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Xie L, Slotsbo S, Damgaard C, Holmstrup M. Exposure to teflubenzuron reduces drought tolerance of collembolans. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142448. [PMID: 38823429 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs) are commonly used insecticides compromising cuticle formation and structure in arthropods. Arthropods rely on intact cuticles to maintain water balance and cellular homeostasis to survive in different weather conditions. We hypothesized that physiological impacts of CSIs may make arthropods more vulnerable to harsh environmental conditions, such as extreme heat, cold or drought. The aim of this study was to investigate if pre-exposure to teflubenzuron (a common CSI) would influence Folsomia candida's (Collembola: Isotomidae) sensitivity to natural stressors. Here, we exposed adult collembolans to teflubenzuron through food for two weeks, then survivors were immediately divided into three groups for subsequent acute heat, cold, and drought exposure. After acute exposure to these natural stressors, the collembolans were moved to optimal conditions for a one-week recovery period during which their survival, time to regain reproduction, and egg production were examined. We analyzed the interaction between effects of teflubenzuron and natural stressors using a multiplicative model. No interaction between effects of teflubenzuron and heat was observed in any test endpoints. A synergistic interaction between effects of teflubenzuron and cold was observed in the time to regain reproduction. Both survival and egg production, on the other hand, showed synergistic interaction between effects of teflubenzuron and drought, as well as a tendency for longer reproduction recovery times. Our results suggest that pre-exposure to teflubenzuron reduces drought tolerance in F. candida, while its impact on heat or cold tolerance is minor or absent. This study is among the first to explore the combined effects of CSI and natural stressors on soil arthropods, providing more insight on potential risks posed by such chemicals in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Xie
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Section for Terrestrial Ecology, C.F. Møllers Allé 4, Building 1120, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Stine Slotsbo
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Section for Terrestrial Ecology, C.F. Møllers Allé 4, Building 1120, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian Damgaard
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Section for Terrestrial Ecology, C.F. Møllers Allé 4, Building 1120, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Martin Holmstrup
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Section for Terrestrial Ecology, C.F. Møllers Allé 4, Building 1120, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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2
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Oz E, Polat B, Cengiz A, Kahraman S, Gultekin ZN, Caliskan C, Cetin H. Effects of solid and aqueous dietary diflubenzuron ingestion on some biological parameters in synthetic pyrethroid-resistant German cockroach, Blattella germanica L. (Blattodea: Ectobiidae). MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 38:172-178. [PMID: 38124363 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Cockroaches, widespread pests found in metropolitan areas, are known as vectors of various disease agents, including viruses, fungi and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, as well as causing allergies in humans. Insect growth regulators have been used in pest management for several decades. These insecticides disrupt insect development and reproduction. Chitin synthesis inhibitors interfere with chitin biosynthesis in insects, causing abortive moulting and mortality, as well as inhibiting egg fertility, and larval hatching in insects. In this research, we evaluated the various effects of diflubenzuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on synthetic pyrethroid-resistant German cockroach (Blattella germanica L. Blattodea: Ectobiidae), including ootheca production, oothecal viability, ootheca incubation time, the number of nymphs emerging from the ootheca and survivorship of nymphs. The cockroaches were fed diets that contained diflubenzuron, which was added to solid bait (impregnated fish food) and ingestible aqueous bait (impregnated cotton). Three concentrations (0.5%, 1% and 2%) were used in the experiments. As a result, diflubenzuron treatment led to ootheca production ranging from 60% to 100%; statistically, no difference was found between the treatment and the control groups. The number of nymphs emerging from the first and second ootheca was reduced by 40%-100% in the diflubenzuron-treated groups compared with the control. Nymphs exposed to diflubenzuron-impregnated solid bait and ingestible aqueous bait experienced mortality exceeding 92.1% and 66.27% within 15 days, respectively. In conclusion, diflubenzuron is a potential insecticide for use in cockroach baits to control B. germanica, as it caused high nymphal and embryonic mortality in the synthetic pyrethroid-resistant population and decreased the number of nymphs emerging from the ootheca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Oz
