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Logan IE, Nguyen KT, Chatterjee T, Manivannan B, Paul NP, Kim SR, Sixta EM, Bastian LP, Marean-Reardon C, Karajannis MA, Fernández-Valle C, Estevez AG, Franco MC. Selective nitration of Hsp90 acts as a metabolic switch promoting tumor cell proliferation. Redox Biol 2024; 75:103249. [PMID: 38945076 PMCID: PMC11261529 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumors develop in an oxidative environment characterized by peroxynitrite production and downstream protein tyrosine (Y) nitration. We showed that tyrosine nitration supports schwannoma cell proliferation and regulates cell metabolism in the inheritable tumor disorder NF2-related Schwannomatosis (NF2-SWN). Here, we identified the chaperone Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) as the first nitrated protein that acts as a metabolic switch to promote schwannoma cell proliferation. Doubling the endogenous levels of nitrated Hsp90 in schwannoma cells or supplementing nitrated Hsp90 into normal Schwann cells increased their proliferation. Metabolically, nitration on either Y33 or Y56 conferred Hsp90 distinct functions; nitration at Y33 (Hsp90NY33) down-regulated mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, while nitration at Y56 (Hsp90NY56) increased glycolysis by activating the purinergic receptor P2X7 in both schwannoma and normal Schwann cells. Hsp90NY33 and Hsp90NY56 showed differential subcellular and spatial distribution corresponding with their metabolic and proliferative functions in schwannoma three-dimensional cell culture models. Collectively, these results underscore the role of tyrosine nitration as a post-translational modification regulating critical cellular processes. Nitrated proteins, particularly nitrated Hsp90, emerge as a novel category of tumor-directed therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle E Logan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Florida, 34987, USA
| | - Kyle T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Tilottama Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | | | - Ngozi P Paul
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Florida, 34987, USA
| | - Sharon R Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Evelyn M Sixta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Lydia P Bastian
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Carrie Marean-Reardon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Matthias A Karajannis
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Cristina Fernández-Valle
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Alvaro G Estevez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Maria Clara Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Florida, 34987, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Florida, 33199, USA.
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Shukla S, Dalai P, Agrawal-Rajput R. Metabolic crosstalk: Extracellular ATP and the tumor microenvironment in cancer progression and therapy. Cell Signal 2024; 121:111281. [PMID: 38945420 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a vital element in energy information. It plays a critical role in transmitting signals inside the body, which is necessary for controlling the life activities of all cells, including tumor cells [1]. Its significance extends from intracellular signaling pathways to tumor regression. Purinergic signaling, a form of extracellular paracrine signaling, relies on purine nucleotides. Extracellular ectonucleotidases convert these purine nucleotides to their respective di and mono-phosphate nucleoside forms, contributing significantly to immune biology, cancer biology, and inflammation studies. ATP functions as a mighty damage-linked molecular pattern when released outside the cell, accumulating in inflammatory areas. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), purinergic receptors such as ATP-gated ion channels P2X1-5 and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) (P2Y) interact with ATP and other nucleotides, influencing diverse immune cell activities. CD39 and CD73-mediated extracellular ATP degradation contributes to immunosuppression by diminishing ATP-dependent activation and generating adenosine (ADO), potentially hindering antitumor immunity and promoting tumor development. Unraveling the complexities of extracellular ATP (e-ATP) and ADO effects on the TME poses challenges in identifying optimal treatment targets, yet ongoing investigations aim to devise strategies combating e-ATP/ADO-induced immunosuppression, ultimately enhancing anti-tumor immunity. This review explores e-ATP metabolism, its purinergic signaling, and therapeutic strategies targeting associated receptors and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Shukla
- Immunology Lab, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar 382426, Gujarat, India
| | - Parameswar Dalai
- Immunology Lab, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar 382426, Gujarat, India
| | - Reena Agrawal-Rajput
- Immunology Lab, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar 382426, Gujarat, India.
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Singh S, Sarroza D, English A, Whittington D, Dong A, Malamas M, Makriyannis A, van der Stelt M, Li Y, Zweifel L, Bruchas MR, Land BB, Stella N. P2X 7 receptor-dependent increase in endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol production by neuronal cells in culture: Dynamics and mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2459-2477. [PMID: 38581262 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neurotransmission and neuroinflammation are controlled by local increases in both extracellular ATP and the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG). While it is known that extracellular ATP stimulates 2-AG production in cells in culture, the dynamics and molecular mechanisms that underlie this response remain poorly understood. Detection of real-time changes in eCB levels with the genetically encoded sensor, GRABeCB2.0, can address this shortfall. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH 2-AG and arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) levels in Neuro2a (N2a) cells were measured by LC-MS, and GRABeCB2.0 fluorescence changes were detected using live-cell confocal microscopy and a 96-well fluorescence plate reader. KEY RESULTS 2-AG and AEA increased GRABeCB2.0 fluorescence in N2a cells with EC50 values of 81 and 58 nM, respectively; both responses were reduced by the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) antagonist SR141617 and absent in cells expressing the mutant-GRABeCB2.0. ATP increased only 2-AG levels in N2a cells, as measured by LC-MS, and induced a transient increase in the GRABeCB2.0 signal within minutes primarily via activation of P2X7 receptors (P2X7R). This response was dependent on diacylglycerol lipase β activity, partially dependent on extracellular calcium and phospholipase C activity, but not controlled by the 2-AG hydrolysing enzyme, α/β-hydrolase domain containing 6 (ABHD6). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Considering that P2X7R activation increases 2-AG levels within minutes, our results show how these molecular components are mechanistically linked. The specific molecular components in these signalling systems represent potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurological diseases, such as chronic pain, that involve dysregulated neurotransmission and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dennis Sarroza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anthony English
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dale Whittington
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ao Dong
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Malamas
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Yulong Li
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Larry Zweifel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Benjamin B Land
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Diez-Zaera M, Ruiz-Calvo A, Diaz-Hernandez JI, Sebastián-Serrano A, Aivar P, Alvarez-Castelao B, Pintor J, Diaz-Hernandez M, Miras-Portugal MT. Diadenosine pentaphosphate regulates dendrite growth and number in cultured hippocampal neurons. Purinergic Signal 2024; 20:115-125. [PMID: 37246192 PMCID: PMC10997559 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
During the establishment of neuronal circuits, axons and dendrites grow and branch to establish specific synaptic connections. This complex process is highly regulated by positive and negative extracellular cues guiding the axons and dendrites. Our group was pioneer in describing that one of these signals are the extracellular purines. We found that extracellular ATP, through its selective ionotropic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), negatively regulates axonal growth and branching. Here, we evaluate if other purinergic compounds, such as the diadenosine pentaphosphate (Ap5A), may module the dynamics of dendritic or axonal growth and branching in cultured hippocampal neurons. Our results show that Ap5A negatively modulates the dendrite's growth and number by inducing transient intracellular calcium increases in the dendrites' growth cone. Interestingly, phenol red, commonly used as a pH indicator in culture media, also blocks the P2X1 receptors, avoided the negative modulation of Ap5A on dendrites. Subsequent pharmacological studies using a battery of selective P2X1R antagonists confirmed the involvement of this subunit. In agreement with pharmacological studies, P2X1R overexpression caused a similar reduction in dendritic length and number as that induced by Ap5A. This effect was reverted when neurons were co-transfected with the vector expressing the interference RNA for P2X1R. Despite small hairpin RNAs reverting the reduction in the number of dendrites caused by Ap5A, it did not avoid the dendritic length decrease induced by the polyphosphate, suggesting, therefore, the involvement of a heteromeric P2X receptor. Our results are indicating that Ap5A exerts a negative influence on dendritic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Diez-Zaera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Ruiz-Calvo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J I Diaz-Hernandez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Sebastián-Serrano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Aivar
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento Ciencia de La Salud, Facultad Ciencias Biomédicas y de La Salud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Alvarez-Castelao
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Pintor
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Diaz-Hernandez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M T Miras-Portugal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Bianchi C, Alvarez-Castelao B, Sebastián-Serrano Á, Di Lauro C, Soria-Tobar L, Nicke A, Engel T, Díaz-Hernández M. P2X7 receptor inhibition ameliorates ubiquitin-proteasome system dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:105. [PMID: 37287063 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over recent years, increasing evidence suggests a causal relationship between neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formation, the main histopathological hallmark of tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) dysfunction detected in these patients. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying UPS failure and the factors involved remain poorly understood. Given that AD and tauopathies are associated with chronic neuroinflammation, here, we explore if ATP, one of the danger-associated molecules patterns (DAMPs) associated with neuroinflammation, impacts on AD-associated UPS dysfunction. METHODS To evaluate if ATP may modulate the UPS via its selective P2X7 receptor, we combined in vitro and in vivo approaches using both pharmacological and genetic tools. We analyze postmortem samples from human AD patients and P301S mice, a mouse model that mimics pathology observed in AD patients, and those from the new transgenic mouse lines generated, such as P301S mice expressing the UPS reporter UbG76V-YFP or P301S deficient of P2X7R. RESULTS We describe for the first time that extracellular ATP-induced activation of the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) downregulates the transcription of β5 and β1 proteasomal catalytic subunits via the PI3K/Akt/GSK3/Nfr2 pathway, leading to their deficient assembly into the 20S core proteasomal complex, resulting in a reduced proteasomal chymotrypsin-like and postglutamyl-like activities. Using UPS-reported mice (UbGFP mice), we identified neurons and microglial cells as the most sensitive cell linages to a P2X7R-mediated UPS regulation. In vivo pharmacological or genetic P2X7R blockade reverted the proteasomal impairment developed by P301S mice, which mimics that were detected in AD patients. Finally, the generation of P301S;UbGFP mice allowed us to identify those hippocampal cells more sensitive to UPS impairment and demonstrate that the pharmacological or genetic blockade of P2X7R promotes their survival. CONCLUSIONS Our work demonstrates the sustained and aberrant activation of P2X7R caused by Tau-induced neuroinflammation contributes to the UPS dysfunction and subsequent neuronal death associated with AD, especially in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bianchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Alvarez-Castelao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Sebastián-Serrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina Di Lauro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Soria-Tobar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Miguel Díaz-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Pislyagin EA, Menchinskaya ES, Gladkikh IN, Kvetkina AN, Sintsova OV, Popkova DV, Kozlovskiy SA, Gorpenchenko TY, Likhatskaya GN, Kaluzhskiy LA, Ivanov AS, Andreev YA, Kozlov SA, Dmitrenok PS, Aminin DL, Leychenko EV. Recombinant Analogs of Sea Anemone Kunitz-Type Peptides Influence P2X7 Receptor Activity in Neuro-2a Cells. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21030192. [PMID: 36976241 PMCID: PMC10053369 DOI: 10.3390/md21030192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7) have now been proven to play an important role and represent an important therapeutic target in many pathological conditions including neurodegeneration. Here, we investigated the impact of peptides on purinergic signaling in Neuro-2a cells through the P2X7 subtype in in vitro models. We have found that a number of recombinant peptides, analogs of sea anemone Kunitz-type peptides, are able to influence the action of high concentrations of ATP and thereby reduce the toxic effects of ATP. The influx of calcium, as well as the fluorescent dye YO-PRO-1, was significantly suppressed by the studied peptides. Immunofluorescence experiments confirmed that the peptides reduce the P2X7 expression level in neuronal Neuro-2a cells. Two selected active peptides, HCRG1 and HCGS1.10, were found to specifically interact with the extracellular domain of P2X7 and formed stable complexes with the receptor in surface plasmon resonance experiments. The molecular docking approach allowed us to establish the putative binding sites of the most active HCRG1 peptide on the extracellular domain of the P2X7 homotrimer and propose a mechanism for regulating its function. Thus, our work demonstrates the ability of the Kunitz-type peptides to prevent neuronal death by affecting signaling through the P2X7 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A Pislyagin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S Menchinskaya
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Irina N Gladkikh
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Aleksandra N Kvetkina
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | | | - Darya V Popkova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Sergei A Kozlovskiy
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Tatiana Y Gorpenchenko
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Galina N Likhatskaya
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Leonid A Kaluzhskiy
- V.N. Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10, Pogodinskaya St., 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexis S Ivanov
- V.N. Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10, Pogodinskaya St., 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yaroslav A Andreev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Str. 8, Bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A Kozlov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel S Dmitrenok
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Dmitry L Aminin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Elena V Leychenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
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7
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Xie D, Deng T, Zhai Z, Sun T, Xu Y. The cellular model for Alzheimer's disease research: PC12 cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1016559. [PMID: 36683856 PMCID: PMC9846650 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1016559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive decline and irreversible memory impairment. Currently, several studies have failed to fully elucidate AD's cellular and molecular mechanisms. For this purpose, research on related cellular models may propose potential predictive models for the drug development of AD. Therefore, many cells characterized by neuronal properties are widely used to mimic the pathological process of AD, such as PC12, SH-SY5Y, and N2a, especially the PC12 pheochromocytoma cell line. Thus, this review covers the most systematic essay that used PC12 cells to study AD. We depict the cellular source, culture condition, differentiation methods, transfection methods, drugs inducing AD, general approaches (evaluation methods and metrics), and in vitro cellular models used in parallel with PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenwei Zhai
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Xu
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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8
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Benito-León M, Gil-Redondo JC, Perez-Sen R, Delicado EG, Ortega F, Gomez-Villafuertes R. BCI, an inhibitor of the DUSP1 and DUSP6 dual specificity phosphatases, enhances P2X7 receptor expression in neuroblastoma cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1049566. [PMID: 36589747 PMCID: PMC9797830 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1049566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 receptor (P2RX7) is expressed strongly by most human cancers, including neuroblastoma, where high levels of P2RX7 are correlated with a poor prognosis for patients. Tonic activation of P2X7 receptor favors cell metabolism and angiogenesis, thereby promoting cancer cell proliferation, immunosuppression, and metastasis. Although understanding the mechanisms that control P2X7 receptor levels in neuroblastoma cells could be biologically and clinically relevant, the intracellular signaling pathways involved in this regulation remain poorly understood. Here we show that (E)-2-benzylidene-3-(cyclohexylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one (BCI), an allosteric inhibitor of dual specificity phosphatases (DUSP) 1 and 6, enhances the expression of P2X7 receptor in N2a neuroblastoma cells. We found that exposure to BCI induces the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK, while it prevents the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. BCI enhanced dual specificity phosphatase 1 expression, whereas it induced a decrease in the dual specificity phosphatase 6 transcripts, suggesting that BCI-dependent inhibition of dual specificity phosphatase 1 may be responsible for the increase in p38 and JNK phosphorylation. The weaker ERK phosphorylation induced by BCI was reversed by p38 inhibition, indicating that this MAPK is involved in the regulatory loop that dampens ERK activity. The PP2A phosphatase appears to be implicated in the p38-dependent dephosphorylation of ERK1/2. In addition, the PTEN phosphatase inhibition also prevented ERK1/2 dephosphorylation, probably through p38 downregulation. By contrast, inhibition of the p53 nuclear factor decreased ERK phosphorylation, probably enhancing the activity of p38. Finally, the inhibition of either p38 or Sp1-dependent transcription halved the increase in P2X7 receptor expression induced by BCI. Moreover, the combined inhibition of both p38 and Sp1 completely prevented the effect exerted by BCI. Together, our results indicate that dual specificity phosphatase 1 acts as a novel negative regulator of P2X7 receptor expression in neuroblastoma cells due to the downregulation of the p38 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Benito-León
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Gil-Redondo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain,Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, BOKU University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raquel Perez-Sen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esmerilda G. Delicado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Ortega
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Felipe Ortega, ; Rosa Gomez-Villafuertes,
| | - Rosa Gomez-Villafuertes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Felipe Ortega, ; Rosa Gomez-Villafuertes,
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9
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Noori T, Sahebgharani M, Sureda A, Sobarzo-Sanchez E, Fakhri S, Shirooie S. Targeting PI3K by Natural Products: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1564-1578. [PMID: 35043762 PMCID: PMC9881086 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220119125040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent childhood psychiatric disorder. In general, a child with ADHD has significant attention problems with difficulty concentrating on a subject and is generally associated with impulsivity and excessive activity. The etiology of ADHD in most patients is unknown, although it is considered to be a multifactorial disease caused by a combination of genetics and environmental factors. Diverse factors, such as the existence of mental, nutritional, or general health problems during childhood, as well as smoking and alcohol drinking during pregnancy, are related to an increased risk of ADHD. Behavioral and psychological characteristics of ADHD include anxiety, mood disorders, behavioral disorders, language disorders, and learning disabilities. These symptoms affect individuals, families, and communities, negatively altering educational and social results, strained parent-child relationships, and increased use of health services. ADHD may be associated with deficits in inhibitory frontostriatal noradrenergic neurons on lower striatal structures that are predominantly driven by dopaminergic neurons. Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a conserved family of lipid kinases that control a number of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, insulin metabolism, and apoptosis. Since PI3K plays an important role in controlling the noradrenergic neuron, it opens up new insights into research on ADHD and other developmental brain diseases. This review presents evidence for the potential usefulness of PI3K and its modulators as a potential treatment for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Noori
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mousa Sahebgharani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress (NUCOX) and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, Palma de MallorcaE-07122, Balearic Islands, Spain;,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sanchez
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Chile;,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Samira Shirooie
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran;,Address correspondence to this author at the Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; E-mail:
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10
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Zhang WJ. Effect of P2X purinergic receptors in tumor progression and as a potential target for anti-tumor therapy. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:151-162. [PMID: 33420658 PMCID: PMC7954979 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of tumors is a complex pathological process involving multiple factors, multiple steps, and multiple genes. Their prevention and treatment have always been a difficult problem at present. A large number of studies have proved that the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the progression of tumors. The tumor microenvironment is the place where tumor cells depend for survival, and it plays an important role in regulating the growth, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of tumor cells. P2X purinergic receptors, which depend on the ATP ion channel, can be activated by ATP in the tumor microenvironment, and by mediating tumor cells and related cells (such as immune cells) in the tumor microenvironment. They play an important regulatory role on the effects of the skeleton, membrane fluidity, and intracellular molecular metabolism of tumor cells. Therefore, here, we outlined the biological characteristics of P2X purinergic receptors, described the effect of tumor microenvironment on tumor progression, and discussed the effect of ATP on tumor. Moreover, we explored the role of P2X purinergic receptors in the development of tumors and anti-tumor therapy. These data indicate that P2X purinergic receptors may be used as another potential pharmacological target for tumor prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Zhang
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 343000, Jiangxi, China.
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11
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P2X7 receptors in the central nervous system. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 187:114472. [PMID: 33587917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For the past three decades, our laboratory has conducted pioneering research to elucidate the complexity of purinergic signaling in the CNS, alone and in collaboration with other groups, inspired by the ground-breaking efforts of Geoffrey Burnstock. This review summarizes our contribution to understand the nucleotide receptor signaling in the CNS with a special focus on the P2X7 receptor.
