Hypotensive and vasorelaxant effects of citronellol, a monoterpene alcohol, in rats

Rosa × damascena Herrm. From Azaran region, Kashan: rich in saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with inhibitory effect against Proteus mirabilis

BACKGROUND

One of the most widely used medicinal plants in Iranian traditional medicine, Rosa × damascena Herrm. (mohammadi flower) that the people of Kashan use as a sedative and to treat nervous diseases and constipation. In this research, the yield, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of this plant were evaluated for the first time from Azaran region, Kashan.

METHODS

The essential oil was extracted by means of hydrodistillation (Clevenger), and its chemical compounds were identified and determined by GC/MS. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was determined by the diffusion method in agar, the minimum growth inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum concentration capable of killing bacterial/fungal microorganisms (MBC/MFC).

RESULTS

The results showed that the yield of essential oil was 0.1586 ± 0.0331% (w/w). Based on the results of the chemical composition analysis of R. x damascena essential oil, 19 different compounds (98.96%) were identified. The dominant and main components of the essential oil were oleic acid (48.08%), palmitic acid (15.44%), stearic acid (10.17%), citronellol (7.37%) and nonadecane (3.70%). Based on the results of diffusion in agar, the highest zone of inhibition against Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) was ~ 9.5 mm. The strongest inhibitory activity of R. x damascena essential oil against Gram-negative Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 43071) was with the diameter of the inhibition zone (~ 9 mm), which was equal to the strength of rifampin (~ 9 mm).

CONCLUSION

Therefore, this essential oil is a promising natural option rich in fatty acids, which can be a potential for the production of natural antimicrobials against infectious diseases, especially urinary tract infections.

Greenspaces And Cardiovascular Health

Accumulating evidence suggests that living in areas of high surrounding greenness or even brief exposures to areas of high greenery is conducive to cardiovascular health, which may be related to the environmental, social, psychological, and physiological benefits of greenspaces. Recent data from multiple cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cohort studies suggest that living in areas of high surrounding greenness is associated with a lower risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. High levels of neighborhood greenery have been linked also to a decrease in the burden of cardiovascular disease risk factors as reflected by lower rates of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. Those who live in greener environments report better mental health and more frequent social interactions, which can benefit cardiovascular health as well. In this narrative review, we discuss evidence linking greenspaces to cardiovascular health as well as the potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of greenspaces, including the impact of vegetation on air, noise and light pollution, ambient temperature, physical activity, mental health, and biodiversity. We review literature on the beneficial effects of acute and chronic exposure to nature on cardiovascular disease risk factors, inflammation and immune function, and we highlight the potential cardiovascular effects of biogenic volatile organic compounds that are emitted by trees and shrubs. We identify current knowledge gaps in this area and underscore the need for additional population studies to understand more clearly and precisely the link between greenness and health. Such understanding is urgently needed to fully redeem the promise of greenspaces in preventing adverse environmental exposures, mitigating the effects of climate change, and creating healthier living environments.

Cardioprotective Potential of Cymbopogon citratus Essential Oil against Isoproterenol-induced Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy: Possible Involvement of NLRP3 Inflammasome and Oxidative Phosphorylation Complex Subunits

OBJECTIVE

Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf is a medicinal and edible herb that is widely used for the treatment of gastric, nervous and hypertensive disorders. In this study, we investigated the cardioprotective effects and mechanisms of the essential oil, the main active ingredient of Cymbopogon citratus, on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.

METHODS

The compositions of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil (CCEO) were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cardiomyocytes were pretreated with 16.9 µg/L CCEO for 1 h followed by 10 µmol/L ISO for 24 h. Cardiac hypertrophy-related indicators and NLRP3 inflammasome expression were evaluated. Subsequently, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and target verification were used to further explore the underlying mechanism.

RESULTS

Our results showed that the CCEO mainly included citronellal (45.66%), geraniol (23.32%), and citronellol (10.37%). CCEO inhibited ISO-induced increases in cell surface area and protein content, as well as the upregulation of fetal gene expression. Moreover, CCEO inhibited ISO-induced NLRP3 inflammasome expression, as evidenced by decreased lactate dehydrogenase content and downregulated mRNA levels of NLRP3, ASC, CASP1, GSDMD, and IL-1β, as well as reduced protein levels of NLRP3, ASC, pro-caspase-1, caspase-1 (p20), GSDMD-FL, GSDMD-N, and pro-IL-1β. The RNA-seq results showed that CCEO inhibited the increase in the mRNA levels of 26 oxidative phosphorylation complex subunits in ISO-treated cardiomyocytes. Our further experiments confirmed that CCEO suppressed ISO-induced upregulation of mt-Nd1, Sdhd, mt-Cytb, Uqcrq, and mt-Atp6 but had no obvious effects on mt-Col expression.

CONCLUSION

CCEO inhibits ISO-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through the suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome expression and the regulation of several oxidative phosphorylation complex subunits.

Citronellal can alleviate vascular endothelial dysfunction by reducing ectopic miR-133a expression

AIMS

Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is the initial cause of atherosclerosis (AS) and an early marker of many cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Citronellal (CT), a monoterpenoid natural product extracted from grass plant Citronella, has been shown to have anti-thrombotic, anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic cardiomyopathy activities. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of citronellal on vascular endothelial dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The left common carotid artery was subjected to one-time balloon injury to cause vascular endothelial injury, and the AS model was established by feeding with high-fat diet. Use of HUVECs H2O2 treatment induced HUVECs oxidative stress damage model. The blood lipid level, histopathology, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, ELISA and in situ fluorescence hybridization of common carotid artery tissues and HUVECs were studied.

KEY FINDINGS

CT significantly reduced vascular plate area and endothelial lipid and cholesterol deposition in the common carotid artery of mice in a dose-dependent manner. CT increased the expression of activated protein 2α (AP-2α/TFAP2A) and circRNA_102979, and inhibited the ectopic expression level of miR-133a. However, the constructed lentivirus with AP-2α silencing and circRNA_102979 silencing reversed this phenomenon.

SIGNIFICANCE

The current study verifies CT can increase the expression levels of AP-2α and circRNA_102979 in vascular endothelium, increase the adsorption effect of circRNA_102979 on miR-133a and relieve the inhibitory effect of miR-133a on target genes, thereby alleviating AS-induced ED.