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Burak Polat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Aysegul Cengiz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Sevval Kahraman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Nur Gultekin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Cansu Caliskan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Huseyin Cetin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye
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3
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Mastrantonio V, Libro P, Di Martino J, Matera M, Bellini R, Castrignanò T, Urbanelli S, Porretta D. Integrated de novo transcriptome of Culex pipiens mosquito larvae as a resource for genetic control strategies. Sci Data 2024; 11:471. [PMID: 38724521 PMCID: PMC11082219 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a de novo transcriptome of the mosquito vector Culex pipiens, assembled by sequences of susceptible and insecticide resistant larvae. The high quality of the assembly was confirmed by TransRate and BUSCO. A mapping percentage until 94.8% was obtained by aligning contigs to Nr, SwissProt, and TrEMBL, with 27,281 sequences that simultaneously mapped on the three databases. A total of 14,966 ORFs were also functionally annotated by using the eggNOG database. Among them, we identified ORF sequences of the main gene families involved in insecticide resistance. Therefore, this resource stands as a valuable reference for further studies of differential gene expression as well as to identify genes of interest for genetic-based control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pietro Libro
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Jessica Di Martino
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Michele Matera
- Envu, 2022 ES Deutschland GmbH, Germany, Monheim, Germany
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Romeo Bellini
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente "G. Nicoli", Via Sant'Agata 835, 40014, Crevalcore, Italy
| | - Tiziana Castrignanò
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Sandra Urbanelli
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Porretta
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
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4
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Ioannou CS, Savvidou EC, Apocha L, Terblanche JS, Papadopoulos NT. Insecticide resistant mosquitoes remain thermal stress resistant, without loss of thermal plasticity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169443. [PMID: 38114031 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
A major component of mosquito's climate change response is their heat tolerance, and any ability to rapidly adjust to extreme environmental conditions through phenotypic plasticity. The excessive use of insecticides for the control of major mosquito species leads to resistant populations, however it is largely unclear if this concurrently impacts thermal stress resistance and their potential to adjust tolerance via phenotypic plasticity. Culex pipiens pipiens, Culex pipiens molestus and Aedes albopictus populations obtained from the same region were subjected for 12 generations to selection trials to larvicides Diflubenzuron (DFB) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) to develop insecticide resistance. Adults emerging from the selected populations were acclimated at different temperatures and the upper and lower critical thermal limits (CTmax and CTmin) were estimated using dynamic thermal assays. In addition, the supercooling points (SCPs) of non-acclimated adults of resistant and control populations were determined. Our results revealed marked differences in thermal response among the three species, the different acclimation regimes and sexes. Aedes albopictus was more resistant in high than low temperatures compared to both Culex pipiens biotypes. Culex forms responded similarly to heat but differently to cold stress. In both forms, females responded better than males to all thermal stressors. Acclimation at higher and lower temperatures improves CTmax and CTmin values, respectively in both insecticide resistant and control populations of all three species. Overall, selection to insecticides did not affect the thermal performance of adults. Hence, insecticide-resistant mosquito populations perform similarly to untreated ones and are capable of readily adapting to new environmental changes rising concerns regarding their geographic range expansion and disease transmission globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos S Ioannou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Greece
| | - Eleni C Savvidou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Greece
| | - Lemonia Apocha
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Greece
| | - John S Terblanche
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Nikos T Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Greece.
