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Singh S, Sarroza D, English A, Whittington D, Dong A, Malamas M, Makriyannis A, van der Stelt M, Li Y, Zweifel L, Bruchas MR, Land BB, Stella N. P2X 7 receptor-dependent increase in endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol production by neuronal cells in culture: Dynamics and mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38581262 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neurotransmission and neuroinflammation are controlled by local increases in both extracellular ATP and the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG). While it is known that extracellular ATP stimulates 2-AG production in cells in culture, the dynamics and molecular mechanisms that underlie this response remain poorly understood. Detection of real-time changes in eCB levels with the genetically encoded sensor, GRABeCB2.0, can address this shortfall. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH 2-AG and arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) levels in Neuro2a (N2a) cells were measured by LC-MS, and GRABeCB2.0 fluorescence changes were detected using live-cell confocal microscopy and a 96-well fluorescence plate reader. KEY RESULTS 2-AG and AEA increased GRABeCB2.0 fluorescence in N2a cells with EC50 values of 81 and 58 nM, respectively; both responses were reduced by the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) antagonist SR141617 and absent in cells expressing the mutant-GRABeCB2.0. ATP increased only 2-AG levels in N2a cells, as measured by LC-MS, and induced a transient increase in the GRABeCB2.0 signal within minutes primarily via activation of P2X7 receptors (P2X7R). This response was dependent on diacylglycerol lipase β activity, partially dependent on extracellular calcium and phospholipase C activity, but not controlled by the 2-AG hydrolysing enzyme, α/β-hydrolase domain containing 6 (ABHD6). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Considering that P2X7R activation increases 2-AG levels within minutes, our results show how these molecular components are mechanistically linked. The specific molecular components in these signalling systems represent potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurological diseases, such as chronic pain, that involve dysregulated neurotransmission and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dennis Sarroza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anthony English
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dale Whittington
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ao Dong
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Malamas
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Yulong Li
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Larry Zweifel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Benjamin B Land
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Singh S, Sarroza D, English A, McGrory M, Dong A, Zweifel L, Land BB, Li Y, Bruchas MR, Stella N. Pharmacological Characterization of the Endocannabinoid Sensor GRAB eCB2.0. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023. [PMID: 38064488 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The endocannabinoids (eCBs), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA), are produced by separate enzymatic pathways, activate cannabinoid (CB) receptors with distinct pharmacological profiles, and differentially regulate pathophysiological processes. The genetically encoded sensor, GRABeCB2.0, detects real-time changes in eCB levels in cells in culture and preclinical model systems; however, its activation by eCB analogues produced by cells and by phyto-CBs remains uncharacterized, a current limitation when interpreting changes in its response. This information could provide additional utility for the tool in in vivo pharmacology studies of phyto-CB action. Materials and Methods: GRABeCB2.0 was expressed in cultured HEK293 cells. Live cell confocal microscopy and high-throughput fluorescent signal measurements. Results: 2-AG increased GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal (EC50=85 nM), and the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) antagonist, SR141716 (SR1), decreased GRABeCB2.0 signal (IC50=3.3 nM), responses that mirror their known potencies at the CB1R. GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal also increased in response to AEA (EC50=815 nM), the eCB analogues 2-linoleoylglycerol and 2-oleoylglycerol (EC50=632 and 868 nM, respectively), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), and Δ8-THC (EC50=1.6 and 2.0 μM, respectively), and the artificial CB1R agonist, CP55,940 (CP; EC50=82 nM); however their potencies were less than what has been described at CB1R. Cannabidiol (CBD) did not affect basal GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal and yet reduced the 2-AG stimulated GRABeCB2.0 responses (IC50=9.7 nM). Conclusions: 2-AG and SR1 modulate the GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal with EC50 values that mirror their potencies at CB1R, whereas AEA, eCB analogues, THC, and CP increase GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal with EC50 values significantly lower than their potencies at CB1R. CBD reduces the 2-AG response without affecting basal signal, suggesting that GRABeCB2.0 retains the negative allosteric modulator (NAM) property of CBD at CB1R. This study describes the pharmacological profile of GRABeCB2.0 to improve interpretation of changes in fluorescent signal in response to a series of known eCBs and CB1R ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dennis Sarroza
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anthony English
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Maya McGrory
