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Fote GM, Eapen VV, Lim RG, Yu C, Salazar L, McClure NR, McKnight J, Nguyen TB, Heath MC, Lau AL, Villamil MA, Miramontes R, Kratter IH, Finkbeiner S, Reidling JC, Paulo JA, Kaiser P, Huang L, Housman DE, Thompson LM, Steffan JS. Huntingtin contains an ubiquitin-binding domain and regulates lysosomal targeting of mitochondrial and RNA-binding proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319091121. [PMID: 39074279 PMCID: PMC11317567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319091121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the normal function of the Huntingtin (HTT) protein is of significance in the design and implementation of therapeutic strategies for Huntington's disease (HD). Expansion of the CAG repeat in the HTT gene, encoding an expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat within the HTT protein, causes HD and may compromise HTT's normal activity contributing to HD pathology. Here, we investigated the previously defined role of HTT in autophagy specifically through studying HTT's association with ubiquitin. We find that HTT interacts directly with ubiquitin in vitro. Tandem affinity purification was used to identify ubiquitinated and ubiquitin-associated proteins that copurify with a HTT N-terminal fragment under basal conditions. Copurification is enhanced by HTT polyQ expansion and reduced by mimicking HTT serine 421 phosphorylation. The identified HTT-interacting proteins include RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) involved in mRNA translation, proteins enriched in stress granules, the nuclear proteome, the defective ribosomal products (DRiPs) proteome and the brain-derived autophagosomal proteome. To determine whether the proteins interacting with HTT are autophagic targets, HTT knockout (KO) cells and immunoprecipitation of lysosomes were used to investigate autophagy in the absence of HTT. HTT KO was associated with reduced abundance of mitochondrial proteins in the lysosome, indicating a potential compromise in basal mitophagy, and increased lysosomal abundance of RBPs which may result from compensatory up-regulation of starvation-induced macroautophagy. We suggest HTT is critical for appropriate basal clearance of mitochondrial proteins and RBPs, hence reduced HTT proteostatic function with mutation may contribute to the neuropathology of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna M. Fote
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA92697
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA92868
| | - Vinay V. Eapen
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Casma Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Ryan G. Lim
- The University of California Irvine Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Clinton Yu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Lisa Salazar
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA92868
| | - Nicolette R. McClure
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Jharrayne McKnight
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Thai B. Nguyen
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Marie C. Heath
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Alice L. Lau
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA92868
| | - Mark A. Villamil
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Ricardo Miramontes
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA92868
| | - Ian H. Kratter
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA94158
- Stanford Brain Stimulation Lab, Stanford, CA94304
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94304
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA94158
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Jack C. Reidling
- The University of California Irvine Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Joao A. Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Peter Kaiser
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | - David E. Housman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Leslie M. Thompson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA92697
- The University of California Irvine Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA92868
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Joan S. Steffan
- The University of California Irvine Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA92868
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
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Hsueh TC, Chen PH, Hong JR. ISKNV Triggers AMPK/mTOR-Mediated Autophagy Signaling through Oxidative Stress, Inducing Antioxidant Enzyme Expression and Enhancing Viral Replication in GF-1 Cells. Viruses 2024; 16:914. [PMID: 38932206 PMCID: PMC11209599 DOI: 10.3390/v16060914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infections can induce the process of host cellular autophagy but have rarely been identified within the molecular autophagy signaling pathway. In the present study, we demonstrated that ISKNV induces ROS-mediated oxidative stress signals for the induction of 5'AMP-activated protein kinase/mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (AMPK/mTOR)-mediated autophagy and upregulation of host antioxidant enzymes in fish GF-1 cells. We also examined ISKNV-induced oxidative stress, finding that reactive oxidative species (ROS) increased by 1.5-fold and 2.5-fold from day 2 to day 3, respectively, as assessed by the H2DCFDA assay for tracing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which was blocked by NAC treatment in fish GF-1 cells. Furthermore, ISKNV infection was shown to trigger oxidative stress/Nrf2 signaling from day 1 to day 3; this event was then correlated with the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes such as Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD and was blocked by the antioxidant NAC. Using an MDC assay, TEM analysis and autophagy marker LC3-II/I ratio, we found that ROS stress can regulate autophagosome formation within the induction of autophagy, which was inhibited by NAC treatment in GF-1 cells. Through signal analysis, we found that AMPK/mTOR flux was modulated through inhibition of mTOR and activation of AMPK, indicating phosphorylation levels of mTOR Ser 2448 and AMPK Thr 172 from day 1 to day 3; however, this process was reversed by NAC treatment, which also caused a reduction in virus titer (TCID50%) of up to 1000 times by day 3 in GF-1 cells. Thus, ISKNV-induced oxidative stress signaling is blocked by antioxidant NAC, which can also either suppress mTOR/AMPK autophagic signals or reduce viral replication. These findings may provide the basis for the creation of DNA control and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Ching Hsueh
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Han Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Ruey Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Berg MJ, Veeranna, Rosa CM, Kumar A, Mohan PS, Stavrides P, Marchionini DM, Yang DS, Nixon RA. Pathobiology of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway in the Huntington's disease brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.29.596470. [PMID: 38854113 PMCID: PMC11160756 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.29.596470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Accumulated levels of mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) and its fragments are considered contributors to the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD). Although lowering mHTT by stimulating autophagy has been considered a possible therapeutic strategy, the role and competence of autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) during HD progression in the human disease remains largely unknown. Here, we used multiplex confocal and ultrastructural immunocytochemical analyses of ALP functional markers in relation to mHTT aggresome pathology in striatum and the less affected cortex of HD brains staged from HD2 to HD4 by Vonsattel neuropathological criteria compared to controls. Immunolabeling revealed the localization of HTT/mHTT in ALP vesicular compartments labeled by autophagy-related adaptor proteins p62/SQSTM1 and ubiquitin, and cathepsin D (CTSD) as well as HTT-positive inclusions. Although comparatively normal at HD2, neurons at later HD stages exhibited progressive enlargement and clustering of CTSD-immunoreactive autolysosomes/lysosomes and, ultrastructurally, autophagic vacuole/lipofuscin granules accumulated progressively, more prominently in striatum than cortex. These changes were accompanied by rises in levels of HTT/mHTT and p62/SQSTM1, particularly their fragments, in striatum but not in the cortex, and by increases of LAMP1 and LAMP2 RNA and LAMP1 protein. Importantly, no blockage in autophagosome formation and autophagosome-lysosome fusion was detected, thus pinpointing autophagy substrate clearance deficits as a basis for autophagic flux declines. The findings collectively suggest that upregulated lysosomal biogenesis and preserved proteolysis maintain autophagic clearance in early-stage HD, but failure at advanced stages contributes to progressive HTT build-up and potential neurotoxicity. These findings support the prospect that ALP stimulation applied at early disease stages, when clearance machinery is fully competent, may have therapeutic benefits in HD patients.
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Stavrides P, Goulbourne CN, Peddy J, Huo C, Rao M, Khetarpal V, Marchionini DM, Nixon RA, Yang DS. mTOR inhibition in Q175 Huntington's disease model mice facilitates neuronal autophagy and mutant huntingtin clearance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.29.596471. [PMID: 38854023 PMCID: PMC11160779 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.29.596471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by expansion of the polyglutamine stretch in huntingtin protein (HTT) resulting in hallmark aggresomes/inclusion bodies (IBs) composed of mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) and its fragments. Stimulating autophagy to enhance mHTT clearance is considered a potential therapeutic strategy for HD. Our recent evaluation of the autophagic-lysosomal pathway (ALP) in human HD brain reveals upregulated lysosomal biogenesis and relatively normal autophagy flux in early Vonsattel grade brains, but impaired autolysosome clearance in late grade brains, suggesting that autophagy stimulation could have therapeutic benefits as an earlier clinical intervention. Here, we tested this hypothesis by crossing the Q175 HD knock-in model with our autophagy reporter mouse TRGL ( T hy-1- R FP- G FP- L C3) to investigate in vivo neuronal ALP dynamics. In the Q175 and/or TRGL/Q175 mice, mHTT was detected in autophagic vacuoles and also exhibited high level colocalization with autophagy receptors p62/SQSTM1 and ubiquitin in the IBs. Compared to the robust lysosomal pathology in late-stage human HD striatum, ALP alterations in Q175 models are also late-onset but milder that included a lowered phospho-p70S6K level, lysosome depletion and autolysosome elevation including more poorly acidified autolysosomes and larger-sized lipofuscin granules, reflecting impaired autophagic flux. Administration of a mTOR inhibitor to 6-mo-old TRGL/Q175 normalized lysosome number, ameliorated aggresome pathology while reducing mHTT-, p62- and ubiquitin-immunoreactivities, suggesting beneficial potential of autophagy modulation at early stages of disease progression.
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Kurzawa-Akanbi M, Tzoumas N, Corral-Serrano JC, Guarascio R, Steel DH, Cheetham ME, Armstrong L, Lako M. Pluripotent stem cell-derived models of retinal disease: Elucidating pathogenesis, evaluating novel treatments, and estimating toxicity. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 100:101248. [PMID: 38369182 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Blindness poses a growing global challenge, with approximately 26% of cases attributed to degenerative retinal diseases. While gene therapy, optogenetic tools, photosensitive switches, and retinal prostheses offer hope for vision restoration, these high-cost therapies will benefit few patients. Understanding retinal diseases is therefore key to advance effective treatments, requiring in vitro models replicating pathology and allowing quantitative assessments for drug discovery. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) provide a unique solution given their limitless supply and ability to differentiate into light-responsive retinal tissues encompassing all cell types. This review focuses on the history and current state of photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell generation from PSCs. We explore the applications of this technology in disease modelling, experimental therapy testing, biomarker identification, and toxicity studies. We consider challenges in scalability, standardisation, and reproducibility, and stress the importance of incorporating vasculature and immune cells into retinal organoids. We advocate for high-throughput automation in data acquisition and analyses and underscore the value of advanced micro-physiological systems that fully capture the interactions between the neural retina, RPE, and choriocapillaris.