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5
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He B, Chen W, Ma ZT, He X, Hu MX, Hu YH, Zhang XT, Yan W, Liu MX, Zhang ZG, Ye YH. Design and Synthesis of Novel Diphenyl Ether Carboxamide Derivatives To Control the Phytopathogenic Fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2935-2942. [PMID: 38317284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) caused by the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum has led to serious losses in the yields of oilseed rape and other crops every year. Here, we designed and synthesized a series of carboxamide derivatives containing a diphenyl ether skeleton by adopting the scaffold splicing strategy. From the results of the mycelium growth inhibition experiment, inhibition rates of compounds 4j and 4i showed more than 80% to control S. sclerotiorum at a dose of 50 μg/mL, which is close to that of the positive control (flubeneteram, 95%). Then, the results of a structure-activity relationship study showed that the benzyl scaffold was very important for antifungal activity and that introducing a halogen atom on the benzyl ring would improve antifungal activity. Furthermore, the results of an in vitro activity test suggested that these novel compounds can inhibit the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and the binding mode of 4j with SDH was basically similar to that of the flutolanil derivative. Morphological observation of mycelium revealed that compound 4j could cause a damage on the mycelial morphology and cell structure of S. sclerotiorum, resulting in inhibition of the growth of mycelia. Furthermore, in vivo antifungal activity assessment of 4j displayed a good control of S. sclerotiorum (>97%) with a result similar to that of the positive control at a concentration of 200 mg/L. Thus, the diphenyl ether carboxamide skeleton is a new starting point for the discovery of new SDH inhibitors and is worthy of further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo He
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Wang Chen
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Tao Ma
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xu He
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Xu Hu
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hao Hu
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Tong Zhang
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yan
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Mu-Xing Liu
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Guang Zhang
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Hao Ye
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
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6
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Galvez-Llompart M, Zanni R, Vela-Corcía D, Polonio Á, Perez-Gimenez F, Martínez-Cruz J, Romero D, Fernández-Ortuño D, Pérez-García A, Galvez J. Rational Design of a Potential New Nematicide Targeting Chitin Deacetylase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2482-2491. [PMID: 38264997 PMCID: PMC10853968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
In a previously published study, the authors devised a molecular topology QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationship) approach to detect novel fungicides acting as inhibitors of chitin deacetylase (CDA). Several of the chosen compounds exhibited noteworthy activity. Due to the close relationship between chitin-related proteins present in fungi and other chitin-containing plant-parasitic species, the authors decided to test these molecules against nematodes, based on their negative impact on agriculture. From an overall of 20 fungal CDA inhibitors, six showed to be active against Caenorhabditis elegans. These experimental results made it possible to develop two new molecular topology-based QSAR algorithms for the rational design of potential nematicides with CDA inhibitor activity for crop protection. Linear discriminant analysis was employed to create the two algorithms, one for identifying the chemo-mathematical pattern of commercial nematicides and the other for identifying nematicides with activity on CDA. After creating and validating the QSAR models, the authors screened several natural and synthetic compound databases, searching for alternatives to current nematicides. Finally one compound, the N2-(dimethylsulfamoyl)-N-{2-[(2-methyl-2-propanyl)sulfanyl]ethyl}-N2-phenylglycinamide or nematode chitin deacetylase inhibitor, was selected as the best candidate and was further investigated both in silico, through molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations, and in vitro, through specific experimental assays. The molecule shows favorable binding behavior on the catalytic pocket of C. elegans CDA and the experimental assays confirm potential nematicide activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Galvez-Llompart
- Department
of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology
and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
- Molecular
Topology and Drug Design Unit. Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Riccardo Zanni
- Molecular
Topology and Drug Design Unit. Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - David Vela-Corcía
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Instituto de Hortofruticultura
Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, IHSM-UMA-CSIC, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Álvaro Polonio
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Instituto de Hortofruticultura
Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, IHSM-UMA-CSIC, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Facundo Perez-Gimenez
- Molecular
Topology and Drug Design Unit. Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Jesús Martínez-Cruz
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Instituto de Hortofruticultura
Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, IHSM-UMA-CSIC, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Diego Romero
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Instituto de Hortofruticultura
Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, IHSM-UMA-CSIC, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Dolores Fernández-Ortuño
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Instituto de Hortofruticultura
Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, IHSM-UMA-CSIC, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-García
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Instituto de Hortofruticultura
Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, IHSM-UMA-CSIC, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Jorge Galvez
- Molecular
Topology and Drug Design Unit. Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
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7
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Napolitano C, Benfatti F, Hamdan FB, Bristow JA, Dapiaggi F, Firth LC, Guest M, Saunders HA, Hall RG, Monaco MR, Quetglas V, Rendine S, Eterovic M. Synthesis and insecticidal activity of N-(5-phenylpyrazin-2-yl)-benzamide derivatives: Elucidation of mode of action on chitin biosynthesis through symptomology and genetic studies. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 199:105771. [PMID: 38458679 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Among the six-membered heterocycles, the pyrazine ring is poorly explored in crop protection and does not feature in any product listed in the current IRAC MoA classification. In an effort to identify new leads for internal research, we synthesized a series of N-(5-phenylpyrazin-2-yl)-benzamide derivatives and evaluated them for their insecticidal activity. N-(5-phenylpyrazin-2-yl)-benzamide derivatives 3 were prepared using an automated two-step synthesis protocol. These compounds were tested for their initial biological activity against a wide range of sucking and chewing insect pests and found to be active against lepidopterans only. More detailed experiments, including symptomology studies on the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) and the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) showed that analog 3q causes severe abnormalities in the lepidopteran cuticle leading to larval mortality. Compound 3q shows strong potency against both P. xylostella and S. littoralis, whereas analog 3i shows better potency against S. littoralis causing also impaired cuticular structure and death of the larvae. Additionally, P. xylostella genetic studies showed that compound 3q resistance is linked to Chitin Synthase 1. Our studies show that N-(5-phenylpyrazin-2-yl)-benzamide derivatives 3, and in particular analogs 3i and 3q, act as insect growth modulator insecticides. Conformational similarities with lufenuron are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Napolitano
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, Stein CH-4332, Switzerland
| | - Fides Benfatti
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, Stein CH-4332, Switzerland
| | - Farhan Bou Hamdan
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, Stein CH-4332, Switzerland
| | - Julia A Bristow
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Federico Dapiaggi
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, Stein CH-4332, Switzerland
| | - Lucy C Firth
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Marcus Guest
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK.
