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Luo S, Wang D, Zhang Z. Post-translational modification and mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 16:1329554. [PMID: 38273938 PMCID: PMC10808367 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1329554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease with currently no cure. Most PD cases are sporadic, and about 5-10% of PD cases present a monogenic inheritance pattern. Mutations in more than 20 genes are associated with genetic forms of PD. Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered a prominent player in PD pathogenesis. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) allow rapid switching of protein functions and therefore impact various cellular functions including those related to mitochondria. Among the PD-associated genes, Parkin, PINK1, and LRRK2 encode enzymes that directly involved in catalyzing PTM modifications of target proteins, while others like α-synuclein, FBXO7, HTRA2, VPS35, CHCHD2, and DJ-1, undergo substantial PTM modification, subsequently altering mitochondrial functions. Here, we summarize recent findings on major PTMs associated with PD-related proteins, as enzymes or substrates, that are shown to regulate important mitochondrial functions and discuss their involvement in PD pathogenesis. We will further highlight the significance of PTM-regulated mitochondrial functions in understanding PD etiology. Furthermore, we emphasize the potential for developing important biomarkers for PD through extensive research into PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishi Luo
- Institute for Future Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, Ministry of Education, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danling Wang
- Institute for Future Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, Ministry of Education, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- Institute for Future Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, Ministry of Education, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine of Hunan Province and Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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2
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Zhao Z, Li Z, Du F, Wang Y, Wu Y, Lim KL, Li L, Yang N, Yu C, Zhang C. Linking Heat Shock Protein 70 and Parkin in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:7044-7059. [PMID: 37526897 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects millions of elderly people worldwide and is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The precise mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PD are still not fully understood, but it is well accepted that the misfolding, aggregation, and abnormal degradation of proteins are the key causative factors of PD. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is a molecular chaperone that participates in the degradation of misfolded and aggregated proteins in living cells and organisms. Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, participates in the degradation of proteins via the proteasome pathway. Recent studies have indicated that both Hsp70 and Parkin play pivotal roles in PD pathogenesis. In this review, we focus on discussing how dysregulation of Hsp70 and Parkin leads to PD pathogenesis, the interaction between Hsp70 and Parkin in the context of PD and their therapeutic applications in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Li
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117054, Singapore
| | - Fangning Du
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Naidi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changmin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengwu Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Ham SJ, Yoo H, Woo D, Lee DH, Park KS, Chung J. PINK1 and Parkin regulate IP 3R-mediated ER calcium release. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5202. [PMID: 37626046 PMCID: PMC10457342 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although defects in intracellular calcium homeostasis are known to play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that loss of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin leads to dysregulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) activity, robustly increasing ER calcium release. In addition, we identify that CDGSH iron sulfur domain 1 (CISD1, also known as mitoNEET) functions downstream of Parkin to directly control IP3R. Both genetic and pharmacologic suppression of CISD1 and its Drosophila homolog CISD (also known as Dosmit) restore the increased ER calcium release in PINK1 and Parkin null mammalian cells and flies, respectively, demonstrating the evolutionarily conserved regulatory mechanism of intracellular calcium homeostasis by the PINK1-Parkin pathway. More importantly, suppression of CISD in PINK1 and Parkin null flies rescues PD-related phenotypes including defective locomotor activity and dopaminergic neuronal degeneration. Based on these data, we propose that the regulation of ER calcium release by PINK1 and Parkin through CISD1 and IP3R is a feasible target for treating PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Ham
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesuk Yoo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Daihn Woo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hyun Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongkyeong Chung
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Pereira SL, Grossmann D, Delcambre S, Hermann A, Grünewald A. Novel insights into Parkin-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 80:102720. [PMID: 37023495 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in PRKN cause the second most common genetic form of Parkinson's disease (PD)-a debilitating movement disorder that is on the rise due to population aging in the industrial world. PRKN codes for an E3 ubiquitin ligase that has been well established as a key regulator of mitophagy. Together with PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin controls the lysosomal degradation of depolarized mitochondria. But Parkin's functions go well beyond mitochondrial clearance: the versatile protein is involved in mitochondria-derived vesicle formation, cellular metabolism, calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial DNA maintenance, mitochondrial biogenesis, and apoptosis induction. Moreover, Parkin can act as a modulator of different inflammatory pathways. In the current review, we summarize the latest literature concerning the diverse roles of Parkin in maintaining a healthy mitochondrial pool. Moreover, we discuss how these recent discoveries may translate into personalized therapeutic approaches not only for PRKN-PD patients but also for a subset of idiopathic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro L Pereira
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Dajana Grossmann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht Kossel", Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sylvie Delcambre
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht Kossel", Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, 18147 Rostock, Germany; Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Grünewald
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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Li C, Yu T, Li W, Gong L, Shi J, Liu H, Yu J. PINK1 deficiency with Ca 2+ changes in the hippocampus exacerbates septic encephalopathy in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 374:110413. [PMID: 36804394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) is a mitochondrial kinase that protects against oxidative stress-induced cellular death. PINK1 deletion, on the other hand, disrupts mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis in various brain disorders. This study looked at how PINK1 affects hippocampal intracellular Ca2+ changes in mice with septic encephalopathy. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg/kg) to induce septic encephalopathy; then, fiber photometry was used to record hippocampal Ca2+ transients during behavioral tests in freely moving mice. Basal cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels were detected under a fluorescent microscope. LPS induced PINK1 expression and neuronal loss in the hippocampus of mice, whereas no difference in neuronal counts was shown between PINK1 knockout LPS mice and WT LPS mice. PINK1 deficiency led to inhibited Ca2+ transients and increased intracellular Ca2+ levels in the hippocampus of mice, thus, significantly aggravating the cognitive dysfunction in septic mice. An analysis of Parkin and PLC-γ1, downstream effectors of PINK1, showed that they are associated with the effects of PINK1. These results demonstrate that PINK1 deficiency disrupts intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and exacerbates septic encephalopathy. This observation suggests a protective role of PINK1 in septic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin NanKai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Tianyu Yu
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Wenxing Li
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Lirong Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin NanKai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Jia Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin NanKai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Huayang Liu
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jianbo Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin NanKai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300100, China.