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ao Dong
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Larry Zweifel
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Benjamin B Land
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yulong Li
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Singh S, Sarroza D, English A, McGrory M, Dong A, Zweifel L, Land BB, Li Y, Bruchas MR, Stella N. Pharmacological characterization of the endocannabinoid sensor GRAB eCB2.0. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.03.531053. [PMID: 36945533 PMCID: PMC10028790 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.03.531053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The endocannabinoids (eCBs), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA), are produced by separate enzymatic pathways, activate cannabinoid receptors with distinct pharmacology, and differentially regulate pathophysiological processes. The genetically encoded sensor, GRABeCB2.0, detects real-time changes in eCB levels in cells in culture and preclinical model systems; however, its activation by eCB analogues produced by cells and by phyto-cannabinoids remains uncharacterized, a current limitation when interpreting changes in its response. This information could provide additional utility for the tool in in vivo pharmacology studies of phyto-cannabinoid action. Methods GRABeCB2.0 was expressed in cultured HEK293 cells. Live cell confocal microscopy and high-throughput fluorescent signal measurements. Results 2-AG increased GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal (EC50 = 85 nM), and the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) antagonist, SR141617, decreased GRABeCB2.0 signal (SR1, IC50 = 3.3 nM), responses that mirror their known potencies at cannabinoid 1 receptors (CB1R). GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal also increased in response to AEA (EC50 = 815 nM), the eCB analogues 2-linoleoylglycerol and 2-oleoylglycerol (2-LG and 2-OG, EC50s = 1.5 and 1.0 μM, respectively), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and Δ8-THC (EC50s = 1.6 and 2.0 μM, respectively), and the artificial CB1R agonist, CP55,940 (CP, EC50 = 82 nM); however their potencies were less than what has been described at CB1R. Cannabidiol (CBD) did not affect basal GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal and yet reduced the 2-AG stimulated GRABeCB2.0 responses (IC50 = 8.8 nM). Conclusions 2-AG and SR1 modulate the GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal with EC50s that mirror their potencies at CB1R whereas AEA, eCB analogues, THC and CP increase GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal with EC50s significantly lower than their potencies at CB1R. CBD reduces the 2-AG response without affecting basal signal, suggesting that GRABeCB2.0 retains the negative allosteric modulator (NAM) property of CBD at CB1R. This study describes the pharmacological profile of GRABeCB2.0 to improve interpretation of changes in fluorescent signal in response to a series of known eCBs and CB1R ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Dennis Sarroza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Anthony English
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Maya McGrory
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Ao Dong
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Larry Zweifel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Benjamin B. Land
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Yulong Li
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael R. Bruchas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Abraham AD, Casello SM, Land BB, Chavkin C. Optogenetic stimulation of dynorphinergic neurons within the dorsal raphe activate kappa opioid receptors in the ventral tegmental area and ablation of dorsal raphe prodynorphin or kappa receptors in dopamine neurons blocks stress potentiation of cocaine reward. Addiction Neuroscience 2022; 1. [PMID: 36176476 PMCID: PMC9518814 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral stress exposure increases the risk of drug-taking in individuals with substance use disorders by mechanisms involving the dynorphins, which are the endogenous neuropeptides for the kappa opioid receptor (KOR). KOR agonists have been shown to encode dysphoria, aversion, and changes in reward valuation, and kappa opioid antagonists are in clinical development for treating substance use disorders. In this study, we confirmed that KORs were expressed in dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of male C57BL6/J mice. Genetic ablation of KORs from dopamine neurons blocked the potentiating effects of repeated forced swim stress on cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP). KOR activation inhibited dopamine neuron GCaMP6m calcium activity in VTA during swim stress and caused a rebound enhancement during the period after stress exposure. Transient optogenetic inhibition of VTA dopamine neurons with AAV5-DIO-SwiChR was acutely aversive in a real time place preference assay and blunted cocaine CPP when inhibition was administered concurrently with cocaine conditioning. However, when inhibition preceded cocaine conditioning by 30 min, cocaine CPP was enhanced. Retrograde tracing with CAV2-DIO-ZsGreen identified a population of prodynorphinCre neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) projecting to the VTA. Optogenetic stimulation of dynorphinergic neurons within the DRN by Channelrhodopsin2 activated KOR in VTA and ablation of prodynorphin blocked stress potentiation of cocaine CPP. Together, these studies demonstrate the presence of a dynorphin/KOR midbrain circuit that projects from the DRN to VTA and is involved in altering the dynamic response of dopamine neuron activity to enhance drug reward learning.
