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Miyagi H, Townsend KL, Ettinger AM, Russell DS, Colee JC, Newsom LE. Correlation between computed tomography and histological evaluation of nodal metastasis in dogs with mast cell tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2024; 22:49-56. [PMID: 38043517 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of nodal metastasis has been shown to impact prognosis for dogs with mast cell tumours (MCT). The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the correlation between computed tomographic characteristics of lymph nodes and histologic nodal metastasis using the HN classification system, in dogs with cutaneous or subcutaneous MCT and regional lymph node(s) removal. Dogs that had removal of MCT and regional lymphadenectomy within 31 days of the initial staging computed tomography (CT) were enrolled. Subjective lymph node characteristics used included margination, loss of fat at hilus, shape of margin, perinodal fat pattern, increase in number of nodes, and pre- and post-contrast heterogeneity. Enhancement, heterogeneity, and short-long axis ratio were calculated. Seventy-one lymph nodes from 37 dogs were included. Generalised linear mixed model of assessment of lymph node was performed twice, with binary outcome [non-metastatic (HN0/1) versus metastatic (HN2/3)] and 4-point scales (HN0-HN3). After blind assessment of 7 characteristics described above, a final subjective interpretation of each lymph node as non-metastatic or metastatic was assigned. A significant correlation was found between final interpretation and prediction of metastasis. Higher HN classification was also significantly correlated with the increased number of nodes and pre- and post-contrast heterogeneity. No correlation was found in short-long axis ratio, calculated heterogeneity, or degree of enhancement. Sensitivity of CT was 35.7%, specificity was 96.6%, and accuracy was 60.5% for nodal metastasis. CT alone cannot be recommended for assessment of metastasis. The use of multiple computed tomographic characteristics may increase accuracy of nodal metastasis detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Miyagi
- The Department of Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Katy L Townsend
- The Department of Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Alyssa Michael Ettinger
- The Department of Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Duncan S Russell
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - James C Colee
- Institute of Farm and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Consulting Unit, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lauren Elizabeth Newsom
- The Department of Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Griffin LR, Frank C, Rao S, Seguin B. Lymphotropic nanoparticle magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing metastatic lymph nodes in dogs with malignant head and neck tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:427-436. [PMID: 37186437 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lymphotropic nanoparticle magnetic resonance imaging (LNMRI) utilises ultrasmall paramagnetic iron nanoparticles (USPIOs) for imaging of metastatic lymph nodes in patients afflicted with cancer. LNMRI has been shown to be a highly effective and accurate way to diagnose metastasis in humans but has not been commonly reported on in veterinary medicine. USPIOs are phagocytised by macrophages and then localised to lymph nodes where they create a susceptibility artefact on gradient echo MRI sequences. In this study dogs (n = 24) with naturally occurring head and neck tumours were imaged with LNMRI then had mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes extirpated for histological analysis. Subjective and objective analysis of the LNMRI images was performed and imaging results compared to histology as the gold standard. A total of 149 lymph nodes were included in this study. The overall sensitivity, specificity and accuracy was 64%, 94.4% and 89.3% respectively. However, if dogs with mast cell tumours were excluded from analysis the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rose to 85.7%, 95.7% and 94.6%. LNMRI is potentially an accurate way to determine the presence of lymph node metastasis in dogs with some types of head and neck tumours. However, LNMRI has only moderate accuracy in dogs with oral or mucocutaneous mast cell tumours in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn R Griffin
- Environmental and Radiological Health Science Department, Colorado State Univeristy, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Chad Frank
- Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sangeeta Rao
- Animal Population Health Institute and Clinical Sciences Department, Colorado State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Bernard Seguin
- Clinical Sciences Department and Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Ichimata M, Kagawa Y, Namiki K, Toshima A, Nakano Y, Matsuyama F, Fukazawa E, Harada K, Katayama R, Kobayashi T. Prognosis of primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma after surgical resection in small-breed dogs: 52 cases (2005-2021). J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1466-1474. [PMID: 37226683 PMCID: PMC10365062 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor size is an important prognostic factor in lung cancer in dogs, and the canine lung carcinoma stage classification (CLCSC) recently has been proposed to subdivide tumor sizes. It is unclear if the same classification scheme can be used for small-breed dogs. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the tumor size classification of CLCS is prognostic for survival and progression outcomes in small-breed dogs with surgically resected pulmonary adenocarcinomas (PACs). ANIMALS Fifty-two client-owned small-breed dogs with PAC. METHODS Single-center retrospective cohort study conducted between 2005 and 2021. Medical records of dogs weighing <15 kg with surgically resected lung masses histologically diagnosed as PAC were examined. RESULTS The numbers of dogs with tumor size ≤3 cm, >3 cm to ≤5 cm, >5 cm to ≤7 cm, or >7 cm were 15, 18, 14, and 5, respectively. The median progression-free interval (PFI) and overall survival time (OST) were 754 and 716 days, respectively. In univariable analysis, clinical signs, lymph node metastasis, margin, and histologic grade were associated with PFI, and age, clinical signs, margin, and lymph node metastasis were associated with OST. Tumor size classification of CLCS was associated with PFI in all categories, and tumor size >7 cm was associated with OST. In multivariable analysis, tumor size >5 cm to ≤7 cm and margin were associated with PFI, and age was associated with OST. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The tumor size classification of CLCS would be an important prognostic factor in small-breed dogs with surgically resected PACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanao Ichimata
- Japan Small Animal Cancer Center, Public Interest Incorporated Foundation Japan Small Animal Medical CenterTokorozawaSaitamaJapan
| | | | | | - Atsushi Toshima
- Public Interest Incorporated Foundation Japan Small Animal Medical CenterTokorozawaSaitamaJapan
| | - Yuko Nakano
- Veterinary Cancer Center, Hayashiya Animal Hospital, UjiKyotoJapan
| | - Fukiko Matsuyama
- Japan Small Animal Cancer Center, Public Interest Incorporated Foundation Japan Small Animal Medical CenterTokorozawaSaitamaJapan
| | - Eri Fukazawa
- Japan Small Animal Cancer Center, Public Interest Incorporated Foundation Japan Small Animal Medical CenterTokorozawaSaitamaJapan
| | - Kei Harada
- Japan Small Animal Cancer Center, Public Interest Incorporated Foundation Japan Small Animal Medical CenterTokorozawaSaitamaJapan
| | - Ryuzo Katayama
- Japan Small Animal Cancer Center, Public Interest Incorporated Foundation Japan Small Animal Medical CenterTokorozawaSaitamaJapan
| | - Tetsuya Kobayashi
- Japan Small Animal Cancer Center, Public Interest Incorporated Foundation Japan Small Animal Medical CenterTokorozawaSaitamaJapan
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Sakurai N, Ishigaki K, Terai K, Heishima T, Okada K, Yoshida O, Kagawa Y, Asano K. Impact of near-infrared fluorescence imaging with indocyanine green on the surgical treatment of pulmonary masses in dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1018263. [PMID: 36825232 PMCID: PMC9942240 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1018263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the intraoperative identification and complete resection of pulmonary masses, and to evaluate lymph node metastasis of pulmonary malignant tumors in dogs using indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging. Methods Forty dogs with pulmonary masses were included, all of which underwent surgical treatment. ICG fluorescence imaging was performed on pulmonary masses before lobectomy and the resection margins after lobectomy. In addition, ICG fluorescence of the excised masses and lymph nodes was evaluated in the shaded box. The fluorescence findings were compared with the histopathological diagnosis. Results Of 44 nodules resected from 40 dogs, 32 nodules were histopathologically diagnosed as lung adenocarcinoma, five were histiocytic sarcoma, three were undifferentiated sarcoma, two were malignant epithelial tumor metastases, one was carcinosarcoma, and one was a non-neoplastic lesion. Fluorescence was observed in all nodules. In addition to the main lesion, other fluorescent nodules were found in four dogs. Regarding the diagnostic accuracy of complete resection based on ICG fluorescence, the sensitivity was 67.7% and the specificity was 60.0%. The sensitivity and specificity of ICG fluorescence for the diagnosis of lymph node metastasis were 100 and 75.0%, respectively. Conclusions ICG fluorescence imaging might be a useful intraoperative diagnostic method to identify the location of tumors and lymph node metastasis, but not to evaluate complete tumor resection, in dogs with pulmonary malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sakurai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ishigaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Terai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Heishima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | | | - Orie Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | | | - Kazushi Asano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan,*Correspondence: Kazushi Asano ✉
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Cordella A, Saunders J, Stock E. Sternal lymphadenopathy in dogs with malignancy in different localizations: A CT retrospective study of 60 cases. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1019196. [PMID: 36337196 PMCID: PMC9634218 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1019196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sternal lymph nodes (SLNs) drain a multitude of regions in dogs, including the pectoral and shoulder region, the thoracic wall and mammary glands, the mediastinum, thymus, diaphragm, and the ventral abdominal wall and peritoneal cavity. Neoplastic conditions of these regions can lead to sternal lymphadenopathy. The aim of this study was to assess the most frequent localizations of the primary neoplasia and the most frequent tumor types in dogs with sternal lymphadenopathy. Computed tomographic (CT) characteristics of SLNs in dogs with confirmed neoplasia were also described. For this single-center retrospective descriptive study, dogs with sternal lymphadenopathy and cytological or histological diagnosis of neoplasia were included. Sixty dogs fulfilled the inclusion criteria: 30 (50%) with thoracic neoplasia, 19 (32%) with abdominal neoplasia, 6 (10%) with neoplasia of the front limbs and 5 (8%) with generalized neoplasia. Based on the cytological/histological diagnosis of the primary neoplasia, 31/60 (52%) dogs presented with a sarcoma, 15/60 (25%) with carcinoma, and 14/60 (23%) with round cell tumor. The presence of heterogeneous contrast enhancement was more frequent in dogs with sarcoma, while the concomitant presence of other abnormal lymph nodes was more frequent in dogs with round cell neoplasia. Tumors of different types and in different location can result in sternal lymphadenopathy in dogs. The most frequent in this study were thoracic and abdominal neoplasia, followed by neoplasia of the shoulder region. Sarcoma was the most common tumor type detected in this study, and the main CT characteristic of the SLNs in case of sarcoma was heterogeneous contrast enhancement.
