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Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals immunoregulation mechanism of lncRNA-mRNA in gill and skin of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) in response to Cryptocaryon irritans infection. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:206. [PMID: 35287569 PMCID: PMC8922914 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08431-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptocaryonosis caused by Cryptocaryon irritans is one of the major diseases of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), which lead to massive economic losses annually to the aquaculture industry of L. crocea. Although there have been some studies on the pathogenesis for cryptocaryonosis, little is known about the innate defense mechanism of different immune organs of large yellow croaker. Results In order to analyze the roles of long non-coding RNAs and genes specifically expressed between immune organs during the infection of C. irritans, in this study, by comparing transcriptome data from different tissues of L. crocea, we identified tissue-specific transcripts in the gills and skin, including 507 DE lncRNAs and 1592 DEGs identified in the gills, and 110 DE lncRNAs and 1160 DEGs identified in the skin. Furthermore, we constructed transcriptome co-expression profiles of L. crocea gill and skin, including 7,503 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and 23,172 protein-coding genes. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses showed that the DEGs and the target genes of the DE lncRNAs in the gill were specifically enriched in several pathways related to immune such as HIF-1 signaling pathway. The target genes of DE lncRNAs and DEGs in the skin are specifically enriched in the complement and coagulation cascade pathways. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis identified 3 hub genes including NFKBIA, TNFAIP3 and CEBPB, and 5 important DE lncRNAs including MSTRG.24134.4, MSTRG.3038.5, MSTRG.27019.3, MSTRG.26559.1, and MSTRG.10983.1. The expression patterns of 6 randomly selected differentially expressed immune-related genes were validated using the quantitative real-time PCR method. Conclusions In short, our study is helpful to explore the potential interplay between lncRNAs and protein coding genes in different tissues of L. crocea post C. irritans and the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis for cryptocaryonosis. Highlights Skin and gills are important sources of pro-inflammatory molecules,
and their gene expression patterns are tissue-specific after C. irritans infection. 15 DEGs and 5 DE
lncRNAs were identified as hub regulatory elements after C. irritans infection The HIF-1 signaling
pathway and the complement and coagulation cascade pathway may be key
tissue-specific regulatory pathways in gills and skin, respectively.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08431-w.
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Kitani Y, Osaka Y, Ishizaki S. Seawater activates l-amino acid oxidase from the serum of the red-spotted grouper Epinephelusakaara. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 120:222-232. [PMID: 34838986 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
l-amino acid oxidases (LAOs) catalyze the oxidative deamination of l-amino acid and generate α-keto acid, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide as byproducts. LAOs showed the variety of bioactivity by the resulting hydrogen peroxide. The serum of the red-spotted grouper Epinephelus akaara contains an LAO (Ea-LAO) with the potential to kill bacterial pathogens Aeromonas salmonicida and Vibrio anguillarum via hydrogen peroxide. However, it is unknown how the grouper tolerates the harmful effects of the serum Ea-LAO byproducts. In this study, we analyzed the kinetics of fish LAOs to understand how they escape the toxicity of byproducts. The LAO activity of grouper serum was suppressed in low-salt solutions such as NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, and diluted seawater. The activity was non-linearly increased and fitted to the four-parameter log-logistic model. The EC50 of the seawater was calculated to have a 0.72-fold concentration. This result suggested that the Ea-LAO could be activated by mixing with seawater. The results of circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that the α helix content was estimated to be 12.1% and 5.3% in a salt-free buffer (inactive condition) and the original concentration of seawater (active condition), respectively, indicating that the secondary structure of the Ea-LAO in the active condition was randomized. In addition, the Ea-LAO showed reversible LAO activity regulation according to the salt concentration in the environment. Taken together, this indicates that the Ea-LAO is normally on standby as an inactive form, and it could activate as a host-defense molecule to avoid pathogen invasion via a wound when mixed with seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Kitani
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi Mu 4-1, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan.
| | - Yuto Osaka
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi Mu 4-1, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Ishizaki
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
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3
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Heß MC, Grollius M, Duhay V, Koopmeiners S, Bloess S, Fischer von Mollard G. Analysis of N-glycosylation in fungal l-amino acid oxidases expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1224. [PMID: 34459552 PMCID: PMC8364938 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
l-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) catalyze the oxidative deamination of l-amino acids to corresponding α-keto acids. Here, we describe the heterologous expression of four fungal LAAOs in Pichia pastoris. cgLAAO1 from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and ncLAAO1 from Neurospora crassa were able to convert substrates not recognized by recombinant 9His-hcLAAO4 from the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum described earlier thereby broadening the substrate spectrum for potential applications. 9His-frLAAO1 from Fibroporia radiculosa and 9His-laLAAO2 from Laccaria amethystine were obtained only in low amounts. All four enzymes were N-glycosylated. We generated mutants of 9His-hcLAAO4 lacking N-glycosylation sites to further understand the effects of N-glycosylation. All four predicted N-glycosylation sites were glycosylated in 9His-hcLAAO4 expressed in P. pastoris. Enzymatic activity was similar for fully glycosylated 9His-hcLAAO4 and variants without one or all N-glycosylation sites after acid activation of all samples. However, activity without acid treatment was low in a variant without N-glycans. This was caused by the absence of a hypermannosylated N-glycan on asparagine residue N54. The lack of one or all of the other N-glycans was without effect. Our results demonstrate that adoption of a more active conformation requires a specific N-glycosylation during biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Christian Heß
- Biochemistry IIIDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Marvin Grollius
- Biochemistry IIIDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Valentin Duhay
- Biochemistry IIIDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Simon Koopmeiners
- Biochemistry IIIDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Svenja Bloess
- Biochemistry IIIDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
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4