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Abraham AD, Casello SM, Schattauer SS, Wong BA, Mizuno GO, Mahe K, Tian L, Land BB, Chavkin C. Release of endogenous dynorphin opioids in the prefrontal cortex disrupts cognition. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:2330-2339. [PMID: 34545197 PMCID: PMC8580977 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Following repeated opioid use, some dependent individuals experience persistent cognitive deficits that contribute to relapse of drug-taking behaviors, and one component of this response may be mediated by the endogenous dynorphin/kappa opioid system in neocortex. In C57BL/6 male mice, we find that acute morphine withdrawal evokes dynorphin release in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and disrupts cognitive function by activation of local kappa opioid receptors (KORs). Immunohistochemical analyses using a phospho-KOR antibody confirmed that both withdrawal-induced and optically evoked dynorphin release activated KOR in PFC. Using a genetically encoded sensor based on inert KOR (kLight1.2a), we revealed the in vivo dynamics of endogenous dynorphin release in the PFC. Local activation of KOR in PFC produced multi-phasic disruptions of memory processing in an operant-delayed alternation behavioral task, which manifest as reductions in response number and accuracy during early and late phases of an operant session. Local pretreatment in PFC with the selective KOR antagonist norbinaltorphimine (norBNI) blocked the disruptive effect of systemic KOR activation during both early and late phases of the session. The early, but not late phase disruption was blocked by viral excision of PFC KORs, suggesting an anatomically dissociable contribution of pre- and postsynaptic KORs. Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in morphine-dependent mice or optical stimulation of pdynCre neurons using Channelrhodopsin-2 disrupted delayed alternation performance, and the dynorphin-induced effect was blocked by local norBNI. Our findings describe a mechanism for control of cortical function during opioid dependence and suggest that KOR antagonism could promote abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony D. Abraham
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Sanne M. Casello
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Selena S. Schattauer
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Brenden A. Wong
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Grace O. Mizuno
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Karan Mahe
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Lin Tian
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Benjamin B. Land
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Charles Chavkin
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Steger JS, Land BB, Lemos JC, Chavkin C, Phillips PEM. Insidious Transmission of a Stress-Related Neuroadaptation. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:564054. [PMID: 33132859 PMCID: PMC7571264 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.564054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is highly pervasive in humans, impacting motivated behaviors with an enormous toll on life quality. Many of the effects of stress are orchestrated by neuropeptides such as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). It has previously been shown that in stress-naïve male mice, CRF acts in the core of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) to produce appetitive effects and to increase dopamine release; yet in stress-exposed male mice, CRF loses its capacity to modulate NAc dopamine release and is aversive. In the current research, we tested whether this effect is comparable in females to males and whether the neuroadaptation is susceptible to social transmission. We found that, like in males, CRF increased dopamine release in stress-naïve but not stress-exposed female mice. Importantly, this persistent physiological change was not accompanied by overt behavioral changes that would be indicative of depression- or anxiety-like phenotype. Nonetheless, when these mice were housed for 7 days with stress-naïve conspecifics, the cage mates also exhibited a loss of dopamine potentiation by CRF. These data demonstrate the asymptomatic, yet pervasive transmission of stress-related neuroadaptations in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Steger
- Center of Excellence in Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Benjamin B Land
- Center of Excellence in Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Julia C Lemos
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Charles Chavkin
- Center of Excellence in Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Paul E M Phillips
- Center of Excellence in Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Reichard KL, Newton KA, Rivera ZMG, Sotero de Menezes PM, Schattauer SS, Land BB, Chavkin C. Regulation of Kappa Opioid Receptor Inactivation Depends on Sex and Cellular Site of Antagonist Action. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:548-558. [PMID: 32913138 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prototypical member of the receptor-inactivating kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists, norbinaltorphimine (norBNI), produces prolonged receptor inactivation by a cJun kinase mechanism. These antagonists have potential therapeutic utility in the treatment of stress disorders; however, additional preclinical characterization is necessary to understand important aspects of their action. In this study, we report that norBNI does not work as effectively in female mice as in males because of estrogen regulation of G protein receptor kinase (GRK); pretreatment of ovary-intact female mice with the selective GRK2/3 inhibitor, Compound 101, made females equally sensitive to norBNI as males. Prior observations suggested that in vivo treatment with norBNI does not produce long-lasting inhibition of KOR regulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. We assessed the persistence of norBNI receptor inactivation in subcellular compartments. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry recordings confirmed that presynaptic inhibition of dopamine release by the KOR agonist U69,593 was not blocked by in vivo pretreatment with norBNI under conditions that prevented KOR-mediated aversion and analgesia. We employed a novel in vivo proxy sensor of KOR activation, adenovirus associated double floxed inverted-HyPerRed, and demonstrated that KOR activation stimulates cJun kinase-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in somatic regions of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons, but did not activate ROS production in dopamine terminals. The compartment selective action helps explain how dopamine somatic, but not terminally expressed, KORs are inactivated by norBNI. These results further elucidate molecular signaling mechanisms mediating receptor-inactivating KOR antagonist action and advance medication development for this novel class of stress-resilience medications. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists are being developed as novel proresilience therapeutics for the treatment of mood and substance use disorders. This study showed that the long-acting KOR antagonists are affected by both the sex of the animal and the subcellular compartment in which the receptor is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Reichard
- Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S. ., S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Department of Pharmacology (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S.M. S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Graduate Program in Neuroscience (K.L.R., C.C.), Seattle, Washington
| | - Keionna A Newton
- Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S. ., S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Department of Pharmacology (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S.M. S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Graduate Program in Neuroscience (K.L.R., C.C.), Seattle, Washington
| | - Zeena M G Rivera
- Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S. ., S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Department of Pharmacology (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S.M. S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Graduate Program in Neuroscience (K.L.R., C.C.), Seattle, Washington
| | - Paulo M Sotero de Menezes
- Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S. ., S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Department of Pharmacology (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S.M. S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Graduate Program in Neuroscience (K.L.R., C.C.), Seattle, Washington
| | - Selena S Schattauer
- Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S. ., S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Department of Pharmacology (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S.M. S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Graduate Program in Neuroscience (K.L.R., C.C.), Seattle, Washington
| | - Benjamin B Land
- Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S. ., S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Department of Pharmacology (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S.M. S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Graduate Program in Neuroscience (K.L.R., C.C.), Seattle, Washington
| | - Charles Chavkin
- Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S. ., S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Department of Pharmacology (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S.M. S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Graduate Program in Neuroscience (K.L.R., C.C.), Seattle, Washington
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Abraham AD, Leung EJY, Wong BA, Rivera ZMG, Kruse LC, Clark JJ, Land BB. Orally consumed cannabinoids provide long-lasting relief of allodynia in a mouse model of chronic neuropathic pain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1105-1114. [PMID: 31812152 PMCID: PMC7235274 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain affects a significant percentage of the United States population, and available pain medications like opioids have drawbacks that make long-term use untenable. Cannabinoids show promise in the management of pain, but long-term treatment of pain with cannabinoids has been challenging to implement in preclinical models. We developed a voluntary, gelatin oral self-administration paradigm that allowed male and female mice to consume ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, or morphine ad libitum. Mice stably consumed these gelatins over 3 weeks, with detectable serum levels. Using a real-time gelatin measurement system, we observed that mice consumed gelatin throughout the light and dark cycles, with animals consuming less THC-gelatin than the other gelatin groups. Consumption of all three gelatins reduced measures of allodynia in a chronic, neuropathic sciatic nerve injury model, but tolerance to morphine developed after 1 week while THC or CBD reduced allodynia over three weeks. Hyperalgesia gradually developed after sciatic nerve injury, and by the last day of testing, THC significantly reduced hyperalgesia, with a trend effect of CBD, and no effect of morphine. Mouse vocalizations were recorded throughout the experiment, and mice showed a large increase in ultrasonic, broadband clicks after sciatic nerve injury, which was reversed by THC, CBD, and morphine. This study demonstrates that mice voluntarily consume both cannabinoids and opioids via gelatin, and that cannabinoids provide long-term relief of chronic pain states. In addition, ultrasonic clicks may objectively represent mouse pain status and could be integrated into future pain models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony D Abraham
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Edward J Y Leung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Brenden A Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Zeena M G Rivera
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lauren C Kruse
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jeremy J Clark
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Benjamin B Land
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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9
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Schattauer SS, Bedini A, Summers F, Reilly-Treat A, Andrews MM, Land BB, Chavkin C. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is stimulated by κ opioid receptor activation through phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase and inhibited by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16884-16896. [PMID: 31575661 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) by the Gi/o protein-coupled κ opioid receptor (KOR), μ opioid, and D2 dopamine receptors stimulates peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6)-mediated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS production by KOR-inactivating antagonists norbinaltorphimine (norBNI) and JDTic blocks Gαi protein activation, but the signaling mechanisms and consequences of JNK activation by KOR agonists remain uncharacterized. Binding of arrestins to KOR causes desensitization of G protein signaling and acts as a scaffold to initiate MAPK activation. Here, we found that the KOR agonists U50,488 and dynorphin B stimulated biphasic JNK activation with an early arrestin-independent phase, requiring the small G protein RAC family small GTPase 1 (RAC1) and protein kinase C (PKC), and a later arrestin-scaffolded phase, requiring RAC1 and Ras homolog family member (RHO) kinase. JNK activation by U50,488 and dynorphin B also stimulated PRDX6-dependent ROS production but with an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship. KOR agonist-induced ROS generation resulted from the early arrestin-independent phase of JNK activation, and this ROS response was suppressed by arrestin-dependent activation of the MAPK p38. The apparent balance between p38 MAPK and JNK/ROS signaling has important physiological implications for understanding of dynorphin activities during the stress response. To visualize these activities, we monitored KOR agonist-mediated activation of ROS in transfected live cells by two fluorescent sensors, CellROX Green and HyPerRed. These findings establish an important aspect of opioid receptor signaling and suggest that ROS induction may be part of the physiological response to KOR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena S Schattauer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Andrea Bedini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Irnerio, 48-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Floyd Summers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Aiden Reilly-Treat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Mackenzie M Andrews