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Plavec T, Žagar Ž, Kessler M. Klinisch-pathologische Befunde, postoperative Überlebenszeiten und prognostische Faktoren bei Hunden mit primären Lungenkarzinomen. TIERÄRZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE K: KLEINTIERE / HEIMTIERE 2022; 50:317-328. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1949-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Einleitung Primäre Karzinome der Lunge (PLK) beim Hund sind selten, ihre Behandlung erfolgt chirurgisch. Ziel dieser Studie war die Untersuchung klinisch-pathologischer Befunde, postoperativer medianer Überlebenszeiten (mÜZ) und prognostischer Faktoren.
Material und Methoden Retrospektive Auswertung von 61 Hunden mit 62 PLK, die zwischen 2007 und 2017 chirurgisch behandelt wurden. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte mittels Kaplan-Meier und Logrank Methoden.
Ergebnisse Von 62 PLKs lagen 35 (56 %) peripher im Lungenlappen, 21 (34 %) hilusnah und 6 (10 %) betrafen den gesamten Lungenlappen. In 49 Fällen lagen differenzierte Adenokarzinome vor; niedrig differenzierte bzw. anaplastische Karzinome (n = 10) und Plattenepithelkarzinome (n = 2) waren deutlich seltener. Eine Prädisposition für bestimmte Lungenlappen war nicht nachzuweisen. Dreizehn (21 %) Patienten zeigten keine und 10 (16 %) nur unspezifische, nicht auf den Respirationstrakt hinweisende Symptome. Insgesamt zeigten 48 (79 %) Hunde klinische Symptome wie Husten, Dyspnoe, Lethargie, Gewichtsverlust, Leistungsschwäche, Erbrechen und/oder Fieber. Die tracheobronchialen Lymphknoten (TBLN) waren in 9 von 51 untersuchten Fällen histologisch positiv für Metastasierung (N1) und negativ (N0) in 42 Fällen (nicht untersucht n = 10). Daten zum Langzeitverlauf waren für 50 Patienten verfügbar. Prognostisch relevante Variablen waren Lymphknotenmetastasierung in die TBLN (mÜZ: N1 41 Tage, N0 570 Tage; p < 0,01), Lungenmetastasen (mÜZ: M1 125 Tage, M0 630 Tage; p < 0,01), histologischer Subtyp (mÜZ: differenzierte Karzinome 620 Tage; andere Karzinome 135 Tage; p < 0,01), Tumordurchmesser größer als 3 cm (mÜZ < 3 cm 1155 Tage, ≥ 3 cm 330 Tage; p = 0,02) und Tumorlokalisation (mÜZ: hilusnah 330 Tage, peripher 650 Tage; p = 0,04).
Schlussfolgerung Beim PLK sind TBLN Status, Organmetastasen, Tumorlokalisation, histologischer Subtyp und Tumorgröße prognostisch relevante Kriterien. Hunde ohne prognostisch negative Faktoren können lange Überlebenszeiten aufweisen. In mehr als einem Drittel der Fälle bleiben die Tumoren asymptomatisch (21 %) bzw. ohne respirationstraktspezifische (16 %) Symptome.
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Guillem JS, Schiborra F, Rossanese M, Maddox TW, Mortier JR. Prevalence of bronchial wall thickening and collapse in brachycephalic dogs with and without brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome and in nonbrachycephalic dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 261:1-8. [PMID: 35905164 DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.10.0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of bronchial wall thickening (BWT) and collapse in brachycephalic dogs with and without brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) and in nonbrachycephalic dogs. ANIMALS 85 dogs with no history of lower respiratory tract disease that underwent CT of the thorax. PROCEDURES Electronical medical records for March 2011 through August 2019 were reviewed to identify brachycephalic dogs with BOAS (BOAS group) and brachycephalic dogs without BOAS (BDWB group) that did not have any evidence of lower respiratory tract disease and had undergone thoracic CT. A population of nonbrachycephalic dogs of similar weight (control dogs) was also retrospectively recruited. RESULTS BWT was identified in 28 of 30 (93.3%; 95% CI, 80.3% to 98.6%) dogs in the BOAS group, 15 of 26 (57.7%; 95% CI, 38.7% to 75.0%) dogs in the BDWB group, and 10 of 28 (35.7%; 95% CI, 20.1% to 54.2%) control dogs. On multivariable analysis, only brachycephalic conformation (P < 0.01) and body weight (P = 0.02) were significantly associated with the presence of BWT. Bronchial collapse was identified in 17 of 30 (56.7%; 95% CI, 39.0% to 73.1%) dogs in the BOAS group, 17 of 26 (65.4%; 95% CI, 46.3% to 81.3%) dogs in the BDWB group, and 3 of 28 (10.7%; 95% CI, 3.1% to 25.9%) control dogs. On multivariable analysis, only brachycephalic conformation was significantly (P < 0.01) associated with the presence of bronchial collapse. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A relationship between brachycephalic conformation and body weight with BWT was established, with heavier dogs having thicker bronchial walls. However, further studies are required to investigate the cause. Bronchial collapse was also more common in dogs with brachycephalic conformation, which is in agreement with the previously published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Guillem
- 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Frederike Schiborra
- 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Matteo Rossanese
- 2The Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Thomas W Maddox
- 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Jeremy R Mortier
- 3Unité de Médecine-Imagerie Médicale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Watton TC, Purzycka K, Fitzgerald E. Computed tomographic findings and clinical features in dogs with canine cutaneous lymphoma: 10 cases (2007-2018). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:1433-1440. [PMID: 34757940 DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.11.0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report clinical features, CT findings, treatment protocols, and outcomes for dogs in which canine cutaneous lymphoma (CCL) was diagnosed. ANIMALS 10 client-owned dogs with CCL. PROCEDURES Medical records of dogs in which a diagnosis of CCL had been made between September 2007 and July 2018 and in which CT had been performed prior to treatment were reviewed. All available CT studies were reviewed, and an anatomical reference system was developed to map observed lesions. Treatment protocols and patient outcomes were summarized. RESULTS 14 CT examinations were performed on the 10 dogs, and 9 dogs had lesions consistent with CCL on CT images. Nodular lesions were present in 8 dogs, and cutaneous or subcutaneous mass lesions were seen in 3. Well-defined, diffusely distributed, contrast-enhancing, cutaneous or subcutaneous nodules were most common; mass lesions were more variable in appearance. Nine dogs had lymphadenopathy, with the mandibular and axillary lymph nodes most commonly affected. Four dogs had confirmed nodal involvement, and 4 had confirmed visceral involvement. Nine dogs received treatment with chemotherapy, and 5 had a complete response. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that dogs with CCL may have a wide spectrum of CT findings. Many of these lesions, including affected lymph nodes, would be unlikely to be detected clinically, suggesting that CT may be a useful modality to assess the severity of disease and for guiding selection of local versus systemic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thom C Watton
- From the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Katarzyna Purzycka
- From the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Ella Fitzgerald
- From the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
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Cotter B, Zwicker LA, Waldner C, Randall E, Gagnon J, Wiebe S, Cohen EB, Hespel AM, de Swarte M, Mayer MN. Inter- and intraobserver agreement for CT measurement of mandibular and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes is excellent in dogs with histologically confirmed oral melanoma. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2021; 63:73-81. [PMID: 34637580 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandibular and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes are routinely evaluated with CT when staging dogs with oral melanomas. While size alone is considered inadequate for detecting nodal metastasis, it is critical in evaluating treatment response, as clinical decisions are based on changes in size. It is common for different radiologists to measure the size of pre- and posttreatment lymph nodes in the same patient. The objective of this retrospective, observer agreement study was to evaluate the inter- and intraobserver agreement in measuring canine mandibular and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes by a diverse population of veterinary radiologists and trainees. Fourteen dogs with documented oral melanoma and head CT studies identified from records of a single institution were included in this study. North American veterinary radiologists and trainees were recruited to measure the mandibular and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes; in triplicate. Prior to performing the study measurements, participants completed a training tool demonstrating the lymph node measurements. Overall, interobserver intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.961 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.946, 0.972) and intraobserver ICC was 0.977 (95% CI: 0.968, 0.983), indicating excellent agreement (ICC > 0.9 considered excellent). Similar findings were noted following sub-analysis for most variables (experience, size, laterality, axis of measurement). These results suggest that follow-up measurement of the long and short axis of the mandibular lymph nodes and short axis of the medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes in the transverse plane, performed by different veterinary radiologists using the same method of measure, should have minimal impact on clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Cotter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Cotter, Mayer), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lesley A Zwicker
- Department of Companion Animals (Zwicker), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Cheryl Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Services (Waldner), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Elissa Randall
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences (Randall), College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Forth Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jerome Gagnon
- Animal Health Partners (Gagnon), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheldon Wiebe
- Department of Medical Imaging Services (Wiebe), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Eli B Cohen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences (Cohen), College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adrien-Maxence Hespel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Services (Hespel, de Swarte), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marie de Swarte
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Services (Hespel, de Swarte), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Monique N Mayer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Cotter, Mayer), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Tanis JB, Simlett-Moss AB, Ossowksa M, Maddox TW, Guillem J, Lopez-Jimenez C, Polton G, Burrow R, Finotello R. Canine anal sac gland carcinoma with regional lymph node metastases treated with sacculectomy and lymphadenectomy: Outcome and possible prognostic factors. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:276-292. [PMID: 34590408 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The staging system commonly used in canine anal sac gland carcinoma (ASGC) is a revised Tumour-Node-Metastasis (TNM) system published in 2007. This staging system consists in four stages and, for dogs with nodal metastases, the size of the metastatic lymph node (mLN) defines the N stage. However, we hypothesise that (1) the mLN size has no prognostic significance when the mLN can be excised, (2) a high number of mLNs is associated with poorer prognosis and (3) the measurement of the mLN on imaging is not reproducible. To investigate these hypotheses, medical records and diagnostic images of dogs with ASGC and mLN, treated with sacculectomy and lymphadenectomy, with or without chemotherapy, were reviewed. Interobserver variability for mLN measurement was assessed. Prognostic factors including mLN size and number were investigated. Time to documented progression (TDP) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were evaluated. Progression-free interval (PFI) was analysed with interval-censored data analysis. Fifty-seven dogs were included. The median PFI, TDP and DSS were 110 (95%CI 61.5-185.5), 196 (95%CI 162-283) and 340 days (95%CI 321-471), respectively. For measurement of the largest mLN, interobserver agreement was excellent but limits of agreement reached 39.7%. Neither the size of the largest mLN nor the use of adjuvant chemotherapy were associated with outcome. The number of mLNs was associated with outcome and having more than four mLNs was associated with shorter PFI (p < .001), TDP (p = .004) and DSS (p < .001). While mLN size measurement was not consistently reproducible and did not influence outcome in our cohort, number of mLNs did. Further studies are required for development of a revised staging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Benoit Tanis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Angharad B Simlett-Moss