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Sun X, Ye G, Mai Y, Shu Y, Wang L, Zhang J. Parkin exerts the tumor-suppressive effect through targeting mitochondria. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36916678 DOI: 10.1002/med.21938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The role of PARKIN in Parkinson's disease is well established but its role in cancer has recently emerged. PARKIN serves as a tumor suppressor in many cancers and loses the tumor-suppressive function due to loss of heterozygosity and DNA copy number. But how PARKIN protects against cancer is poorly understood. Through the analysis of PARKIN substrates and their association with mitochondria, this viewpoint discussed that PARKIN exerts its anti-cancer activity through targeting mitochondria. Mitochondria function as a convergence point for many signaling pathways and biological processes, including apoptosis, cell cycle, mitophagy, energy metabolism, oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, inflammation, and so forth. PARKIN participates in these processes through regulating its mitochondrial targets. Conversely, these mitochondrial substrates also influence the function of PARKIN under different cellular circumstances. We believe that future studies in this area may lead to novel therapeutic targets and strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Guiqin Ye
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China.,Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Mai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China.,Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Shu
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
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7
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Ali MZ, Dholaniya PS. Oxidative phosphorylation mediated pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and its implication via Akt signaling. Neurochem Int 2022; 157:105344. [PMID: 35483538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Substantia Nigra Pars-compacta (SNpc), in the basal ganglion region, is a primary source of dopamine release. These dopaminergic neurons require more energy than other neurons, as they are highly arborized and redundant. Neurons meet most of their energy demand (∼90%) from mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) is the primary pathway for energy production. Many genes involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) have been associated with OxPhos, especially complex I. Abrogation in complex I leads to reduced ATP formation in these neurons, succumbing to death by inducing apoptosis. This review discusses the interconnection between complex I-associated PD genes and specific mitochondrial metabolic factors (MMFs) of OxPhos. Interestingly, all the complex I-associated PD genes discussed here have been linked to the Akt signaling pathway; thus, neuron survival is promoted and smooth mitochondrial function is ensured. Any changes in these genes disrupt the Akt pathway, which hampers the opening of the permeability transition pore (PTP) via GSK3β dephosphorylation; promotes destabilization of OxPhos; and triggers the release of pro-apoptotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zainul Ali
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 046, India
| | - Pankaj Singh Dholaniya
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 046, India.
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Checler F, Alves da Costa C. Parkin as a Molecular Bridge Linking Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040559. [PMID: 35454148 PMCID: PMC9026546 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases are two distinct age-related pathologies that are characterized by various common dysfunctions. They are referred to as proteinopathies characterized by ubiquitinated protein accumulation and aggregation. This accumulation is mainly due to altered lysosomal and proteasomal clearing processes and is generally accompanied by ER stress disturbance, autophagic and mitophagic defects, mitochondrial structure and function alterations and enhanced neuronal cell death. Genetic approaches aimed at identifying molecular triggers responsible for familial forms of AD or PD have helped to understand the etiology of their sporadic counterparts. It appears that several proteins thought to contribute to one of these pathologies are also likely to contribute to the other. One such protein is parkin (PK). Here, we will briefly describe anatomical lesions and genetic advances linked to AD and PD as well as the main cellular processes commonly affected in these pathologies. Further, we will focus on current studies suggesting that PK could well participate in AD and thereby act as a molecular bridge between these two pathologies. In particular, we will focus on the transcription factor function of PK and its newly described transcriptional targets that are directly related to AD- and PD-linked cellular defects.
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Resveratrol Treatment in Human Parkin-Mutant Fibroblasts Modulates cAMP and Calcium Homeostasis Regulating the Expression of Mitochondria-Associated Membranes Resident Proteins. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101511. [PMID: 34680144 PMCID: PMC8534032 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkin plays an important role in ensuring efficient mitochondrial function and calcium homeostasis. Parkin-mutant human fibroblasts, with defective oxidative phosphorylation activity, showed high basal cAMP level likely ascribed to increased activity/expression of soluble adenylyl cyclase and/or low expression/activity of the phosphodiesterase isoform 4 and to a higher Ca2+ level. Overall, these findings support the existence, in parkin-mutant fibroblasts, of an abnormal Ca2+ and cAMP homeostasis in mitochondria. In our previous studies resveratrol treatment of parkin-mutant fibroblasts induced a partial rescue of mitochondrial functions associated with stimulation of the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway. In this study we provide additional evidence of the potential beneficial effects of resveratrol inducing an increase in the pre-existing high Ca2+ level and remodulation of the cAMP homeostasis in parkin-mutant fibroblasts. Consistently, we report in these fibroblasts higher expression of proteins implicated in the tethering of ER and mitochondrial contact sites along with their renormalization after resveratrol treatment. On this basis we hypothesize that resveratrol-mediated enhancement of the Ca2+ level, fine-tuned by the ER-mitochondria Ca2+ crosstalk, might modulate the pAMPK/AMPK pathway in parkin-mutant fibroblasts.
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Wang XL, Feng ST, Wang YT, Yuan YH, Li ZP, Chen NH, Wang ZZ, Zhang Y. Mitophagy, a Form of Selective Autophagy, Plays an Essential Role in Mitochondrial Dynamics of Parkinson's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1321-1339. [PMID: 33528716 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01039-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder caused by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and affects millions of people. Currently, mitochondrial dysfunction is considered as a central role in the pathogenesis of both sporadic and familial forms of PD. Mitophagy, a process that selectively targets damaged or redundant mitochondria to the lysosome for elimination via the autophagy devices, is crucial in preserving mitochondrial health. So far, aberrant mitophagy has been observed in the postmortem of PD patients and genetic or toxin-induced models of PD. Except for mitochondrial dysfunction, mitophagy is involved in regulating several other PD-related pathological mechanisms as well, e.g., oxidative stress and calcium imbalance. So far, the mitophagy mechanisms induced by PD-related proteins, PINK1 and Parkin, have been studied widely, and several other PD-associated genes, e.g., DJ-1, LRRK2, and alpha-synuclein, have been discovered to participate in the regulation of mitophagy as well, which further strengthens the link between mitophagy and PD. Thus, in this view, we reviewed mitophagy pathways in belief and discussed the interactions between mitophagy and several PD's pathological mechanisms and how PD-related genes modulate the mitophagy process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Le Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Si-Tong Feng
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Ya-Ting Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian-Nong-Tan Street, Xi-Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian-Nong-Tan Street, Xi-Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian-Nong-Tan Street, Xi-Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
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11
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Dong J, Quan Q, Zhao D, Li C, Zhang C, Chen H, Fang J, Wang L, Liu J. A combined method for the source apportionment of sediment organic carbon in rivers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141840. [PMID: 32889276 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic carbon sources apportionment in river sediments is crucial to the output management of organic carbon. We conducted a source apportionment of sediment organic carbon in four rivers in Shaanxi Province, China, with a novel method that combined environmental scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (ESEM-EDAX), principal component analysis (PCA), 16S rRNA sequencing, microbial community metabolic prediction, and positive matrix factorization (PMF). According to the ESEM-EDAX results, the sources of light fraction organic carbon (LFOC) were the vegetation residues and the organic carbon adsorbed on them; and the source of heavy fraction organic carbon (HFOC) was organic carbon wrapped in particles. Moreover, 16S rRNA sequencing results of LFOC and HFOC concerning microbes demonstrated that LFOC was mainly composed of carbohydrate, cellulose, and alky-aromatic compounds, and that carbohydrate with high molecular weight might be a part of HFOC. Based on the results of microbial community metabolic prediction, PCA, and PMF, we found dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was mainly from lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, apoptosis, and decomposition of carboxylic acids. And it might be mainly composed of lipopolysaccharide, carbohydrates, and organic acid with low molecular. To reflect the appearance of a specific DOC type, three biomarkers were proposed based on the microbial relative abundance and specificity. This research proposed a new method to trace the sources of organic carbon and established microbial biomarkers for the appearance of specific DOC, which would promote the understanding of organic carbon sources into microbes. Thus, this research provides new perspectives in the source apportionment and the life cycle of organic carbon in rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Dong