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Kim J, Byun I, Kim DY, Joh H, Kim HJ, Lee MJ. Targeted protein degradation directly engaging lysosomes or proteasomes. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3253-3272. [PMID: 38369971 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00344b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) has been established as a viable alternative to attenuate the function of a specific protein of interest in both biological and clinical contexts. The unique TPD mode-of-action has allowed previously undruggable proteins to become feasible targets, expanding the landscape of "druggable" properties and "privileged" target proteins. As TPD continues to evolve, a range of innovative strategies, which do not depend on recruiting E3 ubiquitin ligases as in proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), have emerged. Here, we present an overview of direct lysosome- and proteasome-engaging modalities and discuss their perspectives, advantages, and limitations. We outline the chemical composition, biochemical activity, and pharmaceutical characteristics of each degrader. These alternative TPD approaches not only complement the first generation of PROTACs for intracellular protein degradation but also offer unique strategies for targeting pathologic proteins located on the cell membrane and in the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Insuk Byun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Hyunhi Joh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Hak Joong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Min Jae Lee
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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7
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Abdi G, Jain M, Patil N, Upadhyay B, Vyas N, Dwivedi M, Kaushal RS. 14-3-3 proteins-a moonlight protein complex with therapeutic potential in neurological disorder: in-depth review with Alzheimer's disease. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1286536. [PMID: 38375509 PMCID: PMC10876095 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1286536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects millions of people worldwide and is a gradually worsening neurodegenerative condition. The accumulation of abnormal proteins, such as tau and beta-amyloid, in the brain is a hallmark of AD pathology. 14-3-3 proteins have been implicated in AD pathology in several ways. One proposed mechanism is that 14-3-3 proteins interact with tau protein and modulate its phosphorylation, aggregation, and toxicity. Tau is a protein associated with microtubules, playing a role in maintaining the structural integrity of neuronal cytoskeleton. However, in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD), an abnormal increase in its phosphorylation occurs. This leads to the aggregation of tau into neurofibrillary tangles, which is a distinctive feature of this condition. Studies have shown that 14-3-3 proteins can bind to phosphorylated tau and regulate its function and stability. In addition, 14-3-3 proteins have been shown to interact with beta-amyloid (Aβ), the primary component of amyloid plaques in AD. 14-3-3 proteins can regulate the clearance of Aβ through the lysosomal degradation pathway by interacting with the lysosomal membrane protein LAMP2A. Dysfunction of lysosomal degradation pathway is thought to contribute to the accumulation of Aβ in the brain and the progression of AD. Furthermore, 14-3-3 proteins have been found to be downregulated in the brains of AD patients, suggesting that their dysregulation may contribute to AD pathology. For example, decreased levels of 14-3-3 proteins in cerebrospinal fluid have been suggested as a biomarker for AD. Overall, these findings suggest that 14-3-3 proteins may play an important role in AD pathology and may represent a potential therapeutic target for the disease. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying the involvement of 14-3-3 proteins in AD and to explore their potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamareza Abdi
- Department of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mukul Jain
- Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Research and Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Nil Patil
- Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Research and Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Bindiya Upadhyay
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Nigam Vyas
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
- Biophysics and Structural Biology Laboratory, Research and Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Manish Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Radhey Shyam Kaushal
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
- Biophysics and Structural Biology Laboratory, Research and Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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Pereira CADS, Medaglia NDC, Ureshino RP, Bincoletto C, Antonioli M, Fimia GM, Piacentini M, Pereira GJDS, Erustes AG, Smaili SS. NAADP-Evoked Ca2+ Signaling Leads to Mutant Huntingtin Aggregation and Autophagy Impairment in Murine Astrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065593. [PMID: 36982672 PMCID: PMC10058390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by mutations in the huntingtin gene (mHtt), causing an unstable repeat of the CAG trinucleotide, leading to abnormal long repeats of polyglutamine (poly-Q) in the N-terminal region of the huntingtin, which form abnormal conformations and aggregates. Alterations in Ca2+ signaling are involved in HD models and the accumulation of mutated huntingtin interferes with Ca2+ homeostasis. Lysosomes are intracellular Ca2+ storages that participate in endocytic and lysosomal degradation processes, including autophagy. Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) is an intracellular second messenger that promotes Ca2+ release from the endo-lysosomal system via Two-Pore Channels (TPCs) activation. Herein, we show the impact of lysosomal Ca2+ signals on mHtt aggregation and autophagy blockade in murine astrocytes overexpressing mHtt-Q74. We observed that mHtt-Q74 overexpression causes an increase in NAADP-evoked Ca2+ signals and mHtt aggregation, which was inhibited in the presence of Ned-19, a TPC antagonist, or BAPTA-AM, a Ca2+ chelator. Additionally, TPC2 silencing revert the mHtt aggregation. Furthermore, mHtt has been shown co-localized with TPC2 which may contribute to its effects on lysosomal homeostasis. Moreover, NAADP-mediated autophagy was also blocked since its function is dependent on lysosomal functionality. Taken together, our data show that increased levels of cytosolic Ca2+ mediated by NAADP causes mHtt aggregation. Additionally, mHtt co-localizes with the lysosomes, where it possibly affects organelle functions and impairs autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássia Arruda de Souza Pereira
- Departament of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Natalia de Castro Medaglia
- Departament of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Portes Ureshino
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Claudia Bincoletto
- Departament of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Manuela Antonioli
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS “L. Spallanzani”, 00149 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS “L. Spallanzani”, 00149 Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS “L. Spallanzani”, 00149 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gustavo José da Silva Pereira
- Departament of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Adolfo Garcia Erustes
- Departament of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-5576-4449
| | - Soraya Soubhi Smaili
- Departament of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
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Pradhan SS, Rao KR, Manjunath M, Saiswaroop R, Patnana DP, Phalguna KS, Choudhary B, Sivaramakrishnan V. Vitamin B 6, B 12 and folate modulate deregulated pathways and protein aggregation in yeast model of Huntington disease. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:96. [PMID: 36852176 PMCID: PMC9958225 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03525-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an incurable and progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting the basal ganglia of the brain. HD is caused due to expansion of the polyglutamine tract in the protein Huntingtin resulting in aggregates. The increased PolyQ length results in aggregation of protein Huntingtin leading to neuronal cell death. Vitamin B6, B12 and folate are deficient in many neurodegenerative diseases. We performed an integrated analysis of transcriptomic, metabolomic and cofactor-protein network of vitamin B6, B12 and folate was performed. Our results show considerable overlap of pathways modulated by Vitamin B6, B12 and folate with those obtained from transcriptomic and metabolomic data of HD patients and model systems. Further, in yeast model of HD we showed treatment of B6, B12 or folate either alone or in combination showed impaired aggregate formation. Transcriptomic analysis of yeast model treated with B6, B12 and folate showed upregulation of pathways like ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, autophagy, peroxisome, fatty acid, lipid and nitrogen metabolism. Metabolomic analysis of yeast model shows deregulation of pathways like aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, metabolism of various amino acids, nitrogen metabolism and glutathione metabolism. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of yeast model showed concordance in the pathways obtained. Knockout of Peroxisomal (PXP1 and PEX7) and Autophagy (ATG5) genes in yeast increased aggregates which is mitigated by vitamin B6, B12 and folate treatment. Taken together our results show a role for Vitamin B6, B12 and folate mediated modulation of pathways important for preventing protein aggregation with potential implications for HD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03525-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sanwid Pradhan
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
| | - K. Raksha Rao
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, Karnataka 560100 India
| | - Meghana Manjunath
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, Karnataka 560100 India
| | - R. Saiswaroop
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
| | - Durga Prasad Patnana
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
| | - Kanikaram Sai Phalguna
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
| | - Bibha Choudhary
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, Karnataka 560100 India
| | - Venketesh Sivaramakrishnan
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
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10
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Benyair R, Giridharan SSP, Rivero-Ríos P, Hasegawa J, Bristow E, Eskelinen EL, Shmueli MD, Fishbain-Yoskovitz V, Merbl Y, Sharkey LM, Paulson HL, Hanson PI, Patnaik S, Al-Ramahi I, Botas J, Marugan J, Weisman LS. Upregulation of the ESCRT pathway and multivesicular bodies accelerates degradation of proteins associated with neurodegeneration. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2023; 2:2166722. [PMID: 37064812 PMCID: PMC10101321 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2023.2166722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease (HD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), occur due to an accumulation of aggregation-prone proteins, which results in neuronal death. Studies in animal and cell models show that reducing the levels of these proteins mitigates disease phenotypes. We previously reported a small molecule, NCT-504, which reduces cellular levels of mutant huntingtin (mHTT) in patient fibroblasts as well as mouse striatal and cortical neurons from an HdhQ111 mutant mouse. Here, we show that NCT-504 has a broader potential, and in addition reduces levels of Tau, a protein associated with Alzheimer's disease, as well as other tauopathies. We find that in untreated cells, Tau and mHTT are degraded via autophagy. Notably, treatment with NCT-504 diverts these proteins to multivesicular bodies (MVB) and the ESCRT pathway. Specifically, NCT-504 causes a proliferation of endolysosomal organelles including MVB, and an enhanced association of mHTT and Tau with endosomes and MVB. Importantly, depletion of proteins that act late in the ESCRT pathway blocked NCT-504 dependent degradation of Tau. Moreover, NCT-504-mediated degradation of Tau occurred in cells where Atg7 is depleted, which indicates that this pathway is independent of canonical autophagy. Together, these studies reveal that upregulation of traffic through an ESCRT-dependent MVB pathway may provide a therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Benyair
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Sai Srinivas Panapakkam Giridharan
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Pilar Rivero-Ríos
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Junya Hasegawa
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Emily Bristow
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | | | - Merav D Shmueli
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Yifat Merbl
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lisa M Sharkey
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Henry L Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Phyllis I Hanson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Samarjit Patnaik
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Ismael Al-Ramahi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Juan Botas
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Juan Marugan
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Lois S Weisman
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Rehman MU, Sehar N, Dar NJ, Khan A, Arafah A, Rashid S, Rashid SM, Ganaie MA. Mitochondrial dysfunctions, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation as therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases: An update on current advances and impediments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 144:104961. [PMID: 36395982 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), and Huntington disease (HD) represent a major socio-economic challenge in view of their high prevalence yet poor treatment outcomes affecting quality of life. The major challenge in drug development for these NDs is insufficient clarity about the mechanisms involved in pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation are common pathways that are linked to neuronal abnormalities and initiation of these diseases. Thus, elucidating the shared initial molecular and cellular mechanisms is crucial for recognizing novel remedial targets, and developing therapeutics to impede or stop disease progression. In this context, use of multifunctional compounds at early stages of disease development unclogs new avenues as it acts on act on multiple targets in comparison to single target concept. In this review, we summarize overview of the major findings and advancements in recent years focusing on shared mechanisms for better understanding might become beneficial in searching more potent pharmacological interventions thereby reducing the onset or severity of various NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb U Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nouroz Sehar
- Centre for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Nawab John Dar
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78992 USA
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azher Arafah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahzada Mudasir Rashid
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Majid Ahmad Ganaie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Buraydah Colleges, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Merino M, Sequedo MD, Sánchez-Sánchez AV, Clares MP, García-España E, Vázquez-Manrique RP, Mullor JL. Mn(II) Quinoline Complex (4QMn) Restores Proteostasis and Reduces Toxicity in Experimental Models of Huntington's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8936. [PMID: 36012207 PMCID: PMC9409211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder, of the so-called minority diseases, due to its low prevalence. It is caused by an abnormally long track of glutamines (polyQs) in mutant huntingtin (mHtt), which makes the protein toxic and prone to aggregation. Many pathways of clearance of badly-folded proteins are disrupted in neurons of patients with HD. In this work, we show that one Mn(II) quinone complex (4QMn), designed to work as an artificial superoxide dismutase, is able to activate both the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the autophagy pathway in vitro and in vivo models of HD. Activation of these pathways degrades mHtt and other protein-containing polyQs, which restores proteostasis in these models. Hence, we propose 4QMn as a potential drug to develop a therapy to treat HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marián Merino
- Bionos Biotech SL, Biopolo Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Sequedo
- Laboratory of Molecular, Cellular and Genomic Biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Mª Paz Clares
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique García-España
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael P. Vázquez-Manrique
- Laboratory of Molecular, Cellular and Genomic Biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Joint Unit for Rare Diseases IIS La Fe-CIPF, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - José L. Mullor
- Bionos Biotech SL, Biopolo Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
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Singh K, Sethi R, Das E, Roy I. The role of the glycerol transporter channel Fps1p in cellular proteostasis during enhanced proteotoxic stress. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6169-6180. [PMID: 35945363 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In response to osmotic shock, the components of high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway regulate the level of intracellular glycerol in yeast and ensure cell survival. Glycerol is a compatible solute and a stabiliser of proteins. Its role in maintaining proteostasis is less explored. We show that mild stress in the form of dietary restriction leads to increased glycerol level which increases cell viability. However, dietary restriction coupled with protein aggregation decreases intracellular glycerol level and attenuates cell viability. The transcript level of FPS1, the glycerol transporter channel, remains unchanged. However, its activity is altered under enhanced proteotoxic stress. Our results provide evidence for a probable role of the Fps1p channel in the cellular proteostasis network. KEY POINTS: • Dietary restriction led to increased accumulation of glycerol in Fps1-deleted yeast cells. • This led to lower protein aggregation in these cells. • Increased production of glycerol under dietary restriction was not linked to increased level of Fps1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuljit Singh
- Present Address: Infectious Diseases Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.,Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Sector 67, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Ratnika Sethi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Sector 67, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Eshita Das
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Sector 67, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Ipsita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Sector 67, Punjab, 160062, India.
