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Liatis T, Madden M, Marioni‐Henry K. Bruxism in awake dogs as a clinical sign of forebrain disease: 4 cases. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 36:2132-2141. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theofanis Liatis
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College University of London Hatfield UK
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh Midlothian UK
| | - Megan Madden
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh Midlothian UK
| | - Katia Marioni‐Henry
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh Midlothian UK
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2
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Stewart HL, Siewerdsen JH, Nelson BB, Kawcak CE. Use of cone-beam computed tomography for advanced imaging of the equine patient. Equine Vet J 2021; 53:872-885. [PMID: 34053096 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Access to volumetric imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT), has increased over the past decade and has revolutionised the way clinicians evaluate equine anatomy. More recent advancements have resulted in the development of multiple commercially available cone-beam CT (CBCT) scanners for equine use. CBCT scanners modify the traditional fan-shaped beam of ionising radiation into a three-dimensional pyramidal- or cone-shaped beam of radiation. This modification enables the scanner to acquire sufficient data to create diagnostic images of a region of interest after a single rotation of the gantry. The rapid acquisition of data and divergent X-ray beam causes some artifacts to be more prominent on CBCT images-as well as the unique cone-beam artifact-resulting in decreased contrast resolution. While the use of CT for evaluation of the equine musculoskeletal anatomy is not new, there is a paucity of literature and scientific studies on the capabilities of CBCT for equine imaging. CBCT units do not require a specialised table for imaging and in some cases are portable for imaging in the standing or anaesthetised patient. This review article summarises the basic physics of CT technology, including how CBCT imaging differs, and provides objective information about the strengths and limitations of this modality. Finally, potential future applications and techniques for imaging with CT which will need to be explored in order to fully consider the capabilities of CT imaging in the horse are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Stewart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jeffery H Siewerdsen
- The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brad B Nelson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christopher E Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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3
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Schmidt MJ, Knemeyer C, Heinsen H. Neuroanatomy of the equine brain as revealed by high-field (3Tesla) magnetic-resonance-imaging. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213814. [PMID: 30933986 PMCID: PMC6443180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the morphology of the horse brain (Equus caballus) is decribed in detail using high field MRI. The study includes sagittal, dorsal, and transverse T2-weighted images at 0.25 mm resolution at 3 Tesla and 3D models of the brain presenting the external morphology of the brain. Representative gallocyanin stained histological slides of the same brain are presented. The images represent a useful tool for MR image interpretation in horses and may serve as a starting point for further research aiming at in vivo analysis in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Schmidt
- Small Animal Clinic–Neurosurgery, Neuroradiology and Clinical Neurology, Justus Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Carola Knemeyer
- Small Animal Clinic–Neurosurgery, Neuroradiology and Clinical Neurology, Justus Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Helmut Heinsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Mental Health Center, University Hospital, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Artifact Induced by a Transponder During In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging on Horse Brain. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 77:63-67. [PMID: 31133318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is now widely used in equine veterinary practice. However, the mandatory European legislation regarding horse identification imposes the implantation of a transponder within the fatty tissue of the neck cervical ligament. While performing brain MRI for scientific purposes in ponies, we faced artifacts produced by such transponder and reported here this problem. Indeed, pony mares were anesthetized for 2 hours and placed, bedded on their back, in a 3T MRI scanner. A four-element flexible antenna positioned around the head was used. Three MRI sequences were performed on each animal: three-dimensional T1, three-dimensional T2, and two-dimensional T1. The anesthesia allowed the acquisition of MRI for 2 hours. The images for the three MRI sequences for each pony exhibited great quality on all the anterior parts of the brain but began to become distorted posteriorly to the pineal pituitary axis and completely disappeared at the level of the cerebellum. To find the origin of the artifact, the transponder used for the identification of the animal was inserted in an inert gel and imaged in the same conditions as the ponies. The images obtained looked similar to the observed artifact. Our study thus advocates for the further exploration of such kind of artifact when using 3T MRI in brain imaging in horses.