Endothelial-dependent relaxation of α-pinene and two metabolites, myrtenol and verbenol, in isolated murine blood vessels

Epidemiological evidence shows that residential proximity to greenspaces is associated with lower risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality; however, the mechanism(s) underlying this link remains unclear. Plants emit biogenic volatile organic compounds such as α-pinene that could elicit beneficial cardiovascular effects. To explore the role of α-pinene more directly, we studied the metabolism and the vascular effects of α-pinene. We found that exposure of mice to α-pinene (1 ppm, 6 h) generated two phase I oxidation metabolites, cis- and trans-verbenol [(1R,2R,5R)-verbenol and (1 R,2S,5R)-verbenol)] and myrtenol [(1S,5R)-(+)-myrtenol] that were identified in urine by GC-MS. Precontracted naïve murine male and female aorta and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) were relaxed robustly (60% tension reduction) by increasing concentrations of α-pinene, myrtenol, and verbenol to 0.3 mM, whereas 1 mM α-pinene was vasotoxic. The SMA was six times more sensitive than the aorta to α-pinene. Both myrtenol and verbenol were equally potent and efficacious as parent α-pinene in male and female SMA. The sensitive portion of the α-pinene-, myrtenol-, and verbenol-induced relaxations in male SMA was mediated by 1) endothelium, 2) eNOS-derived NO, and 3) guanylyl cyclase (GC) activity. Moreover, α-pinene activated the transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) channel whereas the metabolites did not. Endothelial-derived NO regulates blood flow, blood pressure, and thrombosis, and it is plausible that inhaled (and ingested) α-pinene (or its metabolites) augments NO release to mediate the cardiovascular benefits of exposure to greenness.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A common plant-derived biogenic volatile organic compound, α-pinene, and two of its metabolites, myrtenol and verbenol, stimulate vasorelaxation in murine superior mesenteric artery. Both α-pinene- and its metabolites induce vasorelaxation by activation of the endothelium, nitric oxide, and guanylyl cyclase. α-Pinene also activates the transient receptor potential ankyrin-1. Positive associations between greenness exposure and human cardiovascular health may be a result of the vascular action of α-pinene and its metabolites, a novel consideration.

Gaafar AR, Nafidi HA, Bourhia M. Mechanistic Evaluation of Antiarthritic Effects of Citronellol in CFA-Induced Arthritic Rats

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by systemic inflammation, joint tissue damage, pain, and synovitis. It leads to deformity of joints, disability, and even premature death. Markers of inflammation are highly expressed in synovium fluid and serum of arthritic patients and play an important role in the pathophysiology of RA. These transcription factors promote the fabrication of type I interferons and inflammatory cytokines. In RA, degradation of synovial cartilage and bone results from stimulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Citronellol (Ct), a monoterpene alcohol, is found in citrus fruits and essential oils of many aromatic plants. It possesses numerous pharmacological properties such as antioxidant activity and potential antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. Keeping in view the significant anti-inflammatory role of Ct, a trial of 28 days was conducted. Ct was administered orally at three different doses (25, 50, and 100) mg/kg in Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritic rats, and the results were compared with piroxicam, chosen as the standard drug. The antiarthritic activity of the compound was evaluated through measurements of arthritic scoring and plethysmometry before and after treatment. The blood biochemical and hematological parameters and histopathological analyses were performed. Additionally, qPCR was conducted to analyze the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, MMP3, IL-6, and IL-4 in the blood. ELISA was performed to evaluate the levels of PGE2. The results demonstrated that Ct showed significant results at all doses, but the highest dose proved to be most significant in terms of decreasing arthritic scoring and paw edema, indicating the antiarthritic potential of Ct. Furthermore, the compound was found to downregulate all the proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, MMP3, and IL-6) and upregulate the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-4). The levels of PGE2 were also reduced which further supported the antiarthritic effects of Ct and validated it as a potential antiarthritic candidate.

Health from Brazilian Amazon food wastes: Bioactive compounds, antioxidants, antimicrobials, and potentials against cancer and oral diseases

Brazilian Amazon contains over 30,000 plant species and foods rich in bioactive compounds such as terpenes, phenolic acids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, of potential health benefits (antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anticancer, gastroprotection, prebiotic effects, among others). The existence of residues from non-edible parts of plants (leaves, roots, stems, branches, barks) or fruit wastes (peel, bagasse, seeds) in the agri-food industry and its supply chain is an important challenge in food loss and waste management. In this critical review several Amazon species, focusing on extracts/essential oils from nonedible parts or wastes, were analyzed in terms of phytochemicals, biological activity, and underlying mechanisms. We hope this review emphasizes the importance of Amazon's sustainability initiatives on population health due to the potential shown against cancer, infectious diseases, and prevention of oral diseases. It is urgent to think about the conversion of amazon food wastes and co-products into high-added-value raw materials to develop novel drugs, food packaging systems, or nutraceutical foods.

Bioactive molecules from terrestrial and seafood resources in hypertension treatment: focus on molecular mechanisms and targeted therapies

Hypertension (HTN), a complex cardiovascular disease (CVD), significantly impacts global health, prompting a growing interest in complementary and alternative therapeutic approaches. This review article seeks to provide an up-to-date and thorough summary of modern therapeutic techniques for treating HTN, with an emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of action found in substances found in plants, herbs, and seafood. Bioactive molecules have been a significant source of novel therapeutics and are crucial in developing and testing new HTN remedies. Recent advances in science have made it possible to understand the complex molecular mechanisms underlying blood pressure (BP)-regulating effects of these natural substances better. Polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and peptides are examples of bioactive compounds that have demonstrated promise in influencing several pathways involved in regulating vascular tone, reducing oxidative stress (OS), reducing inflammation, and improving endothelial function. The article explains the vasodilatory, diuretic, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) modifying properties of vital plants such as garlic and olive leaf. Phytochemicals from plants are the primary in traditional drug development as models for novel antihypertensive drugs, providing diverse strategies to combat HTN due to their biological actions. The review also discusses the functions of calcium channel blockers originating from natural sources, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and nitric oxide (NO) donors. Including seafood components in this study demonstrates the increased interest in using bioactive chemicals originating from marine sources to treat HTN. Omega-3 fatty acids, peptides, and minerals obtained from seafood sources have anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory, and antioxidant properties that improve vascular health and control BP. Overall, we discussed the multiple functions of bioactive molecules and seafood components in the treatment of HTN.

The Protective Effect of Citronellol against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats

Citronellol has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antihypertensive activities, but its effect on myocardial ischemia is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects and pharmacological mechanisms of citronellol on ischemia. Therefore, a rat model of myocardial ischemia was established using the doxorubicin (DOX) model. To induce cardiotoxicity, the rats were given DOX (2.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally over a 14-day period. Group I served as the control and received tween 80 (0.2%), group II received the vehicle and DOX, group III received the standard drug dexrazoxane and DOX, whereas groups IV, V, and VI were treated orally with citronellol (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) and DOX, respectively. After treatment, the rats were euthanized, and blood samples were collected to assess the levels of serum cardiac markers, lipid profiles, and tissue antioxidant enzymes. The gene expressions of eNOS, PPAR-g, IL-10, VEGF, and NFkB-1 were also determined using real-time polymerase chain reactions. Simultaneous treatment with DOX and citronellol reduced cardiac antioxidant enzymes and lipid biomarkers in a dose-dependent manner. Citronellol also increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines while reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, it can be concluded that citronellol may have potential cardioprotective effects in preventing DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.

Aromatic Plant-Based Functional Foods: A Natural Approach to Manage Cardiovascular Diseases

Aromatic plants and their essential oils have shown beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and, therefore, are potential raw materials in the development of functional foods. However, despite their undeniable potential, essential oils present several limitations that need to be addressed, such as stability, poor solubility, undesirable sensory effects, and low bioavailability. The present review provides a current state-of-the-art on the effects of volatile extracts obtained from aromatic plants on the cardiovascular system and focuses on major challenges that need to be addressed to increase their use in food products. Moreover, strategies underway to overcome these limitations are pointed out, thus anticipating a great appreciation of these extracts in the functional food industry.