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington College of Engineering, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Benjamin B Land
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Charles Chavkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Chavkin C, Cohen JH, Land BB. Repeated Administration of Norbinaltorphimine Produces Cumulative Kappa Opioid Receptor Inactivation. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:88. [PMID: 30787880 PMCID: PMC6373456 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kappa receptor activation by dynorphins contributes to the anxiogenic, dysphoric, and cognitive disrupting effects of repeated stress, suggesting that kappa receptor antagonists might have therapeutic utility in the treatment of stress disorders. Three classes of kappa antagonists have been distinguished: non-selective, selective-competitive (readily reversible), and non-competitive (receptor-inactivating); however, which would be the most effective medication has not been established. To assess the utility of receptor inactivating antagonists, we tested the effects of a range of doses in both male and female mice. As previously established, the antinociceptive effects of the kappa agonist U50,488 were blocked by a single injection of the long-acting antagonist norbinatorphimine (norBNI) (10 mg/kg i.p.) in male mice. Ten to 20-fold lower doses of norBNI were ineffective after a single administration, but daily administration of 1.0 or 0.5 mg/kg for 5 days completely blocked U50,488 antinociceptive effects. Daily administration of 0.1 mg/kg norBNI produced slowly accumulating inhibition and completely blocked the antinociceptive effect of U50,488 after 20–30 days. Estrogen reduces female sensitivity to kappa opioid effects, but 30 days of 0.1 mg/kg norBNI completely blocked U50,488 analgesia in ovariectomized mice. Receptor inactivation in both male and female mice treated for 30 days with 0.1 mg/kg norBNI persisted for at least 1-week. These results suggest that receptor-inactivating kappa antagonists are effective in both males and females when given at 100-fold lower doses than typically administered in preclinical studies. The enhanced safety of this low-dosing protocol has important clinical implications if receptor inactivating kappa antagonists advance in medication development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Chavkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Joshua H Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Benjamin B Land
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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11
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Schattauer SS, Land BB, Reichard KL, Abraham AD, Burgeno LM, Kuhar JR, Phillips PEM, Ong SE, Chavkin C. Peroxiredoxin 6 mediates Gαi protein-coupled receptor inactivation by cJun kinase. Nat Commun 2017; 8:743. [PMID: 28963507 PMCID: PMC5622097 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of opioid receptors limits the therapeutic efficacy of morphine-like analgesics and mediates the long duration of kappa opioid antidepressants by an uncharacterized, arrestin-independent mechanism. Here we use an iterative, discovery-based proteomic approach to show that following opioid administration, peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) is recruited to the opioid receptor complex by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation. PRDX6 activation generates reactive oxygen species via NADPH oxidase, reducing the palmitoylation of receptor-associated Gαi in a JNK-dependent manner. Selective inhibition of PRDX6 blocks Gαi depalmitoylation, prevents the enhanced receptor G-protein association and blocks acute analgesic tolerance to morphine and kappa opioid receptor inactivation in vivo. Opioid stimulation of JNK also inactivates dopamine D2 receptors in a PRDX6-dependent manner. We show that the loss of this lipid modification distorts the receptor G-protein association, thereby preventing agonist-induced guanine nucleotide exchange. These findings establish JNK-dependent PRDX6 recruitment and oxidation-induced Gαi depalmitoylation as an additional mechanism of Gαi-G-protein-coupled receptor inactivation. Opioid receptors are important modulators of nociceptive pain. Here the authors show that opioid receptor activation recruits peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) to the receptor-Gαi complex by c-Jun N-terminal kinase, resulting in Gαi depalmitoylation and enhanced receptor-Gαi association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena S Schattauer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Benjamin B Land
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kathryn L Reichard
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Antony D Abraham
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lauren M Burgeno
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jamie R Kuhar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Paul E M Phillips
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Shao En Ong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Charles Chavkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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12
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D'Agostino G, Lyons DJ, Cristiano C, Burke LK, Madara JC, Campbell JN, Garcia AP, Land BB, Lowell BB, Dileone RJ, Heisler LK. Appetite controlled by a cholecystokinin nucleus of the solitary tract to hypothalamus neurocircuit. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26974347 PMCID: PMC4861598 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is a key gateway for meal-related signals entering the brain from the periphery. However, the chemical mediators crucial to this process have not been fully elucidated. We reveal that a subset of NTS neurons containing cholecystokinin (CCKNTS) is responsive to nutritional state and that their activation reduces appetite and body weight in mice. Cell-specific anterograde tracing revealed that CCKNTS neurons provide a distinctive innervation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), with fibers and varicosities in close apposition to a subset of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4RPVH) cells, which are also responsive to CCK. Optogenetic activation of CCKNTS axon terminals within the PVH reveal the satiating function of CCKNTS neurons to be mediated by a CCKNTS→PVH pathway that also encodes positive valence. These data identify the functional significance of CCKNTS neurons and reveal a sufficient and discrete NTS to hypothalamus circuit controlling appetite. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12225.001 Obesity primarily results from eating more food than the body requires, the energy from which is then stored as fat. In recent years obesity has become increasingly common, with the resulting health problems presenting one of the major healthcare challenges of the twenty-first century. New ways to tackle the obesity epidemic are therefore required to improve human health on a global scale. To regulate how much food is eaten, the gut sends chemical messengers to the brain about how much food has been consumed. These messengers activate particular cells in the brain that signal to other brain regions to trigger a decision about whether we’ve had enough food to eat. This raises a question: if we can artificially activate these cells, can we ‘trick’ the brain into thinking that food has been consumed? A brain region called the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is known to play a key role in receiving signals from the gut about meals. By studying mice, D’Agostino et al. found that cells in the NTS that make a brain hormone called cholecystokinin (CCK) are particularly activated by food. Further experiments then used a technique called optogenetics to activate these cells in mice that had free access to different types of food. This activation significantly reduced how hungry the mice were, causing them to eat less food and lose weight. D’Agostino et al. also showed that CCK cells relay the signal about food intake to a brain region called the hypothalamus. Overall, D’Agostino et al. have found a way to trick the brain into thinking that food has been eaten when it actually hasn’t, and for this reason mice eat less without feeling hungry and lose weight. The next step is to try and find a way to activate the CCK cells in obese humans who have health complications associated with excess body weight. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12225.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe D'Agostino
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David J Lyons
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Cristiano
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Luke K Burke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph C Madara
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - John N Campbell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Ana Paula Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin B Land
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Ralph J Dileone
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Lora K Heisler
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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13
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van den Heuvel JK, Furman K, Gumbs MC, Eggels L, Opland DM, Land BB, Kolk SM, Narayanan N, Fliers E, Kalsbeek A, DiLeone RJ, la Fleur SE. Neuropeptide Y activity in the nucleus accumbens modulates feeding behavior and neuronal activity. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:633-41. [PMID: 25109664 PMCID: PMC4295932 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that plays a prominent role in feeding and energy homeostasis. Expression of the NPY Y1 receptor (Y1R) is highly concentrated in the nucleus accumbens (Acb), a region important in the regulation of palatable feeding. In this study, we performed a number of experiments to investigate the actions of NPY in the Acb. METHODS First, we determined caloric intake and food choice after bilateral administration of NPY in the Acb in rats on a free-choice diet of saturated fat, 30% sucrose solution, and standard chow and whether this was mediated by the Y1R. Second, we measured the effect of intra-Acb NPY on neuronal activity using in vivo electrophysiology. Third, we examined co-localization of Y1R with enkephalin and dynorphin neurons and the effect of NPY on preproenkephalin messenger RNA levels in the striatum using fluorescent and radioactive in situ hybridization. Finally, using retrograde tracing, we examined whether NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus projected to the Acb. RESULTS In rats on the free-choice, high-fat, high-sugar diet, intra-Acb NPY increased intake of fat, but not sugar or chow, and this was mediated by the Y1R. Intra-Acb NPY reduced neuronal firing, as well as preproenkephalin messenger RNA expression in the striatum. Moreover, Acb enkephalin neurons expressed Y1R and arcuate nucleus NPY neurons projected to the Acb. CONCLUSIONS NPY reduces neuronal firing in the Acb resulting in increased palatable food intake. Together, our neuroanatomical, pharmacologic, and neuronal activity data support a role and mechanism for intra-Acb NPY-induced fat intake.
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14
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Land BB, Brayton CE, Furman KE, Lapalombara Z, Dileone RJ. Optogenetic inhibition of neurons by internal light production. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:108. [PMID: 24744708 PMCID: PMC3978322 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics is an extremely powerful tool for selective neuronal activation/inhibition and dissection of neural circuits. However, a limitation of in vivo optogenetics is that an animal must be tethered to an optical fiber for delivery of light. Here, we describe a new method for in vivo, optogenetic inhibition of neural activity using an internal, animal-generated light source based on firefly luciferase. Two adeno-associated viruses encoding luciferase were tested and both produced concentration-dependent light after administration of the substrate, luciferin. Mice were co-infected with halorhodopsin- and luciferase-expressing viruses in the striatum, and luciferin administration significantly reduced Fos activity compared to control animals infected with halorhodopsin only. Recordings of neuronal activity in behaving animals confirmed that firing was greatly reduced after luciferin administration. Finally, amphetamine-induced locomotor activity was reduced in halorhodopsin/luciferase mice pre-injected with luciferin compared to controls. This demonstrates that virally encoded luciferase is able to generate sufficient light to activate halorhodopsin and suppress neural activity and change behavior. This approach could be used to generate inhibition in response to activation of specific molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Land
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Catherine E Brayton
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kara E Furman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zoe Lapalombara
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ralph J Dileone
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
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Land BB, Narayanan NS, Liu RJ, Gianessi CA, Brayton CE, Grimaldi DM, Sarhan M, Guarnieri DJ, Deisseroth K, Aghajanian GK, DiLeone RJ. Medial prefrontal D1 dopamine neurons control food intake. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:248-53. [PMID: 24441680 PMCID: PMC3968853 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although the prefrontal cortex influences motivated behavior, its role in food intake remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate a role for D1-type dopamine receptor-expressing neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the regulation of feeding. Food intake increases activity in D1 neurons of the mPFC in mice, and optogenetic photostimulation of D1 neurons increases feeding. Conversely, inhibition of D1 neurons decreases intake. Stimulation-based mapping of prefrontal D1 neuron projections implicates the medial basolateral amygdala (mBLA) as a downstream target of these afferents. mBLA neurons activated by prefrontal D1 stimulation are CaMKII positive and closely juxtaposed to prefrontal D1 axon terminals. Finally, photostimulating these axons in the mBLA is sufficient to increase feeding, recapitulating the effects of mPFC D1 stimulation. These data describe a new circuit for top-down control of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Land
