1
|
Nankemann J, Holland M, Glamann S, Cole R, Stockler J, Moon R. Spinal lymphoma in a goat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024; 65:199-202. [PMID: 38349192 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A 3-year-old Pygmy Wether was presented for chronic hindlimb paralysis. A neurological exam revealed nonambulatory paraplegia with absent deep pain nociception, lack of hindlimb withdrawal reflexes, and paraspinal pain on palpation with T3 to L3 neurolocalization. MRI of the lumbar spine revealed an extensive, dorsal to dorsolateral, severely compressive, heterogeneously contrast-enhancing extradural lesion of the lumbar spine with intervertebral foraminal extension into the surrounding paraspinal musculature. Vertebral bone marrow involvement was also noted in the L5 and L6 vertebrae. A diagnosis of lymphoma was obtained after cytological sampling. This is the first case report describing specific MRI findings (signal characteristics, enhancement pattern, and perilesional changes) in a goat with paraspinal lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Nankemann
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Merrilee Holland
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Samantha Glamann
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert Cole
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jenna Stockler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Rachel Moon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
May JL, Garcia-Mora J, Edwards M, Rossmeisl JH. An Illustrated Scoping Review of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of Canine and Feline Brain Tumors. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1044. [PMID: 38612283 PMCID: PMC11010916 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used pervasively in veterinary practice for the antemortem diagnosis of intracranial tumors. Here, we provide an illustrated summary of the published MRI features of primary and secondary intracranial tumors of dogs and cats, following PRISMA scoping review guidelines. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant records, and input from stakeholders was solicited to select data for extraction. Sixty-seven studies of moderate to low-level evidence quality describing the MRI features of pathologically confirmed canine and feline brain tumors met inclusion criteria. Considerable variability in data inclusion and reporting, as well as low case numbers, prohibited comparative data analyses. Available data support a holistic MRI approach incorporating lesion number, location within the brain, shape, intrinsic signal appearances on multiparametric sequences, patterns of contrast enhancement, and associated secondary changes in the brain to prioritize differential imaging diagnoses, and often allows for accurate presumptive diagnosis of common intracranial tumors. Quantitative MRI techniques show promise for improving discrimination of neoplastic from non-neoplastic brain lesions, as well as differentiating brain tumor types and grades, but sample size limitations will likely remain a significant practical obstacle to the design of robustly powered radiomic studies. For many brain tumor variants, particularly in cats, there remains a need for standardized studies that correlate clinicopathologic and neuroimaging data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James L. May
- Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.L.M.); (J.G.-M.)
| | - Josefa Garcia-Mora
- Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.L.M.); (J.G.-M.)
| | - Michael Edwards
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - John H. Rossmeisl
- Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.L.M.); (J.G.-M.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fonti N, Parisi F, Aytaş Ç, Degl’Innocenti S, Cantile C. Neuropathology of Central and Peripheral Nervous System Lymphoma in Dogs and Cats: A Study of 92 Cases and Review of the Literature. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050862. [PMID: 36899719 PMCID: PMC10000237 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The literature about nervous system lymphoma (NSL) in dogs and cats is fragmentary, based on a few case series and case reports with heterogeneous results. The aim of our study was to retrospectively analyze 45 cases of canine and 47 cases of feline NSL and compare our results with previously reported data, also providing an extensive literature review. Breed, age, gender, clinical signs, type, and neurolocalization were recorded for each case. The pathological patterns and phenotype were assessed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The occurrence of central and peripheral NSL was similar between the two species in both primary and secondary types. NSL occurred with a slightly higher prevalence in Labrador Retrievers, and spinal cord lymphoma (SCL) was associated with young age in cats. The most frequent locations were the forebrain in dogs and the thoracolumbar segment in cats. Primary central nervous system lymphoma (CNSL) in cats most frequently involved the forebrain meninges, particularly as a B-cell phenotype. Peripheral NSL mostly affected the sciatic nerve in dogs and had no preferred location in cats. Nine different pathological patterns were identified, with extradural as the most prevalent SCL pattern in both species. Finally, lymphomatosis cerebri was described for the first time in a dog.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Fonti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge n. 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Parisi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge n. 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Çağla Aytaş
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge n. 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Degl’Innocenti
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Carlo Cantile
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge n. 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2216894
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Espinosa J, Ortega M, Pumarola M, Fraga E, Martín L. Metastatic Multifocal Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour in the Cervicothoracic Spinal Cord of a Dog Initially Mimicking Meningomyelitis. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020170. [PMID: 36851474 PMCID: PMC9965354 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A nine year old cross-breed dog was presented with a two week history of ambulatory tetraparesis and proprioceptive ataxia affecting all four limbs. Meningomyelitis of Unknown Origin (MUO) was presumptively diagnosed based on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. The dog received a tapering dose of glucocorticoids and cyclosporine, showing significant improvement and the stabilization of the clinical signs for seven months. After this period, the dog showed an acute clinical deterioration and a follow-up MRI revealed new multiple lesions affecting different spinal nerve roots along the cervicothoracic spinal cord. Following euthanasia, a final diagnose of multiple malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) was made based on the histopathological examination. MPNSTs can affect the cranial nerves, spinal nerves or the associated nerve roots at any location and can lead to secondary spinal cord compression. The aim of the present case report is to describe the clinical presentation and atypical MRI findings of a dog with histologically confirmed multiple MPNSTs. According to the reviewed literature, this is the first reported case of simultaneous MPNSTs in the cervicothoracic spinal cord of a dog.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Espinosa
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Service of Centro Clínico Veterinario Indautxu, Alameda de San Mamés 38, 48010 Bilbao, Spain
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Service, Pride Referrals, Derby DE248 HX, UK
| | - María Ortega
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Service of Centro Clínico Veterinario Indautxu, Alameda de San Mamés 38, 48010 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Martí Pumarola
- Mouse and Comparative Pathology Unit, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Campus UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fraga
- Fraga Diagnostic España, S.L., Mijas Costa, 29649 Malaga, Spain
| | - Laura Martín
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Service of Centro Clínico Veterinario Indautxu, Alameda de San Mamés 38, 48010 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lorenzo V, Ribeiro J, Bernardini M, Mínguez JJ, Moral M, Blanco C, Loncarica T, Gamito A, Pumarola M. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features, and pathological findings of spinal lymphoma in 27 cats. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:980414. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.980414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This multicentric retrospective study describes the clinical and MRI features and pathological studies of spinal lymphoma in 27 cats. MRI characteristics and their possible correlations with histopathological findings were studied. The most frequent neurological signs were rapidly progressive paraparesis (62.9%) or paraplegia (22.2%). Bimodal age distribution was found with 40.7% of cats aged ≤2.5 years (63.6% of them FeLV positive), and 44.4% of cats aged ≥8 years (16.7% of them FeLV positive). Spinal lymphoma was generally presented on MRI as an ill-defined epidural focal lesion with moderate to severe spinal cord compression, expanding more than one vertebral body. MRI lesions were typically localized in the lumbar vertebral segment (p = 0.01), circumferential to the spinal cord (p = 0.04), hyperintense on T2-weighted sequences (p = 4.3e-06), and isointense on T1-weighted sequences (p = 8.9e-07). The degree and pattern of contrast enhancement were variable. Other morphological patterns included paravertebral masses with extension into the vertebral canal and lesions centered in the spinal nerve roots. Involvement of vertebrae and adjacent spinal soft tissues was present in 74% of cases when present vertebral involvement was characterized by cortical sparing. When follow-up MRI studies (n = 4) were performed after treatment new lesions of similar nature but different localizations and extension were observed. Confirmation of spinal lymphoma was performed by CSF analysis in 4/27 (14.8%) of cases, by FNA in 6/27 (22.2%) of cases, by surgical biopsy in 10/27 (37%) of cases, by FNA and surgical biopsy in 1/27 (3.7%) of cases, by CSF, FNA, surgical biopsy and postmorten examination in 1/27 (3.7%) of cases, and postmorten studies in 5/27 (18.5%) of cases. Antemortem diagnosis was achieved in 22/27 (81.5%) cats. The presence of necrosis in histopathological studies as an unfavorable prognostic indicator of survival was significantly more probable when lesions were not hyperintense on T2-weighted sequences (p = 0.017). Spinal lymphoma in cats is a complex entity with heterogeneous imaging and histopathological appearance. However, certain MRI features may support a tentative diagnosis, which in a group of cases can be confirmed when combined with the CSF findings. For the rest of the cases, tissue sampling assisted by imaging findings remains necessary for definitive diagnosis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mandara MT, Domini A, Giglia G. Feline lymphoma of the nervous system. Immunophenotype and anatomical patterns in 24 cases. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:959466. [PMID: 36157173 PMCID: PMC9493125 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.959466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to describe the specific localization and anatomical pattern of 24 feline lymphomas of the nervous system for which the immunophenotype was identified by immunohistochemistry investigations to support the potential specific correlation between subtypes and anatomical patterns. In total 10 tumors affected the spinal cord, eight the brain, four the peripheral nerves, one involved both the brain and the spinal cord, and one simultaneously the brain and the optic nerves. Twenty two tumors were primary lymphomas. The affected animals were 8 years of mean age. Tumors developed as an extra-axial mass (11 cases), intra-axial mass (six cases), leptomeningeal lymphomatosis (three cases), and neurolymphomatosis (five cases). One of them expressed both leptomeningeal lymphomatosis and neurolymphomatosis patterns. Two intra-axial brain lymphomas showed an angiotropic pattern. The optic chiasm was the most involved site for neurolymphomatosis. Immunolabeling was performed using anti-CD3, CD20, CD79a, PAX5, MUM-1, CD56, and anti-CD44 antibodies. In total, 12 tumors consisted of B cell lymphomas, and six of T cell lymphomas, two cases were double-reactive lymphomas while two cases consisted of non-B non-T lymphomas. B cell lymphoma affected animals of 6.4 years of mean age, while the T cell lymphoma affected older animals (mean age of 11.1 years). Extra-axial tumors mainly consisted of B cell lymphomas (8/11). Neurolymphomatosis expressed different immunophenotypes, and the B cell phenotype was the most prevalent in the optic chiasm. Two leptomeningeal lymphomatoses expressed T cell immunophenotype. For the first time, plasmacytoid differentiation was found for angiotropic lymphoma and neurolymphomatosis. All the cases, except one, were CD56-negative. CD44-expression confirmed a common malignant potential for all the anatomical patterns of the nervous system lymphoma in cats. Immunophenotype of feline lymphoma of the nervous system and its potential association with specific anatomical patterns should be strongly required in the diagnostic workup and clinical approach to this tumor especially when its primary origin is confirmed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wannemacher R, Knebel A, Volk HA, Hansmann F. Cholesterol granuloma in the choroid plexus of a cat. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:249. [PMID: 35761292 PMCID: PMC9235091 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This case report describes the clinical presentation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as the histopathological findings in an elderly cat with an intracranial cholesterol granuloma. Case presentation An 11.5-year-old, male neutered cat was presented at the emergency service with deteriorating behavioral changes including aggression, and progressive generalized ataxia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed a large, well demarcated, inhomogeneous and contrast enhancing mass in the lateral ventricles with marked mass effect. Due to a poor clinical prognosis, the cat was euthanized. Histological examination identified the mass as a bilateral cholesterol granuloma in the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles. Conclusions Although plexus cholesterol granulomas are rarely seen in cats, they should be considered as a differential diagnosis in elderly patients with neurological signs such as behavioral changes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Durand A, Keenihan E, Schweizer D, Maiolini A, Guevar J, Oevermann A, Gutierrez-Quintana R. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of lymphoma involving the nervous system in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:679-693. [PMID: 35048412 PMCID: PMC8965233 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphoma is the most common spinal cord neoplasm and second most common intracranial tumor in cats, but description of specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features is lacking. Objective Describe the clinical and MRI features of lymphoma affecting the central (CNS) or peripheral (PNS) nervous system or both in cats. Animals Thirty‐one cats with confirmed cytological or histopathological diagnosis or both of lymphoma involving the CNS or PNS or both, and MRI findings of the lesions. Methods Multicenter retrospective descriptive study. Signalment and medical information were recorded. Magnetic resonance imaging findings were reviewed by 3 observers following a list of predefined criteria and consensus was sought. Frequency distributions of the different categorical data were reported. Results Median duration of clinical signs at time of presentation was 14 days (range, 1‐90). Neurological examination was abnormal in 30/31 cats. On MRI, lesions affecting the CNS were diagnosed in 18/31 cats, lesions in both CNS and PNS in 12/31, and lesions in the PNS only in 1/31. Intracranial lesions were diagnosed in 22 cats (extra‐axial, 7/22; intra‐axial, 2/22; mixed, 13/22), and spinal lesions were diagnosed in 12 (6/12 involving the conus medullaris and lumbosacral plexuses). Infiltration of adjacent extra‐neural tissue was present in 11/31 cases. Contrast enhancement was seen in all lesions, being marked in 25/30. Meningeal enhancement was present in all but 2 cases. Several distinct MRI patterns were observed. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Nervous system lymphoma in cats has a wide range of MRI features, of which none is pathognomonic. However, together with clinical data and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, MRI may provide a strong tentative antemortem diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexane Durand
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erin Keenihan
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniela Schweizer
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arianna Maiolini
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien Guevar
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Oevermann
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana
- Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Grapes NJ, Taylor-Brown FE, Volk HA, De Decker S. Clinical reasoning in feline vestibular syndrome: which presenting features are the most important? J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:669-678. [PMID: 33176542 PMCID: PMC10812200 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20970869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate whether clinical variables from the history, clinical presentation, and physical and neurological examinations of cats with vestibular syndrome were statistically predictive of the underlying diagnosis. METHODS In total, 174 cats presenting with vestibular syndrome between January 2010 and May 2019 were investigated. Univariate statistical analysis of clinical variables was performed and those statistically associated with a diagnosis were retained for multivariable binary logistic regression modelling. RESULTS The seven most prevalent diagnoses represented 95% of vestibular presentations, which included: otitis media/interna (n = 48), idiopathic vestibular syndrome (n = 39), intracranial neoplasia (n = 24), middle ear polyp (n = 17), feline infectious peritonitis (n = 13), thiamine deficiency (n = 13) and intracranial empyema (n = 11). Idiopathic vestibular syndrome was commonly associated with non-purebred cats and had 17.8 times the odds of an improving clinical progression (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-250.0; P = 0.03). Intracranial neoplasia was associated with older age and chronic onset of clinical signs, and was significantly more likely to have a central vestibular neuroanatomical localisation (95% CI 8.5-344,349,142.0; P = 0.015) with postural deficits on neurological examination. Thiamine deficiency was more common in female cats, with 52.6 times the odds of a waxing and waning clinical progression (95% CI 1.2-1000; P = 0.038) and 6.8 times the odds of presenting with bilateral vestibular signs (95% CI 1.0-45.7; P = 0.047) and wide excursions of the head (95% CI 1.0-45.7; P = 0.047). Middle ear polyps were associated with 8.8 times the odds of presenting with Horner syndrome (95% CI 1.5-50.0; P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Although it may be difficult to identify the underlying diagnosis in cats with vestibular syndrome from the presenting features alone, there are instances in which discrete clinical features may help to guide clinical reasoning when evaluating cats with vestibular presentations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Grapes
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | | | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lampe R, Levitin HA, Hecht S, Vieson MD, Selting KA, Hague DW, Foss KD. MRI of CNS lymphoma with choroid plexus involvement in five dogs and one cat. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:690-699. [PMID: 33769594 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the clinical features, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and outcome of dogs and cats with central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma that involved the choroid plexus. MATERIALS AND METHODS A bi-institutional retrospective study of MRI of dogs and cats with CNS lymphoma, in which the choroid plexus was affected on MRI. Signalment, clinical, MRI, clinicopathologic and histopathologic findings were recorded and evaluated. RESULTS CNS lymphoma with choroid plexus involvement on the MRI was identified in five dogs and one cat. MRI revealed diffuse enlargement and multifocal nodularity in the choroid plexus in most cases, with the fourth ventricle the most common site affected. Five of the cases had signs of extraneural involvement (including the cat), while the sixth case was not staged. Four of five CSF samples analysed provided a diagnosis of lymphoma. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE We report MRI findings of CNS lymphoma involving the choroid plexus. These results show the importance of recognising novel imaging patterns and the potential utility of CSF collection in diagnosing CNS lymphoma involving the choroid plexus ante mortem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lampe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Urbana, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - H A Levitin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Urbana, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - S Hecht