| | - Helena A Saunders
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Roger G Hall
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, Stein CH-4332, Switzerland
| | - Mattia R Monaco
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, Stein CH-4332, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Quetglas
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, Stein CH-4332, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Rendine
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, Stein CH-4332, Switzerland
| | - Marisa Eterovic
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, Stein CH-4332, Switzerland.
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8
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He B, Hu Y, Chen W, He X, Zhang E, Hu M, Zhang P, Yan W, Ye Y. Design, Synthesis, and Antifungal Activity of N-(alkoxy)-Diphenyl Ether Carboxamide Derivates as Novel Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 29:83. [PMID: 38202666 PMCID: PMC10780015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.3.5.1) is one of the most promising targets for fungicide development and has attracted great attention worldwide. However, existing commercial fungicides targeting SDH have led to the increasingly prominent problem of pathogen resistance, so it is necessary to develop new fungicides. Herein, we used a structure-based molecular design strategy to design and synthesize a series of novel SDHI fungicides containing an N-(alkoxy)diphenyl ether carboxamide skeleton. The mycelial growth inhibition experiment showed that compound M15 exhibited a very good control effect against four plant pathogens, with inhibition rates of more than 60% at a dose of 50 μg/mL. A structure-activity relationship study found that N-O-benzyl-substituted derivatives showed better antifungal activity than others, especially the introduction of a halogen on the benzyl. Furthermore, the molecular docking results suggested that π-π interactions with Trp35 and hydrogen bonds with Tyr33 and Trp173 were crucial interaction sites when inhibitors bound to SDH. Morphological observation of mycelium revealed that M15 could inhibit the growth of mycelia. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro tests showed that M15 not only inhibited the enzyme activity of SDH but also effectively protected rice from damage due to R. solani infection, with a result close to that of the control at a concentration of 200 μg/mL. Thus, the N-(alkoxy)diphenyl ether carboxamide skeleton is a new starting point for the discovery of new SDH inhibitors and is worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo He
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (W.C.); (X.H.); (E.Z.); (M.H.); (W.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanhao Hu
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (W.C.); (X.H.); (E.Z.); (M.H.); (W.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wang Chen
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (W.C.); (X.H.); (E.Z.); (M.H.); (W.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xu He
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (W.C.); (X.H.); (E.Z.); (M.H.); (W.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Enpei Zhang
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (W.C.); (X.H.); (E.Z.); (M.H.); (W.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengxu Hu
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (W.C.); (X.H.); (E.Z.); (M.H.); (W.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Pu Zhang
- Research & Development Center, Jiangsu Flag Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Wei Yan
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (W.C.); (X.H.); (E.Z.); (M.H.); (W.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yonghao Ye
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (W.C.); (X.H.); (E.Z.); (M.H.); (W.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
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9
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Böhringer AC, Deters L, Windfelder AG, Merzendorfer H. Dextran sulfate sodium and uracil induce inflammatory effects and disrupt the chitinous peritrophic matrix in the midgut of Tribolium castaneum. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 163:104029. [PMID: 37907139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Dextran sulfate sodium is used in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mice models to trigger chronic intestinal inflammation. In this study, we have analyzed DSS effects in the genetic model and pest beetle, Tribolium castaneum, which can be easily and cost-effectively cultivated and examined in very large quantities compensating for individual variations. We fed the larvae with DSS and uracil, which is known to induce the production of reactive oxygen species by activating DUOX, a member of the NADPH oxidase family. Both chemicals induced IBD-like phenotypes, including impaired growth and development, midgut thickening, epithelial swelling, and a loss of epithelial barrier function. RNAi mediated knockdown of DUOX expression enhanced the effects of DSS and uracil on mortality. Finally, we showed that both treatments result in an altered activity of the intestinal microbiome, similar as observed in IBD patients. Our findings suggest that both chemicals impair the epithelial barrier by increasing the permeability of the peritrophic matrix. The loss of the barrier function may facilitate the entry of midgut bacteria triggering innate immune responses that also affect the intestinal microbiome. As the observed effects resemble those induced by DSS treatment in mice, T. castaneum might be suitable high-throughput invertebrate model for IBD research and preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lara Deters
- University of Siegen, Department of Chemistry-Biology, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Anton George Windfelder
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, 35392, Gießen, Germany; Experimental Radiology, Department of Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- University of Siegen, Department of Chemistry-Biology, 57068, Siegen, Germany.