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Leu JH, Tsai CH, Yang CH, Chou HY, Wang HC. Identification and characterization of l-amino acid oxidase 2 gene in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 120:104058. [PMID: 33657430 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, l-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) have been identified in several fish species as first-line defense molecules against bacterial infection. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of a fish LAAO gene, EcLAAO2, from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). The full-length cDNA is 3030 bp, with an ORF encoding a protein of 511 amino acids. EcLAAO2 is mainly expressed in the fin, gill, and intestine. Its expression is upregulated in several immune organs after challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and poly (I:C). The recombinant EcLAAO2 protein (rEcLAAO2), expressed and purified from a baculovirus expression system, was determined to be a glycosylated dimer. According to a hydrogen peroxide-production assay, the recombinant protein was identified as having LAAO enzyme activity with substrate preference for L-Phe and L-Trp, but not L-Lys as other known fish LAAOs. rEcLAAO2 could effectively inhibit the growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis while exhibiting less effective inhibition of the growth of Escherichia coli. Finally, protein models based on sequence homology were constructed to predict the three-dimensional structure of EcLAAO2 as well as to explain the difference in substrate specificity between EcLAAO2 and other reported fish LAAOs. In conclusion, this study identifies EcLAAO2 as a novel fish LAAO with a substrate preference distinct from other known fish LAAOs and reveals that it may function against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiann-Horng Leu
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC; Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chi-Hang Tsai
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Hsun Yang
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Yiu Chou
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hao-Ching Wang
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC; International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
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5
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Kasai K, Nakano M, Ohishi M, Nakamura T, Miura T. Antimicrobial properties of L-amino acid oxidase: biochemical features and biomedical applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4819-4832. [PMID: 34106313 PMCID: PMC8188536 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Mucus layer that covers the body surface of various animal functions as a defense barrier against microbes, environmental xenobiotics, and predators. Previous studies have reported that L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO), present in several animal fluids, has potent properties against pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites. LAAO catalyzes the oxidative deamination of specific L-amino acids with the generation of hydrogen peroxide and L-amino acid metabolites. Further, the generated hydrogen peroxide is involved in oxidation (direct effect) while the metabolites activate immune responses (indirect effect). Therefore, LAAO exhibits two different mechanisms of bioactivation. Previously, we described the selective, specific, and local oxidative and potent antibacterial actions of various LAAOs as potential therapeutic strategies. In this review, we focus on their biochemical features, enzymatic regulations, and biomedical applications with a view of describing their probable role as biochemical agents and biomarkers for microbial infections, cancer, and autoimmune-mediated diseases. We consider that LAAOs hold implications in biomedicine owing to their antimicrobial activity wherein they can be used in treatment of infectious diseases and as diagnostic biomarkers in the above-mentioned diseased conditions. Key points •Focus on biochemical features, enzymatic regulation, and biomedical applications of LAAOs. •Mechanisms of antimicrobial activity, inflammatory regulation, and immune responses of LAAOs. •Potential biomedical application as an antimicrobial and anti-infection agent, and disease biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kasai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1, Hon-cho, 036-8564, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Manabu Nakano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1, Hon-cho, 036-8564, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | | | - Toshiya Nakamura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1, Hon-cho, 036-8564, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Tomisato Miura
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1, Hon-cho, 036-8564, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan.
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6
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Huang Y, Han X, Peng H, Li A, Li R. Expression profile of the fish immune enzyme l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) after Streptococcus agalactiae infection in zebrafish (Danio rerio). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:104040. [PMID: 33561521 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) is a recently discovered novel fish immune enzyme. To explore the role of LAAO in the immune system of bony fishes, we cloned the full-length coding sequence (CDS) of LAAO of the zebrafish Danio rerio (ZF-LAAO), conducted bioinformatics analysis of ZF-LAAO, and analyzed its expression profile in zebrafish infected with the pathogen Streptococcus agalactiae. The CDS of ZF-LAAO was 1,515 base pairs long, and the encoded protein of ZF-LAAO contained an 18 amino acid signal peptide. ZF-LAAO contained the conserved domains of the LAAO family (dinucleotide binding motif and GG-motif), 2 N-glycosylation sites, and 2 O-glycosylation sites, and it was a stable hydrophilic exocrine protein. Similarity of the amino acid sequence of ZF-LAAO with LAAOs of 14 other bony fish species was >50% in all cases. The greatest similarity (79.45%) was with the LAAO of Anabarilius grahami, and these two LAAOs were grouped together in the phylogenetic tree. In wild-type zebrafish infected with S. agalactiae, changes in ZF-LAAO gene (zflaao) expression occurred mainly in the early stage of infection, and the changes in zflaao expression were more pronounced than those of the immune enzyme lysozyme (LYZ). The expression levels of both LYZ gene of zebrafish (zflyz) and zflaao were significantly elevated at 6 h after infection (p < 0.001), but zflyz expression in the spleen decreased at 12 h whereas zflaao expression in the liver and spleen peaked at 12 h. These results provided a reference for functional studies of the novel immune enzyme LAAO in bony fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Huang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Huan Peng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Anxing Li
- Key Laboratory for Aquatic Products Safety of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruijun Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.
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7
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Kitani Y, Nagashima Y. l-Amino acid oxidase as a fish host-defense molecule. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:685-690. [PMID: 32822860 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An l-amino acid oxidase (LAO) is an amino acid metabolism enzyme that also performs a variety of biological activities. Recently, LAOs have been discovered to be deeply involved in innate immunity in fish because of their antibacterial and antiparasitic activity. The determinant of potent antibacterial/antiparasitic activity is the H2O2 byproduct of LAO enzymatic activity that utilizes the l-amino acid as a substrate. In addition, fish LAOs are upregulated by pathogenic bacteria or parasite infection. Furthermore, some fish LAOs show that the target specificity depends on the virulence of the bacteria. All results reflect that LAOs are new innate immune molecules. This review also describes the potential of the immunomodulatory functions of fish LAOs, not only the innate immune function by a direct oxidation attack of H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Kitani
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi Mu 4-1 Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan.