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - M D Vieson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Urbana, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - K A Selting
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Urbana, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - D W Hague
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Urbana, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - K D Foss
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Urbana, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tauro A, Di Dona F, Zoelch N, Stent A. Fluctuation of Clinical Signs With Near-Syncopal Episodes in a Dog With Gliomatosis Cerebri: A Diagnostic Challenge. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 43:100508. [PMID: 33434679 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year-old Bull Mastiff cross Boxer neutered male dog was evaluated because of 2-month history of non-progressive right head tilt and mild vestibular ataxia. MRI of the brain revealed a faint T2W, FLAIR, DWI and ADC heterogenous hyperintense and T1W isointense intra-axial lesion with indistinct margins at the level of the pons and medulla oblongata. The lesion did not show any susceptibility artefact on T2* GRE images or contrast enhancement and CSF analysis was normal. Analysis of the spectra from MRS of the thalamus not promptly available at the time of the MRI study revealed a decreased level of NAA, as seen in people with gliomatosis cerebri. The dog represented 3 weeks later and, on this occasion, displayed left-sided head tilt, left-sided postural reaction deficits and near-syncopal episodes associated with state of confusion. Repeated MRI revealed a larger non-enhancing intra-axial lesion with a more hyperintense signal than previously described. CSF was normal and PCR of CSF for infectious diseases was negative. Thoracic and abdominal computed tomography did not reveal any primary or metastatic process. Immunosuppressive treatment was attempted and the dog remained stable over 5 days, then developed generalized tonic-clonic seizures which led to status epilepticus and death. Histopathology supported the diagnosis of gliomatosis cerebri. Gliomatosis cerebri remains difficult to diagnose ante-mortem, due to the broad age of onset and the variable duration and wide range of clinical signs. The mismatch between MRI findings and clinical presentation, the fluctuating clinical signs with near-syncopal episodes associated with a state of confusion, the presence of an infiltrative brain disease as depicted on MR imaging and a normal CSF analysis, should prompt the clinician to consider possible diagnosis of a widespread infiltrative neoplasm. Although, MRS may help narrow the differential diagnosis in favor of a neoplastic lesion, the overall prognosis remains poor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tauro
- Chestergates Veterinary Specialists, Chester, Cheshire, UK.
| | | | - Niklaus Zoelch
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Stent
- University of Melbourne, Werribee Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Auger M, Hecht S, Springer CM. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features of Extradural Spinal Neoplasia in 60 Dogs and Seven Cats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:610490. [PMID: 33490136 PMCID: PMC7817889 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.610490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This retrospective study describes the MRI features of extradural spinal neoplasia in 60 dogs and seven cats to identify potential distinguishing features between tumor classes and individual tumor types within each class. In dogs, mesenchymal tumors were most common (48%), with undifferentiated sarcomas being the predominant tumor type. Round cell neoplasms were second most common (35%), with lymphoma and multiple myeloma/plasma cell tumor comprising the majority of cases. Only two benign tumors were identified. In cats, lymphoma was most common (5/7), with one case of mesenchymal neoplasia and one case of metastatic carcinoma. Despite some overlap, certain imaging features were able to help prioritize differential diagnoses. The combined features that predicted round cell neoplasia (84%) included the preservation of vertebral shape, homogeneous contrast enhancement, and lesion centering on bone. The combined features that predicted mesenchymal neoplasia (73%) included altered vertebral shape, heterogeneous contrast enhancement, and lesion centering on paraspinal soft tissues. Round cell neoplasms were more likely to have cortical sparing, preservation of overall shape, lesion centering on bone, small soft tissue tumor size, and homogeneous contrast enhancement. Both epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasms were more likely to have cortical lysis, a cavitary component to the soft tissue mass and medium to large soft tissue mass size. The findings of this study can aid in prioritizing differential diagnoses in cases of extradural spinal neoplasia in cats and dogs, which can impact case management, but tissue sampling remains the gold standard for definitive diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Auger
- Animages, Longueuil, QC, Canada.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Silke Hecht
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Cary M Springer
- Research Computing Support, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Grapes NJ, Packer RMA, De Decker S. Clinical reasoning in canine cervical hyperaesthesia: which presenting features are important? Vet Rec 2020; 187:448. [PMID: 32917838 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate whether clinical features from the history, presentation, physical and neurological examination of dogs with cervical hyperaesthesia are statistically predictive of the underlying diagnosis. METHODS Two hundred and ninety-eight dogs presenting with cervical hyperaesthesia between January 2010 and October 2018 were investigated. Only neurologically normal dogs with cervical hyperaesthesia on examination were included, while those with concurrent neurological deficits including gait abnormalities and proprioceptive deficits were excluded. Univariate analysis of clinical variables was performed, and those associated with each diagnosis were retained for multivariable binary logistic regression models. RESULTS Ninety-five per cent of cervical hyperaesthesia presentations were represented by eight conditions that included steroid-responsive meningitis arteritis (SRMA; n=100), intervertebral disc extrusion (n=78), syringomyelia (SM; n=51), intervertebral disc protrusion (n=30), neoplasia (n=8), cervical spondylomyelopathy (n=7), immune-mediated polyarthritis (n=5) and meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology (n=5). Younger age (P=0.003), pyrexia (P=0.003) and haematology abnormalities (P=0.03) comprising leucocytosis, neutrophilia or monocytosis were associated with a diagnosis of SRMA. CONCLUSIONS Easy-to-recognise clinical features can be used to identify the most likely differential diagnosis in neurologically normal dogs with cervical hyperaesthesia, which may aid the decision making of veterinary surgeons evaluating dogs with this presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas John Grapes
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | | | - Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Brady SL, Woodward AP, le Chevoir M. Survival time and relapse in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin treated with prednisolone and ciclosporin: a retrospective study. Aust Vet J 2020; 98:491-498. [PMID: 32794230 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse outcome in dogs with a presumptive diagnosis of meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin (MUO) treated with prednisolone and ciclosporin and to assess the effect of a number of patient variables on survival time and rate of relapse. DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Medical records of 40 client-owned dogs with a diagnosis of MUO treated with prednisolone and ciclosporin at one institution between June 2010 and January 2018 were reviewed retrospectively to assess survival times and prognostic indicators for death and/or relapse. The minimum follow-up time was 11 months post-diagnosis. RESULTS Median survival was 1345 days (95% confidence interval: 487-∞). No associations with hazard of death or relapse were detected for the presence of multifocal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities, caudal fossa location of MRI abnormalities, value of cerebrospinal fluid total nucleated cell count or total protein at time of diagnosis, or suspected elevation in intracranial pressure at time of diagnosis. CONCLUSION Protracted survival time may be achieved with a treatment combination of prednisolone and ciclosporin. Suspected elevation in intracranial pressure at the time of diagnosis did not affect long-term outcome in this cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Brady
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.,The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - A P Woodward
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mar le Chevoir