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Gómez-Jaramillo L, Cano-Cano F, González-Montelongo MDC, Campos-Caro A, Aguilar-Diosdado M, Arroba AI. A New Perspective on Huntington's Disease: How a Neurological Disorder Influences the Peripheral Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6089. [PMID: 35682773 PMCID: PMC9181740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a toxic, aggregation-prone expansion of CAG repeats in the HTT gene with an age-dependent progression that leads to behavioral, cognitive and motor symptoms. Principally affecting the frontal cortex and the striatum, mHTT disrupts many cellular functions. In fact, increasing evidence shows that peripheral tissues are affected by neurodegenerative diseases. It establishes an active crosstalk between peripheral tissues and the brain in different neurodegenerative diseases. This review focuses on the current knowledge of peripheral tissue effects in HD animal and cell experimental models and identifies biomarkers and mechanisms involved or affected in the progression of the disease as new therapeutic or early diagnostic options. The particular changes in serum/plasma, blood cells such as lymphocytes, immune blood cells, the pancreas, the heart, the retina, the liver, the kidney and pericytes as a part of the blood-brain barrier are described. It is important to note that several changes in different mouse models of HD present differences between them and between the different ages analyzed. The understanding of the impact of peripheral organ inflammation in HD may open new avenues for the development of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gómez-Jaramillo
- Undad de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11002 Cádiz, Spain; (L.G.-J.); (F.C.-C.); (M.d.C.G.-M.); (A.C.-C.); (M.A.-D.)
| | - Fátima Cano-Cano
- Undad de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11002 Cádiz, Spain; (L.G.-J.); (F.C.-C.); (M.d.C.G.-M.); (A.C.-C.); (M.A.-D.)
| | - María del Carmen González-Montelongo
- Undad de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11002 Cádiz, Spain; (L.G.-J.); (F.C.-C.); (M.d.C.G.-M.); (A.C.-C.); (M.A.-D.)
| | - Antonio Campos-Caro
- Undad de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11002 Cádiz, Spain; (L.G.-J.); (F.C.-C.); (M.d.C.G.-M.); (A.C.-C.); (M.A.-D.)
- Área de Genética, Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Universidad de Cádiz, 11002 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Manuel Aguilar-Diosdado
- Undad de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11002 Cádiz, Spain; (L.G.-J.); (F.C.-C.); (M.d.C.G.-M.); (A.C.-C.); (M.A.-D.)
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, 11002 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ana I. Arroba
- Undad de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de la Provincia de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11002 Cádiz, Spain; (L.G.-J.); (F.C.-C.); (M.d.C.G.-M.); (A.C.-C.); (M.A.-D.)
- Área de Genética, Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Universidad de Cádiz, 11002 Cádiz, Spain
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Biological Potential, Gastrointestinal Digestion, Absorption, and Bioavailability of Algae-Derived Compounds with Neuroprotective Activity: A Comprehensive Review. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060362. [PMID: 35736165 PMCID: PMC9227170 DOI: 10.3390/md20060362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no known cure for neurodegenerative disease. However, the available therapies aim to manage some of the symptoms of the disease. Human neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of illnesses characterized by progressive loss of neuronal cells and nervous system dysfunction related to several mechanisms such as protein aggregation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotransmission dysfunction. Neuroprotective compounds are essential in the prevention and management of neurodegenerative diseases. This review will focus on the neurodegeneration mechanisms and the compounds (proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), polysaccharides, carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, phenolic compounds, among others) present in seaweeds that have shown in vivo and in vitro neuroprotective activity. Additionally, it will cover the recent findings on the neuroprotective effects of bioactive compounds from macroalgae, with a focus on their biological potential and possible mechanism of action, including microbiota modulation. Furthermore, gastrointestinal digestion, absorption, and bioavailability will be discussed. Moreover, the clinical trials using seaweed-based drugs or extracts to treat neurodegenerative disorders will be presented, showing the real potential and limitations that a specific metabolite or extract may have as a new therapeutic agent considering the recent approval of a seaweed-based drug to treat Alzheimer’s disease.
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Cheng Z, Kang C, Che S, Su J, Sun Q, Ge T, Guo Y, Lv J, Sun Z, Yang W, Li B, Li X, Cui R. Berberine: A Promising Treatment for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:845591. [PMID: 35668943 PMCID: PMC9164284 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.845591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Berberine, as a natural alkaloid compound, is characterized by a diversity of pharmacological effects. In recent years, many researches focused on the role of berberine in central nervous system diseases. Among them, the effect of berberine on neurodegenerative diseases has received widespread attention, for example Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and so on. Recent evidence suggests that berberine inhibits the production of neuroinflammation, oxidative, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. These effects can further reduce neuron damage and apoptosis. Although the current research has made some progress, its specific mechanism still needs to be further explored. This review provides an overview of berberine in neurodegenerative diseases and its related mechanisms, and also provides new ideas for future research on berberine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Cheng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenglan Kang
- Department of Cardiology, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Songtian Che
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingyun Su
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qihan Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tongtong Ge
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiayin Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhihui Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Suppression of toxicity of the mutant huntingtin protein by its interacting compound, desonide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2114303119. [PMID: 35238684 PMCID: PMC8917382 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114303119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance Classical drug discovery identifies inhibitors that block the activities of pathogenic proteins. This typically relies on a measurable biochemical readout and accessible binding sites whose occupancy influences the activity of the target protein. These requirements make many pathogenic proteins "undruggable." Here, we report a strategy to target these undruggable proteins: screening for compounds that directly bind to the undruggable target and rescue disease-relevant phenotypes. These compounds may suppress the target's pathogenic functions via direct binding to it. We applied this strategy to the mutant HTT protein, which is an undruggable protein that causes Huntington's disease (HD). We revealed desonide, an FDAapproved drug, as a possible lead compound for HD drug discovery.