| | - Yuji Nagashima
- Department of Agro-Food Science, Niigata Agro-Food University, Hirakidai 2416, Tainai, Niigata, 995-2702, Japan
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8
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Metal coordination by L-amino acid oxidase derived from flounder Platichthys stellatus is structurally essential and regulates antibacterial activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9645-9654. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Heß MC, Bloess S, Risse JM, Friehs K, Fischer von Mollard G. Recombinant expression of an l-amino acid oxidase from the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum in Pichia pastoris including fermentation. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1112. [PMID: 32852125 PMCID: PMC7568252 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
l‐amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) are flavoenzymes that catalyze the oxidative deamination of l‐amino acids to the corresponding α‐keto acids, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide. Here, we show the overexpression, purification, and the characterization of LAAO4 from the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum in the yeast Pichia pastoris with a 9His‐tag and compare this with the recently characterized 6His‐hcLAAO4 expressed in E. coli. The expression of the enzyme with an ER‐signal sequence in P. pastoris resulted in a glycosylated, secreted protein. The enzymatic activity without activation was higher after expression in P. pastoris compared to E. coli. Due to treatment with acidic pH, a striking increase of activity could be detected for both expression systems resulting in similar specific activities after acid activation. Regarding the substrate spectrum, temperature stability, Km, and vmax values, hcLAAO4 showed very few differences when produced in these two expression systems. A higher yield of hcLAAO4 could be obtained by fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Christian Heß
- Biochemistry III, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Svenja Bloess
- Biochemistry III, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Joe Max Risse
- Fermentation Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl Friehs
- Fermentation Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Wang LY, Liu ZX, Zhao LM, Huang LX, Qin YX, Su YQ, Zheng WQ, Wang F, Yan QP. Dual RNA-seq provides novel insight into the roles of dksA from Pseudomonas plecoglossicida in pathogen-host interactions with large yellow croakers ( Larimichthys crocea). Zool Res 2020; 41:410-422. [PMID: 32521576 PMCID: PMC7340521 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is a rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium with flagella. It causes visceral white spot disease and high mortality in Larimichthys crocea during culture, resulting in serious economic loss. Analysis of transcriptome and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) data showed that dksA gene expression was significantly up-regulated after 48 h of infection with Epinephelus coioides (log 2FC=3.12, P<0.001). RNAi of five shRNAs significantly reduced the expression of dksA in P. plecoglossicida, and the optimal silencing efficiency was 96.23%. Compared with wild-type strains, the symptoms of visceral white spot disease in L. crocea infected with RNAi strains were reduced, with time of death delayed by 48 h and mortality reduced by 25%. The dksA silencing led to a substantial down-regulation in cellular component-, flagellum-, and ribosome assembly-related genes in P. plecoglossicida, and the significant up-regulation of fliC may be a way in which virulence is maintained in P. plecoglossicida. The GO and KEGG results showed that RNAi strain infection in L. crocea led to the down-regulation of inflammatory factor genes in immune-related pathways, which were associated with multiple immune response processes. Results also showed that dksA was a virulence gene in P. plecoglossicida. Compared with the wild-type strains, RNAi strain infection induced a weaker immune response in L. crocea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Ying Wang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Zi-Xu Liu
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Ling-Min Zhao
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Li-Xing Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Ying-Xue Qin
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Yong-Quan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde Fufa Aquatic Products Co., Ltd., Ningde, Fujian 352000, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde Fufa Aquatic Products Co., Ltd., Ningde, Fujian 352000, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Fujian Provincial Fishery Technical Extension Center, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, China
| | - Qing-Pi Yan
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde Fufa Aquatic Products Co., Ltd., Ningde, Fujian 352000, China. E-mail:
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11
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Ullah A. Structure-Function Studies and Mechanism of Action of Snake Venom L-Amino Acid Oxidases. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:110. [PMID: 32158389 PMCID: PMC7052187 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom L-amino acid oxidases (SV-LAAOs) are the least studied venom enzymes. These enzymes catalyze the stereospecific oxidation of an L-amino acid to their corresponding α-keto acid with the liberation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ammonia (NH3). They display various pathological and physiological activities including induction of apoptosis, edema, platelet aggregation/inhibition, hemorrhagic, and anticoagulant activities. They also show antibacterial, antiviral and leishmanicidal activity and have been used as therapeutic agents in some disease conditions like cancer and anti-HIV drugs. Although the crystal structures of six SV-LAAOs are present in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), there is no single article that describes all of them in particular. To better understand their structural properties and correlate it with their function, the current work describes structure characterization, structure-based mechanism of catalysis, inhibition and substrate specificity of SV-LAAOs. Sequence analysis indicates a high sequence identity (>84%) among SV-LAAOs, comparatively lower sequence identity with Pig kidney D-amino acid oxidase (<50%) and very low sequence identity (<24%) with bacterial LAAOs, Fugal (L-lysine oxidase), and Zea mays Polyamine oxidase (PAAO). The three-dimensional structure of these enzymes are composed of three-domains, a FAD-binding domain, a substrate-binding domain and a helical domain. The sequence and structural analysis indicate that the amino acid residues in the loops vary in length and composition due to which the surface charge distribution also varies that may impart variable substrate specificity to these enzymes. The active site cavity volume and its average depth also vary in these enzymes. The inhibition of these enzymes by synthetic inhibitors will lead to the production of more potent antivenoms against snakebite envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Ullah
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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12
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Bloess S, Beuel T, Krüger T, Sewald N, Dierks T, Fischer von Mollard G. Expression, characterization, and site-specific covalent immobilization of an L-amino acid oxidase from the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2229-2241. [PMID: 30631897 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-09609-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
L-Amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) are flavoproteins, which use oxygen to deaminate L-amino acids and produce the corresponding α-keto acids, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide. Here we describe the heterologous expression of LAAO4 from the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum without signal sequence as fusion protein with a 6His tag in Escherichia coli and its purification. 6His-hcLAAO4 could be activated by exposure to acidic pH, the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate, or freezing. The enzyme converted 14 proteinogenic L-amino acids with L-glutamine, L-leucine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-lysine being the best substrates. Methyl esters of these L-amino acids were also accepted. Even ethyl esters were converted but with lower activity. Km values were below 1 mM and vmax values between 19 and 39 U mg-1 for the best substrates with the acid-activated enzyme. The information for an N-terminal aldehyde tag was added to the coding sequence. Co-expressed formylglycine-generating enzyme was used to convert a cysteine residue in the aldehyde tag to a Cα-formylglycine residue. The aldehyde tag did not change the properties of the enzyme. Purified Ald-6His-hcLAAO4 was covalently bound to a hexylamine resin via the Cα-formylglycine residue. The immobilized enzyme could be reused repeatedly to generate phenylpyruvate from L-phenylalanine with a total turnover number of 17,600 and was stable for over 40 days at 25 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Bloess
- Biochemie III, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tobias Beuel
- Biochemie I, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tobias Krüger
- Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Dierks
- Biochemie I, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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13
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Jiang S, Qiu L, Wang L, Jia Z, Lv Z, Wang M, Liu C, Xu J, Song L. Transcriptomic and Quantitative Proteomic Analyses Provide Insights Into the Phagocytic Killing of Hemocytes in the Oyster Crassostrea gigas. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1280. [PMID: 29942306 PMCID: PMC6005338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