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Quan Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Changchao Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiaohui Fang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lifei Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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12
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Elyasi L, Jahanshahi M, Jameie SB, Hamid Abadi HG, Nikmahzar E, Khalili M, Jameie M, Jameie M. 6-OHDA mediated neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cellular model of Parkinson disease suppressed by pretreatment with hesperidin through activating L-type calcium channels. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 32:11-17. [PMID: 32918805 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological condition with selective progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Routine therapies are symptomatic and palliative. Although, hesperidin (Hsd) is known for its neuroprotective effects, its exact cellular mechanism is still a mystery. Considering the important role of calcium (Ca2+) in cellular mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases, the present study aimed to investigate the possible effects of Hsd on Ca2+ channels in cellular model of PD and the possible association between the selective vulnerability of neurons in cellular models of PD and expression of the physiological phenotype that changes Ca2+ homeostasis. METHODS SH-SY5Y cell line was used in this study; cell damage was induced by 150 µM 6-OHDA and the cells' viability was examined using MTT assay. Intracellular calcium, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential were determined by the fluorescence spectrophotometry method. The expressions of calcium channel receptors were determined by gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. RESULTS Loss of cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential were confirmed in 6-OHDA treated cells. In addition, intracellular ROS and calcium levels, calcium channel receptors significantly increased in 6-OHDA-treated cells. Incubation of SH-SY5Y cells with hesperidin showed a protective effect, reduced the biochemical markers of cell damage/death, and balanced calcium hemostasis. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, it seems that hesperidin could suppress the progression of the cellular model of PD via acting on intracellular calcium homeostasis. Further studies are needed to confirm the potential benefits of preventive and therapeutic effects of stabilizing cellular calcium homeostasis in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Elyasi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Jahanshahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - S B Jameie
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hatef Ghasemi Hamid Abadi
- Immunogenetic Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Emsehgol Nikmahzar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Khalili
- Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Melika Jameie
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mana Jameie
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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PINK1/Parkin Mediated Mitophagy, Ca 2+ Signalling, and ER-Mitochondria Contacts in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051772. [PMID: 32150829 PMCID: PMC7084677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–mitochondria contact sites are critical structures for cellular function. They are implicated in a plethora of cellular processes, including Ca2+ signalling and mitophagy, the selective degradation of damaged mitochondria. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced kinase (PINK) and Parkin proteins, whose mutations are associated with familial forms of Parkinson’s disease, are two of the best characterized mitophagy players. They accumulate at ER–mitochondria contact sites and modulate organelles crosstalk. Alterations in ER–mitochondria tethering are a common hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the involvement of PINK1 and Parkin at the ER–mitochondria contact sites and their role in the modulation of Ca2+ signalling and mitophagy.
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14
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Tatullo M, Marrelli B, Zullo MJ, Codispoti B, Paduano F, Benincasa C, Fortunato F, Scacco S, Zavan B, Cocco T. Exosomes from Human Periapical Cyst-MSCs: Theranostic Application in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:657-663. [PMID: 32210716 PMCID: PMC7085217 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.41515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific community continuously strives to get new disease models, to discover early markers or novel therapeutic approaches, improving the diagnosis and prognosis of several human pathologies. Parkinson's Disease (PD) is characterized by a long asymptomatic phase, characterized by a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons. Recently, the human Periapical Cyst-Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hPCy-MSCs) have been differentiated in functional dopaminergic neurons: such oral-derived MSCs and the hPCy-MSCs-derived exosomes may represent a strategic and useful in vitro study-model, as well as intriguing therapeutic carriers. Circadian rhythm (CR) alteration variously impacts on PD pathways: an interesting research target is represented by the analysis of the exosomes released by dopaminergic neurons, derived from neural-differentiated hPCy-MSCs, after having reproduced in-vitro PD-like conditions. This review aims to describe the crosstalk among some aspects of circadian rhythm related to the onset of PD and the exosomes released by cells of PD patients. More in detail: the first part of this article will describe the main characteristics of circadian rhythm and the involvement of the exosomes found to be effective in the pathogenesis of PD. Finally, the authors will suggest how those exosomes derived from dopaminergic neurons, obtained by oral-derived stem cells (hPCy-MSCs) may represent a smart model for the in vitro research on PD, to find new biomarkers, to test new drugs or, fatally, to find new pathways applicable in future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tatullo
- Marrelli Health - Tecnologica Research Institute, Biomedical Section, Street E. Fermi, Crotone, Italy
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Sechenov University Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Benedetta Marrelli
- Marrelli Health - Tecnologica Research Institute, Biomedical Section, Street E. Fermi, Crotone, Italy
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Sechenov University Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Josephine Zullo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruna Codispoti
- Marrelli Health - Tecnologica Research Institute, Biomedical Section, Street E. Fermi, Crotone, Italy
| | - Francesco Paduano
- Marrelli Health - Tecnologica Research Institute, Biomedical Section, Street E. Fermi, Crotone, Italy
| | - Caterina Benincasa
- Marrelli Health - Tecnologica Research Institute, Biomedical Section, Street E. Fermi, Crotone, Italy
| | - Francesco Fortunato
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Italy
| | - Salvatore Scacco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Italy
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cocco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Italy
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15
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Britzolaki A, Saurine J, Klocke B, Pitychoutis PM. A Role for SERCA Pumps in the Neurobiology of Neuropsychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1131:131-161. [PMID: 31646509 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12457-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a fundamental regulator of cell fate and intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis is crucial for proper function of the nerve cells. Given the complexity of neurons, a constellation of mechanisms finely tunes the intracellular Ca2+ signaling. We are focusing on the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER) calcium (Ca2+)-ATPase (SERCA) pump, an integral ER protein. SERCA's well established role is to preserve low cytosolic Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]cyt), by pumping free Ca2+ ions into the ER lumen, utilizing ATP hydrolysis. The SERCA pumps are encoded by three distinct genes, SERCA1-3, resulting in 12 known protein isoforms, with tissue-dependent expression patterns. Despite the well-established structure and function of the SERCA pumps, their role in the central nervous system is not clear yet. Interestingly, SERCA-mediated Ca2+ dyshomeostasis has been associated with neuropathological conditions, such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. We summarize here current evidence suggesting a role for SERCA in the neurobiology of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, thus highlighting the importance of this pump in brain physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Britzolaki
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Saurine
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin Klocke
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Pothitos M Pitychoutis
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA.
