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Liu Y, Wei Z, Liu S, Sun J, Mao Y, Xu Y, Yang Y. A flavonoid derivative of icariside II (YS-10) improves erectile dysfunction in radiation-injured rats via oxidative stress pathway. Transl Androl Urol 2022; 11:832-841. [PMID: 35812197 PMCID: PMC9262736 DOI: 10.21037/tau-22-376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We explored the preventive effect and mechanism of YS-10, a novel synthesized flavonoid derivative based on the structure of icariside II (ICA II), on a rat model of radiation-induced erectile-dysfunction (Ri-ED). Methods Eighteen 10-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. Six rats were used as the control group (Control), and the remaining 12 were given a single X-ray irradiation of 20 Gy in the prostate and then randomly divided into the radiation injury group (Ri-ED group) and YS-10 treatment group (Ri-ED+YS-10, 2.5 mg/kg/day). After 4 weeks of drug administration and a 2-week drug washout period in the YS-10 treatment group, the erectile function of the animals was evaluated, and the tissues were collected for histopathological analysis and detection of oxidative stress indicators. Results After radiation injury, the ratio of maximum intracavernosal pressure (ICP) to mean arterial pressure (MAP), the number of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (n-NOS) positive nerve fibers in the penis cavernosa, endothelial cell content, and n-NOS and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS) proteins in the Ri-ED group were significantly lower than those in control group. Compared with the control group, the Ri-ED group had lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and higher malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Compared with the Ri-ED group, the YS-10 group had a significant increase in the ratio of ICP/MAP in the corpus cavernosum (0.59±0.06 vs. 0.43±0.06, P<0.01), the number of n-NOS positive nerve fibers, and the content of endothelial cells. The protein content of n-NOS and e-NOS in the corpus cavernosum increased and could significantly reduce the level of MDA (2.67±0.27 vs. 3.25±0.21, P<0.05). Conclusions As a novel ICA II derivative, YS-10 could significantly improve the erectile dysfunction and pathological damage in rats caused by radiation injury, and its mechanism may be related to the improvement of radiation-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zhitao Wei
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shukun Liu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jilei Sun
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yinhui Mao
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yongde Xu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Zhang Y, Huo W, Wen Y, Li H. Silencing Nogo-B receptor inhibits penile corpus cavernosum vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis of rats with diabetic erectile dysfunction by down-regulating ICAM-1. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220715. [PMID: 31442237 PMCID: PMC6707583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a major sexual problem for men. Nogo-B receptor (NgBR) has been found to be involved in the regulation of vascular remodeling and angiogenesis. The present study explores the effects of NgBR in penile corpus cavernosum in rats with diabetic ED. Firstly, the ED model of Sprague Dawley rats was established. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining were conducted to observe pathological morphology. Immunochemical assay was adopted to detect α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), NgBR and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay and Western blot analysis were carried out for the assessment of NgBR, factors correlated to ICAM-1, including steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) and proline-rich tyrosine kinase2 (PYK2), and factors associated with apoptosis, including B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated protein X (Bax), caspase 3 and cleaved-caspase 3. The results found that capillaries and vascular smooth muscle cell content reduced, and NgBR and ICAM-1 were elevated in rats with diabetic ED. si-NgBR relieved ED by decreasing penile corpus cavernosum smooth muscle systolic percentage and increasing erectile time and rate, intracavernous pressure (ICP)/mean arterial pressure (MAP) and diastolic percentage, improving the pathological changes and inhibiting cavernosum cell apoptosis. si-NgBR also resulted in the down-regulation of ICAM-1 and downstream SRC and PYK2 and promoted α-SMA expression. In conclusion, si-NgBR can provide a potential therapy for diabetic ED in rats by down-regulating ICAM-1, SRC and PYK2, making it a potential therapeutic option for diabetic ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R.China
| | - Wei Huo
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R.China
| | - Yan Wen
- Department of Endocrine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Hai Li
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R.China
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Karakus S, Musicki B, La Favor JD, Burnett AL. cAMP-dependent post-translational modification of neuronal nitric oxide synthase neuroprotects penile erection in rats. BJU Int 2017; 120:861-872. [PMID: 28782252 DOI: 10.1111/bju.13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase (nNOS) phosphorylation, nNOS uncoupling, and oxidative stress in the penis and major pelvic ganglia (MPG), before and after the administration of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) agonist colforsin in a rat model of bilateral cavernous nerve injury (BCNI),which mimics nerve injury after prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into BCNI and sham-operated groups. Each group included two subgroups: vehicle and colforsin (0.1 mg/kg/day i.p.). After 3 days, erectile function (intracavernosal pressure) was measured and penis and MPG were collected for molecular analyses of phospho (P)-nNOS (Ser-1412 and Ser-847), total nNOS, nNOS uncoupling, binding of protein inhibitor of nNOS (PIN) to nNOS, gp91phox subunit of NADPH oxidase, active caspase 3, PKA catalytic subunit α (PKA-Cα; by Western blot) and oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide [H2 O2 ] and superoxide by Western blot and microdialysis method). RESULTS Erectile function was decreased 3 days after BCNI and normalized by colforsin. nNOS phosphorylation on both positive (Ser-1412) and negative (Ser-847) regulatory sites, and nNOS uncoupling, were increased after BCNI in the penis and MPG, and normalized by colforsin. H2 O2 and total reactive oxygen species production were increased in the penis after BCNI and normalized by colforsin. Protein expression of gp91phox was increased in the MPG after BCNI and was normalized by colforsin treatment. Binding of PIN to nNOS was increased in the penis after BCNI and was normalized by colforsin treatment. Protein expression of active Caspase 3 was increased in the MPG after BCNI and was normalized by colforsin treatment. Protein expression of PKA-Cα was decreased in the penis after BCNI and normalized by colforsin. CONCLUSION Collectively, BCNI impairs nNOS function in the penis and MPG by mechanisms involving its phosphorylation and uncoupling in association with increased oxidative stress, resulting in erectile dysfunction. PKA activation by colforsin reverses these molecular changes and preserves penile erection in the face of BCNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Karakus
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Biljana Musicki
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justin D La Favor
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arthur L Burnett