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Manso-Díaz G, Dyson SJ, Dennis R, García-López JM, Biggi M, García-Real MI, San Román F, Taeymans O. Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of equine head disorders: 84 cases (2000-2013). Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 56:176-87. [PMID: 25139131 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The equine head is an anatomically complex area, therefore advanced tomographic imaging techniques, such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are often required for diagnosis and treatment planning. The purpose of this multicenter retrospective study was to describe MRI characteristics for a large sample of horses with head disorders. Horses imaged over a period of 13 years were recruited. Eighty-four horses met the inclusion criteria, having neurological (n = 65), sinonasal (n = 14), and soft tissue (n = 5) disorders. Magnetic resonance imaging accurately depicted the anatomy and allowed identification of the primary lesion and associated changes. There were good correlations between MRI findings and intraoperative or postmortem results. Magnetic resonance imaging showed the exact localization of the lesions, their size, and relation to surrounding structures. However, in the neurological group, there were 45 horses with no MRI abnormalities, 29 of which had a history of recurrent seizures, related to cryptogenic epilepsy. Magnetic resonance imaging was otherwise a valuable diagnostic tool, and can be used for studying a broad range of head disorders using either low-field or high-field magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Manso-Díaz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- S. P. Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging; University of Georgia - College of Veterinary Medicine; Hagyard Equine Medical Institute; Georgia Kentucky USA
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De Zani D, Zani DD, Binanti D, Riccaboni P, Rondena M, Di Giancamillo M. Magnetic resonance features of closed head trauma in two foals. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. De Zani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie - Reparto di Radiologia; Università degli Studi di Milano; Azienda Polo Veterinario di Lodi; Lodi; Italy
| | - D. D. Zani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie - Reparto di Radiologia; Università degli Studi di Milano; Azienda Polo Veterinario di Lodi; Lodi; Italy
| | - D. Binanti
- Dipartimento di Patologia; Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria; Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria; Università degli Studi di Milano; Azienda Polo Veterinario di Lodi; Lodi; Italy
| | - P. Riccaboni
- Dipartimento di Patologia; Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria; Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria; Università degli Studi di Milano; Azienda Polo Veterinario di Lodi; Lodi; Italy
| | | | - M. Di Giancamillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie - Reparto di Radiologia; Università degli Studi di Milano; Azienda Polo Veterinario di Lodi; Lodi; Italy
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Elliott CRB, McCowan CI. Nigropallidal encephalomalacia in horses grazing Rhaponticum repens (creeping knapweed). Aust Vet J 2012; 90:151-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Scrivani PV. Advanced Imaging of the Nervous System in the Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2011; 27:439-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Dawson DR. Toxins and adverse drug reactions affecting the equine nervous system. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2011; 27:507-26. [PMID: 22100042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the more common toxins and adverse drug reactions, along with more rare toxins and reactions (Table 1), that result in neurologic dysfunction in horses. A wide variety of symptoms, treatments, and outcomes are seen with toxic neurologic disease in horses. An in-depth history and thorough physical examination are needed to determine if a toxin or adverse drug reaction is responsible for the clinical signs. Once a toxin or adverse drug reaction is identified, the specific antidote, if available, and supportive care should be administered promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic R Dawson
- William Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, One Garrod Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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11
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Chang HT, Rumbeiha WK, Patterson JS, Puschner B, Knight AP. Toxic Equine Parkinsonism: An Immunohistochemical Study of 10 Horses With Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:398-402. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985811406885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic ingestion of yellow star thistle ( Centaurea solstitialis) or Russian knapweed ( Acroptilon repens) causes nigropallidal encephalomalacia (NPE) in horses with an abrupt onset of neurologic signs characterized by dystonia of lips and tongue, inability to prehend food, depression, and locomotor deficits. The objectives of this study were to reexamine the pathologic alterations of NPE and to conduct an immunohistochemistry study using antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase and α-synuclein, to determine whether NPE brains show histopathologic features resembling those in human Parkinson disease. Results confirm that the NPE lesions are located within the substantia nigra pars reticulata, sparing the cell bodies of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and in the rostral portion of the globus pallidus, with partial disruption of dopaminergic (tyrosine hydroxylase–positive) fibers passing through the globus pallidus. No abnormal cytoplasmic inclusions like the Lewy bodies of human Parkinson disease were seen in these NPE brains. These findings indicate that equine NPE may serve as a large animal model of environmentally acquired toxic parkinsonism, with clinical phenotype directly attributable to lesions in globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata rather than to the destruction of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. T. Chang
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - W. K. Rumbeiha
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - J. S. Patterson
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - B. Puschner
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Toxicology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - A. P. Knight
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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12
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Naylor RJ, Dunkel B, Dyson S, Paz-Penuelas MP, Dobson J. A retrobulbar meningioma as a cause of unilateral exophthalmos and blindness in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0957-7734.2010.00112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Schenk HC, Ganter M, Seehusen F, Schroeder C, Gerdwilker A, Baumgaertner W, Tipold A. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Metabolic and Toxic Disorders of 3 Small Ruminants. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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15