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.,Veterinary Emergency and Specialty Hospital, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Conway EA, Waugh EM, Knottenbelt C. A case of T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia progressing to Richter syndrome with central nervous system involvement in a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:147-152. [PMID: 32215932 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An 8-year-old neutered Beagle dog was presented with polyuria and polydipsia. Routine clinicopathologic testing showed a significant lymphocytosis and proteinuria. Lymphocytes were of small to intermediate in size with a mature morphology. Infectious disease screening was negative. PCR for antigen receptor gene rearrangements showed a clonal T-cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement consistent with T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Bone marrow cytology showed <30% lymphocytes, while the proportion in splenic fine-needle aspirate cytology was considered increased. The dog was initially monitored but started on prednisolone and chlorambucil therapy 2 months later due to worsening clinical signs and progressive lymphocytosis. After an additional 2 weeks, the dog developed multifocal spinal pain and single-node lymphadenomegaly. Cytology of the lymph node showed a monomorphic population of large lymphoblasts consistent with lymphoma. Cytology of a cerebrospinal fluid sample also showed large lymphoblasts. PCR for antigen receptor gene rearrangement at both sites showed a clonal TCR rearrangement of the same molecular size as in the initial leukemic cells. The dog was diagnosed with a transformation of the CLL to Richter syndrome (RS) with involvement of the central nervous system (CNS). Therapy was started with L-asparaginase and an increased dose of prednisolone; however, the dog was euthanized due to progressive clinical signs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of canine RS with direct involvement of the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Conway
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Hospital, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elspeth M Waugh
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Clare Knottenbelt
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Hospital, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Miller AD, Miller CR, Rossmeisl JH. Canine Primary Intracranial Cancer: A Clinicopathologic and Comparative Review of Glioma, Meningioma, and Choroid Plexus Tumors. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1151. [PMID: 31788444 PMCID: PMC6856054 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the dog, primary intracranial neoplasia represents ~2-5% of all cancers and is especially common in certain breeds including English and French bulldogs and Boxers. The most common types of primary intracranial cancer in the dog are meningioma, glioma, and choroid plexus tumors, generally occurring in middle aged to older dogs. Much work has recently been done to understand the characteristic imaging and clinicopathologic features of these tumors. The gross and histologic landscape of these tumors in the dog compare favorably to their human counterparts with many similarities noted in histologic patterns, subtype, and grades. Data informing the underlying molecular abnormalities in the canine tumors have only begun to be unraveled, but reveal similar pathways are mutated between canine and human primary intracranial neoplasia. This review will provide an overview of the clinicopathologic features of the three most common forms of primary intracranial cancer in the dog, delve into the comparative aspects between the dog and human neoplasms, and provide an introduction to current standard of care while also highlighting novel, experimental treatments that may help bridge the gap between canine and human cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Miller
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - C. Ryan Miller
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center and Comprehensive Neuroscience Center, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - John H. Rossmeisl
- Section of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
LaRue MK, Taylor AR, Back AR, Lindley SE, Boudreaux BL, Almond GT, Shores A, Brawner WR, Smith AN. Central nervous system lymphoma in 18 dogs (2001 to 2015). J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:547-552. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. K. LaRue
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary MedicineAuburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849 USA
| | - A. R. Taylor
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary MedicineAuburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849 USA
| | - A. R. Back
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary MedicineAuburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849 USA
| | - S. E. Lindley
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary MedicineAuburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849 USA
| | - B. L. Boudreaux
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary MedicineLouisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803 USA
| | - G. T. Almond
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary MedicineAuburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849 USA
| | - A. Shores
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary MedicineMississippi State University; Mississippi State Mississippi 39762 USA
| | - W. R. Brawner
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary MedicineAuburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849 USA
| | - A. N. Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary MedicineAuburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849 USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee AM, Beasley MJ, Barrett ED, James JR, Gambino JM. Single-voxel and multi-voxel spectroscopy yield comparable results in the normal juvenile canine brain when using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 59:577-586. [PMID: 29886575 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of canine brain diseases are often nonspecific. Single- and multi-voxel spectroscopy techniques allow quantification of chemical biomarkers for tissues of interest and may help to improve diagnostic specificity. However, published information is currently lacking for the in vivo performance of these two techniques in dogs. The aim of this prospective, methods comparison study was to compare the performance of single- and multi-voxel spectroscopy in the brains of eight healthy, juvenile dogs using 3 Tesla MRI. Ipsilateral regions of single- and multi-voxel spectroscopy were performed in symmetric regions of interest of each brain in the parietal (n = 3), thalamic (n = 2), and piriform lobes (n = 3). In vivo single-voxel spectroscopy and multi-voxel spectroscopy metabolite ratios from the same size and multi-voxel spectroscopy ratios from different sized regions of interest were compared. No significant difference was seen between single-voxel spectroscopy and multi-voxel spectroscopy metabolite ratios for any lobe when regions of interest were similar in size and shape. Significant lobar single-voxel spectroscopy and multi-voxel spectroscopy differences were seen between the parietal lobe and thalamus (P = 0.047) for the choline to N-acetyl aspartase ratios when large multi-voxel spectroscopy regions of interest were compared to very small multi-voxel spectroscopy regions of interest within the same lobe; and for the N-acetyl aspartase to creatine ratios in all lobes when single-voxel spectroscopy was compared to combined (pooled) multi-voxel spectroscopy datasets. Findings from this preliminary study indicated that single- and multi-voxel spectroscopy techniques using 3T MRI yield comparable results for similar sized regions of interest in the normal canine brain. Findings also supported using the contralateral side as an internal control for dogs with brain lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Lee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, MS, 39762
| | - Michaela J Beasley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, MS, 39762
| | - Emerald D Barrett
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, MS, 39762
| | - Judy R James
- Medical Physics Division, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, 85054
| | - Jennifer M Gambino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, MS, 39762
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Treggiari E, Arrol LP. Clinical response to a lomustine/cytarabine-based chemotherapy protocol in a case of canine large granular lymphocyte T-cell lymphoma with spinal involvement. Open Vet J 2018; 8:154-159. [PMID: 29805960 PMCID: PMC5961131 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A 7-year-old, female neutered cross-breed dog was referred to our institution with a history of progressive hind limb weakness, which then progressed to paraplegia. An MRI of the spine revealed severe meningeal infiltrate consistent with lymphoma involvement, located at the level of L2-L7 with concurrent lymph node enlargement and abnormal bone marrow. Abdominal ultrasonography also identified changes in the spleen and confirmed enlargement of the lumbar aortic lymph node. Cytology of lymph nodes and spleen confirmed a high-grade lymphoma with features of a large granular lymphocyte (LGL) variant; PCR for antigen receptor re-arrangements (PARR) was positive for a clonal T-cell receptor rearrangement. The dog was started on a chemotherapy protocol with lomustine and cytarabine incorporation and had a rapid improvement in neurological status. Chemotherapy was continued until relapse and rescue treatment used at that time. The dog was euthanased at the time of recurrence of neurological signs, 195 days since medical treatment was started. This case report suggests that combination chemotherapy may be of use when treating LGL lymphoma with spinal involvement and survival time may potentially exceed 6 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Treggiari
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Solihull, B904NH, West Midlands, UK.,Current Address: Centro Specialistico Veterinario, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorna Provan Arrol
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Solihull, B904NH, West Midlands, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cook L, Tensley M, Drost WT, Koivisto C, Oglesbee M. MRI Findings of Suprasellar Germ Cell Tumors in Two Dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018; 54:167-172. [PMID: 29558220 PMCID: PMC6052451 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 4 yr old border collie presenting for mydriasis and decreased mentation and a 7 yr old Boston terrier presenting for obtundation, head tilt, and paraparesis were both evaluated using MRI. Findings in both included mass lesions of the thalamus and brainstem that were hypo- to isointense on T1-weighted images and hyperintense on T2-weighted images with regions of hypointensity, and robust contrast enhancement and displacement of adjacent structures. Postmortem histopathology findings, tumor location, and a mixed pattern of epithelial cell differentiation were consistent with germ cell tumor in both cases. Germ cell tumor of the suprasellar region is an infrequently reported neoplasm of dogs and imaging findings in this species have not been well described in the prior literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Cook