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16
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Pacelli C, Rotundo G, Lecce L, Menga M, Bidollari E, Scrima R, Cela O, Piccoli C, Cocco T, Vescovi AL, Mazzoccoli G, Rosati J, Capitanio N. Parkin Mutation Affects Clock Gene-Dependent Energy Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112772. [PMID: 31195749 PMCID: PMC6600341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence highlights a tight connection between circadian rhythms, molecular clockworks, and mitochondrial function. In particular, mitochondrial quality control and bioenergetics have been proven to undergo circadian oscillations driven by core clock genes. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons. Almost half of the autosomal recessive forms of juvenile parkinsonism have been associated with mutations in the PARK2 gene coding for parkin, shown to be involved in mitophagy-mediated mitochondrial quality control. The aim of this study was to investigate, in fibroblasts from genetic PD patients carrying parkin mutations, the interplay between mitochondrial bioenergetics and the cell autonomous circadian clock. Using two different in vitro synchronization protocols, we demonstrated that normal fibroblasts displayed rhythmic oscillations of both mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic activity. Conversely, in fibroblasts obtained from PD patients, a severe damping of the bioenergetic oscillatory patterns was observed. Analysis of the core clock genes showed deregulation of their expression patterns in PD fibroblasts, which was confirmed in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) derived thereof. The results from this study support a reciprocal interplay between the clockwork machinery and mitochondrial energy metabolism, point to a parkin-dependent mechanism of regulation, and unveil a hitherto unappreciated level of complexity in the pathophysiology of PD and eventually other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consiglia Pacelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Giovannina Rotundo
- Cell Reprogramming Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
| | - Lucia Lecce
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Marta Menga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Eris Bidollari
- Cell Reprogramming Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
| | - Rosella Scrima
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Olga Cela
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Claudia Piccoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy.
| | - Tiziana Cocco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Angelo Luigi Vescovi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Bicocca University of Milan, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Mazzoccoli
- Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
| | - Jessica Rosati
- Cell Reprogramming Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
| | - Nazzareno Capitanio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
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17
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Increased Levels of cAMP by the Calcium-Dependent Activation of Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase in Parkin-Mutant Fibroblasts. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030250. [PMID: 30875974 PMCID: PMC6468892 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost half of autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism has been associated with mutations in PARK2, coding for parkin, which plays an important role in mitochondria function and calcium homeostasis. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a major second messenger regulating mitochondrial metabolism, and it is strictly interlocked with calcium homeostasis. Parkin-mutant (Pt) fibroblasts, exhibiting defective mitochondrial respiratory/OxPhos activity, showed a significant higher value of basal intracellular level of cAMP, as compared with normal fibroblasts (CTRL). Specific pharmacological inhibition/activation of members of the adenylyl cyclase- and of the phosphodiesterase-families, respectively, as well as quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis, indicate that the higher level of cAMP observed in Pt fibroblasts can contribute to a higher level of activity/expression by soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) and to low activity/expression of the phosphodiesterase isoform 4 (PDE4). As Ca2+ regulates sAC, we performed quantitative calcium-fluorimetric analysis, showing a higher level of Ca2+ in the both cytosol and mitochondria of Pt fibroblasts as compared with CTRL. Most notably, inhibition of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter decreased, specifically the cAMP level in PD fibroblasts. All together, these findings support the occurrence of an altered mitochondrial Ca2+-mediated cAMP homeostasis in fibroblasts with the parkin mutation.
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18
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Basso V, Marchesan E, Peggion C, Chakraborty J, von Stockum S, Giacomello M, Ottolini D, Debattisti V, Caicci F, Tasca E, Pegoraro V, Angelini C, Antonini A, Bertoli A, Brini M, Ziviani E. Regulation of ER-mitochondria contacts by Parkin via Mfn2. Pharmacol Res 2018; 138:43-56. [PMID: 30219582 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a Parkinson's disease (PD) related gene, translocates to impaired mitochondria and drives their elimination via autophagy, a process known as mitophagy. Mitochondrial pro-fusion protein Mitofusins (Mfn1 and Mfn2) were found to be a target for Parkin mediated ubiquitination. Mfns are transmembrane GTPase embedded in the outer membrane of mitochondria, which are required on adjacent mitochondria to mediate fusion. In mammals, Mfn2 also forms complexes that are capable of tethering mitochondria to endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a structural feature essential for mitochondrial energy metabolism, calcium (Ca2+) transfer between the organelles and Ca2+ dependent cell death. Despite its fundamental physiological role, the molecular mechanisms that control ER-mitochondria cross talk are obscure. Ubiquitination has recently emerged as a powerful tool to modulate protein function, via regulation of protein subcellular localization and protein ability to interact with other proteins. Ubiquitination is also a reversible mechanism, which can be actively controlled by opposing ubiquitination-deubiquitination events. In this work we found that in Parkin deficient cells and parkin mutant human fibroblasts, the tether between ER and mitochondria is decreased. We identified the site of Parkin dependent ubiquitination and showed that the non-ubiquitinatable Mfn2 mutant fails to restore ER-mitochondria physical and functional interaction. Finally, we took advantage of an established in vivo model of PD to demonstrate that manipulation of ER-mitochondria tethering by expressing an ER-mitochondria synthetic linker is sufficient to rescue the locomotor deficit associated to an in vivo Drosophila model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Basso
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo, IRCCS, Lido di Venezia, Venezia, Italy
| | - Elena Marchesan
- Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo, IRCCS, Lido di Venezia, Venezia, Italy
| | - Caterina Peggion
- Department of Biomedical Science (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Joy Chakraborty
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo, IRCCS, Lido di Venezia, Venezia, Italy
| | | | | | - Denis Ottolini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Debattisti
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Elisabetta Tasca
- Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo, IRCCS, Lido di Venezia, Venezia, Italy
| | | | - Corrado Angelini
- Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo, IRCCS, Lido di Venezia, Venezia, Italy
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertoli
- Department of Biomedical Science (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marisa Brini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Ziviani
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo, IRCCS, Lido di Venezia, Venezia, Italy.