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Sharma NM, Patel KP. Post-translational regulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase: implications for sympathoexcitatory states. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:11-22. [PMID: 27885874 PMCID: PMC5488701 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1265505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nitric oxide (NO) synthesized via neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) plays a significant role in regulation/modulation of autonomic control of circulation. Various pathological states are associated with diminished nNOS expression and blunted autonomic effects of NO in the central nervous system (CNS) including heart failure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure etc. Therefore, elucidation of the molecular mechanism/s involved in dysregulation of nNOS is essential to understand the pathogenesis of increased sympathoexcitation in these diseased states. Areas covered: nNOS is a highly regulated enzyme, being regulated at transcriptional and posttranslational levels via protein-protein interactions and modifications viz. phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation. The enzyme activity of nNOS also depends on the optimal concentration of substrate, cofactors and association with regulatory proteins. This review focuses on the posttranslational regulation of nNOS in the context of normal and diseased states within the CNS. Expert opinion: Gaining insight into the mechanism/s involved in the regulation of nNOS would provide novel strategies for manipulating nNOS directed therapeutic modalities in the future, including catalytically active dimer stabilization and protein-protein interactions with intracellular protein effectors. Ultimately, this is expected to provide tools to improve autonomic dysregulation in various diseases such as heart failure, hypertension, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeru M Sharma
- a Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Kaushik P Patel
- a Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
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Zhou ZY, Zhong GJ, Cheng SP, Huang H, Wang J, Pan H, Liu CM, Xing C, Sun YL, Liu RH, Li F. Short hairpin rna targeting insulin-like growth fator binding protein-3 restores the bioavailability of insulin-like growth factor-1 in diabetic rats. Int Braz J Urol 2016; 42:139-45. [PMID: 27136480 PMCID: PMC4811239 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2014.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether intracavernosal injection of short hairpin RNA for IGFBP-3 could improve erectile function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods After 12 weeks of IGFBP-3 short hairpin RNA injection treatment, intracavernous pressure responses to electrical stimulation of cavernous nerves were evaluated. The expression of IGFBP-3 and IGF-1 at mRNA and protein levels were detected by quantitative real-time PCR analysis and Western blot, respectively. The concentration of cavernous cyclic guanosine monophosphate was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results At 12 weeks after intracavernous administration of IGFBP-3 shRNA, the cavernosal pressure was significantly increased in response to the cavernous nerves stimulation compared to the diabetic group (P<0.05). Cavernous IGFBP-3 expression at both mRNA and protein levels was significantly inhibited. At the same time, cavernous IGF-1 expression was significantly increased in the IGFBP-3 shRNA treatment group compared to the diabetic group (P<0.01). Cavernous cyclic guanosine monophosphate concentration was significantly increased in the IGFBP-3 shRNA treatment group compared to the diabetic group (P<0.01). Conclusions Gene transfer of IGFBP-3 shRNA could improve erectile function via the restoration of cavernous IGF-1 bioavailability and an increase of cavernous cGMP concentration in the pathogenesis of erectile dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Yan Zhou
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, HuBei, China
| | - Guang-Jun Zhong
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, HuBei, China
| | - Shao-Ping Cheng
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, HuBei, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, HuBei, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, HuBei, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, HuBei, China
| | - Chang-Mao Liu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, HuBei, China
| | - Cheng Xing
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, HuBei, China
| | - Ya-Ling Sun
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, HuBei, China
| | - Rong-Hua Liu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, HuBei, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, HuBei, China
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Shim JS, Kim DH, Bae JH, Moon DG. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Erectile Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Atherosclerosis-induced Chronic Pelvic Ischemia. J Korean Med Sci 2016; 31:585-9. [PMID: 27051243 PMCID: PMC4810342 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.4.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the omega-3 fatty acids help to improve erectile function in an atherosclerosis-induced erectile dysfunction rat model. A total of 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats at age 8 weeks were divided into three groups: Control group (n = 6, untreated sham operated rats), Pathologic group (n = 7, untreated rats with chronic pelvic ischemia [CPI]), and Treatment group (n = 7, CPI rats treated with omega-3 fatty acids). For the in vivo study, electrical stimulation of the cavernosal nerve was performed and erectile function was measured in all groups. Immunohistochemical antibody staining was performed for transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α). In vivo measurement of erectile function in the Pathologic group showed significantly lower values than those in the Control group, whereas the Treatment group showed significantly improved values in comparison with those in the Pathologic group. The results of western blot analysis revealed that systemically administered omega-3 fatty acids ameliorated the cavernosal molecular environment. Our study suggests that omega-3 fatty acids improve intracavernosal pressure and have a beneficial role against pathophysiological consequences such as fibrosis or hypoxic damage on a CPI rat model, which represents a structural erectile dysfunction model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sung Shim
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Hee Kim
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Bae
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Du Geon Moon
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Development and therapeutic applications of nitric oxide releasing materials to treat erectile dysfunction. Future Sci OA 2015; 1. [PMID: 27019746 PMCID: PMC4806684 DOI: 10.4155/fso.15.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide (NO) in erectile physiology is well documented. NO activates relaxation of corporal cavernosal smooth muscle tissue resulting in increased blood flow into the penis resulting in an erection. At present, pharmacologic treatments for erectile dysfunction, such as the phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, potentiate the erectile response generated by NO. However, a new class of treatments at a preclinical stage may allow localized delivery of NO to the penis via cutaneous application. These treatments may be of particular value to patients with a neurogenic component to their erectile dysfunction, and may act synergistically with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors to increase their efficacy.