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (L.C., M.T., W.T.D.) and Department of Veterinary Biosciences (C.K., M.O.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michelle Tensley
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (L.C., M.T., W.T.D.) and Department of Veterinary Biosciences (C.K., M.O.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Wm Tod Drost
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (L.C., M.T., W.T.D.) and Department of Veterinary Biosciences (C.K., M.O.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher Koivisto
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (L.C., M.T., W.T.D.) and Department of Veterinary Biosciences (C.K., M.O.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael Oglesbee
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (L.C., M.T., W.T.D.) and Department of Veterinary Biosciences (C.K., M.O.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tanaka T, Akiyoshi H, Shimazaki H, Kawakami R, Mie K, Yamada Y, Ohashi F. Apparent diffusion coefficient value for a B-cell central nervous system lymphoma in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2018; 4:2055116917750762. [PMID: 29383265 PMCID: PMC5784466 DOI: 10.1177/2055116917750762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary This report involves a 10-year-old male mixed-breed cat with a B-cell central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma. The cat presented with ataxia progressing to left hemiparesis. While haematological findings were normal, serum biochemistry showed a high creatine phosphokinase concentration. MRI revealed a homogeneously enhancing well-demarcated extra-axial lesion involving the region of the left lateral aperture with oedema in left flocculus and left medulla oblongata. On diffusion-weighted imaging, the lesion margins showed marked hyperintensity relative to the right cerebellar hemisphere. On an apparent diffusion coefficient map, the lesion appeared hypointense, with an apparent diffusion coefficient value of 0.57 ± 0.01 × 10−3 mm2/s. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and cytology, and genetic analysis of CSF lymphoblasts confirmed a diagnosis of B-cell lymphoma. The owner opted for palliative treatment with prednisolone (1 mg/kg q12h); however, the cat died of dyspnoea 10 days after presentation. Relevance and novel information CNS lymphomas, which are the second most common intracranial tumours in cats, are highly infiltrative lesions and radical surgical excision is not recommended. Therefore, accurate diagnosis is crucial. However, contrast-enhanced MRI cannot always differentiate these lesions from other conditions, including other CNS tumours and strokes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to document the diffusion-weighted imaging features and apparent diffusion coefficient value for a feline CNS lymphoma. These findings are expected to improve the diagnostic accuracy of these lesions in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Tanaka
- Kinki Animal Medical Training Institute, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Akiyoshi
- Department of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shimazaki
- Kinki Animal Medical Training Institute, Osaka, Japan.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Keiichiro Mie
- Department of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Department of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumihito Ohashi
- Department of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jones ID, Daniels AD, Lara-Garcia A, Peters LM, Mantis P. Computed tomographic findings in 12 cases of canine multi-centric lymphoma with splenic and hepatic involvement. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:622-628. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. D. Jones
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Queen Mother Hospital for Animals; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| | - A. D. Daniels
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Queen Mother Hospital for Animals; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| | - A. Lara-Garcia
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Queen Mother Hospital for Animals; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| | - L. M. Peters
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| | - P. Mantis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Queen Mother Hospital for Animals; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Masciarelli AE, Griffin JF, Fosgate GT, Hecht S, Mankin JM, Holmes SP, Platt SR, Kent M, Pancotto TE, Chen AV, Levine JM. Evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging for the differentiation of inflammatory, neoplastic, and vascular intradural spinal cord diseases in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 58:444-453. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E. Masciarelli
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; TX 77843
| | - John F. Griffin
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; TX 77843
| | - Geoffrey T. Fosgate
- The Department of Production Animal Studies; University of Pretoria; Pretoria South Africa
| | - Silke Hecht
- The Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine; Knoxville TN 37996
| | - Joseph M. Mankin
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; TX 77843
| | - Shannon P. Holmes
- The Departments of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging; University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine; Athens GA 30602
| | - Simon R. Platt
- Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine; Athens GA 30602
| | - Marc Kent
- Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine; Athens GA 30602
| | - Theresa E. Pancotto
- The Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine; Blacksburg VA 24061
| | - Annie V. Chen
- The Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Washington State University; Pullman WA 99164
| | - Jonathan M. Levine
- The Department of Production Animal Studies; University of Pretoria; Pretoria South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cossic B, Silver G, Kent M, Glass EN, Agnew D, McDonough S, Miller AD. Surgical removal of a choroid plexus oncocytoma in an adult cat. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:589-592. [PMID: 28379624 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
An 11-year-old male castrated domestic shorthair cat presented with left central vestibular dysfunction. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed a large, extra-parenchymal, strongly contrast-enhancing mass at the level of the left cerebellopontine angle and compressing the cerebellum and brainstem. The mass was surgically excised via left rostral and sub-tentorial craniectomies and histopathology revealed an epithelial neoplasm composed of anastomosing cords of neoplastic cells that contained large amounts of finely granular hypereosinophilic cytoplasm and round nuclei. The cytoplasmic granules were variably positive with periodic acid-Schiff and modified Gomori trichrome. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-cytokeratin AE1/AE3 was diffusely positive. Electron microscopy revealed neoplastic cells that were full of electron-dense organelles consistent with mitochondria. This is the first case of a choroid plexus oncocytoma in the central nervous system of any domestic animal species and highlights the role of successful surgical intervention in extra-parenchymal neoplasia in the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Cossic
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - G Silver
- Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801, USA
| | - M Kent
- Section of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - E N Glass
- Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, New Jersey 07724, USA
| | - D Agnew
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S McDonough
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - A D Miller
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Moore TW, Bentley RT, Moore SA, Provencher M, Warry EE, Kohnken R, Heng HG. SPINAL MAST CELL TUMORS IN DOGS: IMAGING FEATURES AND CLINICAL OUTCOME OF FOUR CASES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 58:44-52. [PMID: 27723239 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Published information regarding canine vertebral column mast cell tumors (MCTs) is limited. The objectives of this study were to report clinical and advanced imaging findings for a group of dogs with confirmed spinal MCT. Inclusion criteria for this retrospective case series were dogs with spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans and a histological diagnosis of spinal MCT. Clinical, imaging, treatment, and outcome data were recorded. Four dogs met inclusion criteria. One dog had primary spinal MCT and three dogs had metastatic spinal MCT. All four dogs presented for paraspinal hyperesthesia and subacute progressive or acute myelopathy. All CT and MRI lesions were extradural. Two cases exhibited distinct masses in the epidural space. In one case, an epidural tumor invaded from the paravertebral musculature. One case exhibited polyostotic lesions indistinguishable from multiple myeloma by MRI. One dog with a primary epidural low-grade MCT remains clinically normal 4 years postoperatively, following adjunctive lomustine. An epidural high-grade MCT, metastatic from a cutaneous tumor, recurred within 2 months of surgery despite adjunctive vinblastine. Two high-grade cases with concurrent visceral involvement were euthanized immediately after imaging. In dogs, MCT should be considered as a differential diagnosis for a progressive painful myelopathy and CT or MRI evidence of an extradural spinal lesion (epidural, paravertebral, or polyostotic). While more often associated with cutaneous or disseminated disease, MCT may also occur as a primary tumor of the epidural space in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Moore
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - R Timothy Bentley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Sarah A Moore
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Michele Provencher
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Emma E Warry
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Rebecca Kohnken