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19
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Ammal Kaidery N, Thomas B. Current perspective of mitochondrial biology in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2018; 117:91-113. [PMID: 29550604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies containing α-synuclein. Although the cause of PD remains elusive, remarkable advances have been made in understanding the possible causative mechanisms of PD pathogenesis. An explosion of discoveries during the past two decades has led to the identification of several autosomal dominant and recessive genes that cause familial forms of PD. The investigations of these familial PD gene products have shed considerable insights into the molecular pathogenesis of the more common sporadic PD. A growing body of evidence suggests that the etiology of PD is multifactorial and involves a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Substantial evidence from human tissues, genetic and toxin-induced animal and cellular models indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in the pathophysiology of PD. Deficits in mitochondrial functions due to bioenergetics defects, alterations in the mitochondrial DNA, generation of reactive oxygen species, aberrant calcium homeostasis, and anomalies in mitochondrial dynamics and quality control are implicated in the underlying mechanisms of neuronal cell death in PD. In this review, we discuss how familial PD-linked genes and environmental factors interface the pathways regulating mitochondrial functions and thereby potentially converge both familial and sporadic PD at the level of mitochondrial integrity. We also provide an overview of the status of therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in PD. Unraveling potential pathways that influence mitochondrial homeostasis in PD may hold the key to therapeutic intervention for this debilitating neurodegenerative movement disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Neurology Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
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20
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Parkin in Parkinson’s Disease and Cancer: a Double-Edged Sword. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6788-6800. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Lai MC, Bechy AL, Denk F, Collins E, Gavriliouk M, Zaugg JB, Ryan BJ, Wade-Martins R, Caffrey TM. Haplotype-specific MAPT exon 3 expression regulated by common intronic polymorphisms associated with Parkinsonian disorders. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:79. [PMID: 29084565 PMCID: PMC5663040 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome wide association studies have identified microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT) H1 haplotype single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as leading common risk variants for Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration. The MAPT risk variants fall within a large 1.8 Mb region of high linkage disequilibrium, making it difficult to discern the functionally important risk variants. Here, we leverage the strong haplotype-specific expression of MAPT exon 3 to investigate the functionality of SNPs that fall within this H1 haplotype region of linkage disequilibrium. METHODS In this study, we dissect the molecular mechanisms by which haplotype-specific SNPs confer allele-specific effects on the alternative splicing of MAPT exon 3. Firstly, we use haplotype-hybrid whole-locus genomic MAPT vectors studies to identify functional SNPs. Next, we characterise the RNA-protein interactions at two loci by mass spectrometry. Lastly, we knockdown candidate splice factors to determine their effect on MAPT exon 3 using a novel allele-specific qPCR assay. RESULTS Using whole-locus genomic DNA expression vectors to express MAPT haplotype variants, we demonstrate that rs17651213 regulates exon 3 inclusion in a haplotype-specific manner. We further investigated the functionality of this region using RNA-electrophoretic mobility shift assays to show differential RNA-protein complex formation at the H1 and H2 sequence variants of SNP rs17651213 and rs1800547 and subsequently identified candidate trans-acting splicing factors interacting with these functional SNPs sequences by RNA-protein pull-down experiment and mass spectrometry. Finally, gene knockdown of candidate splice factors identified by mass spectrometry demonstrate a role for hnRNP F and hnRNP Q in the haplotype-specific regulation of exon 3 inclusion. CONCLUSIONS We identified common splice factors hnRNP F and hnRNP Q regulating the haplotype-specific splicing of MAPT exon 3 through intronic variants rs1800547 and rs17651213. This work demonstrates an integrated approach to characterise the functionality of risk variants in large regions of linkage disequilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mang Ching Lai
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Laure Bechy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
| | - Franziska Denk
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
| | - Emma Collins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
| | - Maria Gavriliouk
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
| | - Judith B. Zaugg
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brent J. Ryan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
| | - Tara M. Caffrey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
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22
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Mukherjee R, Das A, Chakrabarti S, Chakrabarti O. Calcium dependent regulation of protein ubiquitination - Interplay between E3 ligases and calcium binding proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1227-1235. [PMID: 28285986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitination status of proteins and intracellular calcium levels are two factors which keep changing inside any living cell. These two events appear to be independent of each other but recent experimental evidences show that ubiquitination of cellular proteins are influenced by calcium, Calmodulin, Calmodulin-dependent kinase II and other proteins of calcium dependent pathways. E3 ligases like Nedd4, SCF complex, APC, GP78 and ITCH are important regulators of calcium mediated processes. A bioinformatics analysis to inspect sequences and interacting partners of 242 candidate E3 ligases show the presence of calcium and/or Calmodulin binding motifs/domains within their sequences. Building a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of human E3 ligase proteins identifies Ca2+ related proteins as direct interacting partners of E3 ligases. Review of literature, analysis of E3 ligase sequences and their interactome suggests an interconnectivity between calcium signaling and the overall UPS system, especially emphasizing that a subset of E3 ligases have importance in physiological pathways modulated by calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukmini Mukherjee
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Aneesha Das
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Saikat Chakrabarti
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Oishee Chakrabarti
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India.
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23
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Dahl R. A new target for Parkinson's disease: Small molecule SERCA activator CDN1163 ameliorates dyskinesia in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:53-57. [PMID: 27776889 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is intimately linked to Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology. Disrupted intracellular calcium homeostasis is a major cause of the ER stress seen in dopaminergic neurons, leading to the cell death and subsequent loss of movement and coordination in patients. Dysfunctional calcium handling proteins play a major role in the promulgation of ER stress in PD. Specifically, compromised sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) has been identified as a major cause of ER stress and neuron loss in PD. We have identified a small molecule activator of SERCA that increases ER calcium content, rescues neurons from ER stress-induced cell death in vitro, and shows significant efficacy in the rat 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model of PD. Together, these results support targeting SERCA activation as a viable strategy to develop disease-modifying therapeutics for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Dahl
- Neurodon LLC, 5700 Tanager St., Schererville, IN 46375, USA.
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Emerging (and converging) pathways in Parkinson's disease: keeping mitochondrial wellness. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 483:1020-1030. [PMID: 27581196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The selective cell loss in the ventral component of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of alpha-synuclein (α-syn)-rich intraneuronal inclusions called Lewy bodies are the pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common motor system disorder whose aetiology remains largely elusive. Although most cases of PD are idiopathic, there are rare familial forms of the disease that can be traced to single gene mutations that follow Mendelian inheritance pattern. The study of several nuclear encoded proteins whose mutations are linked to the development of autosomal recessive and dominant forms of familial PD enhanced our understanding of biochemical and cellular mechanisms contributing to the disease and suggested that many signs of neurodegeneration result from compromised mitochondrial function. Here we present an overview of the current understanding of PD-related mitochondrial dysfunction including defects in bioenergetics and Ca2+ homeostasis, mitochondrial DNA mutations, altered mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy. We emphasize, in particular, the convergence of many "apparently" different pathways towards a common route involving mitochondria. Understanding whether mitochondrial dysfunction in PD represents the cause or the consequence of the disease is challenging and will help to define the pathogenic processes at the basis of the PD onset and progression.
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Lippolis R, Siciliano RA, Pacelli C, Ferretta A, Mazzeo MF, Scacco S, Papa F, Gaballo A, Dell'Aquila C, De Mari M, Papa S, Cocco T. Altered protein expression pattern in skin fibroblasts from parkin-mutant early-onset Parkinson's disease patients. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1960-70. [PMID: 26096686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder caused primarily by selective degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. In this work the proteomes extracted from primary fibroblasts of two unrelated, hereditary cases of PD patients, with different parkin mutations, were compared with the proteomes extracted from commercial adult normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and primary fibroblasts from the healthy mother of one of the two patients. The results show that the fibroblasts from the two different cases of parkin-mutant patients display analogous alterations in the expression level of proteins involved in different cellular functions, like cytoskeleton structure-dynamics, calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress response, protein and RNA processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lippolis
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy.
| | - Rosa Anna Siciliano
- Institute of Food Sciences, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Roma, 64, Avellino, Italy
| | - Consiglia Pacelli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitè de Montreal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montreal QCH3T1J4, Canada
| | - Anna Ferretta
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University 'A. Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Fiorella Mazzeo
- Institute of Food Sciences, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Roma, 64, Avellino, Italy
| | - Salvatore Scacco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University 'A. Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Papa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University 'A. Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Gaballo
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Polo di Nanotecnologia c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | | | - Sergio Papa
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cocco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University 'A. Moro', Bari, Italy.