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Zhou ZY, Li F, Cheng SP, Huang H, Peng BW, Wang J, Liu CM, Xing C, Sun YL, Bsoul N, Pan H, Yi CJ, Liu RH, Zhong GJ. Short hairpin ribonucleic acid constructs targeting insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 rehabilitated decreased testosterone concentrations in diabetic rats. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:94-9. [PMID: 25582342 PMCID: PMC4289482 DOI: 10.12659/msm.891382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine if shRNA constructs targeting insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 can rehabilitate decreased serum testosterone concentrations in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Material/Methods After 12 weeks of intracavernous administration of IGFBP-3 shRNA, intracavernous pressure responses to electrical stimulation of cavernous nerves were evaluated. The expression of IGFBP-3 at mRNA and protein levels was detected by quantitative real-time PCR analysis and Western blot, respectively. The concentrations of serum testosterone and cavernous cyclic guanosine monophosphate were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results After 12 weeks of intracavernous administration of IGFBP-3 shRNA, the cavernosal pressure was significantly increased in response to the cavernous nerves stimulation compared to the diabetic control group (p<0.01). Cavernous IGFBP-3 expression at both mRNA and protein levels was significantly inhibited. Both serum testosterone and cavernous cyclic guanosine monophosphate concentrations were significantly increased in the IGFBP-3 shRNA treatment group compared to the diabetic control group (p<0.01). Conclusions These results suggest that IGFBP-3 shRNA may rehabilitate erectile function via increases of concentrations of serum testosterone and cavernous cyclic guanosine monophosphate in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Yan Zhou
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Shao-Ping Cheng
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Bi-Wen Peng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Chang-Mao Liu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Cheng Xing
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Ya-Ling Sun
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Najeeb Bsoul
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (mainland)
| | - Hui Pan
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Cun-Jian Yi
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Rong-Hua Liu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China (mainland)
| | - Guang-Jun Zhong
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China (mainland)
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Gelfand RA, Vernet D, Kovanecz I, Rajfer J, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF. The transcriptional signatures of cells from the human Peyronie's disease plaque and the ability of these cells to generate a plaque in a rat model suggest potential therapeutic targets. J Sex Med 2014; 12:313-27. [PMID: 25496134 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The success of medical therapies for Peyronie's disease (PD) has not been optimal, possibly because many of them went directly to clinical application without sufficient preclinical scientific research. Previous studies revealed cellular and molecular pathways involved in the formation of the PD plaque and in particular the role of the myofibroblast. AIMS The current work aimed to determine under normal and fibrotic conditions what differentiates PD cells from tunica albuginea (TA) and corpora cavernosa (CC) cells by defining their global transcriptional signatures and testing in vivo whether PD cells can generate a PD-like plaque. METHODS Human TA, PD, and CC cells were grown with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1; TA+, PD+, CC+) or without it (TA-, PD-, CC-) and assayed by (i) immunofluorescence, Western blot and RT-PCR for myofibroblast, smooth muscle cell and stem cell markers; (ii) collagen content; and (iii) DNA microarray analysis. The ability of PD+ cells to induce a PD-like plaque in an immuno-suppressed rat model was assessed by Masson trichrome and Picrosirius Red stainings. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Fibroproliferative features of PD cells and identification of related key genes as novel targets to reduce plaque size. RESULTS Upon TGFβ1stimulation, collagen levels were increased by myofibroblasts in the PD+ but not in the CC+ cells. The transcriptional signature of the PD- cells identified fibroproliferative, myogenic (myofibroblasts), inflammatory, and collagen turnover genes that differentiate them from TA- or CC- cells and respond to TGFβ1 with a PD+ fibrotic phenotype, by upregulation of IGF-1, ACTG2, MYF5, ACTC1, PSTN, COL III, MMP3, and others. The PD+ cells injected into the TA of the rat induce a PD-like plaque. CONCLUSIONS This suggests a novel combination therapy to eliminate a PD plaque by targeting the identified genes to (i) improve collagenase action by stimulating endogenous metalloproteinases specific to key collagen types and (ii) counteract fibromatosis by inhibiting myofibroblast generation, proliferation, and/or apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Gelfand
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Toque HA, Caldwell RW. New approaches to the design and discovery of therapies to prevent erectile dysfunction. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:1447-69. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.949234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Yetik-Anacak G, Sorrentino R, Linder AE, Murat N. Gas what: NO is not the only answer to sexual function. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:1434-54. [PMID: 24661203 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to get and keep an erection is important to men for several reasons and the inability is known as erectile dysfunction (ED). ED has started to be accepted as an early indicator of systemic endothelial dysfunction and subsequently of cardiovascular diseases. The role of NO in endothelial relaxation and erectile function is well accepted. The discovery of NO as a small signalling gasotransmitter led to the investigation of the role of other endogenously derived gases, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The role of NO and CO in sexual function and dysfunction has been investigated more extensively and, recently, the involvement of H2 S in erectile function has also been confirmed. In this review, we focus on the role of these three sister gasotransmitters in the physiology, pharmacology and pathophysiology of sexual function in man, specifically erectile function. We have also reviewed the role of soluble guanylyl cyclase/cGMP pathway as a common target of these gasotransmitters. Several studies have proposed alternative therapies targeting different mechanisms in addition to PDE-5 inhibition for ED treatment, since some patients do not respond to these drugs. This review highlights complementary and possible coordinated roles for these mediators and treatments targeting these gasotransmitters in erectile function/ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Yetik-Anacak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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12
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Pu XY, Wen AM, Liu JM, Zheng XG, Xiao HJ, Xu ZP, Wang HP, Li D, Zhang RL. shRNA constructs targeting IGFBP-3 alleviate age related erectile dysfunction in the rat. J Urol 2014; 192:990-6. [PMID: 24576658 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated whether injecting shRNA constructs targeting IGFBP-3 in the penis of old rats would improve erectile function. MATERIALS AND METHODS The most validated IGFBP-3 shRNA plasmid vector (pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shIGFBP-3) was prepared and injected in penile corpus cavernosum tissue. A total of 30 old (age 24 months) male Sprague Dawley® rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, including 10 each that received phosphate buffered saline only (100 μl), pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shNC (100 μg) and the most validated plasmid constructs pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shIGFBP-3 (100 μg). At 4 weeks the erectile response was measured as intracavernous pressure. The percent of smooth muscle in corpus cavernosum tissue was evaluated. Nitric oxide synthase activity and the cGMP concentration in penile tissue were also analyzed. IGFBP-3 was estimated in penile tissue by Western blot, real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shIGFBP-3 corrected the impaired erectile response in aged rats compared with the response in those injected with phosphate buffered saline and pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shNC (each p <0.01). The percent of cavernous smooth muscle was increased in the pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shIGFBP-3 group. Nitric oxide synthase activity and the cGMP concentration were also significantly increased in rats treated with pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shIGFBP-3. IGFBP-3 shRNA effectively reduced IGFBP-3 mRNA and protein expression in penile corpus cavernosum tissue. CONCLUSIONS Decreasing IGFBP-3 expression by plasmid expressed shRNA improved erectile function in aged rats. The therapy may modulate smooth muscle integrity and increase the cGMP concentration. This may be a new direction for treating erectile dysfunction in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yong Pu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Department of Urology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - An-Min Wen