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12
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Zhao YF, Tang Y, Illes P. Astrocytic and Oligodendrocytic P2X7 Receptors Determine Neuronal Functions in the CNS. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:641570. [PMID: 33642994 PMCID: PMC7906075 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.641570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 receptors are members of the ATP-gated cationic channel family with a preferential localization at the microglial cells, the resident macrophages of the brain. However, these receptors are also present at neuroglia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes) although at a considerably lower density. They mediate necrosis/apoptosis by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as the excitotoxic (glio)transmitters glutamate and ATP. Besides mediating cell damage i.e., superimposed upon chronic neurodegenerative processes in Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, they may also participate in neuroglial signaling to neurons under conditions of high ATP concentrations during any other form of neuroinflammation/neurodegeneration. It is a pertinent open question whether P2X7Rs are localized on neurons, or whether only neuroglia/microglia possess this receptor-type causing indirect effects by releasing the above-mentioned signaling molecules. We suggest as based on molecular biology and functional evidence that neurons are devoid of P2X7Rs although the existence of neuronal P2X7Rs cannot be excluded with absolute certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fei Zhao
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Tang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,International Collaborative Center on Big Science Plan for Purine Signaling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Peter Illes
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,International Collaborative Center on Big Science Plan for Purine Signaling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Synthetic 1,4-Naphthoquinones inhibit P2X7 receptors in murine neuroblastoma cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 31:115975. [PMID: 33401207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is an ATP-gated ion channel and potential therapeutic target for new drug development. In this study, we synthesized a series of new 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ) derivatives and investigated their antagonistic effects against mouse P2X7R. We explored the ability of the tested substances to block ATP-induced Ca2+ influx into mouse Neuro-2a cells and selected the four most effective substances: the 1,4-naphthoquinone thioglucosides U-548 and U-557 and their tetracyclic conjugates U-286 and U-556. Biological analysis of these compounds revealed significant in vitro inhibition of murine P2X7R. This inhibition resulted in marked blockade of ethidium bromide (EtBr) and YO-PRO-1 fluorescent dye uptake, pronounced decreases in ROS and NO production and protection of neuronal cell viability against the toxic action of high ATP concentrations. In silico analysis indicated favorable molecular docking results of these 1,4-NQs, pointing to their potential to bind in an allosteric site located in the extracellular region of P2X7R. These findings suggest compounds U-286, U-548, U-556 and U-557 as potential scaffolds for the design of new P2X7R blockers and drugs effective against neuropathic pain and neurodegenerative diseases.
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14
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Salient brain entities labelled in P2rx7-EGFP reporter mouse embryos include the septum, roof plate glial specializations and circumventricular ependymal organs. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:715-741. [PMID: 33427974 PMCID: PMC7981336 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The purinergic system is one of the oldest cell-to-cell communication mechanisms and exhibits relevant functions in the regulation of the central nervous system (CNS) development. Amongst the components of the purinergic system, the ionotropic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) stands out as a potential regulator of brain pathology and physiology. Thus, P2X7R is known to regulate crucial aspects of neuronal cell biology, including axonal elongation, path-finding, synapse formation and neuroprotection. Moreover, P2X7R modulates neuroinflammation and is posed as a therapeutic target in inflammatory, oncogenic and degenerative disorders. However, the lack of reliable technical and pharmacological approaches to detect this receptor represents a major hurdle in its study. Here, we took advantage of the P2rx7-EGFP reporter mouse, which expresses enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) immediately downstream of the P2rx7 proximal promoter, to conduct a detailed study of its distribution. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the pattern of P2X7R expression in the brain of E18.5 mouse embryos revealing interesting areas within the CNS. Particularly, strong labelling was found in the septum, as well as along the entire neural roof plate zone of the brain, except chorioidal roof areas, but including specialized circumventricular roof formations, such as the subfornical and subcommissural organs (SFO; SCO). Moreover, our results reveal what seems a novel circumventricular organ, named by us postarcuate organ (PArcO). Furthermore, this study sheds light on the ongoing debate regarding the specific presence of P2X7R in neurons and may be of interest for the elucidation of additional roles of P2X7R in the idiosyncratic histologic development of the CNS and related systemic functions.
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15
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Miras-Portugal MT, Ortega F, Gualix J, Perez-Sen R, Delicado EG, Gomez-Villafuertes R. Intracellular Calcium Recording After Purinoceptor Activation Using a Video-Microscopy Equipment. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2041:311-321. [PMID: 31646499 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9717-6_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is one of the most important intracellular messengers, triggering a wide range of cellular responses. Changes in intracellular free calcium concentration can be measured using calcium sensitive fluorescent dyes, which are either EGTA- or BAPTA-based organic molecules that change their spectral properties in response to Ca2+ binding. One of the most common calcium indicators is the ratiometric dye Fura-2. The main advantage of using ratiometric dyes is that the ratio signal is independent of the illumination intensity, dye concentration, photobleaching, and focus changes among others, allowing for the concentration of intracellular calcium to be determined independently of these artifacts. In this protocol, we describe the use of Fura-2 to measure intracellular calcium elevations in single cultured cells after purinoceptor activation using a video-microscopy equipment. This method, usually known as calcium imaging, allows for real-time quantification of intracellular calcium dynamics and can be adapted to measure agonist mediated intracellular calcium responses due to the activation of different purinergic receptors in several cellular models using the appropriate growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Miras-Portugal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gualix
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Perez-Sen
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esmerilda G Delicado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Gomez-Villafuertes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Rodrigues RJ, Marques JM, Cunha RA. Purinergic signalling and brain development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 95:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Tang Z, Ye W, Chen H, Kuang X, Guo J, Xiang M, Peng C, Chen X, Liu H. Role of purines in regulation of metabolic reprogramming. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:423-438. [PMID: 31493132 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-019-09676-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purines, among most influential molecules, are reported to have essential biological function by regulating various cell types. A large number of studies have led to the discovery of many biological functions of the purine nucleotides such as ATP, ADP, and adenosine, as signaling molecules that engage G protein-coupled or ligand-gated ion channel receptors. The role of purines in the regulation of cellular functions at the gene or protein level has been well documented. With the advances in multiomics, including those from metabolomic and bioinformatic analyses, metabolic reprogramming was identified as a key mechanism involved in the regulation of cellular function under physiological or pathological conditions. Recent studies suggest that purines or purine-derived products contribute to important regulatory functions in many fundamental biological and pathological processes related to metabolic reprogramming. Therefore, this review summarizes the role and potential mechanism of purines in the regulation of metabolic reprogramming. In particular, the molecular mechanisms of extracellular purine- and intracellular purine-mediated metabolic regulation in various cells during disease development are discussed. In summary, our review provides an extensive resource for studying the regulatory role of purines in metabolic reprogramming and sheds light on the utilization of the corresponding peptides or proteins for disease diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenrui Ye
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haotian Chen
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinwei Kuang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Minmin Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cong Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Center for Molecular Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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18
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Kopp R, Krautloher A, Ramírez-Fernández A, Nicke A. P2X7 Interactions and Signaling - Making Head or Tail of It. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:183. [PMID: 31440138 PMCID: PMC6693442 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenine nucleotides play important roles in cell-cell communication and tissue homeostasis. High concentrations of extracellular ATP released by dying cells are sensed as a danger signal by the P2X7 receptor, a non-specific cation channel. Studies in P2X7 knockout mice and numerous disease models have demonstrated an important role of this receptor in inflammatory processes. P2X7 activation has been shown to induce a variety of cellular responses that are not usually associated with ion channel function, for example changes in the plasma membrane composition and morphology, ectodomain shedding, activation of lipases, kinases, and transcription factors, as well as cytokine release and apoptosis. In contrast to all other P2X family members, the P2X7 receptor contains a long intracellular C-terminus that constitutes 40% of the whole protein and is considered essential for most of these effects. So far, over 50 different proteins have been identified to physically interact with the P2X7 receptor. However, few of these interactions have been confirmed in independent studies and for the majority of these proteins, the interaction domains and the physiological consequences of the interactions are only poorly described. Also, while the structure of the P2X7 extracellular domain has recently been resolved, information about the organization and structure of its C-terminal tail remains elusive. After shortly describing the structure and assembly of the P2X7 receptor, this review gives an update of the identified or proposed interaction domains within the P2X7 C-terminus, describes signaling pathways in which this receptor has been involved, and provides an overlook of the identified interaction partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kopp
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Krautloher
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio Ramírez-Fernández
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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19
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Miras-Portugal MT, Menéndez-Méndez A, Gómez-Villafuertes R, Ortega F, Delicado EG, Pérez-Sen R, Gualix J. Physiopathological Role of the Vesicular Nucleotide Transporter (VNUT) in the Central Nervous System: Relevance of the Vesicular Nucleotide Release as a Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:224. [PMID: 31156398 PMCID: PMC6533569 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular storage of neurotransmitters, which allows their subsequent exocytotic release, is essential for chemical transmission in the central nervous system. Neurotransmitter uptake into secretory vesicles is carried out by vesicular transporters, which use the electrochemical proton gradient generated by a vacuolar H+-ATPase to drive neurotransmitter vesicular accumulation. ATP and other nucleotides are relevant extracellular signaling molecules that participate in a variety of biological processes. Although the active transport of nucleotides into secretory vesicles has been characterized from the pharmacological and biochemical point of view, the protein responsible for such vesicular accumulation remained unidentified for some time. In 2008, the human SLC17A9 gene, the last identified member of the SLC17 transporters, was found to encode the vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT). VNUT is expressed in various ATP-secreting cells and is able to transport a wide variety of nucleotides in a vesicular membrane potential-dependent manner. VNUT knockout mice lack vesicular storage and release of ATP, resulting in blockage of the purinergic transmission. This review summarizes the current studies on VNUT and analyzes the physiological relevance of the vesicular nucleotide transport in the central nervous system. The possible role of VNUT in the development of some pathological processes, such as chronic neuropathic pain or glaucoma is also discussed. The putative involvement of VNUT in these pathologies raises the possibility of the use of VNUT inhibitors for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María T Miras-Portugal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Menéndez-Méndez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Gómez-Villafuertes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esmerilda G Delicado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Pérez-Sen
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gualix