Natural essential oils: A promising strategy for treating cardio-cerebrovascular diseases

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Essential oils (EO) are volatile compounds obtained from different parts of natural plants, and have been used in national, traditional and folk medicine to treat various health problems all over the world. Records indicate that in history, herbal medicines rich in EO have been widely used for the treatment of CVDs in many countries, such as China.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This review focused on the traditional application and modern pharmacological mechanisms of herbal medicine EO against CVDs in preclinical and clinical trials through multi-targets synergy. Besides, the EO and anti-CVDs drugs were compared, and the broad application of EO was explained from the properties of drugs and aromatic administration routes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Information about EO and CVDs was collected from electronic databases such as Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The obtained data sets were sequentially arranged for better understanding of EO' potential.

RESULTS

The study showed that EO had significant application in CVDs at different countries or regions since ancient times. Aiming at the complex pathological mechanisms of CVDs, including intracellular calcium overload, oxidative stress, inflammation, vascular endothelial cell injury and dysfunction and dyslipidemia, we summarized the roles of EO on CVDs in preclinical and clinical through multi-targets intervention. Besides, EO had the dual properties of drug and excipients. And aromatherapy was one of the complementary therapies to improve CVDs.

CONCLUSIONS

This paper reviewed the EO on traditional treatment, preclinical mechanism and clinical application of CVDs. As important sources of traditional medicines, EO' remarkable efficacy had been confirmed in comprehensive literature reports, which showed that EO had great medicinal potential.

Exploring the Anti-Hypertensive Potential of Lemongrass—A Comprehensive Review

Simple Summary

Lemongrass is an herb used in folk medicine for the treatment of hypertension, although its pharmacological potential has not yet been thoroughly studied. This paper provides the first comprehensive review on the anti-hypertensive potential of lemongrass, from in vitro to clinical studies. Even though the composition of lemongrass is dependent on its geographical origin, citral constitutes its major compound. Both citral and lemongrass display vasorelaxant activity ex vivo, promoting the secretion of endothelial vasodilators and the blockage of calcium channels in the vascular smooth muscle. Additionally, citral also displays a negative chronotrope effect. In animal models and in human subjects, lemongrass significantly decreases blood pressure, probably due to the combination of the above-mentioned effects together with diuretic activity. Future preclinical studies are necessary to identify other anti-hypertensive compounds/pathways, as well as to better characterize the safety profile of lemongrass.

Abstract

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf) is a herb commonly used in folk medicine for many purposes. However, its anti-hypertensive potential has not yet been thoroughly studied. This paper reviews the anti-hypertensive effects of both lemongrass and its main compound citral in in vitro, ex vivo, preclinical and clinical studies. Lemongrass essential oil contains terpenes and their derivatives, whereas extracts contain different classes of polyphenols. Both citral and lemongrass display vasorelaxant activity ex vivo, acting by the promotion of endothelial nitric oxide/prostanoids secretion together with the blockage of calcium channels in the vascular smooth muscle. Citral also displays a negative chronotrope effect, probably due to a centrally mediated enhancement of parasympathetic activity. In both healthy and hypertensive animals, the acute administration of lemongrass results in a decrease in blood pressure, sometimes accompanied by a compensatory increase in heart rate. Similarly, in healthy and hypertensive human subjects, the consumption of lemongrass tea decreases blood pressure. Additionally, a weak/moderate diuretic activity has also been reported in animals and humans, although the mechanisms of action remain elusive. Future preclinical studies are necessary to identify other compounds with anti-hypertensive activity and additional pharmacological pathways. Although well tolerated, the safety profile of lemongrass should be better characterized.

Geraniol and β-citronellol participate in the vasorelaxant effects of Rosa damascena Miller essential oil on the rat thoracic aorta

AIM

This study aimed to investigate the vasoactive effects of Rosa damascena Miller essential oil and its major components, geraniol and β-citronellol, on the rat thoracic aorta.

METHODS

Isolated tissue bath model and Wistar rats were used to perform the experiments. Two-fold increasing concentrations (20-160 μg/mL) of rose oil were administered to determine its vasoactive effects. Submaximal contractions were induced by PE or KCl in both endothelium-intact and -denuded segments. Time-matched control groups were also formed. To evaluate the role of geraniol and β-citronellol, concentrations in the range of 0.4-3.2 μg/mL and 0.8-6.4 μg/mL were applied respectively. The statistical significance level was considered as p < 0.05.

RESULTS

All doses of rose oil applied led to vasorelaxation in thoracic aortas precontracted with PE. In precontracted thoracic aortas with KCl, the significant effect of rose oil persisted, albeit slightly diminished. When the endothelium was removed, the relaxant effect of rose oil was partially reduced, but still significant. Besides, although geraniol relaxed aortic segments at all concentrations (0.4 to 3.2 μg/mL), β-citronellol caused vasorelaxation at doses of 1.6, 3.2, and 6.4 μg/mL.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the first findings were obtained that rose oil can cause a vasorelaxant effect in a concentration-dependent manner in rat thoracic aorta. This effect substantially persisted in vascular segments without endothelium or precontracted with KCl. It was further shown for the first time that geraniol and β-citronellol exert vasodilatory effects on the rat thoracic aorta. These results suggest that rose oil exhibits its vasorelaxant effect through geraniol and β-citronellol.

Preventive Potential of the Aqueous Extract of the Mixture of Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae) and Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) Aerial Parts on Hypertension Induced by a Chronic Salt and Alcohol Consumption on the Rats

High blood pressure (HBP) is currently one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Nowadays, populations make extensive use of alternative medicine for their health problems. Bidens pilosa (B. pilosa) and Cymbopogon citratus (C. citratus) are used individually in the traditional treatment of cardiovascular disorders. This study assessed the effects of the mixture of these two plants aqueous extract on HBP in rats. Male rats (42) were divided into 7 groups of 6 rats each. Normotensive rats received only distilled water and formed group 1. The other animals received ethanol + salt preceded by distilled water (10 mL/kg; group 2) and spironolactone (10 mg/kg; group 3); the aqueous extracts of the mixture (100 and 200 mg/kg; groups 4 and 5) isolated plants B. pilosa (200 mg/kg; group 6) and C. citratus (200 mg/kg; group 7). Animals were treated for 7 weeks during which water consumption and urine volume were assessed; then, hemodynamic parameters were recorded, and rats were sacrificed. Serum and some organs (liver, kidney, heart, and aorta) were used to evaluate biochemical parameters. Ingestion of ethanol + salt leads to a significant increase in urinary volume and water intake that were significantly prevented by the extracts from the mixture and isolated plants. Ethanol + salt solution significantly increased the blood pressure, heart rate, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-chol), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-chol), atherogenic indices, liver and kidney function parameters, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. However, the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-chol), albumin, reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were significantly reduced. The extracts of the mixture and isolated plants significantly prevented all these variations with a more pronounced action for the lowest dose of the mixture on the lipid profile, oxidative stress, and kidney function. These observations confirm the beneficial effects of B. pilosa and C. citratus to manage hypertension.