As invertebrates lack an adaptive immune system, they depend to a large extent on their innate immune system to recognize and clear invading pathogens. Although phagocytes play pivotal roles in invertebrate innate immunity, the molecular mechanisms underlying this killing remain unclear. Cells of this type from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas were classified efficiently in this study via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) based on their phagocytosis of FITC-labeled latex beads. Transcriptomic and quantitative proteomic analyses revealed a series of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and proteins present in phagocytes; of the 352 significantly high expressed proteins identified here within the phagocyte proteome, 262 corresponding genes were similarly high expressed in the transcriptome, while 140 of 205 significantly low expressed proteins within the proteome were transcriptionally low expressed. A pathway crosstalk network analysis of these significantly high expressed proteins revealed that phagocytes were highly activated in a number of antimicrobial-related biological processes, including oxidation–reduction and lysosomal proteolysis processes. A number of DEGs, including oxidase, lysosomal protease, and immune receptors, were also validated in this study using quantitative PCR, while seven lysosomal cysteine proteases, referred to as cathepsin Ls, were significantly high expressed in phagocytes. Results show that the expression level of cathepsin L protein in phagocytes [mean fluorescence intensity (MFI): 327 ± 51] was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than that in non-phagocytic hemocytes (MFI: 83 ± 26), while the cathepsin L protein was colocalized with the phagocytosed Vibrio splendidus in oyster hemocytes during this process. The results of this study collectively suggest that oyster phagocytes possess both potent oxidative killing and microbial disintegration capacities; these findings provide important insights into hemocyte phagocytic killing as a component of C. gigas innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Conghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiachao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
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14
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Jiang B, Wang J, Luo HL, Lu GL, Li YW, Li AX. l-amino acid oxidase expression profile and biochemical responses of rabbitfish (Siganus oramin) after exposure to a high dose of Cryptocaryon irritans. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 69:85-89. [PMID: 28818617 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cryptocaryon irritans is an important protozoan parasite which infects almost all kinds of marine teleosts, causing heavy economic losses. In our previous studies, we found that rabbitfish (Siganus oramin) displayed high resistance to C. irritans infection, and a novel protein, l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO), was identified from the serum that was lethal to C. irritans. In this study, the rabbitfish were firstly infected with a high dose of C. irritans, then the LAAO mRNA expression pattern and the activity of three enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase] were measured in various tissues. The results indicated that, after infection, the feeding and swimming of rabbitfish was normal, and the infection intensity in the host was low. Tissue distribution analysis showed that LAAO mRNA was most pronounced in the head kidney and gill, with lower expression observed in the muscle. After infection with C. irritans, the LAAO mRNA was up-regulated early post infection (from 6 to 24 h) in both gill and spleen, but then returned to normal levels, implying that LAAO may play an important role in the host's early immune response. The SOD activity in the liver was significantly higher in the infection group than in the control group by 48 h post infection, while Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase activities in the gill were decreased by 12 and 24 h after infection; no significant difference was detected at the other time points throughout the experiment. Together, these results suggest that biochemical responses of rabbitfish are relatively mild after infection with a high dose of parasite, and the LAAO may play an important role in the host's defense against C. irritans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial key Lab for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial key Lab for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Heng-Li Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial key Lab for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Ge-Ling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial key Lab for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yan-Wei Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - An-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial key Lab for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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15
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Bordon KCF, Wiezel GA, Cabral H, Arantes EC. Bordonein-L, a new L-amino acid oxidase from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom: isolation, preliminary characterization and enzyme stability. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2015; 21:26. [PMID: 26273287 PMCID: PMC4535778 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-015-0025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Crotalus durissus terrificus venom (CdtV) is one of the most studied snake venoms in Brazil. Despite presenting several well known proteins, its L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) has not been studied previously. This study aimed to isolate, characterize and evaluate the enzyme stability of bordonein-L, an LAAO from CdtV. Methods The enzyme was isolated through cation exchange, gel filtration and affinity chromatography, followed by a reversed-phase fast protein liquid chromatography to confirm its purity. Subsequently, its N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined by Edman degradation. The enzyme activity and stability were evaluated by a microplate colorimetric assay and the molecular mass was estimated by SDS-PAGE using periodic acid-Schiff staining and determined by mass spectrometry. Results The first 39 N-terminal amino acid residues exhibited high identity with other snake venom L-amino acid oxidases. Bordonein-L is a homodimer glycoprotein of approximately 101 kDa evaluated by gel filtration. Its monomer presents around 53 kDa estimated by SDS-PAGE and 58,702 Da determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The enzyme exhibited maximum activity at pH 7.0 and lost about 50 % of its activity after five days of storage at 4 °C. Bordonein-L’s activity was higher than the control when stored in 2.8 % mannitol or 8.5 % sucrose. Conclusions This research is pioneering in its isolation, characterization and enzyme stability evaluation of an LAAO from CdtV, denominated bordonein-L. These results are important because they increase the knowledge about stabilization of LAAOs, aiming to increase their shelf life. Since the maintenance of enzymatic activity after long periods of storage is essential to enable their biotechnological use as well as their functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla C F Bordon
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903 SP Brazil
| | - Gisele A Wiezel
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903 SP Brazil
| | - Hamilton Cabral
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903 SP Brazil
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16
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Kasai K, Ishikawa T, Nakamura T, Miura T. Antibacterial properties of L-amino acid oxidase: mechanisms of action and perspectives for therapeutic applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7847-57. [PMID: 26243056 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Venom, the mucus layer covering the body surface, ink glands, mammary glands, milk, and various animal secretory functions as both a physical and chemical defense barrier against bacteria and virus infections. Previously, several studies reported that L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) present in animal secretary fluids have strong antimicrobial activities and selective cytotoxic activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, various pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasite species. These LAAOs catalyze oxidative deamination of an L-amino acid substrate with the generation of hydrogen peroxide. The antibacterial activity of LAAOs is completely inhibited by catalase; thus, LAAOs kill bacteria by the hydrogen peroxide generated from the oxidation of L-amino acid substrates. This review focuses on the selective, specific, and local antibacterial actions of various LAAOs that may be used as novel therapeutic agents against infectious diseases. LAAOs that are suitable leads for combating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections are also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kasai
- Department of Pathologic Analysis, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
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17
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Kitani Y, Fernandes JMO, Kiron V. Identification of the Atlantic cod L-amino acid oxidase and its alterations following bacterial exposure. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 50:116-120. [PMID: 25681742 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial factors that are present in epidermal mucus of fish have a potential role in the first line of host defence to bacterial pathogens. This study reports the identification of L-amino acid oxidase (LAO) in Atlantic cod (GmLao) and the changes in the molecule following bacterial exposure. The gmlao transcripts and LAO activity were present on both the body surface and in the internal organs of the fish. Relative mRNA level of gmlao increased significantly in the gills, the spleen and the head kidney (up to 8-fold) of fish that were challenged with the pathogen Vibrio anguillarum. The gmlao expression in skin was 4-fold higher in challenged fish. Our data indicate that LAO may be an important effector of antibacterial defence in Atlantic cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Kitani
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, 8049 Bodø, Norway.