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Mollá B, Muñoz-Lasso DC, Calap P, Fernandez-Vilata A, de la Iglesia-Vaya M, Pallardó FV, Moltó MD, Palau F, Gonzalez-Cabo P. Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Revert Axonal Dystrophy in Friedreich's Ataxia Mouse Model. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:432-449. [PMID: 30761510 PMCID: PMC6554462 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-00706-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an unstable GAA repeat expansion within intron 1 of the FXN gene and characterized by peripheral neuropathy. A major feature of FRDA is frataxin deficiency with the loss of large sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), namely proprioceptive neurons, undergoing dying-back neurodegeneration with progression to posterior columns of the spinal cord and cerebellar ataxia. We used isolated DRGs from a YG8R FRDA mouse model and C57BL/6J control mice for a proteomic study and a primary culture of sensory neurons from DRG to test novel pharmacological strategies. We found a decreased expression of electron transport chain (ETC) proteins, the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system and antioxidant enzymes, confirming a clear impairment in mitochondrial function and an oxidative stress-prone phenotype. The proteomic profile also showed a decreased expression in Ca2+ signaling related proteins and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These receptors modulate intracellular cAMP/cGMP and Ca2+ levels. Treatment of frataxin-deficient sensory neurons with phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors was able to restore improper cytosolic Ca2+ levels and revert the axonal dystrophy found in DRG neurons of YG8R mice. In conclusion, the present study shows the effectiveness of PDE inhibitors against axonal degeneration of sensory neurons in YG8R mice. Our findings indicate that PDE inhibitors may become a future FRDA pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Mollá
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV), CSIC, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Diana C Muñoz-Lasso
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Pablo Calap
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Campus of Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Angel Fernandez-Vilata
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Joint Unit FISABIO & Prince Felipe Research Centre (CIPF), 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - María de la Iglesia-Vaya
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Joint Unit FISABIO & Prince Felipe Research Centre (CIPF), 46012, Valencia, Spain
- Regional Ministry of Health in Valencia, Hospital Sagunto (CEIB-CSUSP), Valencia, 46500, Spain
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Moltó
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Campus of Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francesc Palau
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu and Department of Genetic & Molecular Medicine and IPER, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, 46010, Spain.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, 46010, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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21
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Sebastián-Serrano Á, de Diego-García L, di Lauro C, Bianchi C, Díaz-Hernández M. Nucleotides regulate the common molecular mechanisms that underlie neurodegenerative diseases; Therapeutic implications. Brain Res Bull 2019; 151:84-91. [PMID: 30721769 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) are a heterogeneous group of neurological disorders characterized by a progressive loss of neuronal function which results in neuronal death. Although a specific toxic factor has been identified for each ND, all of them share common pathological molecular mechanisms favouring the disease development. In the final stages of ND, patients become unable to take care of themselves and decline to a total functional incapacitation that leads to their death. Some of the main factors which contribute to the disease progression include proteasomal dysfunction, neuroinflammation, synaptic alterations, protein aggregation, and oxidative stress. Over recent years, evidence has been accumulated to suggest that purinergic signaling plays a key role in the aforementioned molecular pathways. In this review, we revise the implications of the purinergic signaling in the common molecular mechanism underlying the ND. In particular, we focus on the role of the purinergic receptors P2X7, P2Y2 and the ectoenzyme tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Sebastián-Serrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura de Diego-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina di Lauro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Bianchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Díaz-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Huang L, Otrokocsi L, Sperlágh B. Role of P2 receptors in normal brain development and in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Brain Res Bull 2019; 151:55-64. [PMID: 30721770 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The purinergic signaling system, including P2 receptors, plays an important role in various central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Over the last few decades, a substantial amount of accumulated data suggest that most P2 receptor subtypes (P2X1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7, and P2Y1, 2, 6, 12, and 13) regulate neuronal/neuroglial developmental processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, migration of neuronal precursors, and neurite outgrowth. However, only a few of these subtypes (P2X2, P2X3, P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, and P2Y2) have been investigated in the context of neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. The activation of these potential target receptors and their underlying mechanisms mainly influence the process of neuroinflammation. In particular, P2 receptor-mediated inflammatory cytokine release has been indicated to contribute to the complex mechanisms of a variety of CNS disorders. The released inflammatory cytokines could be utilized as biomarkers for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders to improve the early diagnosis intervention, and prognosis. The population changes in gut microbiota after birth are closely linked to neurodevelopmental/neuropsychiatric disorders in later life; thus, the dynamic expression and function of P2 receptors on gut epithelial cells during disease processes indicate a novel avenue for the evaluation of disease progression and for the discovery of related therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumei Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Otrokocsi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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23
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Queipo MJ, Gil-Redondo JC, Morente V, Ortega F, Miras-Portugal MT, Delicado EG, Pérez-Sen R. P2X7 Nucleotide and EGF Receptors Exert Dual Modulation of the Dual-Specificity Phosphatase 6 (MKP-3) in Granule Neurons and Astrocytes, Contributing to Negative Feedback on ERK Signaling. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 10:448. [PMID: 29375309 PMCID: PMC5767727 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) play a central role in the intracellular signaling of P2X7 nucleotide receptors in neurons and glial cells. Fine spatio-temporal tuning of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases is essential to regulate their biological activity. MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs) are dual specificity protein phosphatases (DUSPs) that dephosphorylate phosphothreonine and phosphotyrosine residues in MAP kinases. This study focuses on how DUSP, DUSP6/MKP3, a phosphatase specific for ERK1/2 is regulated by the P2X7 nucleotide receptor in cerebellar granule neurons and astrocytes. Stimulation with the specific P2X7 agonist, BzATP, or epidermal growth factor (EGF) (positive control for ERK activation) regulates the levels of DUSP6 in a time dependent manner. Both agonists promote a decline in DUSP6 protein, reaching minimal levels after 30 min yet recovering to basal levels after 1 h. The initial loss of protein occurs through proteasomal degradation, as confirmed in experiments with the proteasome inhibitor, MG-132. Studies carried out with Actinomycin D demonstrated that the enhanced transcription of the Dusp6 gene is responsible for recovering the DUSP6 protein levels. Interestingly, ERK1/2 proteins are involved in the biphasic regulation of the protein phosphatase, being required for both the degradation and the recovery phase. We show that direct Ser197 phosphorylation of DUSP6 by ERK1/2 proteins could be part of the mechanism regulating their cytosolic levels, at least in glial cells. Thus, the ERK1/2 activated by P2X7 receptors exerts positive feedback on these kinase’s own activity, promoting the degradation of one of their major inactivators in the cytosolic compartment, DUSP6, both in granule neurons and astrocytes. This feedback loop seems to function as a common universal mechanism to regulate ERK signaling in neural and non-neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mª José Queipo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Gil-Redondo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Morente
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Teresa Miras-Portugal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esmerilda G Delicado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Pérez-Sen
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Adinolfi E, Giuliani AL, De Marchi E, Pegoraro A, Orioli E, Di Virgilio F. The P2X7 receptor: A main player in inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 151:234-244. [PMID: 29288626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are intracellular molecules released from infected or injured cells to activate inflammatory and reparatory responses. One of the most ancient and conserved DAMPs is extracellular ATP that exerts its phlogistic activity mainly through activation of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). The P2X7R is an ATP gated ion channel, expressed by most immune cells, including the monocyte-derived cell lineages, T and B lymphocytes and their precursors. Here we give an overview of recent and established literature on the role of P2X7R in septic and sterile inflammation. P2X7R ability in restraining intracellular bacteria and parasite infection by modulation of the immune response are described, with particular focus on Mycobacteria and Plasmodium. Emerging literature on the role of P2X7 in viral infections such as HIV-1 is also briefly covered. Finally, we describe the numerous intracellular pathways related to inflammation and activated by the P2X7R, including the NLRP3 inflammasome, NF-kB, NFAT, GSK3β and VEGF, and discuss the involvement of P2X7R in chronic diseases. The possible therapeutic applications of P2X7R antagonists are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Giuliani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena De Marchi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Pegoraro
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Orioli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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25
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Menéndez-Méndez A, Díaz-Hernández JI, Ortega F, Gualix J, Gómez-Villafuertes R, Miras-Portugal MT. Specific Temporal Distribution and Subcellular Localization of a Functional Vesicular Nucleotide Transporter (VNUT) in Cerebellar Granule Neurons. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:951. [PMID: 29311945 PMCID: PMC5744399 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important extracellular neurotransmitter that participates in several critical processes like cell differentiation, neuroprotection or axon guidance. Prior to its exocytosis, ATP must be stored in secretory vesicles, a process that is mediated by the Vesicular Nucleotide Transporter (VNUT). This transporter has been identified as the product of the SLC17A9 gene and it is prominently expressed in discrete brain areas, including the cerebellum. The main population of cerebellar neurons, the glutamatergic granule neurons, depends on purinergic signaling to trigger neuroprotective responses. However, while nucleotide receptors like P2X7 and P2Y13 are known to be involved in neuroprotection, the mechanisms that regulate ATP release in relation to such events are less clearly understood. In this work, we demonstrate that cerebellar granule cells express a functional VNUT that is involved in the regulation of ATP exocytosis. Numerous vesicles loaded with this nucleotide can be detected in these granule cells and are staining by the fluorescent ATP-marker, quinacrine. High potassium stimulation reduces quinacrine fluorescence in granule cells, indicating they release ATP via calcium dependent exocytosis. Specific subcellular markers were used to assess the localization of VNUT in granule cells, and the transporter was detected in both the axonal and somatodendritic compartments, most predominantly in the latter. However, co-localization with the specific lysosomal marker LAMP-1 indicated that VNUT can also be found in non-synaptic vesicles, such as lysosomes. Interestingly, the weak co-localization between VNUT and VGLUT1 suggests that the ATP and glutamate vesicle pools are segregated, as also observed in the cerebellar cortex. During post-natal cerebellar development, VNUT is found in granule cell precursors, co-localizing with markers of immature cells like doublecortin, suggesting that this transporter may be implicated in the initial stages of granule cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Menéndez-Méndez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,University Institute of Neurochemistry Research (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan I Díaz-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,University Institute of Neurochemistry Research (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Ortega
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,University Institute of Neurochemistry Research (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gualix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,University Institute of Neurochemistry Research (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Gómez-Villafuertes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,University Institute of Neurochemistry Research (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María T Miras-Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,University Institute of Neurochemistry Research (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Neuronal P2X7 Receptor: Involvement in Neuronal Physiology and Pathology. J Neurosci 2017; 37:7063-7072. [PMID: 28747389 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3104-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The proposed presence of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in neurons has been the source of some contention. Initial studies suggested an absence of P2X7R mRNA in neurons, and the apparent nonspecificity of the antibodies used to identify P2X7R raised further doubts. However, subsequent studies using new pharmacological and biomolecular tools provided conclusive evidence supporting the existence of functional P2X7Rs in neurons. The P2X7 receptor has since been shown to play a leading role in multiple aspects of neuronal physiology, including axonal elongation and branching and neurotransmitter release. P2X7R has also been implicated in neuronal pathologies, in which it may influence neuronal survival. Together, this body of research suggests that P2X7R may constitute an important therapeutic target for a variety of neurological disorders.