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Malgorzata Ossowksa
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Thomas W Maddox
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - James Guillem
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | | | - Gerry Polton
- North Downs Specialist Referrals, Bletchingley, UK
| | - Rachel Burrow
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK.,Northwest Veterinary Specialists, Runcorn, UK
| | - Riccardo Finotello
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Willcox JL, Spriet M, Zwingenberger AL, Phillips KL, Burton JH, Skorupski KA, Hansen KS, Affolter VK, Woolard KD, Beylin D, Giuffrida MA. Evaluation of accuracy for 18 F-FDG positron emission tomography and computed tomography for detection of lymph node metastasis in canine oral malignant melanoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 19:463-472. [PMID: 32892513 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumour stage has been demonstrated to have prognostic significance in canine oral malignant melanoma (OMM). Various evaluation techniques of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) have been reported for staging of head-and-neck tumours in people, but canine-specific data are limited, and reports for CT accuracy have been variable. In this prospective study, the head/neck of client-owned dogs with cytologically or histologically diagnosed OMM were imaged with 18 Fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG) PET/ CT. Bilateral mandibular lymphadenectomy was performed for histopathologic assessment. Two evaluation techniques for CT and PET were applied by four independent observers. CT evaluation utilized both a standardized grading scheme and a subjective clinical interpretation. PET evaluation was first performed solely on 18 F-FDG-uptake in lymph nodes compared to background on a truncated scan excluding the oral cavity. Subsequently, the entire head/neck scan and standardized uptake value (SUV) measurements were available. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed with histopathology as gold standard. Twelve dogs completed the study and metastatic OMM was identified in six mandibular lymph nodes from five dogs. Of the CT-interpretation techniques, use of clinical grading performed best (sensitivity = 83% and specificity = 94%). Both PET techniques resulted in 100% sensitivity, but primary tumour site evaluation and use of SUV increased specificity from 78% to 94%. The SUVmax cut-point, 3.3, led to 100% sensitivity and 83% specificity. In this population of dogs, PET appeared to be highly sensitive but at risk of being less specific without use of appropriate parameters and thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Willcox
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mathieu Spriet
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Allison L Zwingenberger
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kathryn L Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jenna H Burton
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Katherine A Skorupski
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Katherine S Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Verena K Affolter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kevin D Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - David Beylin
- Brain Biosciences, Inc, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle A Giuffrida
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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12
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Soultani C, Patsikas MN, Mayer M, Kazakos GM, Theodoridis TD, Vignoli M, Ilia TSM, Karagiannopoulou M, Ilia GM, Tragoulia I, Angelou VN, Chatzimisios K, Tselepidis S, Papadopoulou PL, Papazoglou LG. Contrast enhanced computed tomography assessment of superficial inguinal lymph node metastasis in canine mammary gland tumors. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2021; 62:557-567. [PMID: 34131988 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland neoplasms are predominant in dogs. However, sentinel lymph node (SLN) status assessment criteria have not been established for these cases. In this retrospective, secondary analysis, diagnostic case control study, CT images of 65 superficial inguinal SLNs were obtained before and 1, 3, 5, and 10 min after intravenous administration of contrast agent (iopamidol 370 mgI/mL). The presence and degree of postcontrast enhancement were assessed, by means of the median absolute density value and the maximum absolute density value at any time point in the center and in the periphery of each SLN measured in Hounsfield units (HU), before and after contrast agent administration. These values were compared with histopathological findings postsurgical excision. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was conducted. The absolute density values ranged widely at each time point and within each group of nodes (negative, positive, control group). At all time points, the median density value in the center and in the periphery was significantly higher in metastatic than in non-metastatic SLNs (P ≤ .014). Among the parameters tested, the median absolute density value measured in the periphery of the SLN 3 min after injection showed the highest sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy (AUC) (87.5%, 82.1%, and 92.1% respectively), with a cutoff value of 50.9 HU. The maximum absolute density value at any time point in the center and periphery of the SLNs was also significantly higher in metastatic SLNs compared to non-metastatic (P ≤ .001). With a cutoff value of 59.5 HU, the maximum absolute density value in the periphery of the SLN displayed high sensitivity and specificity (87.5% and 89.3%, respectively). The results of this study support the hypothesis that contrast enhanced CT imaging may aid in the assessment of SLN metastasis in dogs with mammary gland neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Soultani
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michail N Patsikas
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Monique Mayer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios M Kazakos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros D Theodoridis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Massimo Vignoli
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Tatiani Soultana M Ilia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Karagiannopoulou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia M Ilia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioanna Tragoulia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasileia N Angelou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Chatzimisios
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stavros Tselepidis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Lysimachos G Papazoglou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
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13
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Piroth AC, Urbanschitz T, Lederer KA, Lipnik K, Degasperi B. [Intrapelvic leiomyoma causing concurrent colonic and urethral obstruction in a dog]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:134-141. [PMID: 33902122 DOI: 10.1055/a-1385-5047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An 8-year-old female spayed dog was presented due to simultaneous inability to defecate and urinate. During digital rectal examination a smooth, rounded, firm-elastic mass was detected. Laboratory results showed a 6-fold elevation of serum lactate dehydrogenase activity. Ultrasonographic, radiographic and computed tomography findings raised the suspicion of a leiomyoma. An ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy was performed under mild sedation but cytologic evaluation was inconclusive. During laparotomy the mass was located at the colorectal transition. It was completely removed while keeping the intestinal wall intact. The results of the histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry confirmed the initial tentative diagnosis of a leiomyoma. Postoperatively the patient was able to pass urine and feces spontaneously. Six months later the dog presented clinically unremarkable. Abdominal ultrasound and rectal examination exhibited no signs of recurrence. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was only marginally increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Piroth
- Klinische Abteilung für Kleintierchirurgie, Universitätsklinik für Kleintiere, Department für Kleintiere und Pferde, Vetmeduni Wien
| | - Tobias Urbanschitz
- Klinische Abteilung für Interne Medizin Kleintiere, Universitätsklinik für Kleintiere, Department für Kleintiere und Pferde, Vetmeduni Wien
| | - Kristina A Lederer
- Klinische Abteilung für Bildgebende Diagnostik, Universitätsklinik für Kleintiere, Department für Kleintiere und Pferde, Vetmeduni Wien
| | - Karoline Lipnik
- Institut für Pathologie, Department für Pathobiologie, Vetmeduni Wien
| | - Brigitte Degasperi
- Klinische Abteilung für Kleintierchirurgie, Universitätsklinik für Kleintiere, Department für Kleintiere und Pferde, Vetmeduni Wien
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14
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Computed Tomography Evaluation of Normal Canine Abdominal Lymph Nodes: Retrospective Study of Size and Morphology According to Body Weight and Age in 45 Dogs. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8030044. [PMID: 33800083 PMCID: PMC7999630 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphological characteristics of the largest lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes of the body have been described through ultrasonography, although food and gas in the gastrointestinal tract can often have negative effects on the response of small abdominal structures. The aim of the study was to describe the size of normal abdominal lymph nodes (ALs) in dogs affected by disease, not including lymphadenomegaly or lymphadenopathy, and divided according to body weight and age. The ALs studied included the jejunal, medial iliac, portal, gastric, splenic, and pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes. Statistical correlation considering body weight and age as continuous variables showed that all measurements of the ALs increased according to body weight changes (p < 0.01). The most reliable values were the volume measurements (p < 0.001) compared to the length, thickness, and width. Mixed results emerged from a comparison of weight categories and age; only the jejunal lymph nodes showed a significant correlation (p < 0.05). Other characteristics (shape, attenuation, and enhancement) are subsequently reported. The resulting data can be used to categorize CT measurements of normal ALs displayed based on the body weight and age of the subjects. This study aimed to propose a new parameter of normalcy that may serve as a reference for the evaluation of infectious or neoplastic events.