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Georgiou M, Yang C, Atkinson R, Pan K, Buskin A, Molina MM, Collin J, Al‐Aama J, Goertler F, Ludwig SEJ, Davey T, Lührmann R, Nagaraja‐Grellscheid S, Johnson CA, Ali R, Armstrong L, Korolchuk V, Urlaub H, Mozaffari‐Jovin S, Lako M. Activation of autophagy reverses progressive and deleterious protein aggregation in PRPF31 patient-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium cells. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e759. [PMID: 35297555 PMCID: PMC8926896 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in pre-mRNA processing factor 31 (PRPF31), a core protein of the spliceosomal tri-snRNP complex, cause autosomal-dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP). It has remained an enigma why mutations in ubiquitously expressed tri-snRNP proteins result in retina-specific disorders, and so far, the underlying mechanism of splicing factors-related RP is poorly understood. METHODS We used the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology to generate retinal organoids and RPE models from four patients with severe and very severe PRPF31-adRP, unaffected individuals and a CRISPR/Cas9 isogenic control. RESULTS To fully assess the impacts of PRPF31 mutations, quantitative proteomics analyses of retinal organoids and RPE cells were carried out showing RNA splicing, autophagy and lysosome, unfolded protein response (UPR) and visual cycle-related pathways to be significantly affected. Strikingly, the patient-derived RPE and retinal cells were characterised by the presence of large amounts of cytoplasmic aggregates containing the mutant PRPF31 and misfolded, ubiquitin-conjugated proteins including key visual cycle and other RP-linked tri-snRNP proteins, which accumulated progressively with time. The mutant PRPF31 variant was not incorporated into splicing complexes, but reduction of PRPF31 wild-type levels led to tri-snRNP assembly defects in Cajal bodies of PRPF31 patient retinal cells, altered morphology of nuclear speckles and reduced formation of active spliceosomes giving rise to global splicing dysregulation. Moreover, the impaired waste disposal mechanisms further exacerbated aggregate formation, and targeting these by activating the autophagy pathway using Rapamycin reduced cytoplasmic aggregates, leading to improved cell survival. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that it is the progressive aggregate accumulation that overburdens the waste disposal machinery rather than direct PRPF31-initiated mis-splicing, and thus relieving the RPE cells from insoluble cytoplasmic aggregates presents a novel therapeutic strategy that can be combined with gene therapy studies to fully restore RPE and retinal cell function in PRPF31-adRP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Georgiou
- Newcastle University Biosciences InstituteNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Chunbo Yang
- Newcastle University Biosciences InstituteNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Robert Atkinson
- Newcastle University Biosciences InstituteNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Kuan‐Ting Pan
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
| | - Adriana Buskin
- Newcastle University Biosciences InstituteNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | | | - Joseph Collin
- Newcastle University Biosciences InstituteNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Jumana Al‐Aama
- Faculty of MedicineKing Abdulaziz UniversitySaudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Tracey Davey
- Newcastle University Biosciences InstituteNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Lyle Armstrong
- Newcastle University Biosciences InstituteNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | | | - Henning Urlaub
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
- Bioanalytics, Department of Clinical ChemistryUniversity Medical CenterGoettingenGermany
| | - Sina Mozaffari‐Jovin
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
- Medical Genetics Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Newcastle University Biosciences InstituteNewcastle upon TyneUK
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Yan L, Guo MS, Zhang Y, Yu L, Wu JM, Tang Y, Ai W, Zhu FD, Law BYK, Chen Q, Yu CL, Wong VKW, Li H, Li M, Zhou XG, Qin DL, Wu AG. Dietary Plant Polyphenols as the Potential Drugs in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Evidence, Advances, and Opportunities. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5288698. [PMID: 35237381 PMCID: PMC8885204 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5288698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD), are characterized by the progressive degeneration of neurons. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases have been studied intensively, the mechanism is still in its infancy. In general, most neurodegenerative diseases share common molecular mechanisms, and multiple risks interact and promote the pathologic process of neurogenerative diseases. At present, most of the approved drugs only alleviate the clinical symptoms but fail to cure neurodegenerative diseases. Numerous studies indicate that dietary plant polyphenols are safe and exhibit potent neuroprotective effects in various neurodegenerative diseases. However, low bioavailability is the biggest obstacle for polyphenol that largely limits its adoption from evidence into clinical practice. In this review, we summarized the widely recognized mechanisms associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as misfolded proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, and neuroinflammatory responses. In addition, we summarized the research advances about the neuroprotective effect of the most widely reported dietary plant polyphenols. Moreover, we discussed the current clinical study and application of polyphenols and the factors that result in low bioavailability, such as poor stability and low permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In the future, the improvement of absorption and stability, modification of structure and formulation, and the combination therapy will provide more opportunities from the laboratory into the clinic for polyphenols. Lastly, we hope that the present review will encourage further researches on natural dietary polyphenols in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yan
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Min-Song Guo
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jian-Ming Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Wei Ai
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Feng-Dan Zhu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Betty Yuen-Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Department of Nursing, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chong-Lin Yu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Vincent Kam-Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Hua Li
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Mao Li
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Zhou
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Da-Lian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - An-Guo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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20
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Li XJ, Zhang YY, Fu YH, Zhang H, Li HX, Li QF, Li HL, Tan RK, Jiang CX, Jiang W, Li ZX, Luo C, Lu BX, Dang YJ. Gossypol, a novel modulator of VCP, induces autophagic degradation of mutant huntingtin by promoting the formation of VCP/p97-LC3-mHTT complex. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1556-1566. [PMID: 33495516 PMCID: PMC8463700 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by toxic aggregates of mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) in the brain. Decreasing mHTT is a potential strategy for therapeutic purpose of HD. Valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) is a crucial regulator of proteostasis, which regulates the degradation of damaged protein through proteasome and autophagy pathway. Since VCP has been implicated in pathogenesis of HD as well as other neurodegenerative diseases, small molecules that specifically regulate the activity of VCP may be of therapeutic benefits for HD patients. In this study we established a high-throughput screening biochemical assay for VCP ATPase activity measurement and identified gossypol, a clinical approved drug in China, as a novel modulator of VCP. Gossypol acetate dose-dependently inhibited the enzymatic activity of VCP in vitro with IC50 of 6.53±0.6 μM. We further demonstrated that gossypol directly bound to the interface between the N and D1 domains of VCP. Gossypol acetate treatment not only lowered mHTT levels and rescued HD-relevant phenotypes in HD patient iPS-derived Q47 striatal neurons and HD knock-in mouse striatal cells, but also improved motor function deficits in both Drosophila and mouse HD models. Taken together, gossypol acetate acted through a gain-of-function way to induce the formation of VCP-LC3-mHTT ternary complex, triggering autophagic degradation of mHTT. This study reveals a new strategy for treatment of HD and raises the possibility that an existing drug can be repurposed as a new treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-jing Li
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yuan-yuan Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Drug Discovery and Design Center, The Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Yu-hua Fu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Hao Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Drug Discovery and Design Center, The Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - He-xuan Li
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Quan-fu Li
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Hai-ling Li
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Ren-ke Tan
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Chen-xiao Jiang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Wei Jiang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Zeng-xia Li
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Cheng Luo
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Drug Discovery and Design Center, The Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Bo-xun Lu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Yong-jun Dang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
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21
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Papandreou ME, Tavernarakis N. Selective Autophagy as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Age-Associated Pathologies. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090588. [PMID: 34564405 PMCID: PMC8472713 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive accumulation of damaged cellular constituents contributes to age-related diseases. Autophagy is the main catabolic process, which recycles cellular material in a multitude of tissues and organs. Autophagy is activated upon nutrient deprivation, and oncogenic, heat or oxidative stress-induced stimuli to selectively degrade cell constituents and compartments. Specificity and accuracy of the autophagic process is maintained via the precision of interaction of autophagy receptors or adaptors and substrates by the intricate, stepwise orchestration of specialized integrating stimuli. Polymorphisms in genes regulating selective autophagy have been linked to aging and age-associated disorders. The involvement of autophagy perturbations in aging and disease indicates that pharmacological agents balancing autophagic flux may be beneficial, in these contexts. Here, we introduce the modes and mechanisms of selective autophagy, and survey recent experimental evidence of dysfunctional autophagy triggering severe pathology. We further highlight identified pharmacological targets that hold potential for developing therapeutic interventions to alleviate cellular autophagic cargo burden and associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita-Elena Papandreou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
- Correspondence:
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22
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Palomino O, García-Aguilar A, González A, Guillén C, Benito M, Goya L. Biological Actions and Molecular Mechanisms of Sambucus nigra L. in Neurodegeneration: A Cell Culture Approach. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164829. [PMID: 34443417 PMCID: PMC8399386 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sambucus nigra flowers (elderflower) have been widely used in traditional medicine for the relief of early symptoms of common cold. Its chemical composition mainly consists of polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and triterpenes. Although the antioxidant properties of polyphenols are well known, the aim of this study is to assess the antioxidant and protective potentials of Sambucus nigra flowers in the human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell line using different in vitro approaches. The antioxidant capacity is first evaluated by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and the free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) methods. Cell viability is assessed by the crystal violet method; furthermore, the intracellular ROS formation (DCFH-DA method) is determined, together with the effect on the cell antioxidant defenses: reduced glutathione (GSH) and antioxidant enzyme activities (GPx, GR). On the other hand, mTORC1 hyperactivation and autophagy blockage have been associated with an increase in the formation of protein aggregates, this promoting the transference and expansion of neurodegenerative diseases. Then, the ability of Sambucus nigra flowers in the regulation of mTORC1 signaling activity and the reduction in oxidative stress through the activation of autophagy/mitophagy flux is also examined. In this regard, search for different molecules with a potential inhibitory effect on mTORC1 activation could have multiple positive effects either in the molecular pathogenic events and/or in the progression of several diseases including neurodegenerative ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Palomino
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (O.P.); (A.G.-A.); (A.G.)
| | - Ana García-Aguilar
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (O.P.); (A.G.-A.); (A.G.)
| | - Adrián González
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (O.P.); (A.G.-A.); (A.G.)
| | - Carlos Guillén
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.); (M.B.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Benito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.); (M.B.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Goya
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Science and Food Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN—CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-549-2300
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23