- Departments of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Hock Gan Heng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sisó S, Marco-Salazar P, Moore PF, Sturges BK, Vernau W, Wisner ER, Bollen AW, Dickinson PJ, Higgins RJ. Canine Nervous System Lymphoma Subtypes Display Characteristic Neuroanatomical Patterns. Vet Pathol 2016; 54:53-60. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985816658101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Primary and secondary nervous system involvement occurs in 4% and 5%–12%, respectively, of all canine non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The recent new classification of canine malignant lymphomas, based on the human World Health Organization classification, has been endorsed with international acceptance. This histological and immunocytochemical classification provides a unique opportunity to study the histologic anatomic distribution patterns in the central and peripheral nervous system of these defined lymphoma subtypes. In this study, we studied a cohort of 37 dogs with lymphoma, which at necropsy had either primary (n = 1, 2.7%) or secondary (n = 36; 97.3%) neural involvement. These T- (n = 16; 43.2%) or B-cell (n = 21; 56.8%) lymphomas were further classified into 12 lymphoma subtypes, with predominant subtypes including peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), respectively. This systematic study identified 6 different anatomically based histologically defined patterns of lymphoma infiltration in the nervous system of dogs. Different and distinct combinations of anatomical patterns correlated with specific lymphoma subtypes. Lymphoma infiltration within the meningeal, perivascular, and periventricular compartments were characteristic of DLBCL, whereas peripheral nerve involvement was a frequent feature of PTCL. Similarly cell counts above 64 cells/μL in cerebrospinal samples correlated best with marked meningeal and periventricular lymphoma infiltration histologically. Prospective studies are needed in order to confirm the hypothesis that these combinations of histological neuroanatomic patterns reflect targeting of receptors specific for the lymphoma subtypes at these various sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Sisó
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - P. Marco-Salazar
- Centro VISAVET, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - P. F. Moore
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - B. K. Sturges
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - W. Vernau
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - E. R. Wisner
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A. W. Bollen
- Neuropathology Division, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - P. J. Dickinson
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R. J. Higgins
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mandara MT, Motta L, Calò P. Distribution of feline lymphoma in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Vet J 2016; 216:109-16. [PMID: 27687936 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In cats, lymphoma (lymphosarcoma) is the most common neoplasm affecting the spinal cord and the second most common intracranial tumour. Although lymphoma commonly develops in the spinal cord as a part of a multicentric process, a primary form may occur. Lymphoma can exhibit a wide range of morphological patterns, including intraparenchymal brain mass, lymphomatosis cerebri, intravascular lymphoma, lymphomatous choroiditis and meningitis, extradural, intradural-extramedullary or intramedullary lymphoma in the spinal cord, or neurolymphomatosis in the peripheral nerves. Lymphoma may occur as a paraneoplastic disorder associated with peripheral neuropathies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are the techniques of choice for morphological assessment of nervous system lesions in vivo. However, biopsy should be performed to achieve a definitive diagnosis. Knowledge of the different morphological patterns expressed by lymphoma in the nervous system of cats allows veterinary clinicians to suspect lymphoma and to arrange appropriate diagnostic procedures, including immunophenotype and clonality studies, along with therapeutic protocols and prognostic evaluations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Mandara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Neuropathology Laboratory, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Luca Motta
- ChesterGates Veterinary Specialists, Gates Lane, Telford Court, Unit E/F, Chester CH1 6LT, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Calò
- Europa Veterinary Clinic, Via Kassel 18, Firenze 50126, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Cluzel C, Aboulmali AA, Dugas S, Pey P, Olive J, Gara-Boivin C. Diffuse leptomeningeal histiocytic sarcoma in the cerebrospinal fluid of 2 dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:184-90. [PMID: 26882507 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two adult male castrated dogs were evaluated for progressive paraparesis and ataxia. Neurologic examination showed severe ataxia, delayed proprioceptive placement in the pelvic limbs, pain upon palpation of the lumbar spine as well as facial paresis in one dog, and decreased withdrawal reflex of the pelvic limbs in the other dog. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in both dogs showed diffuse meningeal and intramedullary lesions. However, no evidence of a mass was found. Biopsies could not be performed safely due to the location of the lesions. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination revealed an inflammatory pleocytosis associated with increased protein concentration and numerous large atypical round cells, often multinucleated. Nuclear fragmentation, micronuclei, and rare atypical mitoses were observed. Immunocytochemistry revealed CD1(+) and CD11c(+) staining, which, in concert with the morphology confirmed the diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma (HS). Euthanasia was elected due to poor prognosis. Histopathologic examination showed diffuse spinal and meningeal infiltration with CD18(+) neoplastic cells, without any evidence of mass formation, which completed the diagnosis of diffuse leptomeningeal HS involving the brain and the spinal cord. Canine central nervous system (CNS) HS has been seldom reported in the literature, with only isolated cases identified on CSF cytology. The cases reported here are remarkable in describing a diffuse CNS leptomeningeal HS associated with neoplastic cells in the CSF of dogs without a tumor mass. These cases emphasize the potential critical importance of CSF analysis in providing an antemortem diagnosis of neoplasia in neurologic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cluzel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Abdelkerim Ahamat Aboulmali
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Dugas
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Pascaline Pey
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Olive
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Carolyn Gara-Boivin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Allett B, Hecht S. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS IN THE SPINE OF SIX DOGS DIAGNOSED WITH LYMPHOMA. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:154-61. [PMID: 26765833 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma is one of the most common neoplasms in the dog. Despite its prevalence and the increasing use of advanced diagnostic imaging in veterinary patients only few reports of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in spinal lymphoma have been published to date. The purpose of this retrospective case series study was to describe the MRI findings in dogs with confirmed lymphoma affecting the spine and/or paraspinal soft tissues. Medical records were searched for patients that had MRI of the spine and a diagnosis of lymphoma during the period of 2005-2015. Data recorded from retrieved MRI studies were presence of focal or multifocal disease, structures involved, and signal characteristics on T2-W, short tau inversion recovery (STIR), and T1-W sequences prior to and following intravenous contrast medium administration. Six dogs met the inclusion criteria. Common findings included multifocal disease (4/6), vertebral involvement (5/6), spinal cord compression (4/6), and involvement of more than one spinal compartment (medullary cavity, vertebral canal, paraspinal soft tissues) (6/6). Vertebral changes were confined to the medullary cavity without evidence of cortical osteolysis. There was questionable involvement of the spinal cord in one case. All spinal and paraspinal lesions identified were T2-W isointense to hyperintense, STIR hyperintense, T1-W hypointense to isointense, and showed variable moderate to strong contrast enhancement. Additional lesions identified were enlarged intraabdominal lymph nodes, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and a splenic nodule. The STIR and T1-W postcontrast sequences were subjectively the most useful in identification of the spinal and paraspinal lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Allett
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| | - Silke Hecht
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Scarpante E, Palus V, Summers BA, Caine A, Cherubini GB. IMAGING DIAGNOSIS - MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF INTRACRANIAL INFLAMMATORY FIBROSARCOMA IN A MIXED BREED DOG. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 57:E5-9. [PMID: 26304143 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-year-old mixed-breed dog presented with progressive behavioral changes and altered mentation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed an olfactory and frontal lobe extra-axial mass. The mass exhibited the following MRI signal intensity characteristics: T2W mixed, T1W iso- to hypointense, FLAIR hyperintense, and strong contrast enhancement. The mass was removed with cavitronic ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) assisted neurosurgery. Based on histopathological appearance and immunohistochemistry, the diagnosis of inflammatory fibrosarcoma was made. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing MRI characteristics of intracranial inflammatory fibrosarcoma in the veterinary literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Scarpante
- Dick White Referrals, London Road, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH
| | - Viktor Palus
- Dick White Referrals, London Road, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH
| | | | - Abby Caine