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15
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Thammasiri N, Thanaboonnipat C, Choisunirachon N, Darawiroj D. Multi-factorial considerations for intra-thoracic lymph node evaluations of healthy cats on computed tomographic images. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:59. [PMID: 33509167 PMCID: PMC7844987 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02771-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is difficult to examine mild to moderate feline intra-thoracic lymphadenopathy via and thoracic radiography. Despite previous information from computed tomographic (CT) images of intra-thoracic lymph nodes, some factors from animals and CT setting were less elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of internal factors from animals and external factors from the CT procedure on the feasibility to detect the intra-thoracic lymph nodes. Twenty-four, client-owned, clinically healthy cats were categorized into three groups according to age. They underwent pre- and post-contrast enhanced CT for whole thorax followed by inter-group evaluation and comparison of sternal, cranial mediastinal, and tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Results Post contrast-enhanced CT appearances revealed that intra-thoracic lymph nodes of kittens were invisible, whereas the sternal, cranial mediastinal, and tracheobronchial nodes of cats aged over 7 months old were detected (6/24, 9/24 and 7/24, respectively). Maximum width of these lymph nodes were 3.93 ± 0.74 mm, 4.02 ± 0.65 mm, and 3.51 ± 0.62 mm, respectively. By age, lymph node sizes of these cats were not significantly different. Transverse lymph node width of males was larger than that of females (P = 0.0425). Besides, the detection score of lymph nodes was affected by slice thickness (P < 0.01) and lymph node width (P = 0.0049). Furthermore, an irregular, soft tissue structure, possibly the thymus, was detected in all juvenile cats and three mature cats. Conclusions Despite additional information on intra-thoracic lymph nodes in CT images, which can be used to investigate lymphatic-related abnormalities, age, sex, and slice thickness of CT images must be also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninlawan Thammasiri
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chutimon Thanaboonnipat
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nan Choisunirachon
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Damri Darawiroj
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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16
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Weston PJ, Baines SJ, Finotello R, Mortier JR. Clinical, CT, and ultrasonographic features of canine and feline pleural and peritoneal carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2021; 62:331-341. [PMID: 33476083 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis describe the widespread dissemination of metastatic neoplastic cells throughout the body. Studies describing their clinical and imaging features in veterinary patients are limited. The objective of this retrospective, multicenter, cross-sectional study is to describe the clinical, ultrasonographic, and CT features of pleural and peritoneal carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis in dogs and cats to aid detection and differentiation of these lesions. Medical records and CT and ultrasonographic images were reviewed. Although a large degree of overlap was observed between the imaging features and clinical signs of canine and feline carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis, some distinguishing features were observed. Dogs were significantly more likely to present with abdominal pain compared to cats (P = .022), whereas cats more commonly presented with inappetence (P = .019). Dogs with sarcomatosis had a significantly heavier bodyweight than dogs with carcinomatosis (P = .005), largely due to a higher prevalence of splenic hemangiosarcoma in this patient cohort. Peritoneal effusion was more frequently observed in dogs with carcinomatosis compared to dogs with sarcomatosis (P = .021). Imaging and clinical features observed in this study may help to distinguish sarcomatosis and carcinomatosis lesions. Due to the large degree of overlap observed, cytological or histopathological analysis is recommended for definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Riccardo Finotello
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Jeremy R Mortier
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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17
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Zheng Y, Huang Y, Bi G, Chen Z, Lu T, Xu S, Zhan C, Wang Q. Enlarged Mediastinal Lymph Nodes in Computed Tomography are a Valuable Prognostic Factor in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients with Pathologically Negative Lymph Nodes. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:10875-10886. [PMID: 33149692 PMCID: PMC7605607 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s271365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most non-small cell lung cancer patients with enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes (LN) in preoperative computer tomography (CT) images are diagnosed with N0 in the pathological examination after surgery. However, these patients seem to have worse survival than those without enlarged mediastinal LN in our clinical practice. This study aimed to investigate whether the size of mediastinal LN is correlated with the prognosis in pathological N0 patients, which could help us to predict the prognoses further. Methods The retrospective cohort study involved 758 N0 patients with a thin layer CT scan. We have measured the size of mediastinal LN, including long diameter, short diameter, and volume on CT image, and classified patients by X-tile. Next, we explored the risk factors of enlarged LN by univariate and multivariate logistic analysis. Then, we have compared the 5-year cancer-specific survival by Kaplan-Meier and log-rank method. Multivariate Cox analysis was utilized to further survival analysis. Finally, we have constructed the prediction model by nomogram. Results A total of 150 N0 patients (19.8%) had mediastinal LN enlargement in our study. After multivariate logistic analysis, we found the LN enlargement was significantly correlated with age (p=0.001), pathology (p < 0.001) and tumor recurrence (p < 0.001). The patients with LN enlargement had a worse 5-year cancer-specific survival (75.3% vs 92.8%, p < 0.001) after Kaplan-Meier analysis. Patients with a larger volume had increased risk of tumor-associated death when compared with the normal group (p < 0.001) by multivariate Cox analyses. Conclusion N0 patients with larger mediastinal LN had a worse 5-year cancer-specific survival and a higher risk of recurrence. The volume of LN was the most valuable prognostic factor in N0 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwei Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai City, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoshu Bi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhencong Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai City, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai City, People's Republic of China
| | - Songtao Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai City, People's Republic of China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai City, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai City, People's Republic of China
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18
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Rose RJ, Worley DR. A Contemporary Retrospective Study of Survival in Dogs With Primary Lung Tumors: 40 Cases (2005-2017). Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:519703. [PMID: 33195509 PMCID: PMC7645112 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.519703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To report the median survival time in a contemporary cohort of dogs with primary lung tumors and intrathoracic nodal metastasis. Design: Retrospective Case Series. Animals (or sample): Dogs with primary lung tumors treated with lung lobectomy and lymph node biopsy. Procedures: The medical record database at Colorado State University was queried for dogs with primary lung tumors from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2017. Patients were identified for inclusion if they had lung lobectomy and an intrathoracic lymph node biopsy performed. The median survival time (MST) for lymph node positive (LN+) and negative dogs (LN–) was calculated as well as the MST in dogs that did or did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Differences were compared between groups with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The MST in LN+ dogs (n = 11) was 167 days which was not statistically different from LN– dogs (n = 29) at 456 days (p = 0.2407). No significant difference in the MST in LN+ dogs was identified between dogs that received adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 4; 110 days) and those that did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 6; 125 days) (p = 0.4409). There was no difference in survival time in LN– dogs receiving chemotherapy (n = 12; 335 days) as compared to those LN– dogs (n = 10) that did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy (258.5 days; p = 0.6475). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: The survival of primary pulmonary neoplasia in dogs with intrathoracic nodal metastasis is longer than previously reported in this contemporary cohort. Chemotherapy did not appear to improve survival in LN+ or LN– dogs. The combination of tumor size between 100 and 999 cm3 and positive lymph node status significantly reduced survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J Rose
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.,Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Deanna R Worley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.,Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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19
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Smith AJ, Sutton DR, Major AC. CT appearance of presumptively normal intrathoracic lymph nodes in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:875-881. [PMID: 31710271 PMCID: PMC10814401 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19886672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thoracic CT is commonly performed in cats and has been shown to be more sensitive than radiography for the detection of lymphadenopathy. However, no studies to date have reported the normal CT appearance of feline intrathoracic lymph nodes. The aim of this study was to describe the distribution, number, size and attenuation of presumed normal intrathoracic lymph nodes in cats. METHODS Retrospective analysis of the imaging archive in a teaching hospital identified cats that had undergone thoracic CT and were deemed to have no evidence of either intra- or extrathoracic disease that would influence the size of the intrathoracic lymph nodes. Lymph nodes were classified into lymph centres based on anatomical references. Descriptions of the position of each node, number of nodes in each centre, size of each node and attenuation pre- and post-contrast were recorded. Statistical analysis aimed to assess for correlations between these factors and the age, weight and sex of the subjects. RESULTS Twenty cats were included in the study. One or more lymph nodes were identified in the sternal (n = 19/20), cranial mediastinal (n = 14/20) and tracheobronchial (n = 15/20) centres, while none were identified in other locations. Size varied between lymph centres and within lymph centres where more than one lymph node was identified. Tracheobronchial and sternal nodes were consistent in location, while mediastinal nodes were variable. All nodes were round to ellipsoid in shape and showed moderate enhancement post-contrast. No significant correlations were found with age, weight or sex. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study describes the CT characteristics of presumed normal intrathoracic lymph nodes in cats, and only identified nodes in the sternal, cranial mediastinal and tracheobronchial locations. This study serves as a reference point for CT analysis of feline thoracic lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawn R Sutton