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10
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Szabó B, Révész A, Boros G. Additive and dose-dependent mixture effects of Flumite 200 (flufenzin, acaricide) and Quadris (azoxystrobin, fungicide) on the reproduction and survival of Folsomia candida (Collembola). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115219. [PMID: 37423197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical plant protection is still a dominant agricultural practice in the world, and usually fields are treated with several pesticides many times per year. This means that not only the single substances affect the environment and the non-target organisms, but their mixtures. Our model organism was Folsomia candida (Collembola). We aimed to gain information on the toxicity of Quadris (azoxystrobin) and Flumite 200 (flufenzine aka. diflovidazine) on survival and reproduction and whether the animals can mitigate the toxicity with soil and/or food avoidance behaviour. Also, we aimed to test the effect of the mixture of these two pesticides. We used the OECD 232 reproduction test, a soil avoidance test, and a food choice test for both single pesticides and their mixture. We prepared the mixtures based on the concentration addition model, so the 50% effective concentrations (EC50) of the single materials were used as one toxic unit with a constant ratio of the two materials in the mixture. In the end, the measured mixture EC and LC (lethal concentration) values were compared to the estimate of the concentration addition model. Both materials were toxic to the Collembola in much higher concentrations than the recommended field concentrations (Flumite 200 EC50: 1.096, LC50: 1.561, Quadris EC50: 65.568, LC50: 386.165 mg kg-1). The springtails did not consistently avoid the polluted soils, this only happened in higher concentrations. The mixtures seemed to have additive effects on the reproduction and we found dose-dependent interaction with the survival (EC50: 1.022 Toxic Unit, 0.560 Flumite 200 and 33.505 Quadris; LC50: 1.509 Toxic Unit, 0.827 Flumite 200 and 49.471 mg kg-1 Quadris). The deviation from the concentration addition model suggests that the curve starts with a synergy. but above EC50 it becomes antagonistic. We conclude that both Quadris and Flumite 200 are safe for springtails until the recommended field concentration is respected. However, if higher concentrations are used the animals cannot avoid Flumite 200 and the toxic effects can fully manifest. Consequently, the dose-dependent deviation from the concentration addition model is a reason for caution as the low concentrations were synergistic for survival. That means the field concentrations can possibly cause synergistic effects. However, to clarify that further tests are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borbála Szabó
- University of Bremen, UFT, FB02, General and Theoretical Ecology, Leobener Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Anna Révész
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Zoology and Ecology, Páter K. u. 1, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Gergely Boros
- University of Bremen, UFT, FB02, General and Theoretical Ecology, Leobener Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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11
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Zhang S, Zhang Y, Zou H, Li X, Zou H, Wang Z, Zou C. FDP-Na-induced enhancement of glycolysis impacts larval growth and development and chitin biosynthesis in fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 195:105560. [PMID: 37666596 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Fructose 1, 6-diphosphate (FDP) is an endogenous intermediate in the glycolytic pathway, as well as an allosteric activator of phosphofructokinase (PFK). Based on the role in promoting glycolysis, FDP has been widely used as a therapeutic agent for mitigating the damage of endotoxemia and ischemia/reperfusion in clinical practice. However, the effect of exogenous FDP-induced glycolysis activation on insect carbohydrate metabolism and chitin synthesis remains largely unclear. Here, we investigated for the first time the effects of FDP-Na, an allosteric activator of PFK, on the growth and development of Hyphantria cunea larvae, a serious defoliator in agriculture and forestry, especially on glycolysis and chitin synthesis. The results showed that FDP-Na significantly restrained the growth and development of H. cunea larvae and resulted in larval lethality. After treatment with FDP-Na, hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) were significantly activated, and HcHK2, HcPFK, HcPK were dramatically upregulated, which suggested that FDP-Na enhanced glycolysis in H. cunea larvae. Meanwhile, FDP-Na also distinctly impacted chitin biosynthesis by disturbing transcriptions of genes in the chitin synthesis pathway, resulting in changes of chitin contents in the midgut and epidermis of H. cunea larvae. Therefore, we considered that FDP-Na caused the growth and development arrest, and impacted chitin biosynthesis, probably by disturbing in vivo glycolysis and carbohydrate metabolism in H. cunea larvae. The findings provide a new perspective on the mechanism by which glycolysis regulates insect growth and development, and lay the foundation for exploring the potential application of glycolysis activators in pest control as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Haifeng Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Xingpeng Li
- Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin 132013, PR China
| | - Hang Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Ze Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Chuanshan Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
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12
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Chen DD, Wang ZB, Wang LX, Zhao P, Yun CH, Bai L. Structure, catalysis, chitin transport, and selective inhibition of chitin synthase. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4776. [PMID: 37553334 PMCID: PMC10409773 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is one of the most abundant natural biopolymers and serves as a critical structural component of extracellular matrices, including fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons. As a linear polymer of β-(1,4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine, chitin is synthesized by chitin synthases, which are recognized as targets for antifungal and anti-insect drugs. In this study, we determine seven different cryo-electron microscopy structures of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae chitin synthase in the absence and presence of glycosyl donor, acceptor, product, or peptidyl nucleoside inhibitors. Combined with functional analyses, these structures show how the donor and acceptor substrates bind in the active site, how substrate hydrolysis drives self-priming, how a chitin-conducting transmembrane channel opens, and how peptidyl nucleoside inhibitors inhibit chitin synthase. Our work provides a structural basis for understanding the function and inhibition of chitin synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Bin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Le-Xuan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Cai-Hong Yun
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lin Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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13
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Zhao Y, Zou C, Zhang L, Li C, Li X, Song L. Chlorbenzuron caused growth arrest through interference of glycolysis and energy metabolism in Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) larvae. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:105466. [PMID: 37248002 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chlorbenzuron is a kind of benzoylphenylureas (BPUs), which plays a broad role in insect growth regulators (IGRs), with an inhibitory effect on chitin biosynthesis. However, BPUs how to regulate glycolysis and insect growth remains largely unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of chlorbenzuron on growth, nutritional indices, glycolysis, and carbohydrate homeostasis in Hyphantria cunea, a destructive and highly polyphagous forest pest, to elucidate the action mechanism of chlorbenzuron from the perspective of energy metabolism. The results showed that chlorbenzuron dramatically restrained the growth and nutritional indices of H. cunea larvae and resulted in lethality. Meanwhile, we confirmed that chlorbenzuron significantly decreased carbohydrate levels, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and pyruvic acid (PA) in H. cunea larvae. Further studies indicated that chlorbenzuron caused a significant enhancement in the enzyme activities and mRNA expressions of hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and pyruvate kinase (PK), resulting in increased glycolytic flux. Expressions of genes involved in the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway were also upregulated. Moreover, chlorbenzuron had remarkable impacts on H. cunea larvae from the perspective of metabolite enrichment, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and glycolysis, indicating an energy metabolism disorder in larvae. The findings provide a novel insight into the molecular mechanism by which chlorbenzuron abnormally promotes glycolysis and eventually interferes with insect growth and nutritional indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuecheng Zhao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Chuanshan Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Chengde Li
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Xingpeng Li
- School of Forestry, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, PR China.
| | - Liwen Song
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Forestry Sciences, Changchun 130033, PR China.