Chemical profiling, cytotoxic activities through apoptosis induction in human fibrosarcoma and carcinoma cells, and molecular docking of some 1,2,3-triazole-isoxazoline hybrids using the eugenol as a precursors

In this research paper, we report the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives in a unique 7a-g or hybrid form with isoxazoline 8a-g using the eugenol as a precursor in HT-1080 fibrosarcoma, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma, and A-549 lung carcinoma. Data obtained on the cytotoxic effects have shown that hybrid compounds 8a-e induced a significant anticancer activity and are more important than the ones of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives 7a-g with IC₅₀ ranging from 18 to 43 μM for the hybrids 8a-e and from 15 to 29 μM for mono-adducts 7a-g in all cell lines. Concerning the apoptotic study, compounds 7b and 8a can induce apoptosis in HT-1080 and A-549 cells as revealed by Annexin-V labeling and caspase-3/7 activity, also, the apoptotic effect was accompanied by cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in the case of compounds 7b and 8a. Both compounds were evaluated in-silico through molecular docking and molecular dynamics and compound 8a is very active against Bcl-2 protein triggering apoptosis phenomenon by intrinsic pathway, therefore compound 8a is a potential candidate to inhibit the anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2).Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Carvacrol reduces blood pressure, arterial responsiveness and increases expression of MAS receptors in spontaneously hypertensive rats

AIM

To analyze the effect of the use of carvacrol in the cardiovascular system of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).

METHODS

Methods: Twenty animals were allocated in four groups, one group control Wistar receiving only sorbitol, used as vehicle of administration of the carvacrol (Wistar-Vehicle), one control group SHR, also receive only sorbitol (SHR-Vehicle), a third, treated with losartan (SHR-Losartan/50 mg/kg), and the fourth, treated with carvacrol (SHR - Carvacrol/20 mg/kg). Sorbitol, losartan and carvacrol were administered by oral gavage daily for 30-day. Hemodynamic variables, vascular reactivity, biochemical parameters, and expression of Mas and AT1 receptors in kidney tissues were analyzed.

RESULTS

SHR- Carvacrol group showed a maximal effect of inhibition of 56% in the curve of norepinephrine. The Emax of the curves with Ca²⁺ were smaller in the groups SHR-losartan (40.17%) and SHR-carvacrol (35.71%) when compared to the SHR-Vehicle. The carvacrol increased the expression of the MAS receptors in kidney tissue.

CONCLUSION

Thirty days of treatment with carvacrol showed an antihypertensive effect associated with less peripheral vascular resistance. Also, treatment with carvacrol increased the expression of MAS receptors in kidney tissue.

Acute autonomic effects of rose oxide on cardiovascular parameters of Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats

AIMS

Anti-inflammatory molecules, such as rose oxide (RO), are likely to exert therapeutic effects in systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), a disease associated with abnormal immune responses. We aimed to investigate acute autonomic effects of RO on hemodynamic parameters of Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).

METHODS

Rats were anesthetized and femoral artery and veins were cannulated. Next day, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Acute effects of RO (1.25, 2.5, or 5.0 mg/kg; iv) on BP, HR, and variability of systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and pulse interval (PI) were assessed. The effects of RO were also investigated in SHR, which received atropine (2 mg/kg), propranolol (4 mg/kg), or hexamethonium (20 mg/kg) 15 min before receiving RO. Vasorelaxant effects of RO (10-10 to 10-4 M) on aortic rings of rats were also assessed.

KEY FINDINGS

In Wistar rats, none of the RO doses evoked significant changes in BP, HR, and variability of SAP and PI. On the other hand, in SHR, RO elicited reduction in mean arterial pressure (MAP), and prevented the increase in the low frequency power (LF) of the SAP spectra. Pretreatment with atropine or propranolol did not alter hypotension, but attenuated RO-induced bradycardia. Hexamethonium prevented RO-induced hypotension and bradycardia. RO exerted vasorelaxant effects on aortic rings with (Wistar and SHR) or without functional endothelium (SHR only).

SIGNIFICANCE

Rose oxide, a monoterpene with anti-inflammatory properties, acts as an antihypertensive molecule due to its ability to acutely promote hypotension and bradycardia in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Monoterpenes and their derivatives as agents for cardiovascular disease management: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Monoterpenes are one of the most studied plant's secondary metabolites, they are found abundantly in essential oils of aromatic plants. They also have a great range of pharmacological properties, such as antihypertensive, bradycardic, antiarrhythmic and hypotensive. In the face of the burden caused by cardiovascular disease (CVDs) worldwide, studies using monoterpenes to assess their cardiovascular effects have increased over the years.

PURPOSE

This systematic review aimed to summarize the use of monoterpenes in animal models of any CVDs.

METHODS

PubMed, SCOPUS, LILACS and Web of Science databases were used to search for articles that used monoterpenes, in any type of administration, to treat or prevent CVDs in animal models. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. Two independent researchers extracted main characteristics of studies, methods and outcomes. Data obtained were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively.

RESULTS

At the ending of the search process, 33 articles were selected for the systematic review. Of these, 17 articles were included in the meta-analysis. A total of 16 different monoterpenes were found for the treatment of hypertension, myocardial infarction, pulmonary hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and arrhythmia. The main actions include hypotension, bradycardia, vasodilatation, antiarrhythmic, and antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties. From our data, it can be suggested that monoterpenes may be a significant source for new drug development. However, there is still a need to apply these knowledge into clinical research and a long path to pursue before putting them in the market.

CONCLUSION

The variability of cardiovascular effects demonstrated by the monoterpenes highlighted them as a promising candidates for treatment or prevention of CVDs. Nevertheless, studies that investigate their biological sites of action needs to be further encouraged.

Effects of citronellol grafted chitosan oligosaccharide derivatives on regulating anti-inflammatory activity

In order to improve the anti-inflammatory activity of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), chitosan oligosaccharide graft citronellol derivatives (COS-g-Cit1-3) were successfully synthesized via grafting citronellol (Cit) onto COS backbone. The degrees of substitution (DS) of COS-g-Cit1-3 were 0.165, 0.199 and 0.182, respectively. The structure of COS-g-Cit1-3 was confirmed by UV-vis, FT-IR, ¹H NMR and elemental analysis. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity evaluation results displayed that COS-g-Cit1-3 drastically reduced the paw swelling, and the oedema inhibitions were 22.58 %, 29.03 % and 25.81 %, respectively. The results indicated that the anti-inflammatory effects of COS-g-Cit1-3 were significantly higher than COS and COS-g-Cit2 exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory ability. The results also presented that COS-g-Cit1-3 reduced the expression levels of TNF-α by promoting the secretion of IL-4 and IL-10. Moreover, western blot analysis data proved that COS-g-Cit1-3 inactivated the NF-κB signaling pathway via inhibiting the phosphorylation of p65, IKBα and IKKβ.