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Rana T, Behl T, Sehgal A, Mehta V, Singh S, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Bungau S. Exploring the Role of Autophagy Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4886-4905. [PMID: 34212304 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic pathway by which misfolded proteins or damaged organelles are engulfed by autophagosomes and then transported to lysosomes for degradation. Recently, a great improvement has been done to explain the molecular mechanisms and roles of autophagy in several important cellular metabolic processes. Besides being a vital clearance pathway or a cell survival pathway in response to different stresses, autophagy dysfunction, either upregulated or down-regulated, has been suggested to be linked with numerous neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Impairment at different stages of autophagy results in the formation of large protein aggregates and damaged organelles, which leads to the onset and progression of different neurodegenerative disorders. This article elucidates the recent progress about the role of autophagy in neurodegenerative disorders and explains how autophagy dysfunction is linked with the pathogenesis of such disorders as well as the novel potential autophagy-associated therapies for treating them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarapati Rana
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
- Government Pharmacy College, Seraj, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Vineet Mehta
- Government College of Pharmacy, Rohru, Distt. Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Haryana, India
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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24
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Martins WK, Silva MDND, Pandey K, Maejima I, Ramalho E, Olivon VC, Diniz SN, Grasso D. Autophagy-targeted therapy to modulate age-related diseases: Success, pitfalls, and new directions. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100033. [PMID: 34909664 PMCID: PMC8663935 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a critical metabolic process that supports homeostasis at a basal level and is dynamically regulated in response to various physiological and pathological processes. Autophagy has some etiologic implications that support certain pathological processes due to alterations in the lysosomal-degradative pathway. Some of the conditions related to autophagy play key roles in highly relevant human diseases, e.g., cardiovascular diseases (15.5%), malignant and other neoplasms (9.4%), and neurodegenerative conditions (3.7%). Despite advances in the discovery of new strategies to treat these age-related diseases, autophagy has emerged as a therapeutic option after preclinical and clinical studies. Here, we discuss the pitfalls and success in regulating autophagy initiation and its lysosome-dependent pathway to restore its homeostatic role and mediate therapeutic effects for cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiac diseases. The main challenge for the development of autophagy regulators for clinical application is the lack of specificity of the repurposed drugs, due to the low pharmacological uniqueness of their target, including those that target the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and AMPK pathway. Then, future efforts must be conducted to deal with this scenery, including the disclosure of key components in the autophagy machinery that may intervene in its therapeutic regulation. Among all efforts, those focusing on the development of novel allosteric inhibitors against autophagy inducers, as well as those targeting autolysosomal function, and their integration into therapeutic regimens should remain a priority for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleska Kerllen Martins
- Laboratory of Cell and Membrane (LCM), Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN), Rua Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3,305. Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil
| | - Maryana do Nascimento da Silva
- Laboratory of Cell and Membrane (LCM), Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN), Rua Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3,305. Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil
| | - Kiran Pandey
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, Meyer Building, Room 823, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Ikuko Maejima
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa Machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 3718512, Japan
| | - Ercília Ramalho
- Laboratory of Cell and Membrane (LCM), Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN), Rua Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3,305. Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil
| | - Vania Claudia Olivon
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Physiology, UNIDERP, Av. Ceará, 333. Vila Miguel Couto, Campo Grande, MS, 79003-010, Brazil
| | - Susana Nogueira Diniz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN), Rua Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3,305. Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil
| | - Daniel Grasso
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Junín 954 p4, Buenos Aires, C1113AAD, Argentina
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25
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Brattås PL, Hersbach BA, Madsen S, Petri R, Jakobsson J, Pircs K. Impact of differential and time-dependent autophagy activation on therapeutic efficacy in a model of Huntington disease. Autophagy 2021; 17:1316-1329. [PMID: 32374203 PMCID: PMC8204969 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1760014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of macroautophagy/autophagy, a key mechanism involved in the degradation and removal of aggregated proteins, can successfully reverse Huntington disease phenotypes in various model systems. How neuronal autophagy impairments need to be considered in Huntington disease progression to achieve a therapeutic effect is currently not known. In this study, we used a mouse model of HTT (huntingtin) protein aggregation to investigate how different methods and timing of autophagy activation influence the efficacy of autophagy-activating treatment in vivo. We found that overexpression of human TFEB, a master regulator of autophagy, did not decrease mutant HTT aggregation. On the other hand, Becn1 overexpression, an autophagic regulator that plays a key role in autophagosome formation, partially cleared mutant HTT aggregates and restored neuronal pathology, but only when administered early in the disease progression. When Becn1 was administered at a later stage, when prominent mutant HTT accumulation and autophagy impairments have occurred, Becn1 overexpression did not rescue the mutant HTT-associated phenotypes. Together, these results demonstrate that the targets used to activate autophagy, as well as the timing of autophagy activation, are crucial for achieving efficient therapeutic effects.Abbreviations: AAV: adeno-associated viral vectors; ACTB: actin beta; BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; GO: gene ontology; HD: Huntington disease; HTT: huntingtin; ICQ: Li's intensity correlation quotient; IHC: immunohistochemistry; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; mHTT: mutant huntingtin; PCA: principal component analysis; PPP1R1B/DARPP-32: protein phosphatase 1 regulatory inhibitor subunit 1B; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; WB: western blot; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Ludvik Brattås
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bob A. Hersbach
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sofia Madsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Petri
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Jakobsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karolina Pircs
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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26
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Sarraf SA, Shah HV, Kanfer G, Pickrell AM, Holtzclaw LA, Ward ME, Youle RJ. Loss of TAX1BP1-Directed Autophagy Results in Protein Aggregate Accumulation in the Brain. Mol Cell 2020; 80:779-795.e10. [PMID: 33207181 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregates disrupt cellular homeostasis, causing toxicity linked to neurodegeneration. Selective autophagic elimination of aggregates is critical to protein quality control, but how aggregates are selectively targeted for degradation is unclear. We compared the requirements for autophagy receptor proteins: OPTN, NBR1, p62, NDP52, and TAX1BP1 in clearance of proteotoxic aggregates. Endogenous TAX1BP1 is recruited to and required for the clearance of stress-induced aggregates, whereas ectopic expression of TAX1BP1 increases clearance through autophagy, promoting viability of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. In contrast, TAX1BP1 depletion sensitizes cells to several forms of aggregate-induced proteotoxicity. Furthermore, TAX1BP1 is more specifically expressed in the brain compared to other autophagy receptor proteins. In vivo, loss of TAX1BP1 results in accumulation of high molecular weight ubiquitin conjugates and premature lipofuscin accumulation in brains of young TAX1BP1 knockout mice. TAX1BP1 mediates clearance of a broad range of cytotoxic proteins indicating therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen A Sarraf
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Hetal V Shah
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Gil Kanfer
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alicia M Pickrell
- School of Neuroscience, College of Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Lynne A Holtzclaw
- Microscopy and Imaging Core, Office of the Scientific Director, Intramural Research Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael E Ward
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard J Youle
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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27
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García-Huerta P, Troncoso-Escudero P, Wu D, Thiruvalluvan A, Cisternas-Olmedo M, Henríquez DR, Plate L, Chana-Cuevas P, Saquel C, Thielen P, Longo KA, Geddes BJ, Lederkremer GZ, Sharma N, Shenkman M, Naphade S, Sardi SP, Spichiger C, Richter HG, Court FA, Tshilenge KT, Ellerby LM, Wiseman RL, Gonzalez-Billault C, Bergink S, Vidal RL, Hetz C. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) protects against Huntington's disease through the extracellular disposal of protein aggregates. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:737-764. [PMID: 32642868 PMCID: PMC8513574 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Impaired neuronal proteostasis is a salient feature of many neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting alterations in the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We previously reported that targeting the transcription factor XBP1, a key mediator of the ER stress response, delays disease progression and reduces protein aggregation in various models of neurodegeneration. To identify disease modifier genes that may explain the neuroprotective effects of XBP1 deficiency, we performed gene expression profiling of brain cortex and striatum of these animals and uncovered insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) as the major upregulated gene. Here, we studied the impact of IGF2 signaling on protein aggregation in models of Huntington's disease (HD) as proof of concept. Cell culture studies revealed that IGF2 treatment decreases the load of intracellular aggregates of mutant huntingtin and a polyglutamine peptide. These results were validated using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived medium spiny neurons from HD patients and spinocerebellar ataxia cases. The reduction in the levels of mutant huntingtin was associated with a decrease in the half-life of the intracellular protein. The decrease in the levels of abnormal protein aggregation triggered by IGF2 was independent of the activity of autophagy and the proteasome pathways, the two main routes for mutant huntingtin clearance. Conversely, IGF2 signaling enhanced the secretion of soluble mutant huntingtin species through exosomes and microvesicles involving changes in actin dynamics. Administration of IGF2 into the brain of HD mice using gene therapy led to a significant decrease in the levels of mutant huntingtin in three different animal models. Moreover, analysis of human postmortem brain tissue and blood samples from HD patients showed a reduction in IGF2 level. This study identifies IGF2 as a relevant factor deregulated in HD, operating as a disease modifier that buffers the accumulation of abnormal protein species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula García-Huerta
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Sector B, Second Floor, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O. Box 70086, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Troncoso-Escudero
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Sector B, Second Floor, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O. Box 70086, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arun Thiruvalluvan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marisol Cisternas-Olmedo
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel R Henríquez
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lars Plate
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pedro Chana-Cuevas
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Saquel
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Peter Thielen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Gerardo Z Lederkremer
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Neeraj Sharma
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marina Shenkman
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Swati Naphade
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - S Pablo Sardi
- Rare and Neurological Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Carlos Spichiger
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hans G Richter
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Felipe A Court
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | | | - Lisa M Ellerby
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Steven Bergink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rene L Vidal
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Sector B, Second Floor, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O. Box 70086, Santiago, Chile.
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
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pS421 huntingtin modulates mitochondrial phenotypes and confers neuroprotection in an HD hiPSC model. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:809. [PMID: 32978366 PMCID: PMC7519662 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02983-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutant huntingtin (mHTT). Phosphorylation at serine-421 (pS421) of mHTT has been shown to be neuroprotective in cellular and rodent models. However, the genetic context of these models differs from that of HD patients. Here we employed human pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), which express endogenous full-length mHTT. Using genome editing, we generated isogenic hiPSC lines in which the S421 site in mHTT has been mutated into a phospho-mimetic aspartic acid (S421D) or phospho-resistant alanine (S421A). We observed that S421D, rather than S421A, confers neuroprotection in hiPSC-derived neural cells. Although we observed no effect of S421D on mHTT clearance or axonal transport, two aspects previously reported to be impacted by phosphorylation of mHTT at S421, our analysis revealed modulation of several aspects of mitochondrial form and function. These include mitochondrial surface area, volume, and counts, as well as improved mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative phosphorylation. Our study validates the protective role of pS421 on mHTT and highlights a facet of the relationship between mHTT and mitochondrial changes in the context of human physiology with potential relevance to the pathogenesis of HD.