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27
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Swayne LA, Boyce AKJ. Regulation of Pannexin 1 Surface Expression by Extracellular ATP: Potential Implications for Nervous System Function in Health and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:230. [PMID: 28848396 PMCID: PMC5550711 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pannexin 1 (Panx1) channels are widely recognized for their role in ATP release, and as follows, their function is closely tied to that of ATP-activated P2X7 purinergic receptors (P2X7Rs). Our recent work has shown that extracellular ATP induces clustering of Panx1 with P2X7Rs and their subsequent internalization through a non-canonical cholesterol-dependent mechanism. In other words, we have demonstrated that extracellular ATP levels can regulate the cell surface expression of Panx1. Here we discuss two situations in which we hypothesize that ATP modulation of Panx1 surface expression could be relevant for central nervous system function. The first scenario involves the development of new neurons in the ventricular zone. We propose that ATP-induced Panx1 endocytosis could play an important role in regulating the balance of cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation within this neurogenic niche in the healthy brain. The second scenario relates to the spinal cord, in which we posit that an impairment of ATP-induced Panx1 endocytosis could contribute to pathological neuroplasticity. Together, the discussion of these hypotheses serves to highlight important outstanding questions regarding the interplay between extracellular ATP, Panx1, and P2X7Rs in the nervous system in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Swayne
- Division of Medical Sciences and Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, VictoriaBC, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, VancouverBC, Canada
| | - Andrew K J Boyce
- Division of Medical Sciences and Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, VictoriaBC, Canada
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28
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Anti-proliferative Effects of Nucleotides on Gastric Cancer via a Novel P2Y6/SOCE/Ca 2+/β-catenin Pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2459. [PMID: 28550303 PMCID: PMC5446419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02562-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although purinegic signaling is important in regulating gastric physiological functions, it is currently unknown for its role in gastric cancer (GC). We demonstrate for the first time that the expression of P2Y6 receptors was markedly down-regulated in human GC cells and primary GC tissues compared to normal tissues, while the expression of P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors was up-regulated in GC cells. Moreover, the expression levels of P2Y6 receptors in GC tissues were correlated to tumor size, differentiation, metastasis to lymph nodes, and the survival rate of the patients with GC. Ncleotides activated P2Y6 receptors to raise cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations in GC cells through store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), and then mediated Ca2+-dependent inhibition of β-catenin and proliferation, eventually leading to GC suppression. Furthermore, UTP particularly blocked the G1/S transition of GC cells but did not induce apoptosis. Collectively, we conclude that nucleotides activate P2Y6 receptors to suppress GC growth through a novel SOCE/Ca2+/β-catenin-mediated anti-proliferation of GC cells, which is different from the canonical SOCE/Ca2+-induced apoptosis in other tumors.
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29
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Reigada D, Navarro-Ruiz RM, Caballero-López MJ, Del Águila Á, Muñoz-Galdeano T, Maza RM, Nieto-Díaz M. Diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap 4A) inhibits ATP-induced excitotoxicity: a neuroprotective strategy for traumatic spinal cord injury treatment. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:75-87. [PMID: 27761681 PMCID: PMC5334201 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9541-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing cell death during the secondary injury is a major priority in the development of a cure for traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). One of the earliest processes that follow SCI is the excitotoxicity resulting from the massive release of excitotoxicity mediators, including ATP, which induce an excessive and/or prolonged activation of their receptors and a deregulation of the calcium homeostasis. Diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) is an endogenous purinergic agonist, present in both extracellular and intracellular fluids, with promising cytoprotective effects in different diseases including neurodegenerative processes. In a search for efficient neuroprotective strategies for SCI, we have tested the capability of Ap4A to reduce the excitotoxic death mediated by the ATP-induced deregulation of calcium homeostasis and its consequences on tissue preservation and functional recovery in a mouse model of moderate contusive SCI. Our analyses with the murine neural cell line Neuro2a demonstrate that treatment with Ap4A reduces ATP-dependent excitotoxic death by both lowering the intracellular calcium response and decreasing the expression of specific purinergic receptors. Follow-up analyses in a mouse model of contusive SCI showed that acute administration of Ap4A following SCI reduces tissue damage and improves motor function recovery. These results suggest that Ap4A cytoprotection results from a decrease of the purinergic tone preventing the effects of a massive release of ATP after SCI, probably together with a direct induction of anti-apoptotic and pro-survival pathways via activation of P2Y2 proposed in previous studies. In conclusion, Ap4A may be a good candidate for an SCI therapy, particularly to reduce excitotoxicity in combination with other modulators and/or inhibitors of the excitotoxic process that are being tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reigada
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Rosa María Navarro-Ruiz
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Marcos Javier Caballero-López
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Ángela Del Águila
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Teresa Muñoz-Galdeano
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Rodrigo M. Maza
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Manuel Nieto-Díaz
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
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30
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Sebastián-Serrano Á, Engel T, de Diego-García L, Olivos-Oré LA, Arribas-Blázquez M, Martínez-Frailes C, Pérez-Díaz C, Millán JL, Artalejo AR, Miras-Portugal MT, Henshall DC, Díaz-Hernández M. Neurodevelopmental alterations and seizures developed by mouse model of infantile hypophosphatasia are associated with purinergic signalling deregulation. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:4143-4156. [PMID: 27466191 PMCID: PMC5291194 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypomorphic mutations in the gene encoding the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) enzyme, ALPL in human or Akp2 in mice, cause hypophosphatasia (HPP), an inherited metabolic bone disease also characterized by spontaneous seizures. Initially, these seizures were attributed to the impairment of GABAergic neurotransmission caused by altered vitamin B6 (vit-B6) metabolism. However, clinical cases in human newborns and adults whose convulsions are refractory to pro-GABAergic drugs but controlled by the vit-B6 administration, suggest that other factors are involved. Here, to evaluate whether neurodevelopmental alterations are underlying the seizures associated to HPP, we performed morphological and functional characterization of postnatal homozygous TNAP null mice, a model of HPP. These analyses revealed that TNAP deficient mice present an increased proliferation of neural precursors, an altered neuronal morphology, and an augmented neuronal activity. We found that these alterations were associated with a partial downregulation of the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). Even though deficient P2X7R mice present similar neurodevelopmental alterations, they do not develop neonatal seizures. Accordingly, we found that the additional blockage of P2X7R prevent convulsions and extend the lifespan of mice lacking TNAP. In agreement with these findings, we also found that exogenous administration of ATP or TNAP antagonists induced seizures in adult wild-type mice by activating P2X7R. Finally, our results also indicate that the anticonvulsive effects attributed to vit-B6 may be due to its capacity to block P2X7R. Altogether, these findings suggest that the purinergic signalling regulates the neurodevelopmental alteration and the neonatal seizures associated to HPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Sebastián-Serrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura de Diego-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis A Olivos-Oré
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain and
| | - Marina Arribas-Blázquez
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain and
| | - Carlos Martínez-Frailes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez-Díaz
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Antonio R Artalejo
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain and
| | - María Teresa Miras-Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), Cork, Ireland
| | - Miguel Díaz-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
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31
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Abstract
Connexins and pannexins share very similar structures and functions; they also exhibit overlapping expression in many stages of neuronal development. Here, we review evidence implicating connexin- and pannexin-mediated communication in the regulation of the birth and development of neurons, specifically Cx26, Cx30, Cx32, Cx36, Cx43, Cx45, Panx1, and Panx2. We begin by dissecting the involvement of these proteins in the generation and development of new neurons in the embryonic, postnatal, and adult brain. Next we briefly outline common mechanisms employed by both pannexins and connexins in these roles, including modulation of purinergic receptor signalling and signalling nexus functions. Throughout this review we highlight developing themes as well as important gaps in knowledge to be bridged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Anne Swayne
- />Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Medical Sciences Building Rm 224, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC V8P5C2 Canada
| | - Steffany A. L. Bennett
- />Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
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32
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Gómez-Villafuertes R, García-Huerta P, Díaz-Hernández JI, Miras-Portugal MT. PI3K/Akt signaling pathway triggers P2X7 receptor expression as a pro-survival factor of neuroblastoma cells under limiting growth conditions. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18417. [PMID: 26687764 PMCID: PMC4685307 DOI: 10.1038/srep18417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in neuroblastoma cells is associated to accelerated growth rate, angiogenesis, metastasis and poor prognosis. Noticeably, P2X7R allows the survival of neuroblastoma cells under restrictive conditions, including serum and glucose deprivation. Previously we identified specificity protein 1 (Sp1) as the main factor involved in the transcriptional regulation of P2rx7 gene, reporting that serum withdrawal triggers the expression of P2X7R in Neuro-2a (N2a) neuroblastoma cell line. Here we demonstrate that PI3K/Akt pathway is crucial for the upregulation of P2X7R expression in serum-deprived neuroblastoma cells, circumstance that facilitates cell proliferation in the absence of trophic support. The effect exerted by PI3K/Akt is independent of both mTOR and GSK3, but requires the activation of EGF receptor (EGFR). Nuclear levels of Sp1 are strongly reduced by inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway, and blockade of Sp1-dependent transcription with mithramycin A prevents upregulation of P2rx7 gene expression following serum withdrawal. Furthermore, atypical PKCζ plays a key role in the regulation of P2X7R expression by preventing phosphorylation and, consequently, activation of Akt. Altogether, these data indicate that activation of EGFR enhanced the expression of P2X7R in neuroblastoma cells lacking trophic support, being PI3K/Akt/PKCζ signaling pathway and Sp1 mediating this pro-survival outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Gómez-Villafuertes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula García-Huerta
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Díaz-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Teresa Miras-Portugal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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33
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Modulation of P2X4/P2X7/Pannexin-1 sensitivity to extracellular ATP via Ivermectin induces a non-apoptotic and inflammatory form of cancer cell death. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16222. [PMID: 26552848 PMCID: PMC4639773 DOI: 10.1038/srep16222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of P2X7 receptors correlates with tumor growth and metastasis. Yet, release of ATP is associated with immunogenic cancer cell death as well as inflammatory responses caused by necrotic cell death at sites of trauma or ischemia-reperfusion injury. Using an FDA-approved anti-parasitic agent Ivermectin as a prototype agent to allosterically modulate P2X4 receptors, we can switch the balance between the dual pro-survival and cytotoxic functions of purinergic signaling in breast cancer cells. This is mediated through augmented opening of the P2X4/P2X7-gated Pannexin-1 channels that drives a mixed apoptotic and necrotic mode of cell death associated with activation of caspase-1 and is consistent with pyroptosis. We show that cancer cell death is dependent on ATP release and death signals downstream of P2X7 receptors that can be reversed by inhibition of NADPH oxidases-generated ROS, Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) or mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). Ivermectin induces autophagy and release of ATP and HMGB1, key mediators of inflammation. Potentiated P2X4/P2X7 signaling can be further linked to the ATP rich tumor microenvironment providing a mechanistic explanation for the tumor selectivity of purinergic receptors modulation and its potential to be used as a platform for integrated cancer immunotherapy.