- Small Animal Referral Hospital, Langford Vets, Langford, UK
| | - Alison C Major
- Small Animal Referral Hospital, Langford Vets, Langford, UK
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20
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Ruby J, Secrest S, Sharma A. Radiographic differentiation of mediastinal versus pulmonary masses in dogs and cats can be challenging. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:385-393. [PMID: 32400045 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to differentiate thoracic masses of mediastinal and pulmonary origins is often confounded by their complex spatial relationship. The objectives of this retrospective, observational cross-sectional study were to assess radiographic differentiation of mediastinal versus pulmonary masses, and to determine if there are any correlations with specific radiographic findings. Thoracic radiographs of 75 dogs and cats with mediastinal and/or pulmonary masses identified on CT were reviewed. Radiographic studies were anonymized, randomized, and reviewed twice by three reviewers. Reviewers categorized the origin of each mass(es) as mediastinal, pulmonary, or both. On the second review, the presence or absence of 21 different radiographic findings was recorded for each mass. Agreement between the radiographic and CT categorization of mass origin, as well as inter- and intraobserver agreement, was calculated. Overall agreement between radiographs and CT was moderate for both mediastinal (68.6%) and pulmonary masses (63%). Overall, interobserver agreement was moderate (κ = 0.50-0.74), with moderate to strong intraobserver agreement (κ = 0.58-0.93). Masses within the mediastinum were significantly more likely to displace other mediastinal structures. Alternatively, masses lateral to midline and in the caudal thorax were found to be significantly positively correlated with a pulmonary origin. The results of this study highlight the limitations of radiography for differentiation of mediastinal and pulmonary masses, with mass location and displacement of other mediastinal structures potentially useful for radiographic findings that may help improve accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ruby
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Scott Secrest
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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21
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Grimes JA, Secrest SA, Wallace ML, Laver T, Schmiedt CW. Use of indirect computed tomography lymphangiography to determine metastatic status of sentinel lymph nodes in dogs with a pre-operative diagnosis of melanoma or mast cell tumour. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 18:818-824. [PMID: 32216019 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Canine melanomas and mast cell tumours (MCTs) frequently metastasize to lymph nodes, worsening prognosis compared with dogs without metastasis. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) evaluation is more specific than evaluation of the lymph node closest to the tumour, which may not be the draining lymph node. Computed tomography lymphangiography (CTL) allows for SLN identification and one study of canine mammary tumours found that CTL was able to assist in determination of the metastatic status of inguinal SLNs prior to extirpation and histopathology. The objective of the present study was to evaluate CTL for use in determining metastasis to the SLN in dogs with a pre-operative diagnosis of melanoma or MCT in various locations by correlating CTL findings with histopathology. The hypothesis was that CTL would not be able to determine the metastatic status of lymph nodes, based on author experience. Dogs were prospectively enrolled and underwent CTL and subsequent SLN extirpation. Histopathology results for the primary tumour, SLN, and additional extirpated lymph nodes were recorded. Fifteen dogs were enrolled and 21 SLN were evaluated. The SLN enhancement pattern (heterogeneous, homogenous or peripheral) was not associated with metastasis, nor was the attenuation value at 1 minute, 5 minutes, or the change in attenuation value. No correlation was found between CTL findings and metastatic status of SLNs. Based on these results, CTL alone cannot be used to diagnose SLN metastasis. Extirpation of the SLN with histopathology is recommended to diagnose lymph node metastasis in dogs with melanoma and MCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A Grimes
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott A Secrest
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mandy L Wallace
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Travis Laver
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Chad W Schmiedt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
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22
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Choi M, Yoon J, Choi M. Semi-quantitative strain elastography may facilitate pre-surgical prediction of mandibular lymph nodes malignancy in dogs. J Vet Sci 2020; 20:e62. [PMID: 31775189 PMCID: PMC6883200 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of mandibular lymph nodes in a patient with head and neck cancer is important for stage determination and prognosis development, and, in human medicine, the use of sonoelastography for differentiating between non-metastatic and metastatic lymph nodes has been reported. Our prospective, cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of strain elastography and to determine elastographic cut-off values for predicting malignancy. Sixty-six mandibular lymph nodes were included (clinical healthy, n = 45; non-metastatic, n = 8; and metastatic, n = 13). Elastographic images were evaluated qualitatively (elastographic pattern) and semi-quantitatively (mean hue histogram and stiffness area ratios). Elastographic patterns were classified as grades 1 to 4, according to the percentage of high elasticity determined by visualization. The mean hue histogram was defined based on as the mean pixel color values within the lymph node. Stiffness area ratios were determined by computer program analysis of the stiff area. Among the criteria, receiver operating characteristic curve analyses revealed cut-off values for the prediction of malignancy of 92.26 for mean hue histogram (sensitivity: 100%, specificity: 92%), and 0.17 for stiffness area ratios (sensitivity: 86%, specificity of 100%). Reproducibility and repeatability were excellent. In conclusion, semi-quantitative evaluation via strain elastography holds potential for predicting lymph node malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Choi
- Haemaru Referral Animal Hospital, Seongnam 13590, Korea.,Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Junghee Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Mincheol Choi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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23
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Kayanuma H, Yamada K, Maruo T, Kanai E. Computed tomography of thoracic lymph nodes in 100 dogs with no abnormalities in the dominated area. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:279-285. [PMID: 31969520 PMCID: PMC7118489 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In dogs, reports on thoracic lymph nodes are lacking compared to abdominal lymph nodes. This report analyzed the position, number, size, shape, and homogeneity of thoracic lymph nodes (cranial sternal, cranial mediastinal, tracheobronchial, aortic thoracic, and pulmonary lymph nodes) using thoracic computed tomography (CT) images of 100 dogs without any lesions in the dominated areas of thoracic lymph nodes. The position and number of intrathoracic lymph nodes could be observed in CT, consistent with macroscopic anatomical studies. It was difficult to set a clinical index associated with size using CT scans. Image findings that indicated abnormalities, such as circular shapes and non-uniform, may be routinely found in dogs and may not be considered abnormal on CT scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kayanuma
- Department of Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kaoruko Yamada
- Department of Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Takuya Maruo
- Department of Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Eiichi Kanai
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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24
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Griffin L, Frank CB, Seguin B. Pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of lymphotropic nanoparticle enhanced MRI for diagnosis of metastatic disease in canine head and neck tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:176-183. [PMID: 31381843 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This pilot study is designed to determine if lymphotropic nanoparticle enhanced MRI (LNMRI) is a viable technique for staging of naturally occurring canine malignant head and neck tumours. Previous imaging studies in veterinary medicine have shown variable sensitivity and specificity for determining metastasis for local lymph nodes in head and neck tumours. LNMRI utilizes ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIOs) to help in the detection of metastatic disease in lymph nodes. USPIOs are phagocytized and localized to normal lymph nodes where they assist in evaluation for regions of effacement by cancerous cells. Six dogs underwent LNMRI for the diagnosis of metastatic lymph nodes. A truncated MRI consisting of transverse images of T2, T1 pre- and post-contrast and T2* sequences were evaluated for presence of metastasis. Sentinel lymph nodes and lymph nodes with possible metastatic lesions were surgically excised for histological evaluation. In the initial phase of this study, 24 lymph nodes were included in analysis. Subjective observation by the primary investigator had a calculated sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 88% based on histological results. There were no negative side effects to the USPIOs noted in the limited number of patients in this study. Percentage signal intensity loss was calculated and found to be significantly different between metastatic and non-metastatic lymph nodes (P-value = .038). In conclusion, this pilot study shows that LNMRI has the potential to be a sensitive and specific method of diagnosing lymph node metastasis. Further research is warranted to determine if this method is clinically applicable and accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Griffin
- Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging Department, Colorado State University, Environmental Health and Radiological Sciences Department, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Chad B Frank
- Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology Department, Colorado State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Bernard Seguin
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, Colorado
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25
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Nonselective Lymph Node Dissection and Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping and Biopsy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019; 49:793-807. [PMID: 31147188 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Clinical staging is important for determining the extent of disease in animals with malignant cancers. The status of the lymph node will help determine whether adjuvant treatment is indicated. Historically, the regional anatomic lymph node has been sampled to determine the presence or absence of metastatic disease, but there is increasing evidence that the regional anatomic lymph node is often different to the sentinel lymph node. As a result, several sentinel lymph node mapping techniques have been described for more accurate clinical staging of oncologic patients.