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiu-Min Liu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Guang Zheng
- Department of Urology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng-Jun Xiao
- Department of Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Ping Xu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huai-Peng Wang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Department of Urology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Reng-Li Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Kovanecz I, Gelfand R, Masouminia M, Gharib S, Segura D, Vernet D, Rajfer J, Li DK, Kannan K, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF. Oral Bisphenol A (BPA) given to rats at moderate doses is associated with erectile dysfunction, cavernosal lipofibrosis and alterations of global gene transcription. Int J Impot Res 2014; 26:67-75. [PMID: 24305612 PMCID: PMC4098849 DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2013.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a suspected reproductive biohazard and endocrine disruptor, released from plastics is associated with ED in occupationally exposed workers. However, in rats, despite the induction of hypogonadism, apoptosis of the penile corporal smooth muscle (SM), fat infiltration into the cavernosal tissue and changes in global gene expression with the intraperitoneal administration of high dose BPA, ED was not observed. We investigated whether BPA administered orally rather than intraperitoneally to rats for longer periods and lower doses will lead to ED. Main outcome measures are ED, histological, and biochemical markers in rat penile tissues. In all, 2.5-month-old rats were given drinking water daily without and with BPA at 1 and 0.1 mg kg(-1) per day. Two months later, erectile function was determined by cavernosometry and electrical field stimulation (EFS) and serum levels of testosterone (T), estradiol (E2) and BPA were measured. Penile tissue sections were assayed by Masson (SM/collagen), Oil Red O (fat), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) (apoptosis), immunohistochemistry for Oct4 (stem cells), and α-SM actin/calponin (SM and myofibroblasts), applying quantitative image analysis. Other markers were assayed by western blotting. DNA microarrays/microRNA (miR) assays defined transcription profiles. Orally administered BPA did not affect body weight, but (1) decreased serum T and E2; (2) reduced the EFS response and increased the drop rate; (3) increased within the corporal tissue the presence of fat, myofibroblasts and apoptosis; (4) lowered the contents of SM and stem cells, but not nerve terminals; and (5) caused alterations in the transcriptional profiles for both mRNA and miRs within the penile shaft. Long-term exposure of rats to oral BPA caused a moderate corporal veno-occlusive dysfunction (CVOD), possibly due to alterations within the corporal tissue that pose gene transcriptional changes related to inflammation, fibrosis and epithelial/mesenchymal transition (EMT).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kovanecz
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - R Gelfand
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA
- Division of Endocrinology, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA
| | - M Masouminia
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA
| | - S Gharib
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA
| | - D Segura
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA
| | - D Vernet
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA
- Division of Endocrinology, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA
| | - J Rajfer
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - DK Li
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente
| | - K Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY
| | - NF Gonzalez-Cadavid
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Endocrinology, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA
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Wang SC, Lin KM, Chien SJ, Huang LT, Hsu CN, Tain YL. RNA silencing targeting PIN (protein inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase) attenuates the development of hypertension in young spontaneously hypertensive rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 8:5-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Kovanecz I, Gelfand R, Masouminia M, Gharib S, Segura D, Vernet D, Rajfer J, Li DK, Liao CY, Kannan K, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF. Chronic high dose intraperitoneal bisphenol A (BPA) induces substantial histological and gene expression alterations in rat penile tissue without impairing erectile function. J Sex Med 2013; 10:2952-66. [PMID: 24134786 PMCID: PMC4038545 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bisphenol A (BPA), released from plastics and dental sealants, is a suspected endocrine disruptor and reproductive toxicant. In occupationally exposed workers, BPA has been associated with erectile dysfunction (ED). AIMS To determine whether long-term exposure to high doses of BPA in the rat affects serum levels of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2), and induces corporal histopathology and resultant ED. METHODS Young rats were injected intraperitoneal (IP) injection daily with BPA at 25 mg/kg/day or vehicle (n = 8/group). Erectile function was measured at 3 months by cavernosometry and electrical field stimulation (EFS). BPA was assayed in serum, urine, and penile tissue, and serum T and E2 were determined. Quantitative Masson trichrome, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling, Oil Red O, immunohistochemistry for calponin, α-smooth muscle actin, and Oct 4 were applied to penile tissue sections. Protein markers were assessed by Western blots and 2-D minigels, and RNA by DNA microarrays. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Erectile function, histological, and biochemical markers in corporal tissue. RESULTS In the BPA-treated rats, total and free BPA levels were increased in the serum, urine, and penile tissue while serum T and E2 levels were reduced. In addition, the corpora cavernosa demonstrated a reduction in smooth muscle (SM) content, SM/collagen ratio, together with an increase in myofibroblasts, fat deposits, and apoptosis, but no significant change in collagen content or stem cells (nuclear/perinuclear Oct 4). In the penile shaft, BPA induced a downregulation of Nanog (stem cells), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nitrergic terminals), and vascular endothelial growth factor (angiogenesis), with genes related to SM tone and cytoskeleton upregulated 5- to 50-fold, accompanied by changes in the multiple protein profile. However, both cavernosometry and EFS were unaltered by BPA. CONCLUSIONS While rats treated chronically with a high IP dose of BPA developed hypogonadism and a corporal histo- and molecular-pathology usually associated with ED, no changes were detected in erectile function as measured by EFS and cavernosometry. Further studies using alternate routes of BPA administration with various doses and length of exposure are needed to expand these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Kovanecz
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Gelfand
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maryam Masouminia
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Sahir Gharib
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Denesse Segura
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Dolores Vernet
