camillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
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Pearson W, MacNicol J. Acute Effects of a Single-Dose Nutritional Product on Stress Response and Task Completion in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Padalino B, Raidal SL, Hall E, Knight P, Celi P, Jeffcott L, Muscatello G. Risk factors in equine transport-related health problems: A survey of the Australian equine industry. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:507-511. [PMID: 27564584 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transportation can affect equine health and is a potential source of economic loss to the industry. OBJECTIVES To identify journey (duration, vehicle, commercial or noncommercial) and horse (sex, age, breed, use, amateur or professional status) characteristics associated with the development of transport-related health problems in horses. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional online survey. METHODS An online survey was conducted targeting amateur and professional participants in the Australian equine industry; eligible respondents were required to organise horse movements at least monthly. Respondents provided details of the last case of a transport-related health problem that had affected their horse(s). Associations between type of health problem, journey and horse characteristics were examined with multivariable multinomial regression analysis. RESULTS Based on 214 responses, health problems were classified as injuries, muscular problems, heat stroke, gastrointestinal and respiratory problems, and death or euthanasia. Respiratory problems were reported most frequently (33.7%), followed by gastrointestinal problems (23.8%) and traumatic injuries (16.3%). The type of health problem was associated with journey duration (P<0.001) and horse breed (P = 0.001). Injuries were more likely to occur on short journeys, whereas more severe illnesses (gastrointestinal and respiratory problems, and death or euthanasia) were more likely to occur on long journeys. Using Standardbreds as the reference group, Thoroughbreds, Arabians and Warmbloods were more likely to experience a severe illness than an injury. MAIN LIMITATIONS Self-selected participation in the study and the self-reported nature of transport-related problems. CONCLUSIONS Horses undertaking journeys of longer than 24 h are at greater risk for the development of severe disease or death. Further studies on long-haul transportation effects are required to safeguard the welfare of horses moved over long distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Padalino
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S L Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - E Hall
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P Knight
- Discipline of Biomedical Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P Celi
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Columbia, Maryland, USA.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - L Jeffcott
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G Muscatello
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
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Padalino B, Raidal SL, Hall E, Knight P, Celi P, Jeffcott L, Muscatello G. Survey of horse transportation in Australia: issues and practices. Aust Vet J 2016; 94:349-57. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Padalino
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Sydney; 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570 New South Wales Australia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; The University of Bari; Italy
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga NSW Australia
| | - SL Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga NSW Australia
| | - E Hall
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Sydney; 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570 New South Wales Australia
| | - P Knight
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health; Columbia MD USA
| | - P Celi
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Parkville VIC Australia
- Discipline of Biomedical Science, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; NSW Australia
| | - L Jeffcott
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Sydney; 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570 New South Wales Australia
| | - G Muscatello
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Sydney; 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570 New South Wales Australia
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Comparative Exploration of the β-endorphin, Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone, and Cortisol Patterns' Response to Simulated and Conventional Transportations of Stallions ( Equus caballus ). J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Fazio E, Medica P, Cravana C, Ferlazzo AA. Pituitary-adrenocortical adjustments to transport stress in horses with previous different handling and transport conditions. Vet World 2016; 9:856-61. [PMID: 27651674 PMCID: PMC5021835 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.856-861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The changes of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis response to a long distance transportation results in increase of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels. The purpose of the study was to quantify the level of short-term road transport stress on circulating ACTH and cortisol concentrations, related to the effect of previous handling and transport experience of horses. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on 56 healthy horses after short-term road transport of 30 km. The horses were divided into four groups, Groups A, B, C, and D, with respect to the handling quality: Good (Groups A and B), bad (Group D), and minimal handling (Group C) conditions. According to the previous transport, experience horses were divided as follows: Horses of Groups A and D had been experienced long-distance transportation before; horses of Groups B and C had been limited experience of transportation. Results: One-way RM-ANOVA showed significant effects of transport on ACTH changes in Groups B and C and on cortisol changes in both Groups A and B. Groups A and B showed lower baseline ACTH and cortisol values than Groups C and D; Groups A and B showed lower post-transport ACTH values than Groups C and D. Groups A, B, and C showed lower post-transport cortisol values than Group D. Only Groups A and B horses have shown an adequate capacity of stress response to transportation. Conclusion: The previous transport experience and quality of handling could influence the HPA axis physiological responses of horses after short-term road transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - P Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - C Cravana