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Bryan MR, O'Brien MT, Nordham KD, Rose DIR, Foshage AM, Joshi P, Nitin R, Uhouse MA, Di Pardo A, Zhang Z, Maglione V, Aschner M, Bowman AB. Acute manganese treatment restores defective autophagic cargo loading in Huntington's disease cell lines. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:3825-3841. [PMID: 31600787 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular etiology linking the pathogenic mutations in the Huntingtin (Htt) gene with Huntington's disease (HD) is unknown. Prior work suggests a role for Htt in neuronal autophagic function and mutant HTT protein disrupts autophagic cargo loading. Reductions in the bioavailability of the essential metal manganese (Mn) are seen in models of HD. Excess cellular Mn impacts autophagic function, but the target and molecular basis of these changes are unknown. Thus, we sought to determine if changes in cellular Mn status impact autophagic processes in a wild-type or mutant Htt-dependent manner. We report that the HD genotype is associated with reduced Mn-induced autophagy and that acute Mn exposure increases autophagosome induction/formation. To determine if a deficit in bioavailable Mn is mechanistically linked to the autophagy-related HD cellular phenotypes, we examined autophagosomes by electron microscopy. We observed that a 24 h 100 uM Mn restoration treatment protocol attenuated an established HD 'cargo-recognition failure' in the STHdh HD model cells by increasing the percentage of filled autophagosomes. Mn restoration had no effect on HTT aggregate number, but a 72 h co-treatment with chloroquine (CQ) in GFP-72Q-expressing HEK293 cells increased the number of visible aggregates in a dose-dependent manner. As CQ prevents autophagic degradation this indicates that Mn restoration in HD cell models facilitates incorporation of aggregates into autophagosomes. Together, these findings suggest that defective Mn homeostasis in HD models is upstream of the impaired autophagic flux and provide proof-of-principle support for increasing bioavailable Mn in HD to restore autophagic function and promote aggregate clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles R Bryan
- Department of Pediatrics.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology and Biochemistry
| | - Michael T O'Brien
- Department of Pediatrics.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology and Biochemistry
| | - Kristen D Nordham
- Department of Pediatrics.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology and Biochemistry
| | - Daniel I R Rose
- Department of Pediatrics.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology and Biochemistry
| | | | - Piyush Joshi
- Department of Pediatrics.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology and Biochemistry
| | - Rachana Nitin
- Department of Pediatrics.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology and Biochemistry
| | - Michael A Uhouse
- Department of Pediatrics.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology and Biochemistry
| | | | - Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | | | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- Department of Pediatrics.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology and Biochemistry.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center.,Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA.,Purdue University, School of Health Sciences, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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30
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Halbe L, Rami A. Inhibition of Autophagy Potentiated Hippocampal Cell Death Induced by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and its Activation by Trehalose Failed to be Neuroprotective. Curr Neurovasc Res 2020; 16:3-11. [PMID: 30706781 DOI: 10.2174/1567202616666190131155834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced the mobilization of two protein breakdown routes, the proteasomal- and autophagy-associated degradation. During ERassociated degradation, unfolded ER proteins are translocated to the cytosol where they are cleaved by the proteasome. When the accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins excels the ER capacity, autophagy can be activated in order to undertake the degradative machinery and to attenuate the ER stress. Autophagy is a mechanism by which macromolecules and defective organelles are included in autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes for degradation and recycling of bioenergetics substrate. MATERIALS AND METHODS Autophagy upon ER stress serves initially as a protective mechanism, however when the stress is more pronounced the autophagic response will trigger cell death. Because autophagy could function as a double edged sword in cell viability, we examined the effects autophagy modulation on ER stress-induced cell death in HT22 murine hippocampal neuronal cells. We investigated the effects of both autophagy-inhibition by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and autophagy-activation by trehalose on ER-stress induced damage in hippocampal HT22 neurons. We evaluated the expression of ER stress- and autophagy-sensors as well as the neuronal viability. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Based on our findings, we conclude that under ER-stress conditions, inhibition of autophagy exacerbates cell damage and induction of autophagy by trehalose failed to be neuroprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Halbe
- Institut fur Zellulare und Molekulare Anatomie (Anatomie III), Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang von Goethe-Universitat, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Abdelhaq Rami
- Institut fur Zellulare und Molekulare Anatomie (Anatomie III), Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang von Goethe-Universitat, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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31
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Joshi V, Upadhyay A, Prajapati VK, Mishra A. How autophagy can restore proteostasis defects in multiple diseases? Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1385-1439. [PMID: 32043639 DOI: 10.1002/med.21662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular evolution develops several conserved mechanisms by which cells can tolerate various difficult conditions and overall maintain homeostasis. Autophagy is a well-developed and evolutionarily conserved mechanism of catabolism, which endorses the degradation of foreign and endogenous materials via autolysosome. To decrease the burden of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), autophagy also promotes the selective degradation of proteins in a tightly regulated way to improve the physiological balance of cellular proteostasis that may get perturbed due to the accumulation of misfolded proteins. However, the diverse as well as selective clearance of unwanted materials and regulations of several cellular mechanisms via autophagy is still a critical mystery. Also, the failure of autophagy causes an increase in the accumulation of harmful protein aggregates that may lead to neurodegeneration. Therefore, it is necessary to address this multifactorial threat for in-depth research and develop more effective therapeutic strategies against lethal autophagy alterations. In this paper, we discuss the most relevant and recent reports on autophagy modulations and their impact on neurodegeneration and other complex disorders. We have summarized various pharmacological findings linked with the induction and suppression of autophagy mechanism and their promising preclinical and clinical applications to provide therapeutic solutions against neurodegeneration. The conclusion, key questions, and future prospectives sections summarize fundamental challenges and their possible feasible solutions linked with autophagy mechanism to potentially design an impactful therapeutic niche to treat neurodegenerative diseases and imperfect aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Joshi
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
| | - Vijay K Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
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Seranova E, Palhegyi AM, Verma S, Dimova S, Lasry R, Naama M, Sun C, Barrett T, Rosenstock TR, Kumar D, Cohen MA, Buganim Y, Sarkar S. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Models of Neurodegenerative Disorders for Studying the Biomedical Implications of Autophagy. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2754-2798. [PMID: 32044344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that is essential for cellular survival, tissue homeostasis, and human health. The housekeeping functions of autophagy in mediating the clearance of aggregation-prone proteins and damaged organelles are vital for post-mitotic neurons. Improper functioning of this process contributes to the pathology of myriad human diseases, including neurodegeneration. Impairment in autophagy has been reported in several neurodegenerative diseases where pharmacological induction of autophagy has therapeutic benefits in cellular and transgenic animal models. However, emerging studies suggest that the efficacy of autophagy inducers, as well as the nature of the autophagy defects, may be context-dependent, and therefore, studies in disease-relevant experimental systems may provide more insights for clinical translation to patients. With the advancements in human stem cell technology, it is now possible to establish disease-affected cellular platforms from patients for investigating disease mechanisms and identifying candidate drugs in the appropriate cell types, such as neurons that are otherwise not accessible. Towards this, patient-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have demonstrated considerable promise in constituting a platform for effective disease modeling and drug discovery. Multiple studies have utilized hiPSC models of neurodegenerative diseases to study autophagy and evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of autophagy inducers in neuronal cells. This review provides an overview of the regulation of autophagy, generation of hiPSCs via cellular reprogramming, and neuronal differentiation. It outlines the findings in various neurodegenerative disorders where autophagy has been studied using hiPSC models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Seranova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Adina Maria Palhegyi
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Surbhi Verma
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Simona Dimova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Lasry
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Moriyah Naama
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Congxin Sun
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Barrett
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Rosado Rosenstock
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Malkiel A Cohen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Yosef Buganim
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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Akhter Y, Nabi J, Hamid H, Tabassum N, Pottoo FH, Sharma A. Protein Quality Control in Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection. QUALITY CONTROL OF CELLULAR PROTEIN IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS 2020. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-1317-0.ch001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteostasis is essential for regulating the integrity of the proteome. Disruption of proteostasis under some rigorous conditions leads to the aggregation and accumulation of misfolded toxic proteins, which plays a central role in the pathogenesis of protein conformational disorders. The protein quality control (PQC) system serves as a multi-level security system to shield cells from abnormal proteins. The intrinsic PQC systems maintaining proteostasis include the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), chaperon-mediated autophagy (CMA), and autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP) that serve to target misfolded proteins for unfolding, refolding, or degradation. Alterations of PQC systems in neurons have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders. This chapter provides an overview of PQC pathways to set a framework for discussion of the role of PQC in neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, various pharmacological approaches targeting PQC are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeena Akhter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology Division), Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Jahangir Nabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology Division), Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Hinna Hamid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology Division), Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Nahida Tabassum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology Division), Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmaology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aashish Sharma
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), National University of Ireland, Ireland & School of Medical and Allied Sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurgaon, India
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Yang ZY, Zhou L, Meng Q, Shi H, Li YH. An appropriate level of autophagy reduces emulsified isoflurane-induced apoptosis in fetal neural stem cells. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2278-2285. [PMID: 32594049 PMCID: PMC7749471 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.285004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays essential roles in cell survival. However, the functions and regulation of the autophagy-related proteins Atg5, LC3B, and Beclin 1 during anesthetic-induced developmental neurotoxicity remain unclear. This study aimed to understand the autophagy pathways and mechanisms that affect neurotoxicity, induced by the anesthetic emulsified isoflurane, in rat fetal neural stem cells. Fetal neural stem cells were cultured, in vitro, and neurotoxicity was induced by emulsified isoflurane treatment. The effects of pretreatment with the autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine and bafilomycin and the effects of transfection with small interfering RNA against ATG5 (siRNA-Atg5) were observed. Cell viability was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry. Ultrastructural changes were analyzed through transmission electron microscopy. The levels of the autophagy-related proteins LC3B, Beclin 1, Atg5, and P62 and the pro-apoptosis-related protein caspase-3 were analyzed using western blot assay. The inhibition of cell proliferation and that of apoptosis rate increased after treatment with emulsified isoflurane. Autophagolysosomes, monolayer membrane formation due to lysosomal degradation, were observed. The autophagy-related proteins LC3B, Beclin 1, Atg5, and P62 and caspase-3 were upregulated. These results confirm that emulsified isoflurane can induce toxicity and autophagy in fetal neural stem cells. Pre-treatment with 3-methyladenine and bafilomycin increased the apoptosis rate in emulsified isoflurane-treated fetal neural stem cells, which indicated that the complete inhibition of autophagy does not alleviate emulsified isoflurane-induced fetal neural stem cell toxicity. Atg5 expression was decreased significantly by siRNA-Atg5 transfection, and cell proliferation was inhibited. These results verify that the Atg5 autophagy pathway can be regulated to maintain appropriate levels of autophagy, which can inhibit the neurotoxicity induced by emulsified isoflurane anesthetic in fetal neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qiong Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Hai Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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35
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Kim E, Park S, Lee JH, Mun JY, Choi WH, Yun Y, Lee J, Kim JH, Kang MJ, Lee MJ. Dual Function of USP14 Deubiquitinase in Cellular Proteasomal Activity and Autophagic Flux. Cell Rep 2019; 24:732-743. [PMID: 30021169 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system and the autophagy-lysosome system are two major intracellular proteolytic pathways in eukaryotes. Although several biochemical mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between them have been suggested, little is known about the effect of enhanced proteasome activity on autophagic flux. Here, we found that upregulation of proteasome activity, which was achieved through the inhibition of USP14, significantly impaired cellular autophagic flux, especially at the autophagosome-lysosome fusion step. UVRAG appeared to function as a crucial checkpoint for the proper progression of autophagic flux. Although proteasome activation through USP14 inhibition facilitated the clearance of microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) and reduced the amount of its oligomeric forms, the same conditions increased the formation of inclusion bodies from nonproteasomal substrates such as huntingtin with long polyglutamine repeats. Our results collectively indicate that USP14 may function as a common denominator in the compensatory negative feedback between the two major proteolytic processes in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Seoyoung Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Ji Young Mun
- Department of Structure and Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41068, Korea