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34
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Purines in neurite growth and astroglia activation. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:255-71. [PMID: 26498067 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian nervous system is a complex, functional network of neurons, consisting of local and long-range connections. Neuronal growth is highly coordinated by a variety of extracellular and intracellular signaling molecules. Purines turned out to be an essential component of these processes. Here, we review the current knowledge about the involvement of purinergic signaling in the regulation of neuronal development. We particularly focus on its role in neuritogenesis: the formation and extension of neurites. In the course of maturation mammals generally lose their ability to regenerate the central nervous system (CNS) e.g. after traumatic brain injury; although, spontaneous regeneration still occurs in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Thus, it is crucial to translate the knowledge about CNS development and PNS regeneration into novel approaches to enable neurons of the mature CNS to regenerate. In this context we give a general overview of growth-inhibitory and growth-stimulatory factors and mechanisms involved in neurite growth. With regard to neuronal growth, astrocytes are an important cell population. They provide structural and metabolic support to neurons and actively participate in brain signaling. Astrocytes respond to injury with beneficial or detrimental reactions with regard to axonal growth. In this review we present the current knowledge of purines in these glial functions. Moreover, we discuss organotypic brain slice co-cultures as a model which retains neuron-glia interactions, and further presents at once a model for CNS development and regeneration. In summary, the purinergic system is a pivotal factor in neuronal development and in the response to injury. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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35
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Miras-Portugal MT, Gomez-Villafuertes R, Gualix J, Diaz-Hernandez JI, Artalejo AR, Ortega F, Delicado EG, Perez-Sen R. Nucleotides in neuroregeneration and neuroprotection. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:243-54. [PMID: 26359530 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Brain injury generates the release of a multitude of factors including extracellular nucleotides, which exhibit bi-functional properties and contribute to both detrimental actions in the acute phase and also protective and reparative actions in the later recovery phase to allow neuroregeneration. A promising strategy toward restoration of neuronal function is based on activation of endogenous adult neural stem/progenitor cells. The implication of purinergic signaling in stem cell biology, including regulation of proliferation, differentiation, and cell death has become evident in the last decade. In this regard, current strategies of acute transplantation of ependymal stem/progenitor cells after spinal cord injury restore altered expression of P2X4 and P2X7 receptors and improve functional locomotor recovery. The expression of both receptors is transcriptionally regulated by Sp1 factor, which plays a key role in the startup of the transcription machinery to induce regeneration-associated genes expression. Finally, general signaling pathways triggered by nucleotide receptors in neuronal populations converge on several intracellular kinases, such as PI3K/Akt, GSK3 and ERK1,2, as well as the Nrf-2/heme oxigenase-1 axis, which specifically link them to neuroprotection. In this regard, regulation of dual specificity protein phosphatases can become novel mechanism of actions for nucleotide receptors that associate them to cell homeostasis regulation. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Miras-Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Veterinary School, Universidad Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Gomez-Villafuertes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Veterinary School, Universidad Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Gualix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Veterinary School, Universidad Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Diaz-Hernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Veterinary School, Universidad Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio R Artalejo
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Veterinary School, Universidad Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Ortega
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Veterinary School, Universidad Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esmerilda G Delicado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Veterinary School, Universidad Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Perez-Sen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Veterinary School, Universidad Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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36
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Abstract
The ubiquitous pannexin 1 (Panx1) ion- and metabolite-permeable channel mediates the release of ATP, a potent signalling molecule. In the present study, we provide striking evidence that ATP, in turn, stimulates internalization of Panx1 to intracellular membranes. These findings hold important implications for understanding the regulation of Panx1 when extracellular ATP is elevated. In the nervous system, this includes phenomena such as synaptic plasticity, pain, precursor cell development and stroke; outside of the nervous system, this includes things like skeletal and smooth muscle activity and inflammation. Within 15 min, ATP led to significant Panx1-EGFP internalization. In a series of experiments, we determined that hydrolysable ATP is the most potent stimulator of Panx1 internalization. We identified two possible mechanisms for Panx1 internalization, including activation of ionotropic purinergic (P2X) receptors and involvement of a putative ATP-sensitive residue in the first extracellular loop of Panx1 (Trp(74)). Internalization was cholesterol-dependent, but clathrin, caveolin and dynamin independent. Detailed analysis of Panx1 at specific endosome sub-compartments confirmed that Panx1 is expressed in endosome membranes of the classical degradation pathway under basal conditions and that elevation of ATP levels diverts a sub-population to recycling endosomes. This is the first report detailing endosome localization of Panx1 under basal conditions and the potential for ATP regulation of its surface expression. Given the ubiquitous expression profile of Panx1 and the importance of ATP signalling, these findings are of critical importance for understanding the role of Panx1 in health and disease.
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37
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Age-related nuclear translocation of P2X6 subunit modifies splicing activity interacting with splicing factor 3A1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123121. [PMID: 25874565 PMCID: PMC4395284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are ligand-gated ion channels sensitive to extracellular nucleotides formed by the assembling of three equal or different P2X subunits. In this work we report, for the first time, the accumulation of the P2X6 subunit inside the nucleus of hippocampal neurons in an age-dependent way. This location is favored by its anchorage to endoplasmic reticulum through its N-terminal domain. The extracellular domain of P2X6 subunit is the key to reach the nucleus, where it presents a speckled distribution pattern and is retained by interaction with the nuclear envelope protein spectrin α2. The in vivo results showed that, once inside the nucleus, P2X6 subunit interacts with the splicing factor 3A1, which ultimately results in a reduction of the mRNA splicing activity. Our data provide new insights into post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA splicing, describing a novel mechanism that could explain why this process is sensitive to changes that occur with age.