The Role of Essential Oils and Their Main Compounds in the Management of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a global health burden that greatly impact patient quality of life and account for a huge number of deaths worldwide. Despite current therapies, several side effects have been reported that compromise patient adherence; thus, affecting therapeutic benefits. In this context, plant metabolites, namely volatile extracts and compounds, have emerged as promising therapeutic agents. Indeed, these compounds, in addition to having beneficial bioactivities, are generally more amenable and present less side effects, allowing better patient tolerance. The present review is an updated compilation of the studies carried out in the last 20 years on the beneficial potential of essential oils, and their compounds, against major risk factors of CVDs. Overall, these metabolites show beneficial potential through a direct effect on these risk factors, namely hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes, or by acting on related targets, or exerting general cellular protection. In general, monoterpenic compounds are the most studied regarding hypotensive and anti-dyslipidemic/antidiabetic properties, whereas phenylpropanoids are very effective at avoiding platelet aggregation. Despite the number of studies performed, clinical trials are sparse and several aspects related to essential oil’s features, namely volatility and chemical variability, need to be considered in order to guarantee their efficacy in a clinical setting.

Cardiovascular effects of farnesol and its β-cyclodextrin complex in normotensive and hypertensive rats

Farnesol (FAR) is a sesquiterpene alcohol with a range of reported biological effects including cardioprotective, antioxidant and antiarrhythmic properties. However, due to its volatility, the use of drug incorporation systems, such as cyclodextrins, have been proposed to improve its pharmacological properties. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate and characterize the cardiovascular effects of FAR alone, and to investigate the antihypertensive effects of FAR complexed with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) in rats. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were measured before and after intravenous administration of FAR (0,5; 2,5; 5 and 7,5 mg/kg) in normotensive rats, and after oral acute administration (200 mg/kg) of FAR and FAR/βCD complex in NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME) hypertensive rats. In normotensive animals, FAR induced dose-dependent hypotension associated with bradycardia. These effects were not affected by pre-treatment with L-NAME or indomethacin (INDO), but were partially attenuated by atropine. Pre-treatment with hexamethonium (HEXA) only affected hypotension. In the hypertensive rats, FAR/βCD potentialized the antihypertensive effect when compared to FAR alone. Molecular docking experiments demonstrated for the first time that FAR has affinity to bind to the M₃ and M₂ muscarinic, and nicotinic receptors through hydrogen bonds in the same residues as known ligands. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that FAR induced hypotension associated with bradycardia, possibly through the muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. The inclusion complex with βCD improved the antihypertensive effects of FAR, which can be relevant to improve current cardiovascular therapy using volatile natural components.

Review of aromatherapy essential oils and their mechanism of action against migraines

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Migraines have become a major threat to human health, as they significantly affect human health and quality of life due to a high prevalence rate, attack rate and pain intensity. Aromatherapy, with its comfortable and pleasant natural characteristics and rapid and efficient characteristics, is widely favored by patients in the folk. Chinese folk also have the application history and related records of aromatic plants in the treatment of migraine.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study was conducted to review the pathogenesis of migraine, the application of plant essential oils in the treatment of migraine, and further explore the material basis and mechanism of action of plant essential oils against migraine.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Search the electronic literature of essential oils with anti-migraine effect in Google Scholar, PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and further search the research situation of the monomer components of essential oils in migraine, inflammation, pain and other aspects.

RESULTS

studies show that there are 10 types of plant essential oils that could relieve migraine symptoms, and that 16 monomers may play a role in migraine treatment by effectively inhibiting neurogenic inflammation, hyperalgesia and balancing vasorelaxation.

CONCLUSION

Aromatic plant essential oils can relieve migraine effectively, these findings can be used as an important part of the development of anti-migraine drugs.

Ethnomedicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases by Healers in the Southwestern State of Paraná, Brazil, and Their Validation Based on Scientific Pharmacological Data

Cardiovascular diseases are responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Among treatment options, medicinal plants are frequently used, especially in developing countries, such as Brazil. Despite social development that has been observed in the last decades, the use of medicinal plants is still driven by popular knowledge, especially by healers. The present study sought to identify medicinal species that are used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases by healers in the microregion of Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil. The snowball technique was used to select informants, and data were collected through interviews. The research was performed in two stages: (1) a structured interview and (2) the collection and botanical identification of the species that were mentioned by the healers. Medicinal plants were classified into the following categories of cardiovascular agents: hypotensive and antihypertensive agents, lipid-lowering agents, diuretic agents, and cardiotonic agents. To analyze the data, the frequency was determined, Spearman correlations were calculated, and the informant consensus factor (ICF) and use value were obtained. Some characteristics, such as female gender and old age, were associated with knowledge about medicinal plants. Overall, 77 different species and 149 medicinal uses were cited by the healers. With regard to categories of use, the highest number of species was found among lipid-lowering plants, and the highest ICF was found for species that are used as cardiotonics. Moreover, a literature review indicated that among the cited species, several still lack studies that have proven their effects on the cardiovascular system. The traditional use of medicinal plants for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases is broad in the study regions. The present results are important for clarifying popular knowledge in this region and providing a framework for selecting species with potential for the development of new pharmacological studies.

Increased anxiety-related behavior in mice following β-citronellol inhalation

β-Citronellol is a monoterpene alcohol found in essential oils of various aromatic plant species. The physiological effects of β-citronellol inhalation on the central nervous system remain unclear. We investigated the effects of β-citronellol inhalation on mouse behavior. First, we examined whether the odor of β-citronellol was attractive or repellent to mice. Then, following 30 minutes of β-citronellol inhalation, a series of behavioral tests (elevated plus maze, open field, Y-maze, tail suspension, and forced swim tests) were performed. Mice were neither attracted to nor repelled by β-citronellol. Mice that inhaled β-citronellol showed an increase in anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze and open field tests. Performance in the Y-maze and forced swim tests was not affected. These results indicate that β-citronellol acts on the central nervous system of mice following inhalation and increases anxiety. Essential oils and cosmetics containing β-citronellol should be used with caution.

Monoterpenes as therapeutic candidates to induce fetal hemoglobin synthesis and up-regulation of gamma-globin gene: An in vitro and in vivo investigation

Pharmacologically induced production of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is a pragmatic therapeutic strategy for the reduction of globin chain imbalance and improving the clinical severities of patients with β-hemoglobinopathies. To identify highly desirable new therapeutic HbF-inducing agents, we screened functionally diverse ten monoterpenes, as molecular entities for their potent induction and erythroid differentiation ability in human erythroleukemia cell line (K562) and transgenic mice. Benzidine hemoglobin staining demonstrated six compounds to have significantly induced erythroid differentiation of K562 cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. This induction paralleled well with the optimal accumulated quantity of total hemoglobin in treated cultures. The cytotoxic studies revealed that three (carvacrol, 3-carene, and 1,4-cineole) of the six compounds with their maximal erythroid expansion ability did not affect cell proliferation and were found non-toxic. Four compounds were found to have high potency, with 4-8-fold induction of HbF at both transcriptional and protein levels in vitro. Subsequently, an in vivo study with the three active non-cytotoxic compounds showed significant overexpression of the γ-globin gene and HbF production. Carvacrol emerged as a lead HbF regulator suggested by the increase in expression of γ-globin mRNA content (5.762 ± 0.54-fold in K562 cells and 5.59 ± 0.20-fold increase in transgenic mice), accompanied by an increase in fetal hemoglobin (F-cells) levels (83.47% in K562 cells and 79.6% in mice model). This study implicates monoterpenes as new HbF inducing candidates but warrants mechanistic elucidation to develop them into potential therapeutic drugs in β-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia.