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Rajfer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - De-Kun Li
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chun Yang Liao
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Nestor F. Gonzalez-Cadavid
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Lasker GF, Pankey EA, Frink TJ, Zeitzer JR, Walter KA, Kadowitz PJ. The sGC activator BAY 60-2770 has potent erectile activity in the rat. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 304:H1670-9. [PMID: 23585129 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00062.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is the principal mediator of penile erection, and soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is the receptor for NO. In pathophysiological conditions when sGC is inactivated and not responsive to NO or sGC stimulators a new class of agents called sGC activators increase the activity of NO-insensitive sGC and produce erection. The aim of this study was to investigate erectile responses to BAY 60-2770, a sGC activator, under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In the present study increases in intracavernosal pressure (ICP) in response to intracavernosal (ic) injections of BAY 60-2770 were investigated under baseline conditions, when sGC was inhibited by 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), when nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was inhibited by N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and after cavernosal nerve crush injury. Under baseline conditions ic injections of BAY 60-2770 increase ICP, ICP/mean arterial pressure (MAP), and area under the ICP curve (AUC) and produce small decreases in MAP at the highest doses studied. BAY 60-2770 was very potent in its ability to induce erection and responses to BAY 60-2770 were enhanced by ODQ which attenuates erectile responses to sodium nitroprusside (SNP), diethylamine NONOate (DEA/NO), and cavernosal nerve stimulation. Responses to BAY 60-2770 were not altered by L-NAME or cavernosal nerve crush injury. These data indicate that BAY 60-2770 has potent erectile activity that is enhanced by ODQ and show that responses to BAY 60-2770 are not attenuated by NOS inhibition or cavernosal nerve injury. These results suggest that BAY 60-2770 would be effective in the treatment of erectile dysfunction when NO bioavailability is reduced, after pelvic nerve injury, and when sGC is oxidized.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Lasker
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Hakim L, Van der Aa F, Bivalacqua TJ, Hedlund P, Albersen M. Emerging tools for erectile dysfunction: a role for regenerative medicine. Nat Rev Urol 2012; 9:520-36. [PMID: 22824778 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2012.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the most common sexual disorder reported by men to their health-care providers and the most investigated male sexual dysfunction. Currently, the treatment of ED focuses on 'symptomatic relief' of ED and, therefore, tends to provide temporary relief rather than providing a cure or reversing the cause. The identification of a large population of "difficult-to-treat" patients has triggered researchers to identify novel treatment approaches, which focus on cure and restoration of the underlying cause of ED. Regenerative medicine has developed extensively in the past few decades and preclinical trials have emphasized the benefit of growth factor therapy, gene transfer, stem cells and tissue engineering for the restoration of erectile function. Development of clinical trials involving immunomodulation in postprostatectomy ED patients and the use of maxi-K channels for gene therapy are illustrative of the advances in the field. However, the search for novel treatment targets and a wealth of preclinical studies represent a dynamic and continuing field of enquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukman Hakim
- Laboratory of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Age-related changes in endothelial function and blood flow regulation. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 133:159-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Animal models of erectile dysfunction (ED): potential utility of non-human primates as a model of atherosclerosis-induced vascular ED. Int J Impot Res 2011; 24:91-100. [PMID: 22205244 DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2011.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a prevalent medical condition affecting 18 million men and their sexual partners in the United States alone. In the majority of patients, ED is related to alterations in the flow of blood to or from the penis. Undeniably, significant progress has been made in understanding the multifactorial mechanisms that modulate erectile capacity and predispose one to ED, and this, in turn, has led to the availability of more effective treatment options. Nonetheless, all current therapies have untoward side effects, and moreover, there are still no satisfactory treatments for many patients with ED. Further enhancements in the treatment of ED would logically result from both early intervention and more detailed mechanistic insight into the characteristics of the disease process per se. This fact underscores the importance of improved understanding of the initiation, development and progression of ED. However, to do so requires longitudinal studies on animal models that more closely approximate the corresponding clinical features and time course of human disease. The goal of this report is twofold. First, to provide a brief general overview of the applicability of commonly used animal models for the study of ED. The second and primary goal is to highlight the scientific rationale for using non-human primates to evaluate the impact of atherosclerosis-induced vascular disease on the penile and systemic circulatory systems. This latter goal seems especially relevant in light of the recent literature documenting a link between ED and systemic vascular disease, a finding that has major implications in an aging US male population consuming a high fat diet.
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Decaluwé K, Pauwels B, Verpoest S, Van de Voorde J. New Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction. J Sex Med 2011; 8:3271-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Chung E, Brock GB. Emerging and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in the Treatment of Male Erectile Dysfunction. Curr Urol Rep 2011; 12:432-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11934-011-0216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Burnett AL, Goldstein I, Andersson KE, Argiolas A, Christ G, Park K, Xin ZC. Future sexual medicine physiological treatment targets. J Sex Med 2011; 7:3269-304. [PMID: 21029380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sexual function in men and women incorporates physiologic processes and regulation of the central and peripheral nervous systems, the vascular system, and the endocrine system. There is need for state-of-the-art information as there is an evolving research understanding of the underlying molecular biological factors and mechanisms governing sexual physiologic functions. AIM To develop an evidence-based, state-of-the-art consensus report on the current knowledge of the major cellular and molecular targets of biologic systems responsible for sexual physiologic function. METHODS State-of-the-art knowledge representing the opinions of seven experts from four countries was developed in a consensus process over a 2-year period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Expert opinion was based on the grading of evidence-based medical literature, widespread internal committee discussion, public presentation, and debate. RESULTS Scientific investigation in this field is needed to increase knowledge and foster development of the future line of treatments for all forms of biological-based sexual dysfunction. This article addresses the current knowledge of the major cellular and molecular targets of biological systems responsible for sexual physiologic function. Future treatment targets include growth factor therapy, gene therapy, stem and cell-based therapies, and regenerative medicine. CONCLUSIONS Scientific discovery is critically important for developing new and increasingly effective treatments in sexual medicine. Broad physiologic directions should be vigorously explored and considered for future management of sexual disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur L Burnett
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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23