- Dick White Referrals, London Road, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cardy TJA, De Decker S, Kenny PJ, Volk HA. Clinical reasoning in canine spinal disease: what combination of clinical information is useful? Vet Rec 2015. [PMID: 26198211 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Spinal disease in dogs is commonly encountered in veterinary practice. Numerous diseases may cause similar clinical signs and presenting histories. The study objective was to use statistical models to identify combinations of discrete parameters from the patient signalment, history and neurological examination that could suggest the most likely diagnoses with statistical significance. A retrospective study of 500 dogs referred to the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals before June 2012 for the investigation of spinal disease was performed. Details regarding signalment, history, physical and neurological examinations, neuroanatomical localisation and imaging data were obtained. Univariate analyses of variables (breed, age, weight, onset, deterioration, pain, asymmetry, neuroanatomical localisation) were performed, and variables were retained in a multivariate logistic regression model if P<0.05. Leading diagnoses were intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE, n=149), intervertebral disc protrusion (n=149), ischaemic myelopathy (IM, n=48) and neoplasms (n=44). Multivariate logistic regression characterised IM and acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusions as the only peracute onset, non-progressive, non-painful and asymmetrical T3-L3 myelopathies. IVDE was most commonly characterised as acute onset, often deteriorating, painful and largely symmetrical T3-L3 myelopathy. This study suggests that most spinal diseases cause distinctive combinations of presenting clinical parameters (signalment, onset, deterioration, pain, asymmetry, neuroanatomical localisation). Taking particular account of these parameters may aid decision making in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J A Cardy
- Department of Clinical Science & Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - S De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science & Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - P J Kenny
- Department of Clinical Science & Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - H A Volk
- Department of Clinical Science & Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mariani CL, Jennings MK, Olby NJ, Borst LB, Brown JC, Robertson ID, Seiler GS, MacKillop E. Histiocytic sarcoma with central nervous system involvement in dogs: 19 cases (2006-2012). J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:607-13. [PMID: 25711602 PMCID: PMC4895499 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reports of histiocytic sarcoma (HS) involving the central nervous system (CNS) are sparse and consist mainly of case reports describing 1–3 animals. Objective The objective of this study was to report the signalments, clinical signs, clinicopathologic and diagnostic imaging findings, treatment, and outcome of a series of dogs with HS and CNS involvement. Animals Nineteen dogs with HS examined at veterinary referral hospitals. Methods Retrospective case series. Medical records were reviewed and cases with a histopathological diagnosis of CNS HS were included in the study. Diagnostic imaging studies of the CNS were evaluated and histopathologic samples were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis. Results Retrievers and Pembroke Welsh Corgis were overrepresented in this cohort of dogs. Tumors involved the brain in 14 dogs and the spinal cord in 5. In 4 dogs, HS was part of a disseminated, multiorgan process whereas it appeared confined to the CNS in 15 dogs. Diagnostic imaging had variable appearances although extraaxial masses predominated in the brain. There was meningeal enhancement in all dogs that was often profound and remote from the primary mass lesion. Pleocytosis was present in all dogs with CSF evaluation. Median survival was 3 days. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Breed predispositions appear to vary from reports of HS in other organ systems. Some unique imaging and clinicopathologic characteristics, particularly brain herniation, profound meningeal enhancement, and pleocytosis in combination with 1 or more mass lesions, might help to differentiate this neoplasm from others involving the CNS, although this requires further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Mariani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; Comparative Neuroimmunology and Neurooncology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bentley RT. Magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of brain tumors in dogs. Vet J 2015; 205:204-16. [PMID: 25792181 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A great deal of information is now available regarding the range of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of many primary and secondary brain tumors from dogs. In this review, these canine neoplasms are grouped into meningeal masses, ventricular masses, intra-axial enhancing lesions, intra-axial mildly to non-enhancing lesions, and multifocal lesions. For each of these patterns, the major and sporadic neoplastic differential diagnoses are provided, and guidance on how to rank differential diagnoses for each individual patient is presented. The implication of MRI features such as contrast-enhancement, signal intensities and location is discussed. However, the information garnered from MRI must be correlated with all available clinical information and with epidemiological data before creating a differential diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Timothy Bentley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Young BD, Mankin JM, Griffin JF, Fosgate GT, Fowler JL, Levine JM. Comparison of two fat-suppressed magnetic resonance imaging pulse sequences to standard t2-weighted images for brain parenchymal contrast and lesion detection in dogs with inflammatory intracranial disease. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 56:204-11. [PMID: 25395066 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T2-weighted (T2w) sequences are commonly relied upon in magnetic resonance imaging protocols for the detection of brain lesions in dogs. Previously, the effect of fluid suppression via fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) has been compared to T2-weighting with mixed results. Short tau inversion recovery (STIR) has been reported to increase the detection of some CNS lesions in people. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of fat suppression on brain parenchymal contrast resolution and lesion detection in dogs. We compared three sequences: T2w images, STIR, and T2w FLAIR with chemical fat suppression (T2-FLAIR-FS) in dogs with meningoencephalitis. Dogs with meningoencephalitis and dogs with idiopathic epilepsy were retrospectively identified and anonymized. Evaluators recorded the presence or absence of lesions within 12 predetermined brain regions on randomized sequences, viewing and scoring each sequence individually. Additionally, signal-to-noise ratios, contrast-to-noise ratios, and relative contrast (RC) were measured in a reference population. Short tau inversion recovery sequences had the highest RC between gray and white matter. While descriptively more lesions were identified by evaluators on T2-FLAIR-FS images, there was no statistical difference in the relative sensitivity of lesion detection between the sequences. Nor was there a statistical difference in false lesion detection within our reference population. Short tau inversion recovery may be favored for enhanced anatomic contrast depiction in brain imaging. No benefit of the inclusion of a fat-suppressed T2-FLAIR sequence was found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Young
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dickinson P. Advances in diagnostic and treatment modalities for intracranial tumors. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1165-85. [PMID: 24814688 PMCID: PMC4857954 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial neoplasia is a common clinical condition in domestic companion animals, particularly in dogs. Application of advances in standard diagnostic and therapeutic modalities together with a broad interest in the development of novel translational therapeutic strategies in dogs has resulted in clinically relevant improvements in outcome for many canine patients. This review highlights the status of current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to intracranial neoplasia and areas of novel treatment currently in development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P.J. Dickinson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California DavisDavisCA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Guevar J, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Peplinski G, Helm JR, Penderis J. Cavernous sinus syndrome secondary to intracranial lymphoma in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:513-6. [PMID: 24056274 PMCID: PMC11112182 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13505580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cavernous sinus syndrome is characterised by internal and external ophthalmoplegia and sensory deficits over the head due to combined deficits of the three cranial nerves (CNs) responsible for the eye movements and pupil function (CN III, IV, VI) and at least one branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). It has rarely been described in cats and may occur secondarily to inflammatory, infectious or neoplastic lesions within the region of the cavernous sinus on the ventral aspect of the calvarium. This report describes the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings in a 14-year-old domestic shorthair cat with neurological deficits compatible with cavernous sinus syndrome caused by presumptive extranodal lymphoma. Treatment with chemotherapy resulted in clinical and imaging remission. Identification of the neurological deficits in cavernous sinus syndrome allows accurate neuroanatomical localisation in order to target diagnostic imaging studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Guevar
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - George Peplinski
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jenny R Helm