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - And A Ferlazzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Voigt M, Hiney K, Croney C, Waite K, Borron A, Brady C. Show Horse Welfare: The Viewpoints of Judges, Stewards, and Show Managers. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2016; 19:183-97. [PMID: 26742585 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2015.1121816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the current state of stock-type show horse welfare based on the perceptions of show officials and to identify potential means of preventing and intervening in compromises to show horse welfare. Thirteen horse show officials, including judges, stewards, and show managers, were interviewed. Findings revealed the officials had an incomplete understanding of nonhuman animal welfare and a high level of concern regarding the public's perception of show horse welfare. The officials attributed most of the frequently observed compromises to show horse welfare to (a) novices', amateurs', and young trainers' lack of experience or expertise, and (b) trainers' and owners' unrealistic expectations and prioritization of winning over horse welfare. The officials emphasized a need for distribution of responsibility among associations, officials, and individuals within the industry. Although the officials noted recent observable positive changes in the industry, they emphasized the need for continued improvements in equine welfare and greater educational opportunities for stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Voigt
- a Department of Youth Development and Agricultural Education , Purdue University
| | - Kristina Hiney
- b Department of Animal Science , Oklahoma State University
| | | | - Karen Waite
- d Department of Animal Science , Michigan State University
| | - Abigail Borron
- a Department of Youth Development and Agricultural Education , Purdue University
| | - Colleen Brady
- a Department of Youth Development and Agricultural Education , Purdue University
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Fazio E, Medica P, Cravana C, Ferlazzo A. Comparative Effects of Simulated and Conventional Transportations on the Thyroid Response of Stallions (Equus caballus). J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-sixth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2013 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia; stress and social status; tolerance and dependence; learning and memory; eating and drinking; alcohol and drugs of abuse; sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology; mental illness and mood; seizures and neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity and neurophysiology; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Tharwat M, Al-Sobayil F. Influence of Transportation on the Serum Concentrations of the Cardiac Biomarkers Troponin I and Creatine Kinase-myocardial Band (CK-MB) and on Cortisol and Lactate in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Embryo transfer (ET) is an accepted and successful technique for obtaining foals from mares without interrupting their competition careers. Recent research, however, suggests that the potential of factors including heat, exercise, repeated embryo flushing and repeated manipulation of the reproductive cycle using exogenous hormones to have a negative impact on fertility may have been underestimated. This paper reviews the evidence base for involvement of these factors in repeated failures to recover embryos from nongeriatric competition mares without obvious clinical or pathological indications of reproductive abnormalities. It concludes that, for some mares at least, a cessation of exercise for the periovulatory period and the period between ovulation and embryo flushing, combined with careful management of flushing-induced endometritis, and minimal hormonal manipulation of the reproductive cycle, may be necessary to optimise embryo recovery rates. Mare owners may have been encouraged to request ET for their mares following high-profile examples in the media of elite mares that have produced foals by ET whilst competing. The veterinarian should educate mare owners about the multiple factors that may affect the chances of recovering an embryo from their mares, and should manage the expectations of mare owners so that they do not approach ET programmes in the expectation that there will be no disruption to their training and competition plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L H Campbell
- Department of Production and Population Health, The Royal Veterinary College North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
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Kędzierski W, Cywińska A, Strzelec K, Kowalik S. Changes in salivary and plasma cortisol levels in Purebred Arabian horses during race training session. Anim Sci J 2013; 85:313-7. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Witold Kędzierski
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Physiology; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Lublin Poland
| | - Anna Cywińska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostic; Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW; Warszawa Poland
| | - Katarzyna Strzelec
- Department of Horse Breeding and Use; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Lublin Poland
| | - Sylwester Kowalik
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Physiology; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Lublin Poland
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