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Yoshimura N, Kato R, Chancellor MB, Nelson JB, Glorioso JC. Gene therapy as future treatment of erectile dysfunction. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1305-14. [PMID: 20662742 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.510510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a major men's health problem. Although the high success rate of treating ED by phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors has been reported, there are a significant number of ED patients who do not respond to currently available treatment modalities. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW To elucidate the current status of gene therapy applications for ED, gene therapy approaches for ED treatment are reviewed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Gene therapy strategies that can enhance nitric oxide (NO) production or NO-mediated signaling pathways, growth factor-mediated nerve regeneration or K(+) channel activity in the smooth muscle could be promising approaches for the treatment of ED. Although the majority of gene therapy studies are still in the preclinical phase, the first clinical trial using non-viral gene transfer of Ca(2+)-activated, large-conductance K(+) channels into the corpus cavernosum of ED patients showed positive results. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Gene therapy represents an exciting future treatment option for ED, especially for people with severe ED unresponsive to current first-line therapies such as PDE5 inhibitors although the long-term safety of both viral and non-viral gene therapies should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yoshimura
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Suite 700 Kaufmann Medical Building, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Harraz A, Shindel AW, Lue TF. Emerging gene and stem cell therapies for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Nat Rev Urol 2010; 7:143-52. [PMID: 20157303 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2010.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction is a prevalent condition that leads to significant morbidity and distress, not just for affected men but also for their partners. Very few currently available treatments ameliorate the underlying causes of the disorder and 'cure' the disease state. Much recent effort has been focused on the development of gene and cell-based approaches to rectify the molecular and tissue defects responsible for ED. Gene therapy has been investigated in animal models as a means to restore normal function to the penis; at this time, however, only one human trial has been published in the peer-reviewed literature. Recent gene therapy studies have focused on the modulation of enzymes associated with the NOS/cGMP pathway, and supplementation of trophic factors, peptides and potassium channels. Stem cell therapy has been a topic of interest in more recent years but there are currently very few published reports in animal models and none in human men. Although stem cell therapy offers the potential for restoration of functional tissues, legitimate concerns remain regarding the long-term fate of stem cells. The long-term safety of both gene and stem cell therapy must be thoroughly investigated before large-scale human studies can be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Harraz
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0738, USA
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25
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Stimulating vaginal repair in rats through skeletal muscle-derived stem cells seeded on small intestinal submucosal scaffolds. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 114:300-309. [PMID: 19622991 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0b013e3181af6abd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Grafts are used for vaginal repair after prolapse, but their use to carry stem cells to regenerate vaginal tissue has not been reported. In this study, we investigated whether 1) muscle-derived stem cells (MDSC) grown on small intestinal submucosa (SIS) generate smooth-muscle cells (SMC) in vitro and upon implantation in a rat model of vaginal defects; 2) express markers applicable to the in-vivo detection of vaginal endogenous stem cells; and 3) stimulate the repair of the vagina. METHODS Mouse MDSC grown on monolayer, SIS, or polymeric mesh, were tested for cell differentiation by immunocytochemistry, Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Stem cell markers were screened by DNA microarrays followed by real-time PCR, immunocytochemistry, and Western blot. Rats that underwent hysterectomy and partial vaginectomy were left as such or implanted in the vagina with 4',6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole (DAPI)-labeled MDSC on SIS, or SIS without MDSC, immunosuppressed, and killed at 2-8 weeks. Immunofluorescence, hematoxylin-eosin, and Masson trichrome were applied to tissue sections. RESULTS Muscle-derived stem cell cultures on monolayer and on scaffolds differentiate into SMC, as shown by alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA), calponin, and smoothelin markers. Muscle-derived stem cells express embryonic stem cell markers Oct-4 and nanog. Dual DAPI/ASMA fluorescence indicated MDSC conversion to SMC. Muscle-derived stem cells/SIS stimulated vaginal tissue repair, including keratin-5 positive epithelium formation and prevented fibrosis at 4 and 8 weeks. Oct-4+ putative endogenous stem cells were identified. CONCLUSION Muscle-derived stem cells/SIS implants stimulate vaginal tissue repair in the rat, thus autologous MDSC on scaffolds may be a promising approach for the treatment of vaginal repair.
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26
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Musicki B, Ross AE, Champion HC, Burnett AL, Bivalacqua TJ. Posttranslational modification of constitutive nitric oxide synthase in the penis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 30:352-62. [PMID: 19342700 DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.108.006999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common men's health problem characterized by the consistent inability to sustain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse. Basic science research on erectile physiology has been devoted to investigating the pathogenesis of ED and has led to the conclusion that ED is predominately a disease of vascular origin, neurogenic dysfunction, or both. The constitutive forms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS, endothelial [eNOS] and neuronal [nNOS]) are important enzymes involved in the production of nitric oxide (NO) and thus regulate penile vascular homeostasis. Given the effect of endothelial- and neuronal-derived NO in penile vascular biology, a great deal of research over the past decade has focused on the role of NO synthesis from the endothelium and nitrergic nerve terminal in normal erectile physiology, as well as in disease states. Loss of the functional integrity of the endothelium and subsequent endothelial dysfunction plays an integral role in the occurrence of ED. Therefore, molecular mechanisms involved in dysregulation of these NOS isoforms in the development of ED are essential to discovering the pathogenesis of ED in various disease states. This communication reviews the role of eNOS and nNOS in erectile physiology and discusses the alterations in eNOS and nNOS via posttranslation modification in various vascular diseases of the penis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Musicki
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 600 N Wolfe Avenue, Marburg 143, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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27
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Shamloul R. REVIEWS: The Potential Role of the Heme Oxygenase/Carbon Monoxide System in Male Sexual Dysfunctions. J Sex Med 2009; 6:324-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Gur S, Kadowitz PJ, Hellstrom WJG. A review of current progress in gene and stem cell therapy for erectile dysfunction. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:1521-38. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.10.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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29
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Xie D, Findley CM, Greenfield JM, Pippen AM, Kontos CD, Donatucci CF, Annex BH. A VEGF Trap Inhibits the Beneficial Effect of bFGF on Vasoreactivity in Corporal Tissues of Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits. J Sex Med 2008; 5:2069-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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30