| | - Jorge M O Fernandes
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, 8049 Bodø, Norway
| | - Viswanath Kiron
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, 8049 Bodø, Norway
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18
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Kasai K, Hashiguchi K, Takahashi H, Kasai A, Takeda S, Nakano M, Ishikawa T, Nakamura T, Miura T. Recombinant production and evaluation of an antibacterial L-amino acid oxidase derived from flounder Platichthys stellatus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:6693-703. [PMID: 25661816 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fish produce mucus substances as a defensive outer barrier against several bacterial infections. We have recently identified an antibacterial L-amino acid oxidase (psLAAO1) in the mucus layer of the flounder Platichthys stellate. In this study, the antibacterial protein psLAAO1 was expressed as a secretory bioactive recombinant protein in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The recombinant psLAAO1 inhibited the growth of bacteria to the same levels as native psLAAO1 present in mucus. In particular, Staphylococci and Yersinia were strongly suppressed, showing the highest growth retardation of the 21 species and strains tested. Moreover, Staphylococcus epidermidis was most sensitive to psLAAO1 with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.078 μg/mL, whereas Escherichia coli was essentially resistant to psLAAO1 with a MIC of >10 μg/mL. Interestingly, psLAAO1-treated E. coli were found to upregulate the expression of the btuE gene, which encodes glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The biochemical function of GPx is to reduce free hydrogen peroxide and is induced under response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, E. coli confers resistance to the reduced free hydrogen peroxide produced by psLAAO1 by increasing GPx levels. Furthermore, the growth of Staphylococcus aureus was completely inhibited in the presence of recombinant psLAAO1. The morphology of psLAAO1-treated S. aureus showed cell surface damage, the formation of large aggregates and the cells showed severe deformations. Western blot analysis showed that psLAAO1 binds to the surface of S. aureus. Therefore, psLAAO1 binds to the surface of LAAO-sensitive S. aureus and directs peroxidative activity at the surface of the bacterial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kasai
- Department of Pathologic Analysis, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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19
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Tani Y, Miyake R, Yukami R, Dekishima Y, China H, Saito S, Kawabata H, Mihara H. Functional expression of L-lysine α-oxidase from Scomber japonicus in Escherichia coli for one-pot synthesis of L-pipecolic acid from DL-lysine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:5045-54. [PMID: 25547835 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
L-Pipecolic acid is a key component of biologically active molecules and a pharmaceutically important chiral building block. It can be stereoselectively produced from L-lysine by a two-step bioconversion involving L-lysine α-oxidase and ∆(1)-piperideine-2-carboxylae (Pip2C) reductase. In this study, we focused on an L-lysine α-oxidase from Scomber japonicus that was originally identified as an apoptosis-inducing protein (AIP) and applied the enzyme to one-pot fermentation of L-pipecolic acid in Escherichia coli. A synthetic gene coding for an AIP was expressed in E. coli, and the recombinant enzyme was purified and characterized. The purified enzyme was determined to be a homodimer with a molecular mass of 133.9 kDa. The enzyme essentially exhibited the same substrate specificity as the native enzyme. Optimal temperature and pH for the enzymatic reaction were 70 °C and 7.4, respectively. The enzyme was stable below 60 °C and at a pH range of 5.5-7.5 but was markedly inhibited by Co(2+). To establish a one-pot fermentation system for the synthesis of optically pure L-pipecolic acid from DL-lysine, an E. coli strain carrying a plasmid encoding AIP, Pip2C reductase from Pseudomonas putida, lysine racemase from P. putida, and glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis was constructed. The one-pot process produced 45.1 g/L of L-pipecolic acid (87.4 % yield from DL-lysine) after a 46-h reaction with high optical purity (>99.9 % enantiomeric excess).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Tani
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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20
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Ullah A, Masood R, Spencer PJ, Murakami MT, Arni RK. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of an L-amino-acid oxidase from Lachesis muta venom. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:1556-9. [PMID: 25372830 PMCID: PMC4231865 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14017877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake-venom proteins form multi-component defence systems by the recruitment and rapid evolution of nonvenomous proteins and hence serve as model systems to understand the structural modifications that result in toxicity. L-Amino-acid oxidases (LAAOs) are encountered in a number of snake venoms and have been implicated in the inhibition of platelet aggregation, cytotoxicity, haemolysis, apoptosis and haemorrhage. An L-amino-acid oxidase from Lachesis muta venom has been purified and crystallized. The crystals belonged to space group P2₁, with unit-cell parameters a=66.05, b=79.41, c=100.52 Å, β=96.55°. The asymmetric unit contained two molecules and the structure has been determined and partially refined at 3.0 Å resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Ullah
- Department of Physics, UNESP/IBILCE, Rua Cristovão Colombo 2265, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Rehana Masood
- Department of Physics, UNESP/IBILCE, Rua Cristovão Colombo 2265, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Patrick Jack Spencer
- Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Mário Tyago Murakami
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Raghuvir Krishnaswamy Arni
- Department of Physics, UNESP/IBILCE, Rua Cristovão Colombo 2265, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15054-000, Brazil
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21
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Tani Y, Omatsu K, Saito S, Miyake R, Kawabata H, Ueda M, Mihara H. Heterologous expression of l-lysine α-oxidase from Scomber japonicus in Pichia pastoris and functional characterization of the recombinant enzyme. J Biochem 2014; 157:201-10. [PMID: 25359785 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish have a complex self-defense mechanism against microbial invasion. Recently, l-lysine α-oxidases have been identified from a number of fish species as a novel type of antibacterial protein in the integument. These enzymes exhibit strict substrate specificity for l-lysine, but the underlying mechanisms and details of their catalytic properties remain unknown. In this study, a synthetic gene coding for Scomber japonicus l-lysine α-oxidase, originally termed AIP (for apoptosis-inducing protein), was expressed in Pichia pastoris, and the recombinant enzyme (rAIP) was purified and characterized. rAIP exhibited essentially the same substrate specificity as the native enzyme, catalyzing the oxidative deamination of l-lysine as an exclusive substrate. rAIP was N-glycosylated and remained active over a wide range of pH, with an optimal pH of 7.5. The enzyme was stable in the pH range from 4.5 to 10.0 and was thermally stable up to 60°C. A molecular modelling of rAIP and a comparative structure/sequence analysis with homologous enzymes indicate that Asp(220) and Asp(320) are the substrate-binding residues that are likely to confer exclusive substrate specificity for l-lysine on the fish enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Tani
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; R-GIRO, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; Mitsubishi Chemical Group Science and Technology Research Center, Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan; and API Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; R-GIRO, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; Mitsubishi Chemical Group Science and Technology Research Center, Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan; and API Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan
| | - Koichiro Omatsu