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Kneissl S, Probst A. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF PRESUMED NORMAL HEAD AND NECK LYMPH NODES IN DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2006; 47:538-41. [PMID: 17153061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2006.00182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To document the magnetic resonance imaging appearance of presumed normal lymph nodes of the head and neck in the dog, 91 studies of dogs with no detectable disease in the head acquired on a low-field unit were reviewed. If lymph nodes were imaged, symmetry, signal intensity, homogeneity, and size as well as the relation to the surrounding fat were noted. To improve the description of lymph node topography, we used corresponding E12 plastinated embedded sections of a dog. Compared with surrounding fat, lymph nodes were hypointense in T1 images. In T1-weighted images after intravenous contrast medium lymph nodes were isointense. In T2-weighted images, lymph nodes were slightly hypointense to surrounding fat. In T1 and T2 images, a hypointense band, created by the chemical shift artifact, could be seen at the lymph node-fat boundary along the frequency encoding gradient. In some dogs the lymph node hilus was characterized by vessels indenting the capsule of the lymph node. The facial vein is a consistent landmark to identify mandibular lymph nodes, and the mandibular salivary gland is a useful landmark to localize the medial pharyngeal lymph nodes. The parotid salivary gland or the external acoustic meatus were useful markers to identify the parotid lymph nodes, which were not consistently seen. In some dogs, nodules within the lymphoreticular tissue of the soft palate were seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Kneissl
- Department for Diagnostic Imaging, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Moret S, Populin T, Conte LS, Cosens G. HPLC determination of free nitrogenous compounds of Centaurea solstitialis (Asteraceae), the cause of equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia. Toxicon 2005; 46:651-7. [PMID: 16112158 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Centaurea solstitialis (yellow star thistle) has been proven to cause equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia in horses. Over the last fifty years, nigropallidal encephalomalacia has been of interest to human medicine due to the possible connection with Parkinson's disease. Previous studies indicated the presence of neurotoxic nitrogenous compounds in polar extracts of the plant. In order to give a more detailed description of the nitrogen-containing fraction of C. solstitialis, various samples were collected at different development stages. Different aliquots of the same aqueous extract were directly derivatized with o-phthaldialdehyde and dansyl chloride and analyzed separately by reversed-phase HPLC. A complete profile of the free nitrogenous fraction of C. solstitialis was given and results obtained with the two derivatization procedures were compared. No particularly high level of free aspartic and glutamic acids, two potent neuroexcitotoxic amino acids, were found in polar extracts of the plant. Tyramine resulted to be the most important biologically active amine present in C. solstitialis (with a mean concentration of 2.0 mg/100 g of dry weight).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Moret
- Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Via Marangoni 97, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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Audigié F, Tapprest J, George C, Didierlaurent D, Foucher N, Faurie F, Houssin M, Denoix JM. Magnetic resonance imaging of a brain abscess in a 10-month-old filly. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2004; 45:210-5. [PMID: 15200257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to correlate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of a mature brain abscess in a horse with histopathologic alterations of brain tissue. Eight months after the onset of clinical signs, MRI of the brain of a 10-month-old filly was performed. A large space-occupying lesion in the right cerebral hemisphere was identified. This space-occupying lesion was delineated by a thick and well-defined capsule that was isointense to brain parenchyma on the T1-weighted images and with a markedly hypointense on the T2-weighted images. The identification of such a capsule is highly diagnostic of a mature brain abscess. The lesion seen on MR images was confirmed at necropsy where a large abscess of the right hemisphere was observed. Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from the abscess. Based on histopathologic examination, the signal characteristics of the capsule on T1-weighted and T2-weighted images were found to be due to the presence of numerous hemosiderin-laden macrophages. These results are in agreement with previous studies on human patients. This report confirms the value of MRI in the diagnosis of equine brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Audigié
- CIRALE-IPC, UMR Biomécanique et Pathologie Locomotrice du Cheval, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, RN 175, 14430 Goustranville, France
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Wijnberg ID, van der Kolk JH, Franssen H, Breukink HJ. Needle electromyography in the horse compared with its principles in man: a review. Equine Vet J 2003; 35:9-17. [PMID: 12553457 DOI: 10.2746/042516403775467414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I D Wijnberg
- Department of Equine Sciences, Internal Medicine Section, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 16, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ferrell EA, Gavin PR, Tucker RL, Sellon DC, Hines MT. Magnetic resonance for evaluation of neurologic disease in 12 horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2002; 43:510-6. [PMID: 12502103 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used as a neurodiagnostic modality in the assessment of 12 horses with neurologic disease localized cranial to the foramen magnum. This retrospective study included a mixed population of horse breeds and consisted of three foals and nine adult horses. MR sequences of the head and central nervous system of each horse were acquired. Routine MR sequences included transverse T1 weighted (T1wt), T2 weighted (T2wt), and proton density images. Additional imaging sequences were obtained on a patient-dependent basis. Eight neurologic related diseases were diagnosed. MRI imaging of the horse head is a feasible and valuable neurodiagnostic modality in the assessment of equine neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Ferrell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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