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Mehta N, Sikka S, Rajasekaran M. Laboratory Forum: Rat as an Animal Model for Male Erectile Function Evaluation in Sexual Medicine Research. J Sex Med 2008; 5:1278-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Bivalacqua TJ, Strong TD. The use of gene transfer technology to study the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med 2008; 5:268-75. [PMID: 18237370 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The past 25 years of basic science research on erectile physiology has been devoted to investigating the pathogenesis of erectile dysfunction. Research has led to a better understanding of the biochemical factors and intracellular mechanisms responsible for corporal smooth muscle contraction and relaxation, as well as the influence of endothelial-derived relaxing factors. AIM In this essay, we propose the use of gene transfer technology to study mechanisms of disease involved in penile vascular dysfunction. METHODS The development of methods to deliver therapeutic genes to the penis has kindled a keen interest in treating ED with gene- and cell-based therapies. RESULTS Gene therapy has delineated putative mechanisms of disease in animal models of erectile dysfunction. CONCLUSION Investigation of animal models using gene therapy may ultimately lead to mechanism-based therapies for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinity J Bivalacqua
- The Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Pu XY, Wang XH, Gao WC, Yang ZH, Li SL, Wang HP, Wu YL. Insulin-like growth factor-1 restores erectile function in aged rats: modulation the integrity of smooth muscle and nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling activity. J Sex Med 2008; 5:1345-54. [PMID: 18355170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is one of the growth factors that have a wide range of biologic effects. We have confirmed that gene transfer of IGF-1 to the penis could improve erectile capacity. However, there are some limitations in gene therapies, such as toxicity or a risk of insertional mutagenesis. Protein treatment may be another choice for decreasing these risks. AIM To investigate whether intracavernosal injection of IGF-1 protein can restore erectile function in the aging rat. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Erectile responses, morphological changes, and nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO-cGMP) signaling pathways-related marker were determined. METHODS Ten young (4 months) and 30 old (24 months) Sprague-Dawley male rats were enrolled in this study. The old rats were divided into three groups: vehicle-only (N = 10), IGF-1 1 microg/kg (N = 10) and IGF-1 10 microg/kg treatment group (N = 10). After 4 and 8 weeks of single IGF-1 injection treatment, intracavernous pressure (ICP) responses with electrical stimulation to the cavernous nerve were evaluated. The percent of smooth muscle in corpus cavernosum tissue, the expression of mRNA and protein of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were also evaluated. The activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and concentration of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate (cGMP) that act upon the major NO-cGMP signaling pathways in penile tissue were also analyzed. RESULTS After IGF-1 treatment, the ICP responses was significantly increased as the young control group in both the IGF-1 1 microg/kg and the IGF-1 10 microg/kg group compared with the vehicle-only group at 4 and 8 weeks (P < 0.05). Masson's trichrom staining showed the percentage of cavernosal smooth muscle was increased in IGF-1 treatment group. IGF-1 increased e-NOS expression. NOS activities and cGMP concentrations were also significantly increased in IGF-1 treatment rats. CONCLUSIONS IGF-1 improved erectile function in aged rats via restoration the integrity of smooth muscle of corpus cavernosum and modulation of NO-cGMP pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yong Pu
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital-Department of Urology, Cancer Center and The Medical Research Center, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
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Tostes RC, Carneiro FS, Lee AJ, Giachini FRC, Leite R, Osawa Y, Webb RC. Cigarette smoking and erectile dysfunction: focus on NO bioavailability and ROS generation. J Sex Med 2008; 5:1284-95. [PMID: 18331273 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thirty million men in the United States suffer from erectile dysfunction (ED) and this number is expected to double by 2025. Considered a major public health problem, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients and their partners, ED becomes increasingly prevalent with age and chronic smoking is a major risk factor in the development of ED. AIM To review available evidence concerning the effects of cigarette smoking on vascular changes associated with decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. METHODS We examined epidemiological and clinical data linking cigarette smoking and ED, and the effects of smoking on vascular NO bioavailability and ROS generation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES There are strong parallels between smoking and ED and considerable evidence supporting the concept that smoking-related ED is associated with reduced bioavailability of NO because of increased ROS. RESULTS Cigarette smoking-induced ED in human and animal models is associated with impaired arterial flow to the penis or acute vasospasm of the penile arteries. Long-term smoking produces detrimental effects on the vascular endothelium and peripheral nerves and also causes ultrastructural damage to the corporal tissue, all considered to play a role in chronic smoking-induced ED. Clinical and basic science studies provide strong indirect evidence that smoking may affect penile erection by the impairment of endothelium-dependent smooth muscle relaxation or more specifically by affecting NO production via increased ROS generation. Whether nicotine or other products of cigarette smoke mediate all effects related to vascular damage is still unknown. CONCLUSIONS Smoking prevention represents an important approach for reducing the risk of ED. The characterization of the components of cigarette smoke leading to ED and the mechanisms by which these components alter signaling pathways activated in erectile responses are necessary for a complete comprehension of cigarette smoking-associated ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita C Tostes
- University of Sao Paulo, Department of Pharmacology, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Nolazco G, Kovanecz I, Vernet D, Gelfand RA, Tsao J, Ferrini MG, Magee T, Rajfer J, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF. Effect of muscle-derived stem cells on the restoration of corpora cavernosa smooth muscle and erectile function in the aged rat. BJU Int 2008; 101:1156-64. [PMID: 18294308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.07507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether skeletal muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) convert into smooth muscle cells (SMCs) both in vitro and in vivo, and in so doing ameliorate the erectile dysfunction (ED) of aged rats, and whether endogenous stem cells are present in the rat corpora cavernosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS MDSCs were obtained from mouse muscle, and shown by immunocytochemistry for alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha SMA) to originate in vitro in myofibroblasts and SMCs, discriminating SMCs by calponin 1 expression. In vivo these MDSCs, labelled with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, were implanted into the corpora cavernosa of young adult (5-month old) and aged (20-month old) rats for 2 and 4 weeks. Histological changes were assessed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative Western blot. Functional changes were determined by electrical field stimulation (EFS) of the cavernosal nerve. RESULTS The exogenous cells replicated and converted into SMCs, as shown in corporal tissue sections by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), alpha SMA, and smoothelin, and also by Western blot for alpha SMA and PCNA. MDSC differentiation was confirmed by the activation of the alpha SMA promoter-linked beta-galactosidase in transfected cells, both in vitro and after implantation in the corpora. Putative endogenous stem cells were shown in corporal tissue sections and Western blots by detecting CD34 and a possible Sca1 variant. EFS showed that implanted MDSCs raised in aged rats the maximal intracavernosal pressure/mean arterial pressure levels above (2 weeks) or up to (4 weeks) those of young adult rats. CONCLUSIONS MDSCs implanted into the corpora cavernosa of aged rats converted into SMCs and corrected ED, and endogenous cells expressing stem cell markers were also found in untreated tissue. This suggests that exogenous stem cell implantation and/or endogenous stem cell modulation might be viable therapeutic approaches for ageing-related ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby Nolazco