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; R-GIRO, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; Mitsubishi Chemical Group Science and Technology Research Center, Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan; and API Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeki Saito
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; R-GIRO, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; Mitsubishi Chemical Group Science and Technology Research Center, Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan; and API Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; R-GIRO, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; Mitsubishi Chemical Group Science and Technology Research Center, Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan; and API Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan
| | - Ryoma Miyake
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; R-GIRO, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; Mitsubishi Chemical Group Science and Technology Research Center, Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan; and API Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; R-GIRO, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; Mitsubishi Chemical Group Science and Technology Research Center, Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan; and API Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawabata
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; R-GIRO, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; Mitsubishi Chemical Group Science and Technology Research Center, Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan; and API Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; R-GIRO, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; Mitsubishi Chemical Group Science and Technology Research Center, Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan; and API Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan
| | - Makoto Ueda
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; R-GIRO, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; Mitsubishi Chemical Group Science and Technology Research Center, Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan; and API Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Mihara
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; R-GIRO, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; Mitsubishi Chemical Group Science and Technology Research Center, Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan; and API Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan
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Nagaoka K, Zhang H, Arakuni M, Taya K, Watanabe G. Low expression of the antibacterial factor L-amino acid oxidase in bovine mammary gland. Anim Sci J 2014; 85:976-80. [PMID: 24961772 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the mouse, L-amino acid oxidase (LAO) produces hydrogen peroxide by utilizing free amino acids and is a proven antibacterial factor in mammary glands. Mastitis, a bacterial infection of the mammary gland, is the most frequent disease in dairy cattle. Here, we investigate whether LAO is expressed in the mammary gland of dairy cattle and is antibacterial. In dairy cattle, the expression level of LAO mRNA in the mammary gland was considerably lower than that in mice, and LAO activity was not observed in cattle milk that produced hydrogen peroxide. The expression of LAO mRNA was also low in Japanese Black cattle, the same as in Holstein cattle. A higher LAO mRNA expression was observed in the mastitis glands than in the lactating glands. Furthermore, spleen and lymph nodes expressed high levels of LAO mRNA in dairy cattle. We conclude that mammary glands in dairy cattle have lower ability to express the LAO gene compared to that in mice, which may result in a high incidence of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Nagaoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
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23
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Izidoro LFM, Sobrinho JC, Mendes MM, Costa TR, Grabner AN, Rodrigues VM, da Silva SL, Zanchi FB, Zuliani JP, Fernandes CFC, Calderon LA, Stábeli RG, Soares AM. Snake venom L-amino acid oxidases: trends in pharmacology and biochemistry. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:196754. [PMID: 24738050 PMCID: PMC3971498 DOI: 10.1155/2014/196754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidases are enzymes found in several organisms, including venoms of snakes, where they contribute to the toxicity of ophidian envenomation. Their toxicity is primarily due to enzymatic activity, but other mechanisms have been proposed recently which require further investigation. L-amino acid oxidases exert biological and pharmacological effects, including actions on platelet aggregation and the induction of apoptosis, hemorrhage, and cytotoxicity. These proteins present a high biotechnological potential for the development of antimicrobial, antitumor, and antiprotozoan agents. This review provides an overview of the biochemical properties and pharmacological effects of snake venom L-amino acid oxidases, their structure/activity relationship, and supposed mechanisms of action described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando M. Izidoro
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal e Departamento de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana C. Sobrinho
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Mirian M. Mendes
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal e Departamento de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tássia R. Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Amy N. Grabner
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Veridiana M. Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal e Departamento de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Saulo L. da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Biotecnologia e Engenharia de Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), Campus Altoparaopeba, Ouro Branco, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando B. Zanchi
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana P. Zuliani
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Carla F. C. Fernandes
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A. Calderon
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G. Stábeli
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M. Soares
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
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de Oliveira Junior NG, e Silva Cardoso MH, Franco OL. Snake venoms: attractive antimicrobial proteinaceous compounds for therapeutic purposes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4645-58. [PMID: 23657358 PMCID: PMC11113393 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gram-positive and -negative bacteria are dangerous pathogens that may cause human infection diseases, especially due to the increasingly high prevalence of antibiotic resistance, which is becoming one of the most alarming clinical problems. In the search for novel antimicrobial compounds, snake venoms represent a rich source for such compounds, which are produced by specialized glands in the snake's jawbone. Several venom compounds have been used for antimicrobial effects. Among them are phospholipases A2, which hydrolyze phospholipids and could act on bacterial cell surfaces. Moreover, metalloproteinases and L-amino acid oxidases, which represent important enzyme classes with antimicrobial properties, are investigated in this study. Finally, antimicrobial peptides from multiple classes are also found in snake venoms and will be mentioned. All these molecules have demonstrated an interesting alternative for controlling microorganisms that are resistant to conventional antibiotics, contributing in medicine due to their differential mechanisms of action and versatility. In this review, snake venom antimicrobial compounds will be focused on, including their enormous biotechnological applications for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Gomes de Oliveira Junior
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia UCB, Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF Brazil
- Programa em Biologia Animal, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF CEP 70910-900 Brazil
| | - Marlon Henrique e Silva Cardoso
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia UCB, Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF Brazil
| | - Octavio Luiz Franco
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia UCB, Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF Brazil