- Department of Psychiatry and Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nandakumar S Narayanan
- 1] Department of Psychiatry and Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. [2] Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Rong-Jian Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carol A Gianessi
- Department of Psychiatry and Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Catherine E Brayton
- Department of Psychiatry and Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - David M Grimaldi
- Department of Psychiatry and Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Maysa Sarhan
- Department of Psychiatry and Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Douglas J Guarnieri
- 1] Department of Psychiatry and Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. [2] Present address: Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- 1] Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - George K Aghajanian
- Department of Psychiatry and Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ralph J DiLeone
- Department of Psychiatry and Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Tellez LA, Ferreira JG, Medina S, Land BB, DiLeone RJ, de Araujo IE. Flavor-independent maintenance, extinction, and reinstatement of fat self-administration in mice. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:851-9. [PMID: 23587200 PMCID: PMC3646714 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting evidence suggests that overeating may be conceptualized within the same behavioral and neurobiological framework as drug addiction. One potentially important difference between overeating versus drug abuse refers to the sensory stimulation of oral receptors by palatable foods, a feature that may be required for reinforcement during intake. Likewise, postingestive effects and caloric content of food also contribute to reinforcing behavior and might influence the development of compulsive eating behavior. The purpose of the current study was to establish whether intragastric self-administration of fat emulsions, that is, bypassing the oral cavity, recapitulates some of the behavioral and neurobiological hallmarks of psychostimulant self-administration. METHODS We used behavioral assays in mice to assess acquisition, maintenance, extinction, and reinstatement of intragastric self-administration of lipid emulsions to determine the extent to which postoral fat self-administration recapitulates psychostimulant self-administration. Striatal dopamine efflux during behavioral tasks was determined by brain microdialysis coupled to chromatographic-electrochemical analyses. RESULTS We show that in direct analogy to drug self-administration, 1) decreases in fat dose concentration were met with compensatory increases in response rates aimed at maintaining constant hourly caloric intake; 2) rates of responding markedly increased during both extinction and progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement; and 3) elevations in striatal dopamine levels observed during maintenance were markedly attenuated during extinction sessions, only to be restored on reinstatement. CONCLUSIONS Our data thus support the contention that stimulation of oral receptors by caloric foods may not be required for the expression of certain addiction-related neurobehavioral markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Tellez
- The John B Pierce Laboratory, New Haven CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Jozelia G. Ferreira
- The John B Pierce Laboratory, New Haven CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Sara Medina
- The John B Pierce Laboratory, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Benjamin B. Land
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Ralph J. DiLeone
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA,Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Ivan E. de Araujo
- The John B Pierce Laboratory, New Haven CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA,Corresponding Author: Ivan E de Araujo, DPhil, The John B. Pierce Laboratory & Yale University School of Medicine, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven CT 06519, USA, Phone: +1 (203) 5629901 x204, Fax: +1 (203) 6244950,
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Abstract
A recent paper in Nature (Lim et al., 2012) describes the effects of melanocortin receptors in the nucleus accumbens. The studies connect a hypothalamic peptide system with brain reward centers and show effects on specific neuronal populations and behavioral components of mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Land
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Bruchas MR, Schindler AG, Shankar H, Messinger DI, Miyatake M, Land BB, Lemos JC, Hagan CE, Neumaier JF, Quintana A, Palmiter RD, Chavkin C. Selective p38α MAPK deletion in serotonergic neurons produces stress resilience in models of depression and addiction. Neuron 2011; 71:498-511. [PMID: 21835346 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maladaptive responses to stress adversely affect human behavior, yet the signaling mechanisms underlying stress-responsive behaviors remain poorly understood. Using a conditional gene knockout approach, the α isoform of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was selectively inactivated by AAV1-Cre-recombinase infection in specific brain regions or by promoter-driven excision of p38α MAPK in serotonergic neurons (by Slc6a4-Cre or ePet1-Cre) or astrocytes (by Gfap-CreERT2). Social defeat stress produced social avoidance (a model of depression-like behaviors) and reinstatement of cocaine preference (a measure of addiction risk) in wild-type mice, but not in mice having p38α MAPK selectively deleted in serotonin-producing neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus. Stress-induced activation of p38α MAPK translocated the serotonin transporter to the plasma membrane and increased the rate of transmitter uptake at serotonergic nerve terminals. These findings suggest that stress initiates a cascade of molecular and cellular events in which p38α MAPK induces a hyposerotonergic state underlying depression-like and drug-seeking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Bruchas MR, Land BB, Lemos JC, Chavkin C. CRF1-R activation of the dynorphin/kappa opioid system in the mouse basolateral amygdala mediates anxiety-like behavior. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8528. [PMID: 20052275 PMCID: PMC2795205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is a complex human experience and having both rewarding and aversive motivational properties. The adverse effects of stress are well documented, yet many of underlying mechanisms remain unclear and controversial. Here we report that the anxiogenic properties of stress are encoded by the endogenous opioid peptide dynorphin acting in the basolateral amygdala. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we found that the anxiogenic-like effects of Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF) were triggered by CRF1-R activation of the dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system. Central CRF administration significantly reduced the percent open-arm time in the elevated plus maze (EPM). The reduction in open-arm time was blocked by pretreatment with the KOR antagonist norbinaltorphimine (norBNI), and was not evident in mice lacking the endogenous KOR ligand dynorphin. The CRF1-R agonist stressin 1 also significantly reduced open-arm time in the EPM, and this decrease was blocked by norBNI. In contrast, the selective CRF2-R agonist urocortin III did not affect open arm time, and mice lacking CRF2-R still showed an increase in anxiety-like behavior in response to CRF injection. However, CRF2-R knockout animals did not develop CRF conditioned place aversion, suggesting that CRF1-R activation may mediate anxiety and CRF2-R may encode aversion. Using a phosphoselective antibody (KORp) to identify sites of dynorphin action, we found that CRF increased KORp-immunoreactivity in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) of wildtype, but not in mice pretreated with the selective CRF1-R antagonist, antalarmin. Consistent with the concept that acute stress or CRF injection-induced anxiety was mediated by dynorphin release in the BLA, local injection of norBNI blocked the stress or CRF-induced increase in anxiety-like behavior; whereas norBNI injection in a nearby thalamic nucleus did not. The intersection of stress-induced CRF and the dynorphin/KOR system in the BLA was surprising, and these results suggest that CRF and dynorphin/KOR systems may coordinate stress-induced anxiety behaviors and aversive behaviors via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Bruchas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Benjamin B. Land
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Julia C. Lemos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Charles Chavkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bruchas MR, Land BB, Chavkin C. The dynorphin/kappa opioid system as a modulator of stress-induced and pro-addictive behaviors. Brain Res 2009; 1314:44-55. [PMID: 19716811 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 08/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stress is a complex experience that carries both aversive and motivating properties. Chronic stress causes an increase in the risk of depression, is well known to increase relapse of drug seeking behavior, and can adversely impact health. Several brain systems have been demonstrated to be critical in mediating the negative affect associated with stress, and recent evidence directly links the actions of the endogenous opioid neuropeptide dynorphin in modulating mood and increasing the rewarding effects of abused drugs. These results suggest that activation of the dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system is likely to play a major role in the pro-addictive effects of stress. This review explores the relationship between dynorphin and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the induction of dysphoria, the potentiation of drug seeking, and stress-induced reinstatement. We also provide an overview of the signal transduction events responsible for CRF and dynorphin/KOR-dependent behaviors. Understanding the recent work linking activation of CRF and dynorphin/KOR systems and their specific roles in brain stress systems and behavioral models of addiction provides novel insight to neuropeptide systems that regulate affective state.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Bruchas
- University of Washington, Department of Pharmacology, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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McLaughlin JP, Land BB, Li S, Pintar JE, Chavkin C. Prior activation of kappa opioid receptors by U50,488 mimics repeated forced swim stress to potentiate cocaine place preference conditioning. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:787-94. [PMID: 16123754 PMCID: PMC2096772 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Repeated forced-swim stress (FSS) produced analgesia, immobility and potentiation of cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP) in wild-type C57Bl/6 mice, but not in littermates lacking the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) gene. These results were surprising because kappa agonists are known to produce conditioned place aversion and to suppress cocaine-CPP when coadministered with cocaine. The possibility that disruption of the kappa system blocked the stress response by adversely affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary axis was examined by measuring plasma corticosterone levels. However, disruption of the dynorphin/kappa system by gene deletion or receptor antagonism did not reduce the FSS-induced elevation of plasma corticosterone levels. A second explanation for the difference is that kappa receptor activation caused by FSS occurred prior to cocaine conditioning rather than contemporaneously. To test this hypothesis, we measured the effects of the kappa agonist (trans)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl]benzeneacetamide (U50,488) administered to mice at various intervals preceding cocaine conditioning. The results showed that the interaction between the kappa system and cocaine reinforcement depended on the timing of the drug pairing. Mice given U50,488 60 min prior to cocaine showed a robust, nor-BNI-sensitive potentiation of cocaine-CPP, whereas administration 15 min before cocaine significantly suppressed cocaine-CPP. In the absence of cocaine, U50,488 given 60 min prior to saline conditioning produced no place preference, whereas administration 15 min before saline conditioning produced significant place aversion. The results of this study suggest that kappa receptor activation induced by FSS prior to the cocaine-conditioning session may be both necessary and sufficient for potentiation of the reinforcing actions of cocaine.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/pharmacology
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Cocaine/pharmacology
- Conditioning, Operant/drug effects
- Drug Interactions
- Enkephalins/deficiency
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/genetics
- Pain Measurement/methods
- Protein Precursors/deficiency
- Reaction Time/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/deficiency
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Stress, Physiological/etiology
- Stress, Physiological/prevention & control
- Swimming
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay P McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benjamin B Land
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John E Pintar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UMDNJ, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Charles Chavkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- *Correspondence: Dr C Chavkin, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Box 357280, Seattle, WA 98195-7280, USA, Tel: +1 206 543 4266, Fax: +1 206 685 3822, E-mail:
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