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26
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French JM, Twedt DC, Rao S, Marolf AJ. Computed tomographic angiography and ultrasonography in the diagnosis and evaluation of acute pancreatitis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:79-88. [PMID: 30548310 PMCID: PMC6335445 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute pancreatitis in dogs is an under‐diagnosed disease. Current diagnostic methods are insufficient at identifying sequelae and lack prognostic capability. Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) is accurate for diagnosis and prognostication of pancreatitis in humans. Objectives In comparison to ultrasound (US), CTA will (1) better diagnose more severe pancreatitis and sequelae and (2) provide assessment of patient outcome by identification of pancreatic contrast enhancement patterns. Animals Twenty‐six client‐owned dogs suspected to have acute pancreatitis. Methods US and CTA examinations performed at time of admission were compared to determine the detection of pancreatic changes and sequelae. CTA findings also were compared to outcome indicators for prognosis of dogs with acute pancreatitis. Specific canine pancreatic lipase (cPL) samples were obtained and compared with CTA findings. Results Ten of 26 dogs had heterogeneous contrast enhancement of the pancreas. Compared to US, CTA better identified portal vein thrombosis (P = .003). Patients with heterogeneous contrast enhancement had longer hospitalization (P = .01), including hospital stays for >5 days (P = .02), had more relapses, and were more likely to have portal vein thrombosis (P = .002). Patients with heterogeneous contrast enhancement had increased spec cPL (P = .006). Conclusions and Clinical Importance In comparison to US, CTA better identified dogs with more severe acute pancreatitis and those with portal vein thrombosis, factors that may predict longer hospitalization and increased risk of relapse. The presence of heterogeneous contrast enhancement and portal vein thrombosis may change therapy for patients with acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M French
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - David C Twedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Sangeeta Rao
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Angela J Marolf
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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27
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Stahle JA, Larson MM, Rossmeisl JH, Dervisis N, Neelis D. Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging is a feasible method for characterizing regional lymph nodes in canine patients with head and neck disease. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 60:176-183. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Stahle
- Department of Radiology; Red Bank Veterinary Hospital; Mount Laurel NJ 08054
| | - Martha M. Larson
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Virginia Polytechnic and State University; Blacksburg VA 24061
| | - John H. Rossmeisl
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Virginia Polytechnic and State University; Blacksburg VA 24061
| | - Nick Dervisis
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Virginia Polytechnic and State University; Blacksburg VA 24061
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28
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Tanaka T, Akiyoshi H, Mie K, Okamoto M, Yoshida Y, Kurokawa S. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography may be helpful for characterizing and staging canine gastric tumors. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 60:7-18. [PMID: 30123960 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, computed tomography (CT) is a widely performed technique for the diagnosis and staging of gastric tumors. The purpose of this retrospective case series study was to describe CT findings in a group of dogs with confirmed gastric tumors. For each included dog, the following CT parameters were recorded: gastric tumor location, tumor shape, gastric involvement pattern, tumor enhancement pattern in early and late phases, presence and location of lymphadenopathy, gastric tumor attenuation values, attenuation values of enlarged lymph nodes, maximum short-axis diameter (mm) of enlarged lymph node, maximum long-axis diameter (mm) of enlarged lymph node, and short-axis diameter to long-axis diameter ratio (short axis/long axis). A total of 16 dogs met inclusion criteria and had the following final diagnoses: five lymphoma, six adenocarcinoma, three inflammatory polyps, and two leiomyoma. In the early- and delayed-phase postcontrast images, the mean CT attenuation value for lymphoma was lower than that of other gastric tumors. Lymphadenopathy was widespread in lymphomas and regional in adenocarcinomas. Lymphadenopathy was not detected in leiomyomas. Lymph node measurements in lymphoma were larger than lymph node measurements in adenocarcinoma. Although there were overlapping findings for the different types of gastric tumors, contrast-enhanced CT provided helpful information for characterizing gastric tumors based on the following criteria: early and late enhancement patterns, the site of origin of the mass lesion, and extent of local invasion and distant metastases. Lymphoma should be considered for canine gastric tumors with low mean attenuation values during early- and delayed-phase postcontrast images, and widespread, bulky, and rounded lymphadenopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano-shi, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.,Kinki Animal Medical Training Institute & Veterinary Clinic, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 578-0984, Japan
| | - Hideo Akiyoshi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano-shi, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Mie
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano-shi, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Mari Okamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano-shi, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Yuuki Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano-shi, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Shohei Kurokawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano-shi, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
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29
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Skinner OT, Boston SE, Giglio RF, Whitley EM, Colee JC, Porter EG. Diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced computed tomography for assessment of mandibular and medial retropharyngeal lymph node metastasis in dogs with oral and nasal cancer. Vet Comp Oncol 2018; 16:562-570. [PMID: 29989306 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced CT for detection of cervical lymph node metastasis in dogs is unknown. The purpose of this retrospective, observational, diagnostic accuracy study was to assess the efficacy of CT for detection of mandibular and medial retropharyngeal lymph node metastasis in dogs. Histopathology of dogs with cancer of the head, CT and bilateral mandibular and medial retropharyngeal lymphadenectomy was reviewed. A single radiologist measured lymph nodes to derive short axis width and long-short axis ratios. Two blinded radiologists separately assessed lymph node margins, attenuation and contrast enhancement and each provided a final subjective interpretation of each node site as benign or neoplastic. Where radiologists' opinions differed, a consensus was reached. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were calculated for mandibular and medial retropharyngeal sites. Agreement between radiologists was assessed. Fisher's exact test and the Kruskal-Wallis H-test were used to assess associations between variables. Forty-one primary tumours were recorded in 40 dogs. Metastasis to mandibular or retropharyngeal lymph nodes occurred in 16 out of 40 dogs (43/160 nodes). Agreement between radiologists was almost perfect for margination, attenuation and enhancement, strong for interpretation of mandibular lymph node metastasis, and weak for interpretation of medial retropharyngeal lymph node metastasis. Sensitivity of CT was 12.5% and 10.5%, specificity was 91.1% and 96.7%, and accuracy was 67.5% and 76.3% for mandibular and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes respectively. No individual CT findings were predictive of nodal metastasis. Given the low sensitivity of CT, this modality cannot be relied upon alone for assessment of cervical lymph node metastasis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- O T Skinner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - S E Boston
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - R F Giglio
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - J C Colee
- University of Florida, Institute of Farm and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Consulting Unit, Gainesville, Florida
| | - E G Porter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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30
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Perlini M, Bugbee A, Secrest S. Computed tomographic appearance of abdominal lymph nodes in healthy cats. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1070-1076. [PMID: 29572939 PMCID: PMC5980431 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Computed tomography (CT) is commonly used in veterinary medicine and plays an important role in disease identification and cancer staging. Identification of abnormal abdominal lymph nodes is important for clinical, therapeutic, and prognostic decision making. No published study describes the CT appearance of abdominal lymph nodes in healthy cats. Hypothesis/Objectives All abdominal lymph centers will be identified on CT with the majority of lymph nodes being elongated and homogenously contrast enhancing. Animals Sixteen healthy cats without clinical or biochemical evidence of disease. Methods Precontrast and postcontrast CT images of sedated healthy cats were used to identify the presence and descriptive characteristics of intra‐abdominal lymph nodes. These assessments then were compared with patient characteristics to identify possible correlations. Results Abdominal lymph nodes were readily identified on CT with caudal mesenteric, colic, hepatic, inguinal, and pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes identified in 16/16 cats. Lymph node size and shape varied among lymph centers with nearly all lymph nodes homogeneously contrast enhancing in 515/525. Significant negative correlations were identified between age and length (P = .0166) and width (P = .0387) of abdominal lymph nodes as well as age and number of sacral lymph nodes (P = .0493). Intranodal fat was present in 18/525 lymph nodes. Conclusions and Clinical Importance CT readily permitted identification and characterization of feline abdominal lymph nodes. This study provides subjective and objective data on the CT characteristics of abdominal lymph nodes in 16 healthy cats, with younger cats having larger abdominal lymph nodes and a higher number of sacral lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Perlini
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| | - Andrew Bugbee
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| | - Scott Secrest
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
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31
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32
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Iwasaki R, Murakami M, Kawabe M, Heishima K, Sakai H, Mori T. Metastatic diagnosis of canine sternal lymph nodes using computed tomography characteristics: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 16:140-147. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Iwasaki