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van der Merwe C, Jalali Sefid Dashti Z, Christoffels A, Loos B, Bardien S. Evidence for a common biological pathway linking three Parkinson's disease-causing genes: parkin, PINK1 and DJ-1. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:1113-25. [PMID: 25761903 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. Autosomal recessive, early-onset cases of PD are predominantly caused by mutations in the parkin, PINK1 and DJ-1 genes. Animal and cellular models have verified a direct link between parkin and PINK1, whereby PINK1 phosphorylates and activates parkin at the outer mitochondrial membrane, resulting in removal of dysfunctional mitochondria via mitophagy. Despite the overwhelming evidence for this interaction, few studies have been able to identify a link for DJ-1 with parkin or PINK1. The aim of this review is to summarise the functions of these three proteins, and to analyse the existing evidence for direct and indirect interactions between them. DJ-1 is able to rescue the phenotype of PINK1-knockout Drosophila models, but not of parkin-knockouts, suggesting that DJ-1 may act in a parallel pathway to that of the PINK1/parkin pathway. To further elucidate a commonality between these three proteins, bioinformatics analysis established that Miro (RHOT1) interacts with parkin and PINK1, and HSPA4 interacts with all three proteins. Furthermore, 30 transcription factors were found to be common amongst all three proteins, with many of them being involved in transcriptional regulation. Interestingly, expression of these proteins and their associated transcription factors are found to be significantly down-regulated in PD patients compared to healthy controls. In summary, this review provides insight into common pathways linking three PD-causing genes and highlights some key questions, the answers to which may provide critical insight into the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia van der Merwe
- Division of Molecular Biology & Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa
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Dany M, Ogretmen B. Ceramide induced mitophagy and tumor suppression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2834-45. [PMID: 25634657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are bioactive lipid effectors, which are involved in the regulation of various cellular signaling pathways. Sphingolipids play essential roles in controlling cell inflammation, proliferation, death, migration, senescence, metastasis and autophagy. Alterations in sphingolipid metabolism have been also implicated in many human cancers. Macroautophagy (referred to here as autophagy) is a form of nonselective sequestering of cytosolic materials by double membrane structures, autophagosomes, which can be either protective or lethal for cells. Ceramide, a central molecule of sphingolipid metabolism is involved in the regulation of autophagy at various levels, including the induction of lethal mitophagy, a selective autophagy process to target and eliminate damaged mitochondria. In this review, we focused on recent studies with regard to the regulation of autophagy, in particular lethal mitophagy, by ceramide, and aimed at providing discussion points for various context-dependent roles and mechanisms of action of ceramide in controlling mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Dany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Petrucci S, Arena G, Valente EM. Genetics and Molecular Biology of Parkinson Disease. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Buhlman L, Damiano M, Bertolin G, Ferrando-Miguel R, Lombès A, Brice A, Corti O. Functional interplay between Parkin and Drp1 in mitochondrial fission and clearance. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2012-26. [PMID: 24878071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson's disease is most often caused by mutations in the genes encoding the cytosolic E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin and the mitochondrial serine/threonine kinase PINK1. Studies in Drosophila models and mammalian cells have demonstrated that these proteins regulate various aspects of mitochondrial physiology, including organelle transport, dynamics and turnover. How PINK1 and Parkin orchestrate these processes, and whether they always do so within a common pathway remain to be clarified. We have revisited the role of PINK1 and Parkin in mitochondrial dynamics, and explored its relation to the mitochondrial clearance program controlled by these proteins. We show that PINK1 and Parkin promote Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission by mechanisms that are at least in part independent. Parkin-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation was abolished by treatments interfering with the calcium/calmodulin/calcineurin signaling pathway, suggesting that it requires dephosphorylation of serine 637 of Drp1. Parkinson's disease-causing mutations with differential impact on mitochondrial morphology and organelle degradation demonstrated that the pro-fission effect of Parkin is not required for efficient mitochondrial clearance. In contrast, the use of Förster energy transfer imaging microscopy revealed that Drp1 and Parkin are co-recruited to mitochondria in proximity of PINK1 following mitochondrial depolarization, indicating spatial coordination between these events in mitochondrial degradation. Our results also hint at a major role of the outer mitochondrial adaptor MiD51 in Drp1 recruitment and Parkin-dependent mitophagy. Altogether, our observations provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics by Parkin and its relation to the mitochondrial clearance program mediated by the PINK1/Parkin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Buhlman
- Inserm, U 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Midwestern University, 19555N 59th Avenue, Glendale, Arizona 85308, United States
| | - Maria Damiano
- Inserm, U 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Bertolin
- Inserm, U 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Rosa Ferrando-Miguel
- Inserm, U 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Anne Lombès
- Inserm U 1016, Institut Cochin, F-75014, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8104, F-75014 Paris, France; Université Paris 05, UMR_S1016 F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Inserm, U 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Olga Corti
- Inserm, U 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France.
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van der Merwe C, Loos B, Swart C, Kinnear C, Henning F, van der Merwe L, Pillay K, Muller N, Zaharie D, Engelbrecht L, Carr J, Bardien S. Mitochondrial impairment observed in fibroblasts from South African Parkinson's disease patients with parkin mutations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 447:334-40. [PMID: 24721425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), defined as a neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in the midbrain. Loss-of-function mutations in the parkin gene are a major cause of autosomal recessive, early-onset PD. Parkin has been implicated in the maintenance of healthy mitochondria, although previous studies show conflicting findings regarding mitochondrial abnormalities in fibroblasts from patients harboring parkin-null mutations. The aim of the present study was to determine whether South African PD patients with parkin mutations exhibit evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction. Fibroblasts were cultured from skin biopsies obtained from three patients with homozygous parkin-null mutations, two heterozygous mutation carriers and two wild-type controls. Muscle biopsies were obtained from two of the patients. The muscle fibers showed subtle abnormalities such as slightly swollen mitochondria in focal areas of the fibers and some folding of the sarcolemma. Although no differences in the degree of mitochondrial network branching were found in the fibroblasts, ultrastructural abnormalities were observed including the presence of electron-dense vacuoles. Moreover, decreased ATP levels which are consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction were observed in the patients' fibroblasts compared to controls. Remarkably, these defects did not manifest in one patient, which may be due to possible compensatory mechanisms. These results suggest that parkin-null patients exhibit features of mitochondrial dysfunction. Involvement of mitochondria as a key role player in PD pathogenesis will have important implications for the design of new and more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia van der Merwe
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Chrisna Swart
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Craig Kinnear
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology and the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Franclo Henning
- Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lize van der Merwe
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Statistics, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Komala Pillay
- National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS) Histopathology Laboratory, Red Cross Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nolan Muller
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dan Zaharie
- Neuropathology Unit, Division of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lize Engelbrecht
- Cell Imaging Unit, Central Analytical Facility, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Bhandari P, Song M, Chen Y, Burelle Y, Dorn GW. Mitochondrial contagion induced by Parkin deficiency in Drosophila hearts and its containment by suppressing mitofusin. Circ Res 2013; 114:257-65. [PMID: 24192653 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dysfunctional Parkin-mediated mitophagic culling of senescent or damaged mitochondria is a major pathological process underlying Parkinson disease and a potential genetic mechanism of cardiomyopathy. Despite epidemiological associations between Parkinson disease and heart failure, the role of Parkin and mitophagic quality control in maintaining normal cardiac homeostasis is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We used germline mutants and cardiac-specific RNA interference to interrogate Parkin regulation of cardiomyocyte mitochondria and examine functional crosstalk between mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics in Drosophila heart tubes. METHODS AND RESULTS Transcriptional profiling of Parkin knockout mouse hearts revealed compensatory upregulation of multiple related E3 ubiquitin ligases. Because Drosophila lack most of these redundant genes, we examined heart tubes of parkin knockout flies and observed accumulation of enlarged hollow donut mitochondria with dilated cardiomyopathy, which could be rescued by cardiomyocyte-specific Parkin expression. Identical abnormalities were induced by cardiomyocyte-specific Parkin suppression using 2 different inhibitory RNAs. Parkin-deficient cardiomyocyte mitochondria exhibited dysmorphology, depolarization, and reactive oxygen species generation without calcium cycling abnormalities, pointing to a primary mitochondrial defect. Suppressing cardiomyocyte mitochondrial fusion in Parkin-deficient fly heart tubes completely prevented the cardiomyopathy and corrected mitochondrial dysfunction without normalizing mitochondrial dysmorphology, demonstrating a central role for mitochondrial fusion in the cardiomyopathy provoked by impaired mitophagy. CONCLUSIONS Parkin deficiency and resulting mitophagic disruption produces cardiomyopathy in part by contamination of the cardiomyocyte mitochondrial pool through fusion between improperly retained dysfunctional/senescent and normal mitochondria. Limiting mitochondrial contagion by inhibiting organelle fusion shows promise for minimizing organ dysfunction produced by defective mitophagic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Bhandari
- From the Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO (P.B., M.S., Y.C., G.W.D.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Y.B.)