Citrus hystrix Extracts Protect Human Neuronal Cells against High Glucose-Induced Senescence

Citrus hystrix (CH) is a beneficial plant utilized in traditional folk medicine to relieve various health ailments. The antisenescent mechanisms of CH extracts were investigated using human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y). Phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities of CH extracts were analyzed using a gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer (GC-MS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assay. Effects of CH extracts on high glucose-induced cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cell cycle arrest and cell cycle-associated proteins were assessed using a 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide tetrazolium (MTT) assay, non-fluorescent 2′, 7′-dichloro-dihydrofluorescein diacetate (H₂DCFDA) assay, flow cytometer and Western blot. The extracts protected neuronal senescence by inhibiting ROS generation. CH extracts induced cell cycle progression by releasing senescent cells from the G1 phase arrest. As the Western blot confirmed, the mechanism involved in cell cycle progression was associated with the downregulation of cyclin D1, phospho-cell division cycle 2 (pcdc2) and phospho-Retinoblastoma (pRb) proteins. Furthermore, the Western blot showed that extracts increased Surtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression by increasing the phosphorylation of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Collectively, CH extracts could protect high glucose-induced human neuronal senescence by inducing cell cycle progression and up-regulation of SIRT1, thus leading to the improvement of the neuronal cell functions.

Influence of eugenol on algal growth, cell physiology of cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and its interaction with signaling molecules

Essential oils (EOs) are naturally occurring substances that have shown great prospect in the field of antimicrobial, antioxidant and pest control by nontoxic mechanisms. In this regard, EOs are considered the promising and eco-friendly approach for controlling harmful algae. In this study, the anti-cyanobacterial activity of EOs eugenol against Microcystis aeruginosa are evaluated from the perspective of photosynthetic efficiency, the behavior of extracellular organic matter (EOM), endogenous plant hormone synthesis, and nitric oxide signaling pathway. Results showed that the photosynthetic activity of M. aeruginosa decreased significantly after eugenol treatments. Eugenol treatment resulted in cells rupture and the release of EOM. Levels of endogenous plant hormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were enhanced separately by 2.32 and 2.01 times after 4 d of exposure to eugenol. And the inhibition of SA and JA biosynthesis further promotes the inhibitory effects of eugenol on algae. Additionally, the signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO) increased significantly by 3.78-fold. Furthermore, the influence of NO on microalgae exposed to eugenol was also determined, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of eugenol stress might be associated with NO generation in M. aeruginosa. These findings will be helpful for the understanding of the fate and potential of eugenol in harmful algae control.

(R)-(+)-β-Citronellol and (S)-(-)-β-Citronellol in Combination with Amphotericin B against Candida Spp

The enantiomers (R)-(+)-β-citronellol and (S)-(−)-β-citronellol are present in many medicinal plants, but little is understood about their bioactivity against Candida yeasts. This study aimed to evaluate the behavior of positive and negative enantiomers of β-citronellol on strains of Candida albicans and C. tropicalis involved in candidemia. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) were determined. The evaluation of growth kinetics, mechanism of action, and association studies with Amphotericin B (AB) using the checkerboard method was also performed. R-(+)-β-citronellol and S-(−)-β-citronellol presented a MIC_50% of 64 µg/mL and a MFC_50% of 256 µg/mL for C. albicans strains. For C. tropicalis, the isomers exhibited a MIC_50% of 256 µg/mL and a MFC_50% of 1024 µg/mL. In the mechanism of action assay, both substances displayed an effect on the fungal membrane but not on the fungal cell wall. Synergism and indifference were observed in the association of R-(+)-β-citronellol and AB, while the association between S-(−)-β-citronellol and AB displayed synergism, additivity, and indifference. In conclusion, both isomers of β-citronellol presented a similar profile of antifungal activity. Hence, they can be contemplated in the development of new antifungal drugs providing that further research is conducted about their pharmacology and toxicity.

Antihypertensive phytocomplexes of proven efficacy and well-established use: Mode of action and individual characterization of the active constituents

Hypertension has become the leading risk factor for worldwide cardiovascular diseases. Conventional pharmacological treatment, after both dietary and lifestyle changes, is generally proposed. In this review, we present the antihypertensive properties of phytocomplexes from thirteen plants, long ago widely employed in ethnomedicines and, in recent years, increasingly evaluated for their activity in vitro and in vivo, also in humans, in comparison with synthetic drugs acting on the same systems. Here, we focus on the demonstrated or proposed mechanisms of action of such phytocomplexes and of their constituents proven to exert cardiovascular effects. Almost seventy phytochemicals are described and scientifically sound pertinent literature, published up to now, is summarized. The review emphasizes the therapeutic potential of these natural substances in the treatment of the 'high normal blood pressure' or 'stage 1 hypertension', so-named according to the most recent European and U.S. guidelines, and as a supplementation in more advanced stages of hypertension, however needing further validation by clinical trial intensification.

Medicinal Properties of Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids in Cannabis, and Benefits in Migraine, Headache, and Pain: An Update on Current Evidence and Cannabis Science

BACKGROUND

Comprehensive literature reviews of historical perspectives and evidence supporting cannabis/cannabinoids in the treatment of pain, including migraine and headache, with associated neurobiological mechanisms of pain modulation have been well described. Most of the existing literature reports on the cannabinoids Δ⁹ -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), or cannabis in general. There are many cannabis strains that vary widely in the composition of cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and other compounds. These components work synergistically to produce wide variations in benefits, side effects, and strain characteristics. Knowledge of the individual medicinal properties of the cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids is necessary to cross-breed strains to obtain optimal standardized synergistic compositions. This will enable targeting individual symptoms and/or diseases, including migraine, headache, and pain.

OBJECTIVE

Review the medical literature for the use of cannabis/cannabinoids in the treatment of migraine, headache, facial pain, and other chronic pain syndromes, and for supporting evidence of a potential role in combatting the opioid epidemic. Review the medical literature involving major and minor cannabinoids, primary and secondary terpenes, and flavonoids that underlie the synergistic entourage effects of cannabis. Summarize the individual medicinal benefits of these substances, including analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.

CONCLUSION

There is accumulating evidence for various therapeutic benefits of cannabis/cannabinoids, especially in the treatment of pain, which may also apply to the treatment of migraine and headache. There is also supporting evidence that cannabis may assist in opioid detoxification and weaning, thus making it a potential weapon in battling the opioid epidemic. Cannabis science is a rapidly evolving medical sector and industry with increasingly regulated production standards. Further research is anticipated to optimize breeding of strain-specific synergistic ratios of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other phytochemicals for predictable user effects, characteristics, and improved symptom and disease-targeted therapies.

Citronellal prevents endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in rats

BACKGROUND

Atherosclerosis is a chronical inflammatory disease in arterial walls, which is involved in oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Aromatherapy is one of the complementary therapies that use essential oils as the major therapeutic agents to treat several diseases. Citronellal (CT) is a monoterpene predominantly formed by the secondary metabolism of plants, producing antithrombotic, antiplatelet, and antihypertensive activities.