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25
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Kitani Y, Toyooka K, Endo M, Ishizaki S, Nagashima Y. Intra-tissue localization of an antibacterial L-amino acid oxidase in the rockfish Sebastes schlegeli. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 39:456-459. [PMID: 23295245 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The rockfish Sebastes schlegeli skin mucus contains a potent antibacterial protein, SSAP (S. schlegeli antibacterial protein), a novel l-amino acid oxidase with strict substrate specificity that acts against water-borne Gram-negative bacteria. We previously demonstrated that SSAP distributes in the skin and gills. Here we investigated the intra-tissue localization of SSAP in the tissues by in situ hybridization. Skin and gill sections were hybridized with digoxigenin-conjugated SSAP-specific RNA probe. SSAP mRNA-positive cells located near the basal membrane of skin epidermis and the gill epithelium. Furthermore, skin section was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and reacted with anti-SSAP antiserum as a primary antibody. The mucus layer and mucous cells in the skin were immunopositive. Skin and gill extracts produced hydrogen peroxide, responsible for antibacterial activity, in the presence of l-lysine. These results suggested that SSAP functions locally as a humoral defense factor in S. schlegeli skin and gills and prevents pathogenic bacterial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Kitani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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Long Y, Li Q, Zhou B, Song G, Li T, Cui Z. De novo assembly of mud loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) skin transcriptome to identify putative genes involved in immunity and epidermal mucus secretion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56998. [PMID: 23437293 PMCID: PMC3577766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish skin serves as the first line of defense against a wide variety of chemical, physical and biological stressors. Secretion of mucus is among the most prominent characteristics of fish skin and numerous innate immune factors have been identified in the epidermal mucus. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the mucus secretion and immune activities of fish skin remain largely unclear due to the lack of genomic and transcriptomic data for most economically important fish species. In this study, we characterized the skin transcriptome of mud loach using Illumia paired-end sequencing. A total of 40364 unigenes were assembled from 86.6 million (3.07 gigabases) filtered reads. The mean length, N50 size and maximum length of assembled transcripts were 387, 611 and 8670 bp, respectively. A total of 17336 (43.76%) unigenes were annotated by blast searches against the NCBI non-redundant protein database. Gene ontology mapping assigned a total of 108513 GO terms to 15369 (38.08%) unigenes. KEGG orthology mapping annotated 9337 (23.23%) unigenes. Among the identified KO categories, immune system is the largest category that contains various components of multiple immune pathways such as chemokine signaling, leukocyte transendothelial migration and T cell receptor signaling, suggesting the complexity of immune mechanisms in fish skin. As for mucin biosynthesis, 37 unigenes were mapped to 7 enzymes of the mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis pathway and 8 members of the polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase family were identified. Additionally, 38 unigenes were mapped to 23 factors of the SNARE interactions in vesicular transport pathway, indicating that the activity of this pathway is required for the processes of epidermal mucus storage and release. Moreover, 1754 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected in 1564 unigenes and dinucleotide repeats represented the most abundant type. These findings have laid the foundation for further understanding the secretary processes and immune functions of loach skin mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Long
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Bolan Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Guili Song
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Tao Li
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zongbin Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Okubo BM, Silva ON, Migliolo L, Gomes DG, Porto WF, Batista CL, Ramos CS, Holanda HHS, Dias SC, Franco OL, Moreno SE. Evaluation of an antimicrobial L-amino acid oxidase and peptide derivatives from Bothropoides mattogrosensis pitviper venom. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33639. [PMID: 22438972 PMCID: PMC3306279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The prevalence of bacterial resistance to common antibiotics has increased in recent years, highlighting the need to develop novel alternatives for controlling these pathogens. Pitviper venoms are composed of a multifaceted mixture of peptides, proteins and inorganic components. L-amino oxidase (LAO) is a multifunctional enzyme that is able to develop different activities including antibacterial activity. In this study a novel LAO from Bothrops mattogrosensis (BmLAO) was isolated and biochemically characterized. Partial enzyme sequence showed full identity to Bothrops pauloensis LAO. Moreover, LAO here isolated showed remarkable antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, clearly suggesting a secondary protective function. Otherwise, no cytotoxic activities against macrophages and erythrocytes were observed. Finally, some LAO fragments (BmLAO-f1, BmLAO-f2 and BmLAO-f3) were synthesized and further evaluated, also showing enhanced antimicrobial activity. Peptide fragments, which are the key residues involved in antimicrobial activity, were also structurally studied by using theoretical models. The fragments reported here may be promising candidates in the rational design of new antibiotics that could be used to control resistant microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunna M. Okubo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Osmar N. Silva
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biotecnologia e Genética), Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ludovico Migliolo
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Diego G. Gomes
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - William F. Porto
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Carla L. Batista
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Carmel S. Ramos
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Hortência H. S. Holanda
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Simoni C. Dias
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Octavio L. Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biotecnologia e Genética), Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Susana E. Moreno
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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Ullah A, Coronado M, Murakami MT, Betzel C, Arni RK. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of an L-amino-acid oxidase from Bothrops jararacussu venom. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:211-3. [PMID: 22298002 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111054923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Snake-venom L-amino-acid oxidases (SV-LAAOs) trigger a wide range of local and systematic effects, including inhibition of platelet aggregation, cytotoxicity, haemolysis, apoptosis and haemorrhage. These effects mainly arise from the uncontrolled release of the hydrogen peroxide that is produced by the redox reaction involving L-amino acids catalyzed by these flavoenzymes. Taking their clinical relevance into account, few SV-LAAOs have been structurally characterized and the structural determinants responsible for their broad direct and indirect pharmacological activities remain unclear. In this work, an LAAO from Bothrops jararacussu venom (BJu-LAAO) was purified and crystallized. The BJu-LAAO crystals belonged to space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 66.38, b = 72.19, c = 101.53 Å, β = 90.9°. The asymmetric unit contained two molecules and the structure was determined and partially refined at 3.0 Å resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Ullah
- Centro Multiusuário de Inovação Biomolecular, Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto-SP, Brazil