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38
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Menéndez-Méndez A, Díaz-Hernández JI, Miras-Portugal MT. The vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) is involved in the extracellular ATP effect on neuronal differentiation. Purinergic Signal 2015; 11:239-49. [PMID: 25847073 PMCID: PMC4425722 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9449-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Before being released, nucleotides are stored in secretory vesicles through the vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT). Once released, extracellular ATP participates in neuronal differentiation processes. Thus, the expression of a functional VNUT could be an additional component of the purinergic system which regulates neuronal differentiation and axonal elongation. In vitro expression of VNUT decreases neuritogenesis in N2a cells differentiated by retinoic acid treatment, whereas silencing of VNUT expression increases the number and length of neurites in these cells. These results highlight the role of VNUT in the neuritogenic process because this transporter regulates the ATP content in neurosecretory vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Menéndez-Méndez
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Díaz-Hernández
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Teresa Miras-Portugal
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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39
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Miras-Portugal MT, Diaz-Hernandez JI, Gomez-Villafuertes R, Diaz-Hernandez M, Artalejo AR, Gualix J. Role of P2X7 and P2Y2 receptors on α-secretase-dependent APP processing: Control of amyloid plaques formation "in vivo" by P2X7 receptor. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2015; 13:176-81. [PMID: 25848496 PMCID: PMC4372621 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is expressed in a large variety of neural and non-neural cells. The balance between non-pathogenic and pathologic forms of APP processing, mediated by α-secretase and β-secretase respectively, remains a crucial step to understand β-amyloid, Aβ42 peptide, formation and aggregation that are at the origin of the senile plaques in the brain, a characteristic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In Neuro-2a, a neuroblastoma cell line that constitutively expresses APP, activation of the P2X7 receptor leads to reduction of α-secretase activity, the opposite effect being obtained by P2Y2 receptor activation. The in vivo approach was made possible by the use of J20 mice, a transgenic mouse model of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) expressing human APP mutant protein. This animal exhibits prominent amyloid plaques by six months of age. In vivo inhibition of the P2X7 receptor induced a significant decrease in the number and size of hippocampal amyloid plaques. This reduction is mediated by an increase in the proteolytic processing of APP through α-secretase activity, which correlates with an increase in the phosphorylated form of GSK-3, a less active form of this enzyme. The in vivo findings corroborate the therapeutic potential of P2X7 antagonists in the treatment of FAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Miras-Portugal
- Biochemistry Department, School of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Institute of Neurochemistry (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan I Diaz-Hernandez
- Biochemistry Department, School of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Institute of Neurochemistry (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Gomez-Villafuertes
- Biochemistry Department, School of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Institute of Neurochemistry (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Diaz-Hernandez
- Biochemistry Department, School of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Institute of Neurochemistry (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio R Artalejo
- Biochemistry Department, School of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Institute of Neurochemistry (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gualix
- Biochemistry Department, School of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Institute of Neurochemistry (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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The P2X7 receptor is a key modulator of the PI3K/GSK3β/VEGF signaling network: evidence in experimental neuroblastoma. Oncogene 2015; 34:5240-51. [PMID: 25619831 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is an aggressive pediatric tumor, responsible for 15% of cancer-related deaths in childhood, lacking an effective treatment in its advanced stages. The P2X7 receptor for extracellular ATP was associated to NB cell proliferation and recently emerged as a promoter of tumor engraftment, growth and vascularization. In an effort to identify new therapeutic options for neuroblastoma, we studied the role of P2X7 receptor in NB biology. We first analyzed the effect of P2X7 activation or down-modulation of the main biochemical ways involved in NB progression: the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/MYCN and the HIF1α/VEGF pathways. In ACN human NB cells, P2X7 stimulation enhanced PI3K/Akt, while decreasing GSK3β activity. In the same model, P2X7 silencing or antagonist administration reduced the activity of PI3K/Akt and increased that of GSK3β, leading to a decrease in cellular glycogen stores. Similarly, P2X7 downmodulation caused a reduction in HIF1α levels and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion. Systemic administration of two different P2X7 antagonists (AZ10606120 or A740003) in nude/nude mice reduced ACN-derived tumor growth. An even stronger effect of P2X7 blockade was obtained in a syngeneic immune-competent neuroblastoma model: Neuro2A cells injected in AlbinoJ mice. Together with tumor regression, treatment with P2X7 antagonists caused downmodulation of the Akt/HIF1α axis, leading to reduced VEGF content and decreased vessel formation. Interestingly, in both experimental models, P2X7 antagonists strongly reduced the expression of the probably best-accepted oncogene in NB: MYCN. Finally, we associated P2X7 overexpression with poor prognosis in advanced-stage NB patients. Taken together, our data suggest that P2X7 receptor is an upstream regulator of the main signaling pathways involved in NB growth, metabolic activity and angiogenesis, and a promising therapeutic target for neuroblastoma treatment.
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41
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Roger S, Jelassi B, Couillin I, Pelegrin P, Besson P, Jiang LH. Understanding the roles of the P2X7 receptor in solid tumour progression and therapeutic perspectives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1848:2584-602. [PMID: 25450340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
P2X7 is an intriguing ionotropic receptor for which the activation by extracellular ATP induces rapid inward cationic currents and intracellular signalling pathways associated with numerous physiological processes such as the induction of the inflammatory cascade, the survival and proliferation of cells. In contrast, long-term stimulation of P2X7 is generally associated with membrane permeabilisation and cell death. Recently, P2X7 has attracted great attention in the cancer field, and particularly in the neoplastic transformation and the progression of solid tumours. A growing number of studies were published; however they often appeared contradictory in their results and conclusions. As such, the involvement of P2X7 in the oncogenic process remains unclear so far. The present review aims to discuss the current knowledge and hypotheses on the involvement of the P2X7 receptor in the development and progression of solid tumours, and highlight the different aspects that require further clarification in order to decipher whether P2X7 could be considered as a cancer biomarker or as a target for pharmacological intervention. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane channels and transporters in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Roger
- Inserm UMR1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France; Département de Physiologie Animale, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Bilel Jelassi
- Inserm UMR1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Isabelle Couillin
- UMR CNRS 7355 Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, Université d'Orléans, 3B rue de la Ferollerie, F-45071 Orléans, France
| | - Pablo Pelegrin
- Inflammation and Experimental Surgery Research Unit, CIBERehd, Clinical University Hospital "Virgen de la Arrixaca", Murcia's BioHealth Research Institute IMIB-Arrixaca, Carretera Cartagena-Madrid s/n, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pierre Besson
- Inserm UMR1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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42
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Subcellular distribution and early signalling events of P2X7 receptors from mouse cerebellar granule neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 744:190-202. [PMID: 25446427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The subcellular distribution and early signalling events of P2X7 receptors were studied in mouse cerebellar granule neurons. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings evidenced inwardly directed non-desensitizing currents following adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP; 600 µM) or 2'-3'-o-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-adenosine 5'-triphosphate (BzATP; 100 µM) administration to cells bathed in a medium with no-added divalent cations (Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)). Nucleotide-activated currents were inhibited by superfusion of 2.5 mM Ca(2+), 1.2 mM Mg(2+) or 100 nM Brilliant Blue G (BBG), hence indicating the expression of ionotropic P2X7 receptors. Fura-2 calcium imaging showed [Ca(2+)]i elevations in response to ATP or BzATP at the somas and at a small number of axodendritic regions of granule neurons. Differential sensitivity of these [Ca(2+)]i increases to three different P2X7 receptor antagonists (100 nM BBG, 10 μM 4-[(2S)-2-[(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)methylamino]-3-oxo-3-(4-phenyl-1-piperazinyl)propyl] phenyl isoquinolinesulfonic acid ester, KN-62, and 1 μM 3-(5-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)methyl pyridine hydrochloride hydrate, A-438079) revealed that P2X7 receptors are co-expressed with different P2Y receptors along the plasmalemma of granule neurons. Finally, experiments with the fluorescent dye YO-PRO-1 indicated that prolonged stimulation of P2X7 receptors does not lead to the opening of a membrane pore permeable to large cations. Altogether, our results emphasise the expression of functional P2X7 receptors at both the axodendritic and somatic levels in mouse cerebellar granule neurons, and favour the notion that P2X7 receptors might function in a subcellular localisation-specific manner: presynaptically, by controlling glutamate release, and on the cell somas, by supporting granule neuron survival against glutamate excytotoxicity.
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Burnstock G, Di Virgilio F. Purinergic signalling and cancer. Purinergic Signal 2014; 9:491-540. [PMID: 23797685 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptors for extracellular nucleotides are widely expressed by mammalian cells. They mediate a large array of responses ranging from growth stimulation to apoptosis, from chemotaxis to cell differentiation and from nociception to cytokine release, as well as neurotransmission. Pharma industry is involved in the development and clinical testing of drugs selectively targeting the different P1 nucleoside and P2 nucleotide receptor subtypes. As described in detail in the present review, P2 receptors are expressed by all tumours, in some cases to a very high level. Activation or inhibition of selected P2 receptor subtypes brings about cancer cell death or growth inhibition. The field has been largely neglected by current research in oncology, yet the evidence presented in this review, most of which is based on in vitro studies, although with a limited amount from in vivo experiments and human studies, warrants further efforts to explore the therapeutic potential of purinoceptor targeting in cancer.