AIM

The aim of the present study is to explore whether aromatherapy with CT improves endothelial function to prevent the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in vivo.

METHODS

An AS model in carotid artery was induced by balloon injury and vitamin D3 injection in rats fed with a high-fat diet. The size of the carotid atherosclerotic plaque was determined by ultrasound, oil red, and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Endothelial function was assessed by measuring acetylcholine-induced vessel relaxation in an organ chamber.

RESULTS

Administrations of CT (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg) as well as lovastatin dramatically reduced the size of carotid atherosclerotic plaque in rats in a dose-dependent manner, compared with atherosclerotic rats fed with a high-fat diet plus balloon injury and vitamin D3. Mechanically, CT improved endothelial dysfunction, increased cell migration, and suppressed oxidative stress and inflammation in vascular endothelium in rats feeding on the high-fat diet plus balloon injury. Further, CT downregulated the protein levels of sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1 in rats with atherosclerosis.

CONCLUSION

CT improves endothelial dysfunction and prevents the growth of atherosclerosis in rats by reducing oxidative stress. Clinically, CT is potentially considered as a medicine to treat patients with atherosclerosis.

Highly Enantioselective Graphene-Based Chemical Sensors Prepared by Chiral Noncovalent Functionalization

As a basic characteristic of the natural environment and living matter, chirality has been used in various scientific and technological fields. Chiral discrimination is of particular interest owing to its importance in catalysis, organic synthesis, biomedicine, and pharmaceutics. However, it is still very challenging to effectively and selectively sense and separate different enantiomers. Here, enantio-differentiating chemosensor systems have been developed through spontaneous chiral functionalization of the surface of graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs). GFET sensors functionalized using noncovalent interactions between graphene and a newly synthesized chiral-functionalized pyrene material, Boc-l-Phe-Pyrene, exhibit highly enantioselective detection of natural acryclic monoterpenoid enantiomers, that is, ( R)-(+)- and ( S)-(-)-β-citronellol. On the basis of a computational study, the origin of enantio-differentiation is assigned to the discriminable charge transfer from ( R)-(+)- or ( S)-(-)-β-citronellol into graphene with a significant difference in binding strength depending on surface morphology. The chemosensor system developed herein has great potential to be applied in miniaturized and rapid enantioselective sensing with high sensitivity and selectivity.

Geraniol Protects Against the Protein and Oxidative Stress Induced by Rotenone in an In Vitro Model of Parkinson's Disease

Dysfunction of autophagy, mitochondrial dynamics and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are currently considered as major contributing factors in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Accumulation of oxidatively damaged cytoplasmic organelles and unfolded proteins in the lumen of the ER causes ER stress and it is associated with dopaminergic cell death in PD. Rotenone is a pesticide that selectively kills dopaminergic neurons by a variety of mechanism, has been implicated in PD. Geraniol (GE; 3,7-dimethylocta-trans-2,6-dien-1-ol) is an acyclic monoterpene alcohol occurring in the essential oils of several aromatic plants. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of GE on rotenone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction dependent oxidative stress leads to cell death in SK-N-SH cells. In addition, we assessed the involvement of GE on rotenone-induced dysfunction in autophagy machinery via α-synuclein accumulation induced ER stress. We found that pre-treatment of GE enhanced cell viability, ameliorated intracellular redox, preserved mitochondrial membrane potential and improves the level of mitochondrial complex-1 in rotenone treated SK-N-SH cells. Furthermore, GE diminishes autophagy flux by reduced autophagy markers, and decreases ER stress by reducing α-synuclein expression in SK-N-SH cells. Our results demonstrate that GE possess its neuroprotective effect via reduced rotenone-induced oxidative stress by enhanced antioxidant status and maintain mitochondrial function. Furthermore, GE reduced ER stress and improved autophagy flux in the neuroblastomal SK-N-SH cells. The present study could suggest that GE a novel therapeutic avenue for clinical intervention in neurodegenerative diseases especially for PD.

Hydroxyl Group and Vasorelaxant Effects of Perillyl Alcohol, Carveol, Limonene on Aorta Smooth Muscle of Rats

The present study used isometric tension recording to investigate the vasorelaxant effect of limonene (LM), carveol (CV), and perillyl alcohol (POH) on contractility parameters of the rat aorta, focusing in particular on the structure-activity relationship. LM, CV, and POH showed a reversible inhibitory effect on the contraction induced by electromechanical and pharmacomechanical coupling. In the case of LM, but not CV and POH, this effect was influenced by preservation of the endothelium. POH and CV but not LM exhibited greater pharmacological potency on BayK-8644-induced contraction and on electromechanical coupling than on pharmacomechanical coupling. In endothelium-denuded preparations, the order of pharmacological potency on electrochemical coupling was LM < CV < POH. These compounds inhibited also, with grossly similar pharmacological potency, the contraction induced by phorbol ester dibutyrate. The present results suggest that LM, CV and POH induced relaxant effect on vascular smooth muscle by means of different mechanisms likely to include inhibition of PKC and IP3 pathway. For CV and POH, hydroxylated compounds, it was in electromechanical coupling that the greater pharmacological potency was observed, thus suggesting a relative specificity for a mechanism likely to be important in electromechanical coupling, for example, blockade of voltage-dependent calcium channel.

Planimetric and Biomechanical Study of Local Effect of Pulegone on Full Thickness Wound Healing in Rat

Background

Pulegone as principal component of essential oil, reported to have anti-bacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study was aimed to evaluate wound healing activity of pulegone in a rat model.

Method

Forty rats were used for excisional and incisional wound healing models. For each model twenty male white Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 4) of control (CG), Sham surgery, E1, E2 and E3. Wound size, hydroxyproline content of wound and biomechanical testing were assessed.

Result

In E2 animals, the wound size was reduced earlier than in E1 and E2 groups (P = 0.035). However, time had significant effect on wound contraction of all wounds. Hydroxyproline contents in the groups CG, sham surgery, E1, E2 and E3 were found to be 51.25 ± 3.40, 58.41 ± 4.62, 68.59 ± 3.53, 86.32 ± 3.18, and 74.26 ± 4.73 mg g^-1, respectively. Hydroxyproline contents were increased significantly in E2 compared to E1 and E3 which implied more collagen deposition compared to other experimental groups (P = 0.001). The biomechanical indices, maximum stored energy, stiffness, ultimate strength and yield strength obtained for E2 group were significantly higher than those obtained for E1 and E2 groups (P = 0.002).

Conclusion

The pulegone showed a reproducible wound healing potential in rats.