- Animal Medical Center, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences; Gifu University; Gifu Japan
| | - M. Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences; Gifu University; Gifu Japan
| | - M. Kawabe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences; Gifu University; Gifu Japan
| | - K. Heishima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences; Gifu University; Gifu Japan
| | - H. Sakai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University; Gifu Japan
| | - T. Mori
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences; Gifu University; Gifu Japan
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33
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Lacava G, Zini E, Marchesotti F, Domenech O, Romano F, Manzocchi S, Venco L, Auriemma E. Computed tomography, radiology and echocardiography in cats naturally infected with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:446-453. [PMID: 26961678 PMCID: PMC11119652 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16636419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aims of the study were to describe the radiographic and computed tomographic features in cats naturally infected with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, and to identify signs of pulmonary hypertension with echocardiography. Methods Fourteen cats positive on Baermann test for A abstrusus were included in the study. All cats underwent thoracic radiography, CT and echocardiography. Results The most common clinical signs were coughing (10/14) and dyspnoea (5/14). Radiographic findings included a generalised unstructured interstitial pulmonary pattern (8/14), mixed bronchointerstitioalveolar pattern (3/14) and bronchointerstitial pattern with bronchial wall thickening (3/14). Sternal lymphadenopathy was detected on thoracic radiographs in six cats. On CT, features were mixed bronchointerstitioalveolar pattern with ground-glass appearance in six cats, interstitioalveolar with multiple pulmonary nodules in five, interstitial ground-glass infiltrates in three, regional lymph node enlargement in 11 (10 sternal, three cranial mediastinal and three tracheobronchial lymph nodes) and subpleural thickening in four. None of the thoracic radiographs revealed subpleural thickening. In all cases, pulmonary vessels were normal in terms of size, shape and attenuation on both radiography and CT. Pulmonary hypertension and cardiac abnormalities were not observed in any cat during echocardiography. Conclusions and relevance CT provided a more thorough characterisation of pulmonary and mediastinal lesions compared with thoracic radiographs in cats naturally infected with A abstrusus. Although feline aelurostrongylosis has been previously associated with histopathological lesions in lung arteries, in this cohort clinical evidence of pulmonary hypertension was not documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lacava
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Novara, Italy
| | - Eric Zini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Novara, Italy
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Oriol Domenech
- Department of Cardiology, Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Romano
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Analgesia, Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Novara, Italy
| | | | | | - Edoardo Auriemma
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Novara, Italy
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34
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Milovancev M, Nemanic S, Bobe G. Computed tomographic assessment of sternal lymph node dimensions and attenuation in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:289-294. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.3.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Soultani C, Patsikas MN, Karayannopoulou M, Jakovljevic S, Chryssogonidis I, Papazoglou L, Papaioannou N, Papadopoulou P, Pavlidou K, Ilia GM, Kaitzis DG, Ilia TM. ASSESSMENT OF SENTINEL LYMPH NODE METASTASIS IN CANINE MAMMARY GLAND TUMORS USING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC INDIRECT LYMPHOGRAPHY. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 58:186-196. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Soultani
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Michail N. Patsikas
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Maria Karayannopoulou
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Chryssogonidis
- Department of Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Lysimachos Papazoglou
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papaioannou
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Paraskevi Papadopoulou
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Kyriaki Pavlidou
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Georgia M. Ilia
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Dimitrios G. Kaitzis
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Tatiana M. Ilia
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
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36
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Iwasaki R, Mori T, Ito Y, Kawabe M, Murakmi M, Maruo K. Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Presumptively Normal Canine Sternal Lymph Nodes. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2016; 52:371-377. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The sternal lymph nodes receive drainage from a wide variety of structures in the thoraco-abdominal region. Evaluation of these lymph nodes is essential, especially in cancer patients. Computed tomography (CT) can detect sternal lymph nodes more accurately than radiography or ultrasonography, and the criteria of the sternal lymphadenopathy are unknown. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe the CT characteristics of the sternal lymph nodes in dogs considered unlikely to have lymphadenopathy. The ratio of the short axis dimension of the sternal lymph nodes to the thickness of the second sternebra was also investigated. At least one sternal lymph node was identified in each of the 152 dogs included in the study. The mean long axis and short axis dimensions were 0.700 cm and 0.368 cm, respectively. The mean ratio of the sternal lymph nodes to the second sternebrae was 0.457, and the 95% prediction interval ranged from 0.317 to 0.596 (almost a fixed value independent of body weight). These findings will be useful when evaluating sternal lymphadenopathy using CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Iwasaki
- From the Animal Medical Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takashi Mori
- From the Animal Medical Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ito
- From the Animal Medical Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Mifumi Kawabe
- From the Animal Medical Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Mami Murakmi
- From the Animal Medical Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kohji Maruo
- From the Animal Medical Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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37
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Wavreille V, Boston SE, Souza C, Ham K, Chanoit G, Rossetti D, Takacs J, Milner R. Outcome After Pneumonectomy in 17 Dogs and 10 Cats: A Veterinary Society of Surgical Oncology Case Series. Vet Surg 2016; 45:782-9. [PMID: 27399196 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the signalment, presenting clinical signs, surgical complications, histologic diagnosis, postoperative complications, and outcome of dogs and cats undergoing pneumonectomy. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series; multicenter study. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs (n=17) and cats (n=10). METHODS Signalment, clinical signs, side affected, surgical data, preoperative diagnostic tests (including complete blood count, serum biochemistry, cytologic diagnosis, chest radiographs, and computed tomography), histologic diagnosis, surgical complications, adjunctive therapy, and date and cause of death were collected from records of dogs and cats that underwent pneumonectomy. Survival estimates and complication were assessed. RESULTS Seventeen animals had a left-sided pneumonectomy performed (12 dogs, 5 cats) and 10 animals had a right-sided pneumonectomy (5 dogs, 5 cats). Fourteen animals were diagnosed with neoplasia (52%). The overall incidence of complications for dogs and cats were 76 and 80%, respectively, with major complications in 41 and 50%, respectively. Respiratory complications (persistent pleural effusion, oxygen dependence, persistent increased respiratory rate, or coughing) were the most frequent complications. No animals died or were euthanatized intraoperative or within the first 24 hours postoperative. One dog (6%) and 2 cats (20%) died, or were euthanatized in the first 2 weeks postoperative. CONCLUSION Based on this case series, right and left pneumonectomy can be performed with low perioperative mortality in dogs and cats, with some animals experiencing prolonged survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Wavreille
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - S E Boston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - C Souza
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - K Ham
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - G Chanoit
- School of Veterinary Sciences and Bristol CardioVascular, University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - D Rossetti
- Small Animal Surgery Department, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Frégis, Arcueil, France
| | - J Takacs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - R Milner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Magestro LM, Gieger TL. Detection of synchronous primary tumours and previously undetected metastases in 736 dogs with neoplasia undergoing CT scans for diagnostic, staging and/or radiation treatment planning purposes. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:576-581. [PMID: 27135757 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to describe synchronous primary tumours and previously undetected metastases in 736 dogs with confirmed neoplasia in which computed tomography (CT) scans were performed for diagnostic, staging and/or radiation treatment planning purposes. All CTs were reviewed by a radiologist. Tumour-associated CT abnormalities were detected in 38/736 (5%), including confirmed or suspected synchronous primary neoplasms (n = 24), metastases of the primary tumour (n = 9) or both (n = 3). In lymph nodes (LN) that were considered abnormal on CT scan and were aspirated, 23% contained metastasis, and 6% of 'normal' appearing LN that were aspirated contained metastasis. Thorough evaluation of CTs and routine aspiration of regional LN are critical because results affect recommendations to perform additional staging tests and treatment for the primary and secondary tumour(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Magestro
- Department of Clinical Sciences (College of Veterinary Medicine) and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina, State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - T L Gieger
- Department of Clinical Sciences (College of Veterinary Medicine) and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina, State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
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39
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40
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Pollard RE, Fuller MC, Steffey MA. Ultrasound and computed tomography of the iliosacral lymphatic centre in dogs with anal sac gland carcinoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2015; 15:299-306. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. E. Pollard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - M. C. Fuller