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Lukasheva EV, Efremova AA, Treshalina EM, Arinbasarova AY, Medentzev AG, Berezov TT. L-Amino acid oxidases: Properties and molecular mechanisms of action. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s199075081104007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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de Melo Alves Paiva R, de Freitas Figueiredo R, Antonucci GA, Paiva HH, de Lourdes Pires Bianchi M, Rodrigues KC, Lucarini R, Caetano RC, Linhari Rodrigues Pietro RC, Gomes Martins CH, de Albuquerque S, Sampaio SV. Cell cycle arrest evidence, parasiticidal and bactericidal properties induced by l-amino acid oxidase from Bothrops atrox snake venom. Biochimie 2011; 93:941-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang F, Li R, Xie M, Li A. The serum of rabbitfish (Siganus oramin) has antimicrobial activity to some pathogenic organisms and a novel serum L-amino acid oxidase is isolated. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:1095-1108. [PMID: 21333741 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The serum of rabbitfish (Siganus oramin) has been confirmed previously to have killing effect to Cryptocaryon irritans, an important marine ciliate protozoan that causes a disease referred to as "marine white spot disease". Herein, we find the serum of the rabbitfish also shows antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and has killing effect on two other parasites: Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Results of scanning electron microscopy indicated that after treating with rabbitfish serum, the surface of the Staphylococcus aureus was wrinkled and pores were formed on the surface of Escherichia coli. Serum of the rabbitfish possesses a strong killing effect to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in vitro, causing a similar effect as to C. irritans. The serum of rabbitfish also showed strong killing effect to T. b. brucei in vitro, with the minimus trypanocidal titre (MTT) only to be 1.5% in 1 h. Results of laser confocal fluorescence microscopy indicated that rabbitfish serum could also induce cell rupture of T. b. brucei. A novel antimicrobial protein (SR-LAAO) was isolated from the serum of rabbitfish by using ultrafiltration, reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Native-PAGE). Results of gel overlay assay showed that the protein could act alone to inhibit the growth of S. aureus and E. coli. Results of western blot and automated Edman degradation showed that it was the same as the antiparasitic protein (APP) reported before to have killing effect on C. irritans. Full length cDNA sequence of the SR-LAAO was cloned. BLAST research suggested that the cDNA of SR-LAAO has a close similarity with a number of L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) and possesses two conserved motifs that exist in LAAOs. Combined, these results demonstrate that this protein which has antimicrobial activity to some pathogenic organisms was a novel LAAO found in the serum of rabbitfish. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated tissue specific expression and localization of SR-LAAO in the spleen, kidney, gill and blood of the rabbitfish, but was not found in other tissues. These results suggest that this protein may contribute considerably to the host non-specific immune defense mechanism to combat microbes of the rabbitfish and has the potency for using in future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghua Wang
- Key Laboratory for Aquatic Products Safety of Ministry of Education/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang West Road, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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Alves RM, Feliciano PR, Sampaio SV, Nonato MC. A rational protocol for the successful crystallization of L-amino-acid oxidase from Bothrops atrox. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:475-8. [PMID: 21505245 PMCID: PMC3080154 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111003770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Despite the valuable contributions of robotics and high-throughput approaches to protein crystallization, the role of an experienced crystallographer in the evaluation and rationalization of a crystallization process is still crucial to obtaining crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction measurements. In this work, the difficult task of crystallizing the flavoenzyme L-amino-acid oxidase purified from Bothrops atrox snake venom was overcome by the development of a protocol that first required the identification of a non-amorphous precipitate as a promising crystallization condition followed by the implementation of a methodology that combined crystallization in the presence of oil and seeding techniques. Crystals were obtained and a complete data set was collected to 2.3 Å resolution. The crystals belonged to space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 73.64, b = 123.92, c = 105.08 Å, β = 96.03°. There were four protein subunits in the asymmetric unit, which gave a Matthews coefficient V(M) of 2.12 Å(3) Da(-1), corresponding to 42% solvent content. The structure has been solved by molecular-replacement techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Melo Alves
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirao Preto–FCFRP–USP, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Rosa Feliciano
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto–FCFRP–USP, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirao Preto–FCFRP–USP, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto–FCFRP–USP, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903 São Paulo, Brazil
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Rau JE, Fischer U. In-gel detection of L-amino acid oxidases based on the visualisation of hydrogen peroxide production. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 85:228-9. [PMID: 21397638 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple and practicable method for in-gel detection of bacterial produced L-amino acid oxidases (L-AAOs) after non-denaturing SDS-PAGE based on the visualisation of occurring hydrogen peroxide production is described. Advantages of this screening method for L-AAOs are the determination of their numbers and approximate molecular weights additionally in one approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Erik Rau
- Zentrum für Umweltforschung und nachhaltige Technologien, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Abteilung Marine Mikrobiologie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
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Kitani Y, Ishida M, Ishizaki S, Nagashima Y. Discovery of serum L-amino acid oxidase in the rockfish Sebastes schlegeli: isolation and biochemical characterization. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 157:351-6. [PMID: 20728563 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fish have a complex innate defense mechanism against microbial invasion. In particular, epidermal mucus and serum in fish play important roles in innate immunity and contain a variety of bioactive substances such as complements, lectins and lysozymes, involved in host defense. Recently, L-amino acid oxidases (LAOs) with antibacterial activity were isolated from the skin and/or gill mucous secretions of rockfish, great sculpin and flounder, and were identified to be a novel type of antibacterial protein in the integument of fish. In the present study, we found LAO activity in the serum of rockfish Sebastes schlegeli. The LAO was isolated from the serum by sequential column chromatography of Con-A lectin affinity chromatography, anion exchange HPLC, hydroxyapatite HPLC and gel filtration HPLC, and characterized. The LAO (a molecular mass of 160 kDa) comprised subunits with a molecular mass of 53 kDa and showed strict substrate specificity, catalyzing only L-lysine with Km 0.37 mM and kcat 57.1s(-1). The serum LAO exhibited a broad antibacterial activity against Gram positive and negative bacteria, most potently against Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas salmonicida with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.078 μg/mL. This is the first report of LAO in the serum of fish and its involvement in innate immunity in the rockfish body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Kitani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Chen WM, Lin CY, Chen CA, Wang JT, Sheu SY. Involvement of an l-amino acid oxidase in the activity of the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas flavipulchra against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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