| | - Won Hoon Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Yejin Yun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jeeyoung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Min Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
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36
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Aivazidis S, Jain A, Rauniyar AK, Anderson CC, Marentette JO, Orlicky DJ, Fritz KS, Harris PS, Siegel D, Maclean KN, Roede JR. SNARE proteins rescue impaired autophagic flux in Down syndrome. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223254. [PMID: 31714914 PMCID: PMC6850524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a chromosomal disorder caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 (Ts21). Unbalanced karyotypes can lead to dysfunction of the proteostasis network (PN) and disrupted proteostasis is mechanistically associated with multiple DS comorbidities. Autophagy is a critical component of the PN that has not previously been investigated in DS. Based on our previous observations of PN disruption in DS, we investigated possible dysfunction of the autophagic machinery in human DS fibroblasts and other DS cell models. Following induction of autophagy by serum starvation, DS fibroblasts displayed impaired autophagic flux indicated by autophagolysosome accumulation and elevated p62, NBR1, and LC3-II abundance, compared to age- and sex-matched, euploid (CTL) fibroblasts. While lysosomal physiology was unaffected in both groups after serum starvation, we observed decreased basal abundance of the Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor Attachment protein Receptor (SNARE) family members syntaxin 17 (STX17) and Vesicle Associated Membrane Protein 8 (VAMP8) indicating that decreased autophagic flux in DS is due at least in part to a possible impairment of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. This conclusion was further supported by the observation that over-expression of either STX17 or VAMP8 in DS fibroblasts restored autophagic degradation and reversed p62 accumulation. Collectively, our results indicate that impaired autophagic clearance is a characteristic of DS cells that can be reversed by enhancement of SNARE protein expression and provides further evidence that PN disruption represents a candidate mechanism for multiple aspects of pathogenesis in DS and a possible future target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Aivazidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Abhilasha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Abhishek K. Rauniyar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Colin C. Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - John O. Marentette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - David J. Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Kristofer S. Fritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Harris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - David Siegel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Kenneth N. Maclean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- The Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - James R. Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- The Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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37
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Franich NR, Basso M, André EA, Ochaba J, Kumar A, Thein S, Fote G, Kachemov M, Lau AL, Yeung SY, Osmand A, Zeitlin SO, Ratan RR, Thompson LM, Steffan JS. Striatal Mutant Huntingtin Protein Levels Decline with Age in Homozygous Huntington's Disease Knock-In Mouse Models. J Huntingtons Dis 2019; 7:137-150. [PMID: 29843246 PMCID: PMC6002862 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-170274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background: Huntington’s disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with aging, caused by an expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat within the Huntingtin (HTT) protein. In HD, degeneration of the striatum and atrophy of the cortex are observed while cerebellum is less affected. Objective: To test the hypothesis that HTT protein levels decline with age, which together with HTT mutation could influence disease progression. Methods: Using whole brain cell lysates, a unique method of SDS-PAGE and western analysis was used to quantitate HTT protein, which resolves as a monomer and as a high molecular weight species that is modulated by the presence of transglutaminase 2. HTT levels were measured in striatum, cortex and cerebellum in congenic homozygous Q140 and HdhQ150 knock-in mice and WT littermate controls. Results: Mutant HTT in both homozygous knock-in HD mouse models and WT HTT in control striatal and cortical tissues significantly declined in a progressive manner over time. Levels of mutant HTT in HD cerebellum remained high during aging. Conclusions: A general decline in mutant HTT levels in striatum and cortex is observed that may contribute to disease progression in homozygous knock-in HD mouse models through reduction of HTT function. In cerebellum, sustained levels of mutant HTT with aging may be protective to this tissue which is less overtly affected in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Franich
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Manuela Basso
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Emily A André
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Joseph Ochaba
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Soe Thein
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gianna Fote
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marketta Kachemov
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alice L Lau
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sylvia Y Yeung
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Osmand
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Scott O Zeitlin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Rajiv R Ratan
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leslie M Thompson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joan S Steffan
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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38
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Singer E, Walter C, Fabbro D, Rageot D, Beaufils F, Wymann MP, Rischert N, Riess O, Hillmann P, Nguyen HP. Brain-penetrant PQR620 mTOR and PQR530 PI3K/mTOR inhibitor reduce huntingtin levels in cell models of HD. Neuropharmacology 2019; 162:107812. [PMID: 31622602 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the pathological hallmarks of Huntington disease (HD) is accumulation of the disease-causing mutant huntingtin (mHTT), which leads to the disruption of a variety of cellular functions, ultimately resulting in cell death. Induction of autophagy, for example by the inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, has been shown to reduce HTT levels and aggregates. While rapalogs like rapamycin allosterically inhibit the mTOR complex 1 (TORC1), ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors suppress activities of TORC1 and TORC2 and have been shown to be more efficient in inducing autophagy and reducing protein levels and aggregates than rapalogs. The ability to cross the blood-brain barrier of first generation catalytic mTOR inhibitors has so far been limited, and therefore sufficient target coverage in the brain could not be reached. Two novel, brain penetrant compounds - the mTORC1/2 inhibitor PQR620, and the dual pan-phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mTORC1/2 kinase inhibitor PQR530 - were evaluated by assessing their potential to induce autophagy and reducing mHTT levels. For this purpose, expression levels of autophagic markers and well-defined mTOR targets were analyzed in STHdh cells and HEK293T cells and in mouse brains. Both compounds potently inhibited mTOR signaling in cell models as well as in mouse brain. As proof of principle, reduction of aggregates and levels of soluble mHTT were demonstrated upon treatment with both compounds. Originally developed for cancer treatment, these second generation mTORC1/2 and PI3K/mTOR inhibitors show brain penetrance and efficacy in cell models of HD, making them candidate molecules for further investigations in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Singer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases (ZSE), University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany.
| | - Carolin Walter
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases (ZSE), University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany.
| | - Doriano Fabbro
- PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Hochbergerstrasse 60C, Basel, 4057, Switzerland.
| | - Denise Rageot
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, Basel, 4056, Switzerland.
| | - Florent Beaufils
- PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Hochbergerstrasse 60C, Basel, 4057, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias P Wymann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, Basel, 4056, Switzerland.
| | - Nadine Rischert
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases (ZSE), University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany.
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases (ZSE), University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany.
| | - Petra Hillmann
- PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Hochbergerstrasse 60C, Basel, 4057, Switzerland.
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, Bochum, 44801, Germany.
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39
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Palhegyi AM, Seranova E, Dimova S, Hoque S, Sarkar S. Biomedical Implications of Autophagy in Macromolecule Storage Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:179. [PMID: 31555645 PMCID: PMC6742707 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An imbalance between the production and clearance of macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and carbohydrates can lead to a category of diseases broadly known as macromolecule storage disorders. These include, but not limited to, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease associated with accumulation of aggregation-prone proteins, Lafora and Pompe disease associated with glycogen accumulation, whilst lipid accumulation is characteristic to Niemann-Pick disease and Gaucher disease. One of the underlying factors contributing to the build-up of macromolecules in these storage disorders is the intracellular degradation pathway called autophagy. This process is the primary clearance route for unwanted macromolecules, either via bulk non-selective degradation, or selectively via aggrephagy, glycophagy and lipophagy. Since autophagy plays a vital role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, cell viability and human health, malfunction of this process could be detrimental. Indeed, defective autophagy has been reported in a number of macromolecule storage disorders where autophagy is impaired at distinct stages, such as at the level of autophagosome formation, autophagosome maturation or improper lysosomal degradation of the autophagic cargo. Of biomedical relevance, autophagy is regulated by multiple signaling pathways that are amenable to chemical perturbations by small molecules. Induction of autophagy has been shown to improve cell viability and exert beneficial effects in experimental models of various macromolecule storage disorders where the lysosomal functionality is not overtly compromised. In this review, we will discuss the role of autophagy in certain macromolecule storage disorders and highlight the potential therapeutic benefits of autophagy enhancers in these pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Maria Palhegyi
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Seranova
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simona Dimova
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sheabul Hoque
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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40
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Dysregulated autophagy as a new aspect of the molecular pathogenesis of Krabbe disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 129:195-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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41
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Meng T, Lin S, Zhuang H, Huang H, He Z, Hu Y, Gong Q, Feng D. Recent progress in the role of autophagy in neurological diseases. Cell Stress 2019; 3:141-161. [PMID: 31225510 PMCID: PMC6551859 DOI: 10.15698/cst2019.05.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy (here refers to macroautophagy) is a catabolic pathway by which large protein aggregates and damaged organelles are first sequestered into a double-membraned structure called autophago-some and then delivered to lysosome for destruction. Recently, tremen-dous progress has been made to elucidate the molecular mechanism and functions of this essential cellular metabolic process. In addition to being either a rubbish clearing system or a cellular surviving program in response to different stresses, autophagy plays important roles in a large number of pathophysiological conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, and especially neurodegenerative disorders. Here we review recent progress in the role of autophagy in neurological diseases and discuss how dysregulation of autophagy initiation, autophagosome formation, maturation, and/or au-tophagosome-lysosomal fusion step contributes to the pathogenesis of these disorders in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Shiyin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Haixia Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Haofeng Huang
- Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac-Cerebral Vascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengjie He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yongquan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Qing Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Du Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
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42
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Killing Two Angry Birds with One Stone: Autophagy Activation by Inhibiting Calpains in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Beyond. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4741252. [PMID: 30895192 PMCID: PMC6393885 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4741252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic machineries execute vital cellular functions and their disturbances are implicated in diverse medical conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. Interestingly, calpains, a class of Ca2+-dependent regulatory proteases, can modulate the degradational system of autophagy by cleaving proteins involved in this pathway. Moreover, both machineries are common players in many molecular pathomechanisms and have been targeted individually or together, as a therapeutic strategy in experimental setups. In this review, we briefly introduce calpains and autophagy, with their roles in health and disease, and focus on their direct pathologically relevant interplay in neurodegeneration and beyond. The modulation of calpain activity may comprise a promising treatment approach to attenuate the deregulation of these two essential mechanisms.
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43
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Aivazidis S, Anderson CC, Roede JR. Toxicant-mediated redox control of proteostasis in neurodegeneration. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019; 13:22-34. [PMID: 31602419 PMCID: PMC6785977 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Disruption in redox signaling and control of cellular processes has emerged as a key player in many pathologies including neurodegeneration. As protein aggregations are a common hallmark of several neuronal pathologies, a firm understanding of the interplay between redox signaling, oxidative and free radical stress, and proteinopathies is required to sort out the complex mechanisms in these diseases. Fortunately, models of toxicant-induced neurodegeneration can be utilized to evaluate and report mechanistic alterations in the proteostasis network (PN). The epidemiological links between environmental toxicants and neurological disease gives further credence into characterizing the toxicant-mediated PN disruptions observed in these conditions. Reviewed here are examples of mechanistic interaction between oxidative or free radical stress and PN alterations. Additionally, investigations into toxicant-mediated PN disruptions, specifically focusing on environmental metals and pesticides, are discussed. Finally, we emphasize the need to distinguish whether the presence of protein aggregations are contributory to phenotypes related to neurodegeneration, or if they are a byproduct of PN deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Aivazidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Colin C Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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44
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Halbe L, Rami A. Trehalase localization in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of mouse brains. J Adv Res 2019; 18:71-79. [PMID: 30828477 PMCID: PMC6383079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological localization of trehalase in vivo in the mouse brain. Exclusive expression of trehalase in neurons. Astrocytes do not express trehalase. A strong trehalase-immunoreactivity of trehalase was found in the perikarya and dendrites of neurons. Trehalase levels in neurons should have a physiological significance.