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Urology Research Laboratory, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
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Carneiro FS, Giachini FRC, Lima VV, Carneiro ZN, Leite R, Inscho EW, Tostes RC, Webb RC. Adenosine actions are preserved in corpus cavernosum from obese and type II diabetic db/db mouse. J Sex Med 2008; 5:1156-1166. [PMID: 18221284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction (ED) in diabetes is associated with autonomic neuropathy and endothelial dysfunction. Whereas the nonadrenergic-noncholinergic (NANC)/neurogenic nitric oxide pathway has received great attention in diabetes-associated ED, few studies have addressed sympathetic overactivity. AIM To test the hypothesis that adenosine-induced inhibition of adrenergic-mediated contractile responses in mouse corpus cavernosum is impaired in the presence of diabetes. METHODS The db/db (obesity and type II diabetes caused by a leptin receptor mutation) mouse strain was used as a model of obesity and type II diabetes, and standard procedures were performed to evaluate functional cavernosal responses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Increased cavernosal responses to sympathetic stimulation in db/db mice are not associated with impaired prejunctional actions of adenosine. RESULTS Electrical field stimulation (EFS)-, but not phenylephrine (PE)-, induced contractions are enhanced in cavernosal strips from db/db mice in comparison with those from lean littermates. Direct effects of adenosine, 2-chloro-adenosine, A(1) receptor agonist C-8031 (N6 cyclopentyladenosine), and sodium nitroprusside are similar between the strips from lean and db/db mice, whereas relaxant responses to acetylcholine and NANC stimulation are significantly impaired in the cavernosal strips from db/db mice. 5'-Iodotubercidin (adenosine kinase inhibitor) and dipyridamole (inhibitor of adenosine transport), as well as the A(1) agonist C-8031, significantly and similarly inhibit contractions induced by stimulation of adrenergic nerves in the cavernosal strips from lean and db/db mice. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study suggest that corpora cavernosa from obese and diabetic db/db mice display altered neural-mediated responses that would favor penile detumescence, i.e., increased contractile response to adrenergic nerve stimulation and decreased relaxant responses upon activation of NANC nerves. However, increased cavernosal responses to adrenergic nerve stimulation are not due to impaired negative modulation of sympathetic neurotransmission by adenosine in this diabetic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Silva Carneiro
- Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil;; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Fernanda R C Giachini
- Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil;; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Victor V Lima
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Romulo Leite
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Edward W Inscho
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA; Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
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Waldkirch E, Uckert S, Sigl K, Imkamp F, Langnaese K, Richter K, Jonas U, Sohn M, Stief C, Wolf G, Hedlund P. Expression and distribution of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase-1 isoforms in human penile erectile tissue. J Sex Med 2008; 5:536-43. [PMID: 18194177 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Besides the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), downstream guanine monophosphate (cGMP) effector proteins are also considered to play a significant role in penile vascular disease. In animal studies, a downregulation of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase-1 (cGKI) alpha isoform has been linked to erectile dysfunction and diabetes mellitus. So far, the expression of cGKI alpha and beta isoforms has not been evaluated in human penile erectile tissue. AIM To evaluate the expression of cGKI alpha and beta isoforms in relation to smooth muscle alpha-actin, cGMP, and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in human cavernous arteries (HCAs) and human corpus cavernosum (HCC). METHODS Cryostat sections of HCA and HCC were incubated with primary antibodies directed against alpha-actin, cGMP, eNOS, cGKI, cGKI alpha, and cGKI beta. Visualization of double-labeled immunofluorescent stainings was achieved by laser microscopy. Western blot analysis was performed in order to confirm the expression of cGKI isoforms. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Expression of cGKI alpha and beta isoforms in relation to smooth muscle alpha-actin, cGMP, and eNOS in human penile erectile tissue. RESULTS Immunoreactivities specific for cGKI, cGKI alpha, and cGKI beta were observed within the smooth musculature and the endothelium of cavernous arteries and sinusoids. Double stainings revealed the colocalization of alpha-actin, cGMP, eNOS, and cGKI isoforms. The expression of cGKI isoforms was confirmed by Western blot analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate, for the first time, the expression of both cGKI alpha and beta isoforms in the smooth musculature of HCA and HCC. Corresponding to recent findings from animal studies, the presence of cGKI alpha and beta provides further evidence for a significant role of these enzymes in the control of smooth muscle function in human penile erectile tissue.
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Kovanecz I, Ferrini MG, Vernet D, Nolazco G, Rajfer J, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF. Ageing-related corpora veno-occlusive dysfunction in the rat is ameliorated by pioglitazone. BJU Int 2007; 100:867-74. [PMID: 17662078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.07070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether ageing-related changes in the penile corpora cavernosa, namely corporal veno-occlusive dysfunction (CVOD), loss of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and excessive collagen deposition, can be ameliorated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonist pioglitazone, in a rat model of ageing as we have shown in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Fischer 344 rats (16-18 months old) were fed chow containing 0%, 0.001% or 0.02% pioglitazone for 2 or 4.5 months, using 5 month old rats as 'young' controls. Functional changes were determined by dynamic-infusion cavernosometry (DIC). Histological changes were assessed by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry followed by quantitative image analysis and/or quantitative Western blot. Reactive oxygen species were estimated in blood. RESULTS Pioglitazone at both doses reduced the high DIC 'drop rate' present in the untreated aged groups to the level seen in the young rats. The papaverine response was increased to young control levels by short-term high-dose pioglitazone and the long-term low-dose treatment, but not by the short-term low-dose treatment. Pioglitazone at all doses and durations of treatment failed to reverse the decreased corporal SMC/collagen ratio and SMC content, oxidative stress, or the elevated contents of collagen, or transforming growth factor beta1, seen in the aged penis, but did reduce the collagen III/I ratio, and at a high dose increased apoptosis. Both treatments inhibited the Rho-kinase system, by increasing Src homology region 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase and reducing Vav. PPARgamma were detected in corporal SMCs. CONCLUSIONS Pioglitazone ameliorated ageing-related CVOD, possibly by a PPARgamma-mediated inhibition of Rho-kinase and not by a protective effect on the corporal smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Kovanecz
- Urology Research Laboratory, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
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