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Calì T, Ottolini D, Negro A, Brini M. Enhanced parkin levels favor ER-mitochondria crosstalk and guarantee Ca(2+) transfer to sustain cell bioenergetics. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:495-508. [PMID: 23313576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in PINK1 or parkin genes are associated with juvenile-onset autosomal recessive forms of Parkinson disease. Numerous studies have established that PINK1 and parkin participate in a common mitochondrial-quality control pathway, promoting the selective degradation of dysfunctional mitochondria by mitophagy. Upregulation of parkin mRNA and protein levels has been proposed as protective mechanism against mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. To better understand how parkin could exert protective function we considered the possibility that it could modulate the ER-mitochondria inter-organelles cross talk. To verify this hypothesis we investigated the effects of parkin overexpression on ER-mitochondria crosstalk with respect to the regulation of two key cellular parameters: Ca(2+) homeostasis and ATP production. Our results indicate that parkin overexpression in model cells physically and functionally enhanced ER-mitochondria coupling, favored Ca(2+) transfer from the ER to the mitochondria following cells stimulation with an 1,4,5 inositol trisphosphate (InsP(3)) generating agonist and increased the agonist-induced ATP production. The overexpression of a parkin mutant lacking the first 79 residues (ΔUbl) failed to enhance the mitochondrial Ca(2+) transients, thus highlighting the importance of the N-terminal ubiquitin like domain for the observed phenotype. siRNA-mediated parkin silencing caused mitochondrial fragmentation, impaired mitochondrial Ca(2+) handling and reduced the ER-mitochondria tethering. These data support a novel role for parkin in the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis, Ca(2+) signaling and energy metabolism under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tito Calì
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Increased phosphorylation of dynamin-related protein 1 and mitochondrial fission in okadaic acid-treated neurons. Brain Res 2012; 1454:100-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Butler EK, Voigt A, Lutz AK, Toegel JP, Gerhardt E, Karsten P, Falkenburger B, Reinartz A, Winklhofer KF, Schulz JB. The mitochondrial chaperone protein TRAP1 mitigates α-Synuclein toxicity. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002488. [PMID: 22319455 PMCID: PMC3271059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression or mutation of α-Synuclein is associated with protein aggregation and interferes with a number of cellular processes, including mitochondrial integrity and function. We used a whole-genome screen in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to search for novel genetic modifiers of human [A53T]α-Synuclein-induced neurotoxicity. Decreased expression of the mitochondrial chaperone protein tumor necrosis factor receptor associated protein-1 (TRAP1) was found to enhance age-dependent loss of fly head dopamine (DA) and DA neuron number resulting from [A53T]α-Synuclein expression. In addition, decreased TRAP1 expression in [A53T]α-Synuclein-expressing flies resulted in enhanced loss of climbing ability and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Overexpression of human TRAP1 was able to rescue these phenotypes. Similarly, human TRAP1 overexpression in rat primary cortical neurons rescued [A53T]α-Synuclein-induced sensitivity to rotenone treatment. In human (non)neuronal cell lines, small interfering RNA directed against TRAP1 enhanced [A53T]α-Synuclein-induced sensitivity to oxidative stress treatment. [A53T]α-Synuclein directly interfered with mitochondrial function, as its expression reduced Complex I activity in HEK293 cells. These effects were blocked by TRAP1 overexpression. Moreover, TRAP1 was able to prevent alteration in mitochondrial morphology caused by [A53T]α-Synuclein overexpression in human SH-SY5Y cells. These results indicate that [A53T]α-Synuclein toxicity is intimately connected to mitochondrial dysfunction and that toxicity reduction in fly and rat primary neurons and human cell lines can be achieved using overexpression of the mitochondrial chaperone TRAP1. Interestingly, TRAP1 has previously been shown to be phosphorylated by the serine/threonine kinase PINK1, thus providing a potential link of PINK1 via TRAP1 to α-Synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. Butler
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, Center Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Göttingen Graduate School for Neurosciences and Molecular Biology (GGNB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aaron Voigt
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Kathrin Lutz
- Neurobiochemistry, Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jane P. Toegel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ellen Gerhardt
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, Center Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Karsten
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Björn Falkenburger
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Reinartz
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Konstanze F. Winklhofer
- Neurobiochemistry, Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg B. Schulz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA) Brain, Jülich/Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Corti O, Lesage S, Brice A. What genetics tells us about the causes and mechanisms of Parkinson's disease. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:1161-218. [PMID: 22013209 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common motor disorder of mysterious etiology. It is due to the progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and is accompanied by the appearance of intraneuronal inclusions enriched in α-synuclein, the Lewy bodies. It is becoming increasingly clear that genetic factors contribute to its complex pathogenesis. Over the past decade, the genetic basis of rare PD forms with Mendelian inheritance, representing no more than 10% of the cases, has been investigated. More than 16 loci and 11 associated genes have been identified so far; genome-wide association studies have provided convincing evidence that polymorphic variants in these genes contribute to sporadic PD. The knowledge acquired of the functions of their protein products has revealed pathways of neurodegeneration that may be shared between inherited and sporadic PD. An impressive set of data in different model systems strongly suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in clinically similar, early-onset autosomal recessive PD forms caused by parkin and PINK1, and possibly DJ-1 gene mutations. In contrast, α-synuclein accumulation in Lewy bodies defines a spectrum of disorders ranging from typical late-onset PD to PD dementia and including sporadic and autosomal dominant PD forms due to mutations in SCNA and LRRK2. However, the pathological role of Lewy bodies remains uncertain, as they may or may not be present in PD forms with one and the same LRRK2 mutation. Impairment of autophagy-based protein/organelle degradation pathways is emerging as a possible unifying but still fragile pathogenic scenario in PD. Strengthening these discoveries and finding other convergence points by identifying new genes responsible for Mendelian forms of PD and exploring their functions and relationships are the main challenges of the next decade. It is also the way to follow to open new promising avenues of neuroprotective treatment for this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Corti
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.975, Paris, France