Myrtenol protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through antioxidant and anti-apoptotic dependent mechanisms

Myrtenol is a monoterpene with multiple pharmacological activities. However, although monoterpenes have been proposed to play beneficial roles in a variety of cardiac disorders, pharmacological actions of myrtenol in the heart are not yet reported. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether myrtenol promotes cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, and the mechanisms involved in these effects. Male Wistar rats were orally treated for seven consecutive days with myrtenol (50 mg/kg) or N-acetyl cysteine (1.200 mg/kg, NAC). Afterward, hearts were subjected to myocardial IR injury. Here, we show that the severe impairment of contractile performance induced by IR was significantly prevented by myrtenol or NAC. Moreover, myrtenol abolished aberrant electrocardiographic waveform (ST-segment elevation), as well as reduced life-threatening arrhythmias and infarct size induced by IR injury. Importantly, myrtenol fully prevented the massive increase of cardiac reactive oxygen species generation and oxidative stress damage. Accordingly, myrtenol restored the impairment of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and reductase) activities and balance of pro- and anti-apoptotic pathways (Bax and Bcl-2), associated with decreased apoptotic cells. Taken together, our data show that myrtenol promotes cardioprotection against IR injury through attenuation of oxidative stress and inhibition of pro-apoptotic pathway.

Neurotoxicity of fragrance compounds: A review

Fragrance compounds are chemicals belonging to one of several families, which are used frequently and globally in cosmetics, household products, foods and beverages. A complete list of such compounds is rarely found on the ingredients-list of such products, as "fragrance mixtures" are defined as "trade secrets" and thus protected by law. While some information regarding the general toxicity of some of these compounds is available, their neurotoxicity is known to a lesser extent. Here, we discuss the prevalence and neurotoxicity of fragrance compounds belonging to the three most common groups: phthalates, synthetic musks and chemical sensitizers.

The effects of food essential oils on cardiovascular diseases: A review

Essential oils (EO) are complex secondary metabolites, which are produced by aromatic plants and identified by their powerful odors. Present studies on EO and their isolated ingredients have drawn the attention of researchers to screen these natural products and evaluate their effect on the cardiovascular system. Some EO, and their active ingredients, have been reported to improve the cardiovascular system significantly by affecting vaso-relaxation, and decreasing the heart rate and exert a hypotension activity. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the role of EO and their main active components in promoting the health of the cardiovascular system. The objective of this review is to highlight the current state of knowledge on the functional role of EO extracted from plants for reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and their mechanisms of action. Research on EO has the potential to identify new bioactive compounds and formulate new functional products for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as arterial hypertension, angina pectoris, heart failure, and myocardial infarction.

Negative inotropism of terpenes on guinea pig left atrium: structure-activity relationships

The aim of this work was to evaluate the pharmacological effect of seven structurally related terpenes on the contractility of cardiac muscle. The effect of terpenes was studied on isolated electrically driven guinea pig left atrium. From concentration-response curves for inotropic effect were determined the EC₅₀ and relative potency of such terpenes. Our results revealed that all terpenes, except phytol, showed ability to reduce the contractile response of guinea pig left atrium. Further, relative potency was directly related to the number of isoprene units and to the lipophilicity of the compounds. For example, sesquiterpenes farnesol and nerolidol showed higher relative potency when compared with the monoterpenes citronellol, geraniol and nerol. We can conclude that most of the evaluated terpenes showed a promising negative inotropism on the atrial muscle. Future studies are necessary to investigate their action mechanism.

Myrtenal alleviates hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and improves pancreatic insulin level in STZ-induced diabetic rats

CONTEXT

Myrtenal is monoterpene a constituent of essential oils found mainly in herbs such as mint, pepper, cumin, etc. It exerts admirable pharmacological activities against many diseases including diabetes. Hyperlipidaemia is a secondary complication of diabetes and also a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.

OBJECTIVE

The present study investigated the possible antihyperlipidaemic efficacy of myrtenal on plasma glucose, pancreatic insulin, plasma and tissue lipid levels in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (40 mg/kg b.w.). Myrtenal (80 mg/kg) was administered orally to diabetic rats for a period of 28 d. Plasma glucose, pancreatic insulin, TC, TGs, FFAs, PLs, LDL-C, HDL-C, VLDL, atherogenic index, (HMG-CoA) reductase, LPL, LCAT and liver histology were analyzed.

RESULTS

Diabetic rats showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased plasma glucose (273.18 mg/dL), total cholesterol (142 mg/dL), triglycerides (126 mg/dL), free fatty acids (118 mg/dL), phospholipids (153 mg/dL), low-density lipoprotein (88.07 mg/dL), very low-density lipoprotein (25.2 mg/dL), atherogenic index, whereas a decrease in the levels of pancreatic insulin (97.48 ng/mg) and high-density lipoprotein (29.12 mg/dL). In addition, the activity of 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (0.94 HMG-CoA ratio/(mevalonate) increased significantly in contrast to the activities of lipoprotein lipase (4.87 μmoles of glycerol liberated/h/L) and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (54.61 μmoles of cholesterol esterified/h/L) in diabetic rats. Treatment with myrtenal significantly (p < 0.05) improved the levels of plasma glucose, pancreatic insulin and lipid profiles. Moreover, the histopathological analysis of liver was also in agreement with the biochemical findings.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

The present study indicates that myrtenal possess antihyperglycaemic and antihyperlipidemic properties, and could potentially be a useful phytochemical in treating diabetes.

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Potential of Palm Leaf Extracts from Babaçu (Attalea speciosa), Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), and Macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata)

Babaçu (A. speciosa), Buriti (M. flexuosa), and Macaúba (A. aculeata) are palm trees typical of the ecotone area between Cerrado and the Amazon rainforest. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of the extracts prepared from the leaves of those palms as well as determine their chemical compositions. The ethanol extracts were prepared in a Soxhlet apparatus and tested by disk diffusion and agar dilution technique against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Candida parapsilosis. However, there was no significant activity at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 mg·Ml⁻¹. Moreover, the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, catechins, steroids, triterpenes, and saponins. Gas chromatography (GC/MS) analysis also identified organic acids, such as capric (decanoic) acid, lauric (dodecanoic) acid, myristic (tetradecanoic) acid, phthalic (1,2-benzenedicarboxylic) acid, palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid, stearic (octadecanoic) acid, linoleic (9,12-octadecadienoic) acid (omega-6), linolenic (octadecatrienoic) acid (omega-3), and the terpenes citronellol and phytol. Based on the chemical composition in the palm leaf extracts, the palms have the potential to be useful in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.

Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and biological activities of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf extracts

Cymbopogon citratus is a widely distributed perennial herb belonging to the Poaceae family and has been extensively consumed for its medicinal, cosmetic, and nutritional effects for centuries. A large number of reports have been published describing the pharmacological, biological, and therapeutic actions of this herb. In this review, we summarized the literatures on related studies (up to January, 2014) that highlighted the pharmacologic and biological effects of the major phytochemicals isolated from C. citratus extracts and its essential oil. The components of the essential oils found in C. citratus have a similar pharmacokinetic properties, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. They are quickly absorbed following oral, pulmonary, and dermal administration. Based on the published reports, it can also be inferred that, after absorption from the small intestine, some phytochemicals in C. citratus can undergo oxidation, glucuronidation, sulfation, and/or O-methylation. Excretion is through urine, feces and/or expired volatiles. The biotransformation reactions of C. citratus bioactive constituents are essential for its relatively safe consumption and therapeutic applications. The data available so far warrant further studies evaluating C. citratus pharmacokinetics. Reliable pharmacokinetic data in humans would be critical for a better understanding of the the systemic handling of C. citratus.