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Gómez-Villafuertes R, Rodríguez-Jiménez FJ, Alastrue-Agudo A, Stojkovic M, Miras-Portugal MT, Moreno-Manzano V. Purinergic Receptors in Spinal Cord-Derived Ependymal Stem/Progenitor Cells and Their Potential Role in Cell-Based Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:1493-509. [PMID: 25198194 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x682828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major cause of paralysis with no current therapies. Following SCI, large amounts of ATP and other nucleotides are released by the traumatized tissue leading to the activation of purinergic receptors that, in coordination with growth factors, induce lesion remodeling and repair. We found that adult mammalian ependymal spinal cord-derived stem/progenitor cells (epSPCs) are capable of responding to ATP and other nucleotidic compounds, mainly through the activation of the ionotropic P2X4, P2X7, and the metabotropic P2Y1 and P2Y4 purinergic receptors. A comparative study between epSPCs from healthy rats versus epSPCis, obtained after SCI, shows a downregulation of P2Y1 receptor together with an upregulation of P2Y4 receptor in epSPCis. Moreover, spinal cord after severe traumatic contusion shows early and persistent increases in the expression of P2X4 and P2X7 receptors around the injury, which are completely reversed when epSPCis were ectopically transplanted. Since epSPCi transplantation significantly rescues neurological function after SCI in parallel to inhibition of the induced P2 ionotropic receptors, a potential avenue is open for therapeutic alternatives in SCI treatments based on purinergic receptors and the endogenous reparative modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Gómez-Villafuertes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Gómez-Villafuertes R, Pintor J, Miras-Portugal MT, Gualix J. Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase activity in Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells: changes in expression associated with neuronal differentiation. J Neurochem 2014; 131:290-302. [PMID: 24947519 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuro-2a (N2a) neuroblastoma cells display an ectoenzymatic hydrolytic activity capable of degrading diadenosine polyphosphates. The Apn A-cleaving activity has been analysed with the use of the fluorogenic compound BODIPY FL guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) thioester. Hydrolysis of this dinucleotide analogue showed a hyperbolic kinetic with a Km value of 4.9 ± 1.3 μM. Diadenosine pentaphosphate, diadenosine tetraphosphate, diadenosine triphosphate, and the nucleoside monophosphate AMP behaved as an inhibitor of BODIPY FL guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) thioester extracellular degradation. Ectoenzymatic activity shared the typical characteristics of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family, as hydrolysis reached maximal activity at alkaline pH and was dependent on the presence of divalent cations, being strongly inhibited by EDTA and activated by Zn(2+) ions. Both NPP1 and NPP3 isozymes are expressed in N2a cells, their expression levels substantially changing when cells differentiate into a neuronal-like phenotype. In this sense, it is relevant to point the expression pattern of the NPP3 protein, whose levels were drastically reduced in the differentiated cells, being almost completely absent after 24 h of differentiation. Enzymatic activity assays carried out with differentiated N2a cells showed that NPP1 is the main isozyme involved in the extracellular degradation of dinucleotides in these cells, this enzyme reducing its activity and changing its subcellular location following neuronal differentiation. We described the presence of an ectoenzymatic activity able to hydrolyse diadenosine polyphosphates (ApnA) in N2a cells. This activity displays biochemical features that are typical of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (E-NPP) family members, as demonstrated by the use of the fluorogenic compound BODIPY-FL-GTPγS. Both NPP1 and NPP3 ectoenzymes are expressed in N2a cells, their levels dramatically changing when cells differentiate into a neuronal-like phenotype. Activity assays in differentiated cells showed that the ApnA-hydrolytic activity largely depends on the NPP1 isozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Gómez-Villafuertes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Salas E, Carrasquero LMG, Olivos-Oré LA, Bustillo D, Artalejo AR, Miras-Portugal MT, Delicado EG. Purinergic P2X7 receptors mediate cell death in mouse cerebellar astrocytes in culture. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:802-15. [PMID: 24101734 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.209452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain distribution and functional role of glial P2X7 receptors are broader and more complex than initially anticipated. We characterized P2X7 receptors from cerebellar astrocytes at the molecular, immunocytochemical, biophysical, and cell physiologic levels. Mouse cerebellar astrocytes in culture express mRNA coding for P2X7 receptors, which is translated into P2X7 receptor protein as proven by Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. Fura-2 imaging showed cytosolic calcium responses to ATP and the synthetic analog 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl-ATP (BzATP) exhibited two components, namely an initial transient and metabotropic component followed by a sustained one that depended on extracellular calcium. This latter component, which was absent in astrocytes from P2X7 receptor knockout mice (P2X7 KO), was modulated by extracellular Mg(2+), and was sensitive to Brilliant Blue G (BBG) and 3-(5-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)methyl pyridine (A438079) antagonism. BzATP also elicited inwardly directed nondesensitizing whole-cell ionic currents that were reduced by extracellular Mg(2+) and P2X7 antagonists (BBG and calmidazolium). In contrast to that previously reported in rat cerebellar astrocytes, sustained BzATP application induced a gradual increase in membrane permeability to large cations, such as N-methyl-d-glucamine and 4-[3-methyl-2(3H)-benzoxazolylidene)-methyl]-1-[3-(triethylammonio)propyl]diiodide, which ultimately led to the death of mouse astrocytes. Cerebellar astrocyte cell death was prevented by BBG but not by calmidazolium, removal of extracellular calcium, or treatment with the caspase-3 inhibitor, benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp(OMe)-Glu(OMe)-Val-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone, thus suggesting a necrotic-type mechanism of cell death. Since this cellular response was not observed in astrocytes from P2X7 KO mice, this study suggests that stimulation of P2X7 receptor may convey a cell death signal to cerebellar astrocytes in a species-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Salas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica (E.S.); Departments of Biochemistry (L.M.G.C., M.T.M.-P., E.G.D.) and Toxicology and Pharmacology (L.A.O., D.B., A.R.A.), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Neurochemistry Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain (L.A.O., D.B., A.R.A., M.T.M.P., E.G.D.)
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PKC-dependent ERK phosphorylation is essential for P2X7 receptor-mediated neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e751. [PMID: 23907465 PMCID: PMC3763436 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic receptors have been shown to be involved in neuronal development, but the functions of specific subtypes of P2 receptors during neuronal development remain elusive. In this study we investigate the distribution of P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) in the embryonic rat brain using in situ hybridization. At E15.5, P2X7R mRNA was observed in the ventricular zone and subventricular zone, and colocalized with nestin, indicating that P2X7R might be expressed in neural progenitor cells (NPCs). P2X7R mRNA was also detected in the subgranular zone and dentate gyrus of the E18.5 and P4 brain. To investigate the roles of P2X7R and elucidate its mechanism, we established NPC cultures from the E15.5 rat brain. Stimulation of P2X7Rs induced Ca2+ influx, inhibited proliferation, altered cell cycle progression and enhanced the expression of neuronal markers, such as TUJ1 and MAP2. Similarly, knockdown of P2X7R by shRNA nearly abolished the agonist-stimulated increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and the expression of TUJ1 and NeuN. Furthermore, stimulation of P2X7R induced activation of ERK1/2, which was inhibited by the removal of extracellular Ca2+ and treatment with blockers for P2X7R and PKC activity. Stimulation of P2X7R also induced translocation of PKCα and PKCγ, but not of PKCβ, whereas knockdown of either PKCα or PKCγ inhibited ERK1/2 activation. Inhibition of PKC or p-ERK1/2 also caused a decrease in the number of TUJ1-positive cells and a concomitant increase in the number of GFAP-positive cells. Taken together, the activation of P2X7R in NPCs induced neuronal differentiation through a PKC-ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Murck H. Ketamine, magnesium and major depression--from pharmacology to pathophysiology and back. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:955-65. [PMID: 23541145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The glutamatergic mechanism of antidepressant treatments is now in the center of research to overcome the limitations of monoamine-based approaches. There are several unresolved issues. For the action of the model compound, ketamine, NMDA-receptor block, AMPA-receptor activation and BDNF release appear to be involved in a mechanism, which leads to synaptic sprouting and strengthened synaptic connections. The link to the pathophysiology of depression is not clear. An overlooked connection is the role of magnesium, which acts as physiological NMDA-receptor antagonist: 1. There is overlap between the actions of ketamine with that of high doses of magnesium in animal models, finally leading to synaptic sprouting. 2. Magnesium and ketamine lead to synaptic strengthening, as measured by an increase in slow wave sleep in humans. 3. Pathophysiological mechanisms, which have been identified as risk factors for depression, lead to a reduction of (intracellular) magnesium. These are neuroendocrine changes (increased cortisol and aldosterone) and diabetes mellitus as well as Mg(2+) deficiency. 4. Patients with therapy refractory depression appear to have lower CNS Mg(2+) levels in comparison to health controls. 5. Experimental Mg(2+) depletion leads to depression- and anxiety like behavior in animal models. 6. Ketamine, directly or indirectly via non-NMDA glutamate receptor activation, acts to increase brain Mg(2+) levels. Similar effects have been observed with other classes of antidepressants. 7. Depressed patients with low Mg(2+) levels tend to be therapy refractory. Accordingly, administration of Mg(2+) either alone or in combination with standard antidepressants acts synergistically on depression like behavior in animal models. CONCLUSION On the basis of the potential pathophysiological role of Mg(2+)-regulation, it may be possible to predict the action of ketamine and of related compounds based on Mg(2+) levels. Furthermore, screening for compounds to increase neuronal Mg(2+) concentration could be a promising instrument to identify new classes of antidepressants. Overall, any discussion of the glutamatergic system in affective disorders should consider the role of Mg(2+).
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García-Huerta P, Díaz-Hernandez M, Delicado EG, Pimentel-Santillana M, Miras-Portugal MT, Gómez-Villafuertes R. The specificity protein factor Sp1 mediates transcriptional regulation of P2X7 receptors in the nervous system. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:44628-44. [PMID: 23139414 PMCID: PMC3531778 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.390971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 receptors are involved not only in physiological functions but also in pathological brain processes. Although an increasing number of findings indicate that altered receptor expression has a causative role in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, little is known about how expression of P2rx7 gene is controlled. Here we reported the first molecular and functional evidence that Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) transcription factor plays a pivotal role in the transcriptional regulation of P2X7 receptor. We delimited a minimal region in the murine P2rx7 promoter containing four SP1 sites, two of them being highly conserved in mammals. The functionality of these SP1 sites was confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis and Sp1 overexpression/down-regulation in neuroblastoma cells. Inhibition of Sp1-mediated transcriptional activation by mithramycin A reduced endogenous P2X7 receptor levels in primary cultures of cortical neurons and astrocytes. Using P2rx7-EGFP transgenic mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein under the control of P2rx7 promoter, we found a high correlation between reporter expression and Sp1 levels in the brain, demonstrating that Sp1 is a key element in the transcriptional regulation of P2X7 receptor in the nervous system. Finally, we found that Sp1 mediates P2X7 receptor up-regulation in neuroblastoma cells cultured in the absence of serum, a condition that enhances chromatin accessibility and facilitates the exposure of SP1 binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula García-Huerta
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Ability to adapt to conditions of limited nutrient supply requires a reorganization of the metabolic pathways to balance energy generation and production of biosynthetic intermediates. Several fast-growing cells overexpress the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) for extracellular ATP. A feature of this receptor is to allow growth in the absence of serum. We show here that transfection of P2X7R allows proliferation of P2X7R-transfected HEK293 (HEK293-P2X7) cells not only in the absence of serum but also in low (4 mM) glucose, and increases lactate output compared with mock-transfected HEK293 (HEK293-mock) cells. In HEK293-P2X7, lactate output is further stimulated upon addition of exogenous ATP or the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP). In the human neuroblastoma cell line ACN, lactate output is also dependent on P2X7R function. P2X7R-expressing cells upregulate (a) the glucose transporter Glut1, (b) the glycolytic enzymes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), (c) phosphofructokinase (PFK), (d) pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and (e) pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDHK1); furthermore, P2X7R expression (a) inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, (b) increases phosphorylated Akt/PKB and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) expression and (c) enhances intracellular glycogen stores. In HEK293-P2X7 cells, glucose deprivation increases lactate production, expression of glycolytic enzymes and ph-Akt/PKB level. These data show that the P2X7R has an intrinsic ability to reprogram cell metabolism to meet the needs imposed by adverse environmental conditions.
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