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Zheng L, Terman A, Hallbeck M, Dehvari N, Cowburn RF, Benedikz E, Kågedal K, Cedazo-Minguez A, Marcusson J. Macroautophagy-generated increase of lysosomal amyloid β-protein mediates oxidant-induced apoptosis of cultured neuroblastoma cells. Autophagy 2011; 7:1528-45. [PMID: 22108004 PMCID: PMC3288025 DOI: 10.4161/auto.7.12.18051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests the toxicity of intracellular amyloid β-protein (Aβ) to neurons, as well as the involvement of oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease (AD). Here we show that normobaric hyperoxia (exposure of cells to 40% oxygen for five days), and consequent activation of macroautophagy and accumulation of Aβ within lysosomes, induced apoptosis in differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Cells under hyperoxia showed: (1) increased numbers of autophagic vacuoles that contained amyloid precursor protein (APP) as well as Aβ monomers and oligomers, (2) increased reactive oxygen species production, and (3) enhanced apoptosis. Oxidant-induced apoptosis positively correlated with cellular Aβ production, being the highest in cells that were stably transfected with APP Swedish KM670/671NL double mutation. Inhibition of γ-secretase, prior and/or in parallel to hyperoxia, suggested that the increase of lysosomal Aβ resulted mainly from its autophagic uptake, but also from APP processing within autophagic vacuoles. The oxidative stress-mediated effects were prevented by macroautophagy inhibition using 3-methyladenine or ATG5 downregulation. Our results suggest that upregulation of macroautophagy and resulting lysosomal Aβ accumulation are essential for oxidant-induced apoptosis in cultured neuroblastoma cells and provide additional support for the interactive role of oxidative stress and the lysosomal system in AD-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zheng
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, IKE, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Calì T, Ottolini D, Brini M. Mitochondria, calcium, and endoplasmic reticulum stress in Parkinson's disease. Biofactors 2011; 37:228-40. [PMID: 21674642 DOI: 10.1002/biof.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNPC) and the presence of intracytoplasmatic inclusions known as Lewy bodies, largely composed of alpha-synuclein (α-syn). PD is a multifactorial disease and its etiology remains largely elusive. Although more than 90% of the cases are sporadic, mutations in several nuclear encoded genes have been linked to the development of autosomal recessive and dominant familial parkinsonian syndromes (Bogaerts et al. (2008) Genes Brain Behav 7, 129-151), enhancing our understanding of biochemical and cellular mechanisms contributing to the disease. Many cellular mechanisms are thought to be involved in the dopaminergic neuronal death in PD, including oxidative stress, intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis impairment, and mitochondrial dysfunctions. Furthermore, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress together with abnormal protein degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome system is considered to contribute to the PD pathogenesis. This review covers all the aspects related to the molecular mechanisms underlying the interplay between mitochondria, ER, and proteasome system in PD-associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tito Calì
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Italy
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Burbulla LF, Krebiehl G, Krüger R. Balance is the challenge--the impact of mitochondrial dynamics in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40:1048-60. [PMID: 20735469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial function has been implicated in neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) based on biochemical and pathoanatomical studies in brains of PD patients. This observation was further substantiated by the identification of exogenic toxins, i.e. complex I inhibitors that directly affect mitochondrial energy metabolism and cause Parkinsonism in humans and various animal models. Recently, insights into the underlying molecular signalling pathways leading to alterations in mitochondrial homeostasis were gained based on the functional characterization of mitoprotective genes identified in rare forms of inherited PD. Using in vitro and in vivo loss of function models of the Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1 and Omi/HtrA2 gene, the emerging field of mitochondrial dynamics in PD was established as being critical for the maintenance of mitochondrial function in neurons. This underscored the concept that mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles, which are tightly regulated to continuously adapt shape to functional and anatomical requirements during axonal transport, synaptic signalling, organelle degradation and cellular energy supply. The dissection of pathways involved in mitochondrial quality control clearly established the PINK1/Parkin-pathway in the clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria by autophagy and hints to a complex interplay between PD-associated proteins acting at the mitochondrial interface. The elucidation of this mitoprotective signalling network may help to define novel therapeutic targets for PD via molecular modelling of mitochondria and/or pharmacological modulation of mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena F Burbulla
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany DZNE, German
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Synaptic dysfunction in genetic models of Parkinson's disease: a role for autophagy? Neurobiol Dis 2010; 43:60-7. [PMID: 20969957 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade in Parkinson's disease (PD) research has been punctuated by numerous advances in understanding genetic factors that contribute to the disease. Common to most of the genetic models of Parkinsonian neurodegeneration are pathologic mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction, secretory vesicle dysfunction and oxidative stress that likely trigger common cell death mechanisms. Whereas presynaptic function is implicated in the function/dysfunction of α-synuclein, the first gene shown to contribute to PD, synaptic function has not comprised a major focus in most other genetic models. However, recent advances in understanding the impact of mutations in parkin and LRRK2 have also yielded insights into synaptic dysfunction as a possible early pathogenic mechanism. Autophagy is a common neuronal response in each of these genetic models of PD, participating in the clearance of protein aggregates and injured mitochondria. However, the potential consequences of autophagy upregulation on synaptic structure and function remain unknown. In this review, we discuss the evidence that supports a role for synaptic dysfunction in the neurodegenerative cascade in PD, and highlight unresolved questions concerning a potential role for autophagy in either pathological or compensatory synaptic remodeling. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Autophagy and protein degradation in neurological diseases."
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WANG XM, WANG DQ, WANG XY. Function study advances of Parkinson¢s disease related genes. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2010; 32:779-84. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2010.00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Martin I, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. The impact of genetic research on our understanding of Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2010; 183:21-41. [PMID: 20696313 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(10)83002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, genetics was thought to play a minor role in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Over the last decade, a number of genes that definitively cause PD have been identified, which has led to the generation of disease models based on pathogenic gene variants that recapitulate many features of the disease. These genetic studies have provided novel insight into potential mechanisms underlying the aetiology of PD. This chapter will provide a profile of the genes conclusively linked to PD and will outline the mechanisms of PD pathogenesis implicated by genetic studies. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and impaired ubiquitin-proteasome system function are disease mechanisms that are particularly well supported by genetic studies and are therefore the focus of this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Martin
- NeuroRegeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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