The non-reducing disaccharide trehalose is biosynthesized in several species but not in vertebrates. However, trehalase, the enzyme required for its cleavage, has been observed in different mammalian organs. Even in humans, trehalase was detected in the gastrointestinal tract and the kidney. Trehalase is an intrinsic glycoprotein of the small intestine and kidney that transports trehalose and hydrolyses it to two glucose molecules. To our knowledge, no information is available about the in vivo distribution and localization of trehalase in the mammalian brain. Here, we report the occurrence and distribution of trehalase in vivo in the mouse brain using Western blotting and immunohistochemical techniques. Using an antibody against trehalase, we demonstrated that the enzyme showed a band with a molecular mass of approx. 70 kDa in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum and olfactory bulbs. Strong trehalase immunoreactivity was found in the perikarya and dendrites of neurons located in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, Purkinje cells and mitral cells. Interestingly, Purkinje cells of the cerebellum showed higher immunoreactivity than neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The distribution of trehalase appeared to be mainly related to neurons and was not detected in astrocytes. Independent of the presence of trehalose in neurons, the trehalase levels in neurons should have physiological significance. Investigating whether the interactions between trehalose and trehalase act on brain energy metabolism or have other not-yet-identified effects would also be interesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Halbe
- Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Anatomie (Anatomie III), Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang von Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - A Rami
- Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Anatomie (Anatomie III), Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang von Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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45
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Fan D, Liu L, Wu Z, Cao M. Combating Neurodegenerative Diseases with the Plant Alkaloid Berberine: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:563-579. [PMID: 29676231 PMCID: PMC6712296 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180419141613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are among the most serious health problems affecting millions of people worldwide. Such diseases are characterized by a progressive degeneration and / or death of neurons in the central nervous system. Currently, there are no therapeutic approaches to cure or even halt the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. During the last two decades, much attention has been paid to the neuroprotective and anti-neurodegenerative activities of compounds isolated from natural products with high efficacy and low toxicity. Accumulating evidence indicates that berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from traditional Chinese medicinal herbs, may act as a promising anti-neurodegenerative agent by inhibiting the activity of the most important pathogenic enzymes, ameliorating intracellular oxidative stress, attenuating neuroinflammation, triggering autophagy and protecting neurons against apoptotic cell death. This review attempts to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the therapeutic potential of berberine against neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms that underlie its effects on Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhengzhi Wu
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China;, E-mail: and Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; E-mail:
| | - Meiqun Cao
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China;, E-mail: and Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; E-mail:
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46
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Rusmini P, Cortese K, Crippa V, Cristofani R, Cicardi ME, Ferrari V, Vezzoli G, Tedesco B, Meroni M, Messi E, Piccolella M, Galbiati M, Garrè M, Morelli E, Vaccari T, Poletti A. Trehalose induces autophagy via lysosomal-mediated TFEB activation in models of motoneuron degeneration. Autophagy 2018; 15:631-651. [PMID: 30335591 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1535292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy, a defense mechanism against aberrant stresses, in neurons counteracts aggregate-prone misfolded protein toxicity. Autophagy induction might be beneficial in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). The natural compound trehalose promotes autophagy via TFEB (transcription factor EB), ameliorating disease phenotype in multiple ND models, but its mechanism is still obscure. We demonstrated that trehalose regulates autophagy by inducing rapid and transient lysosomal enlargement and membrane permeabilization (LMP). This effect correlated with the calcium-dependent phosphatase PPP3/calcineurin activation, TFEB dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Trehalose upregulated genes for the TFEB target and regulator Ppargc1a, lysosomal hydrolases and membrane proteins (Ctsb, Gla, Lamp2a, Mcoln1, Tpp1) and several autophagy-related components (Becn1, Atg10, Atg12, Sqstm1/p62, Map1lc3b, Hspb8 and Bag3) mostly in a PPP3- and TFEB-dependent manner. TFEB silencing counteracted the trehalose pro-degradative activity on misfolded protein causative of motoneuron diseases. Similar effects were exerted by trehalase-resistant trehalose analogs, melibiose and lactulose. Thus, limited lysosomal damage might induce autophagy, perhaps as a compensatory mechanism, a process that is beneficial to counteract neurodegeneration. Abbreviations: ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; AR: androgen receptor; ATG: autophagy related; AV: autophagic vacuole; BAG3: BCL2-associated athanogene 3; BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; CASA: chaperone-assisted selective autophagy; CTSB: cathepsin b; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; fALS, familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; FRA: filter retardation assay; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GLA: galactosidase, alpha; HD: Huntington disease; hIPSCs: human induced pluripotent stem cells; HSPA8: heat shock protein A8; HSPB8: heat shock protein B8; IF: immunofluorescence analysis; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LAMP2A: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2A; LGALS3: lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3; LLOMe: L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester; LMP: lysosomal membrane permeabilization; Lys: lysosomes; MAP1LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MCOLN1: mucolipin 1; mRNA: messenger RNA; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NDs: neurodegenerative diseases; NSC34: neuroblastoma x spinal cord 34; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PD: Parkinson disease; polyQ: polyglutamine; PPARGC1A: peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha; PPP3CB: protein phosphatase 3, catalytic subunit, beta isoform; RT-qPCR: real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction; SBMA: spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy; SCAs: spinocerebellar ataxias; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SLC2A8: solute carrier family 2, (facilitated glucose transporter), member 8; smNPCs: small molecules neural progenitors cells; SOD1: superoxide dismutase 1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STED: stimulated emission depletion; STUB1: STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1; TARDBP/TDP-43: TAR DNA binding protein; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TPP1: tripeptidyl peptidase I; TREH: trehalase (brush-border membrane glycoprotein); WB: western blotting; ZKSCAN3: zinc finger with KRAB and SCAN domains 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rusmini
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Katia Cortese
- b DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Anatomia Umana , Università di Genova , Genova , Italy
| | - Valeria Crippa
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Riccardo Cristofani
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Maria Elena Cicardi
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Veronica Ferrari
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Giulia Vezzoli
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Barbara Tedesco
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Marco Meroni
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Elio Messi
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Margherita Piccolella
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Mariarita Galbiati
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | | | - Elena Morelli
- d Dipartimento di Bioscienze , Università degli Studi di Milano , Italy
| | - Thomas Vaccari
- d Dipartimento di Bioscienze , Università degli Studi di Milano , Italy
| | - Angelo Poletti
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy.,e Centro Interuniversitario sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Genova e Milano , Italy
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47
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Effects of lithium on the secretory production of recombinant antibody from insect cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2018; 55:1-6. [PMID: 30382493 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-018-0303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments are widely used in therapeutics and diagnoses. While mammalian cells serve as the host cells for antibody production, insect cells can produce large quantities of secretory antibodies in serum-free suspension cultures. The effects of lithium on the processes of autophagy and apoptosis in mammalian cells are well chronicled. In the present study, stably transformed insect cells, which produce an engineered antibody molecule, were cultured with lithium chloride in a serum-free medium. Treatment with lithium chloride induced autophagy and apoptosis in recombinant insect cells and led to increases in the yields of secreted antibodies.
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48
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Hofer S, Kainz K, Zimmermann A, Bauer MA, Pendl T, Poglitsch M, Madeo F, Carmona-Gutierrez D. Studying Huntington's Disease in Yeast: From Mechanisms to Pharmacological Approaches. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:318. [PMID: 30233317 PMCID: PMC6131589 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that leads to progressive neuronal loss, provoking impaired motor control, cognitive decline, and dementia. So far, HD remains incurable, and available drugs are effective only for symptomatic management. HD is caused by a mutant form of the huntingtin protein, which harbors an elongated polyglutamine domain and is highly prone to aggregation. However, many aspects underlying the cytotoxicity of mutant huntingtin (mHTT) remain elusive, hindering the efficient development of applicable interventions to counteract HD. An important strategy to obtain molecular insights into human disorders in general is the use of eukaryotic model organisms, which are easy to genetically manipulate and display a high degree of conservation regarding disease-relevant cellular processes. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a long-standing and successful history in modeling a plethora of human maladies and has recently emerged as an effective tool to study neurodegenerative disorders, including HD. Here, we summarize some of the most important contributions of yeast to HD research, specifically concerning the elucidation of mechanistic features of mHTT cytotoxicity and the potential of yeast as a platform to screen for pharmacological agents against HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Kainz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria A. Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Pendl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Poglitsch
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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49
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Pierzynowska K, Gaffke L, Cyske Z, Puchalski M, Rintz E, Bartkowski M, Osiadły M, Pierzynowski M, Mantej J, Piotrowska E, Węgrzyn G. Autophagy stimulation as a promising approach in treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:989-1008. [PMID: 29542037 PMCID: PMC6060747 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a process of degradation of macromolecules in the cytoplasm, particularly proteins of a long half-life, as well as whole organelles, in eukaryotic cells. Lysosomes play crucial roles during this degradation. Autophagy is a phylogenetically old, and evolutionarily conserved phenomenon which occurs in all eukaryotic cells. It can be found in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, insect Drosophila melanogaster, and mammals, including humans. Its high importance for cell physiology has been recognized, and in fact, dysfunctions causing impaired autophagy are associated with many severe disorders, including cancer and metabolic brain diseases. The types and molecular mechanisms of autophagy have been reviewed recently by others, and in this paper they will be summarized only briefly. Regulatory networks controlling the autophagy process are usually described as negative regulations. In contrast, here, we focus on different ways by which autophagy can be stimulated. In fact, activation of this process by different factors or processes can be considered as a therapeutic strategy in metabolic neurodegenerative diseases. These aspects are reviewed and discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pierzynowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lidia Gaffke
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Cyske
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Puchalski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Estera Rintz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Bartkowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Osiadły
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Pierzynowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jagoda Mantej
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ewa Piotrowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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50
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Al-Ramahi I, Lu B, Di Paola S, Pang K, de Haro M, Peluso I, Gallego-Flores T, Malik NT, Erikson K, Bleiberg BA, Avalos M, Fan G, Rivers LE, Laitman AM, Diaz-García JR, Hild M, Palacino J, Liu Z, Medina DL, Botas J. High-Throughput Functional Analysis Distinguishes Pathogenic, Nonpathogenic, and Compensatory Transcriptional Changes in Neurodegeneration. Cell Syst 2018; 7:28-40.e4. [PMID: 29936182 PMCID: PMC6082401 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Discriminating transcriptional changes that drive disease pathogenesis from nonpathogenic and compensatory responses is a daunting challenge. This is particularly true for neurodegenerative diseases, which affect the expression of thousands of genes in different brain regions at different disease stages. Here we integrate functional testing and network approaches to analyze previously reported transcriptional alterations in the brains of Huntington disease (HD) patients. We selected 312 genes whose expression is dysregulated both in HD patients and in HD mice and then replicated and/or antagonized each alteration in a Drosophila HD model. High-throughput behavioral testing in this model and controls revealed that transcriptional changes in synaptic biology and calcium signaling are compensatory, whereas alterations involving the actin cytoskeleton and inflammation drive disease. Knockdown of disease-driving genes in HD patient-derived cells lowered mutant Huntingtin levels and activated macroautophagy, suggesting a mechanism for mitigating pathogenesis. Our multilayered approach can thus untangle the wealth of information generated by transcriptomics and identify early therapeutic intervention points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Al-Ramahi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Boxun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Simone Di Paola
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Kaifang Pang
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maria de Haro
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ivana Peluso
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Tatiana Gallego-Flores
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nazish T Malik
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kelly Erikson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin A Bleiberg
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew Avalos
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - George Fan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Laura Elizabeth Rivers
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrew M Laitman
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Javier R Diaz-García
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marc Hild
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James Palacino
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhandong Liu
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Diego L Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Juan Botas
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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