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jacques Penderis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lamb CR, Lam R, Keenihan EK, Frean S. Appearance of the canine meninges in subtraction magnetic resonance images. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 55:607-13. [PMID: 24833219 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The canine meninges are not visible as discrete structures in noncontrast magnetic resonance (MR) images, and are incompletely visualized in T1-weighted, postgadolinium images, reportedly appearing as short, thin curvilinear segments with minimal enhancement. Subtraction imaging facilitates detection of enhancement of tissues, hence may increase the conspicuity of meninges. The aim of the present study was to describe qualitatively the appearance of canine meninges in subtraction MR images obtained using a dynamic technique. Images were reviewed of 10 consecutive dogs that had dynamic pre- and postgadolinium T1W imaging of the brain that was interpreted as normal, and had normal cerebrospinal fluid. Image-anatomic correlation was facilitated by dissection and histologic examination of two canine cadavers. Meningeal enhancement was relatively inconspicuous in postgadolinium T1-weighted images, but was clearly visible in subtraction images of all dogs. Enhancement was visible as faint, small-rounded foci compatible with vessels seen end on within the sulci, a series of larger rounded foci compatible with vessels of variable caliber on the dorsal aspect of the cerebral cortex, and a continuous thin zone of moderate enhancement around the brain. Superimposition of color-encoded subtraction images on pregadolinium T1- and T2-weighted images facilitated localization of the origin of enhancement, which appeared to be predominantly dural, with relatively few leptomeningeal structures visible. Dynamic subtraction MR imaging should be considered for inclusion in clinical brain MR protocols because of the possibility that its use may increase sensitivity for lesions affecting the meninges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Lamb
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Young BD, Fosgate GT, Holmes SP, Wolff CA, Chen-Allen AV, Kent M, Platt SR, Savage MY, Schatzberg SJ, Levine JM. Evaluation of standard magnetic resonance characteristics used to differentiate neoplastic, inflammatory, and vascular brain lesions in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 55:399-406. [PMID: 24467341 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging characteristics are commonly used to help predict intracranial disease categories in dogs, however, few large studies have objectively evaluated these characteristics. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate MR characteristics that have been used to differentiate neoplastic, inflammatory, and vascular intracranial diseases in a large, multi-institutional population of dogs. Medical records from three veterinary teaching hospitals were searched over a 6-year period for dogs that had diagnostic quality brain MR scans and histologically confirmed intracranial disease. Three examiners who were unaware of histologic diagnosis independently evaluated 19 MR lesion characteristics totaling 57 possible responses. A total of 75 dogs with histologically confirmed intracranial disease were included in analyses: 51 with neoplasia, 18 with inflammatory disease, and six with cerebrovascular disease. Only strong contrast enhancement was more common in neoplasia than other disease categories. A multivariable statistical model suggested that extra-axial origin, T2-FLAIR mixed intensity, and defined lesion margins were also predictive of neoplasia. Meningeal enhancement, irregular lesion shape, and multifocal location distinguished inflammatory diseases from the other disease categories. No MR characteristics distinguished vascular lesions and these appeared most similar to neoplasia. These results differed from a previous report describing seven MR characteristics that were predictive of neoplasia in dogs and cats. Findings from the current study indicated that the high performance of MR for diagnosing canine intracranial diseases might be due to evaluator recognition of combinations of MR characteristics vs. relying on any one MR characteristic alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Young
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Taylor A, Eichelberger B, Hodo C, Cooper J, Porter B. Imaging diagnosis--spinal cord histiocytic sarcoma in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 56:E17-20. [PMID: 24382300 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A 12-year-old mixed breed dog was presented for evaluation of progressive paraparesis and ataxia. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed and identified multifocal intradural spinal cord mass lesions. The lesions were hyperintense in T2-weighted sequences, isointense to mildly hyperintense in T1-weighted sequences with strong contrast enhancement of the intradural lesions and spinal cord meninges. Spinal cord neoplasia was suspected. A diagnosis of intramedullary spinal cord histiocytic sarcoma, confined to the central nervous system, was confirmed histopathologically. Spinal cord histiocytic sarcoma is a rare neoplasm, but should be included in the differential diagnosis for dogs with clinical signs of myelopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Taylor
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kuniya T, Shimoyama Y, Sano M, Watanabe N. Inflammatory pseudotumour arising in the epidural space of a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2014-000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
43
|
Suran JN, Wyre NR. Imaging findings in 14 domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) with lymphoma. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 54:522-31. [PMID: 23738830 PMCID: PMC7169257 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma is the most common malignant neoplasia in domestic ferrets, Mustela putorius furo. However, imaging findings in ferrets with lymphoma have primarily been described in single case reports. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe imaging findings in a group of ferrets with confirmed lymphoma. Medical records were searched between 2002 and 2012. A total of 14 ferrets were included. Radiographs (n = 12), ultrasound (n = 14), computed tomography (CT; n = 1), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; n = 1) images were available for review. Median age at the time of diagnosis was 5.2 years (range 3.25–7.6 years). Clinical signs were predominantly nonspecific (8/14). The time between the first imaging study and lymphoma diagnosis was 1 day or less in most ferrets (12). Imaging lesions were predominantly detected in the abdomen, and most frequently included intra‐abdominal lymphadenopathy (12/14), splenomegaly (8/14), and peritoneal effusion (11/14). Lymphadenopathy and mass lesions were typically hypoechoic on ultrasound. Mild peritoneal effusion was the only detected abnormality in two ferrets. Mild pleural effusion was the most common thoracic abnormality (3/12). Expansile lytic lesions were present in the vertebrae of two ferrets with T3‐L3 myelopathy and the femur in a ferret with lameness. Hyperattenuating, enhancing masses with secondary spinal cord compression were associated with vertebral lysis in CT images of one ferret. The MRI study in one ferret with myelopathy was inconclusive. Findings indicated that imaging characteristics of lymphoma in ferrets are similar to those previously reported in dogs, cats, and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jantra Ngosuwan Suran
- Sections of Radiology, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Keenihan E, Summers B, David F, Lamb C. CANINE MENINGEAL DISEASE: ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING SIGNS AND HISTOLOGIC FINDINGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 54:504-15. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E.K. Keenihan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College, University of London; Hertfordshire; AL9 7TA; United Kingdom
| | - B.A. Summers
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology; The Royal Veterinary College, University of London; Hertfordshire; AL9 7TA; United Kingdom
| | - F.H. David
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College, University of London; Hertfordshire; AL9 7TA; United Kingdom
| | - C.R. Lamb
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College, University of London; Hertfordshire; AL9 7TA; United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Liebel FX, Summers BA, Lowrie M, Smith P, Garosi L. IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF A CEREBRAL HEMANGIOBLASTOMA IN A DOG. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 54:164-7. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian A. Summers
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases; Royal Veterinary College; London; UK
| | - Mark Lowrie
- Davies Veterinary Specialists; Manor Farm Business Park; Higham Gobion; UK
| | - Peter Smith
- Davies Veterinary Specialists; Manor Farm Business Park; Higham Gobion; UK
| | - Laurent Garosi
- Davies Veterinary Specialists; Manor Farm Business Park; Higham Gobion; UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Clark AC, López FR, Levine JM, Cooper JJ, Craig TM, Voges AK, Johnson MC, Porter BF. Intracranial migration ofEucoleus(Capillaria)boehmiin a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2012; 54:99-103. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2012.01303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Clark
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station; TX; 77843; USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
SUMMARY The primary purpose of diagnostic imaging is to enable clinicians to make correct decisions about a patient's diagnosis and severity of its condition and, thereby, to contribute to effective and efficient treatment. Advanced imaging modalities are inherently better detectors of morphological lesions than radiography; hence, they offer the possibility of more accurate diagnosis and staging, with correspondingly better patient outcomes. However, there is a lack of evidence that better outcomes are being realised for veterinary patients. Furthermore, increased use of advanced imaging carries the possibility of increased misuse, primarily through unnecessary studies that contribute little to patient management other than increased costs. SCOPE This article is intended to be relevant to all veterinary species. Advanced imaging of cats is not sufficiently developed as a specific discipline that a balanced review could be based purely on feline examples or references.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Lamb
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|