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - M. A. Steffey
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
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41
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Nunley J, Sutton J, Culp W, Wilson D, Coleman K, Demianiuk R, Schechter A, Moore G, Donovan T, Schwartz P. Primary pulmonary neoplasia in cats: assessment of computed tomography findings and survival. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:651-6. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Nunley
- Animal Medical Center; New York NY 10065 USA
| | - J. Sutton
- University of California-Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - W. Culp
- University of California-Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - D. Wilson
- University of California-Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - K. Coleman
- Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - R. Demianiuk
- Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - A. Schechter
- Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - G. Moore
- Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - T. Donovan
- Animal Medical Center; New York NY 10065 USA
| | - P. Schwartz
- Animal Medical Center; New York NY 10065 USA
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42
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Johnson PJ, Elders R, Pey P, Dennis R. CLINICAL AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF INFLAMMATORY VERSUS NEOPLASTIC MEDIAL RETROPHARYNGEAL LYMPH NODE MASS LESIONS IN DOGS AND CATS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 57:24-32. [PMID: 26346524 PMCID: PMC7169271 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Medial retropharyngeal lymph node (MRLN) mass lesions are a common cause of cranial cervical masses in dogs and cats, and are predominantly due to metastatic neoplasia, primary neoplasia, or inflammatory lymphadenitis. The purpose of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to test the hypothesis that clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics for dogs and cats with MRLN mass lesions would differ for inflammatory vs. neoplastic etiologies. Dogs and cats with MRLN mass lesions that had undergone MRI and had a confirmed cytological or histopathological diagnosis were recruited from medical record archives. Clinical findings were recorded by one observer and MRI characteristics were recorded by two other observers who were unaware of clinical findings. A total of 31 patients were sampled, with 15 in the inflammatory lymphadenitis group and 16 in the neoplasia group. Patients with inflammatory lymphadenitis were more likely to be younger and present with lethargy (P = 0.001), pyrexia (P = 0.000), and neck pain (P = 0.006). Patients with inflammatory lymphadenitis were also more likely to have a leukocystosis (P = 0.02) and segmental neutrophilia (P = 0.001). Inflammatory masses were more likely to have moderate or marked MRI perinodal contrast enhancement (P = 0.021) and local muscle contrast enhancement (P = 0.03) whereas the neoplastic masses were more likely to have greater MRI width (P = 0.002) and height (P = 0.009). In conclusion, findings indicated that some clinical and MRI characteristics differed for dogs and cats with inflammatory vs. neoplastic medial retropharyngeal lymph node masses. Although histopathological or cytological diagnosis remains necessary for confirmation, these findings may help with the ranking of differential diagnoses of future cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa J Johnson
- Departments of Radiology, The Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, and Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, Medical Imaging
| | - Richard Elders
- Oncology, The Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, and Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, Medical Imaging
| | - Pascaline Pey
- The Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, and Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, Medical Imaging
| | - Ruth Dennis
- Departments of Radiology, The Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, and Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, Medical Imaging
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Carozzi G, Zotti A, Alberti M, Rossi F. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF PHARYNGEAL NEOPLASIA IN 25 DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 56:628-37. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Carozzi
- Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio; Via Gramsci 1/4; 40037 Sasso Marconi Bologna Italy
| | - Alessandro Zotti
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health; University of Padua; Viale dell'Università 16 35020 Legnaro (PD) Padua
| | - Monica Alberti
- Ospedale Veterinario I Portoni Rossi; Via Roma 57/a 40069 Zola Predosa Bologna Italy
| | - Federica Rossi
- Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio; Via Gramsci 1/4; 40037 Sasso Marconi Bologna Italy
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Green K, Boston SE. Bilateral removal of the mandibular and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes through a single ventral midline incision for staging of head and neck cancers in dogs: a description of surgical technique. Vet Comp Oncol 2015; 15:208-214. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Green
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - S. E. Boston
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
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45
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Aarsvold S, Reetz JA, Reichle JK, Jones ID, Lamb CR, Evola MG, Keyerleber MA, Marolf AJ. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN 57 CATS WITH PRIMARY PULMONARY NEOPLASIA. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 56:272-7. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer A. Reetz
- Department of Radiology, Ryan Veterinary Hospital; University of Pennsylvania; 3900 Delanecy Street Philadelphia PA 19014
| | - Jean K. Reichle
- Radiology; Animal Specialty & Emergency Center; 1535 South Sepulveda Blvd Los Angeles CA 90025
| | - Ian D. Jones
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane; North Mymms Herts AL9 7TA UK
| | - Christopher R. Lamb
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane; North Mymms Herts AL9 7TA UK
| | - Maria G. Evola
- Diagnostic Imaging; Animal Specialty and Emergency Center; 1535 South Sepulveda Blvd Los Angeles CA 90025
| | - Michele A. Keyerleber
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University; Radiation Oncology; 200 Westboro Road North Grafton MA 01536
| | - Angela J. Marolf
- Radiology, Veterinary Medical Center; Colorado State University; 300 W. Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80523
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46
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Tuohy JL, Worley DR. Pulmonary lymph node charting in normal dogs with blue dye and scintigraphic lymphatic mapping. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:148-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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47
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Ivančić M, Solano M, Smith CR. Computed tomography and cross-sectional anatomy of the thorax of the live bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:901-15. [PMID: 24596254 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary disease is one of the leading causes of cetacean morbidity and mortality in the wild and in managed collections. The purpose of this study was to present the computed tomographic (CT) appearance of the thorax of the live bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) out-of-water and to describe the technical and logistical parameters involved in CT image acquisition in this species. Six thoracic CT evaluations of four conscious adult bottlenose dolphins were performed between April 2007 and May 2012. Animals were trained to slide out of the water onto foam pads and were transported in covered trucks to a human CT facility. Under light sedation, animals were secured in sternal recumbency for acquisition of CT data. Non-contrast helical images were obtained during an end-inspiratory breath hold. Diagnostic, high quality images were obtained in all cases. Respiratory motion was largely insignificant due to the species' apneustic respiratory pattern. CT findings characteristic of this species include the presence of a bronchus trachealis, absence of lung lobation, cranial cervical extension of the lung, lack of conspicuity of intrathoracic lymph nodes, and presence of retia mirabilia. Dorsoventral narrowing of the heart relative to the thorax was seen in all animals and is suspected to be an artifact of gravity loading. Diagnostic thoracic computed tomography of live cetaceans is feasible and likely to prove clinically valuable. A detailed series of cross-sectional reference images is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ivančić
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California
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48
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Beukers M, Grosso FV, Voorhout G. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESUMED NORMAL CANINE ABDOMINAL LYMPH NODES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 54:610-7. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Beukers
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University; Yalelaan 10, NL-3508 TD; Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - Federico Vilaplana Grosso
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University; Yalelaan 10, NL-3508 TD; Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - George Voorhout
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University; Yalelaan 10, NL-3508 TD; Utrecht; The Netherlands
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49
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Jones BG, Pollard RE. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RADIOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE OF TRACHEOBRONCHIAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT AND DEFINITIVE OR PRESUMPTIVE DIAGNOSIS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 53:486-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brian G. Jones
- From the School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis
| | - Rachel E. Pollard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California; Davis; CA; 95616
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Abstract
SUMMARY The primary purpose of diagnostic imaging is to enable clinicians to make correct decisions about a patient's diagnosis and severity of its condition and, thereby, to contribute to effective and efficient treatment. Advanced imaging modalities are inherently better detectors of morphological lesions than radiography; hence, they offer the possibility of more accurate diagnosis and staging, with correspondingly better patient outcomes. However, there is a lack of evidence that better outcomes are being realised for veterinary patients. Furthermore, increased use of advanced imaging carries the possibility of increased misuse, primarily through unnecessary studies that contribute little to patient management other than increased costs. SCOPE This article is intended to be relevant to all veterinary species. Advanced imaging of cats is not sufficiently developed as a specific discipline that a balanced review could be based purely on feline examples or references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Lamb
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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