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14
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Gong C, Hasnain A, Wang Q, Liu D, Xu Z, Zhan X, Liu X, Pu J, Sun M, Wang X. Eco-friendly deacetylated chitosan base siRNA biological-nanopesticide loading cyromazine for efficiently controlling Spodoptera frugiperda. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124575. [PMID: 37100329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda is a serious threat to various crops, such as corn and rice, and results in severe economic losses. Herein, a chitin synthase sfCHS highly expressed in the epidermis of S. frugiperda was screened, and when interfered by an sfCHS-siRNA nanocomplex, most individuals could not ecdysis (mortality rate 53.3 %) or pupate (abnormal pupation 80.6 %). Based on the results of structure-based virtual screening, cyromazine (CYR, binding free energy -57.285 kcal/mol) could inhibit ecdysis (LC50, 19.599 μg/g). CYR-CS/siRNA nanoparticles encapsulating CYR and SfCHS-siRNA with chitosan (CS) were successfully prepared, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and 74.9 mg/g CYR was characterized in the core of CYR-CS/siRNA by high-performance liquid chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Small amounts of prepared CYR-CS/siRNA containing only 1.5 μg/g CYR could better inhibit chitin synthesis in the cuticle and peritrophic membrane (mortality rate 84.4 %). Therefore, chitosan/siRNA nanoparticle-loaded pesticides were useful for pesticide reduction and comprehensive control of S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ali Hasnain
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qiulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhengze Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jian Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mengmeng Sun
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuegui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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15
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Hussein HS, Salem MZM, Soliman AM, Eldesouky SE. Comparative study of three plant-derived extracts as new management strategies against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Sci Rep 2023; 13:3542. [PMID: 36864078 PMCID: PMC9981771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding innovative eco-friendly agents for pest control may be aided by investigating the plant-derived extracts' properties on economic pests. Therefore, the insecticidal, behavioral, biological and biochemical effects of Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae) leaf water and methanol extracts, Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae) wood methanol extract, and Salix babylonica (Salicaceae) leaf methanol extract in comparison with a reference insecticide novaluron against S. littoralis were evaluated. The extracts were analyzed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The most abundant phenolic compounds were 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (7.16 mg/mL) and ferulic acid (6.34 mg/mL) in M. grandiflora leaf water extract; catechol (13.05 mg/mL), ferulic acid (11.87 mg/mL), and chlorogenic acid (10.33 mg/mL) in M. grandiflora leaf methanol extract; ferulic acid (14.81 mg/mL), caffeic acid (5.61 mg/mL), and gallic acid (5.07 mg/mL) In the S. terebinthifolius extract; cinnamic acid (11.36 mg/mL), and protocatechuic acid (10.33 mg/mL) In the methanol extract from S. babylonica extract. S. terebinthifolius extract had a highly toxic effect against second larvae after 96 h and eggs with LC50 values of 0.89 and 0.94 mg/L, respectively. Despite M. grandiflora extracts didn't show any toxicity against S. littoralis stages, they had an attractant effect on fourth- and second larvae, with feeding deterrence values of - 2.7% and - 6.7%, respectively, at 10 mg/L. S. terebinthifolius extract significantly reduced the percentage of pupation, adult emergence, hatchability, and fecundity, with values of 60.2%, 56.7%, 35.3%, and 105.4 eggs/female, respectively. Novaluron and S. terebinthifolius extract drastically inhibited the activities of α-amylase and total proteases to 1.16 and 0.52, and 1.47 and 0.65 ΔOD/mg protein/min, respectively. In the semi-field experiment, the residual toxicity of tested extracts on S. littoralis gradually decreased over time compared to novaluron. These findings indicate that extract from S. terebinthifolius is a promising insecticidal agent against S. littoralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa S Hussein
- Applied Entomology and Zoology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z M Salem
- Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Soliman
- Applied Entomology and Zoology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt
| | - Sahar E Eldesouky
- Cotton Pesticides Evaluation Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, El-Sabhia, Alexandria, Egypt
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16
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Amaral FSDAE, Kanno RH, do Nascimento ARB, Guidolin AS, Omoto C. Trends towards Lower Susceptibility of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Teflubenzuron in Brazil: An Evidence for Field-Evolved Resistance. INSECTS 2023; 14:129. [PMID: 36835698 PMCID: PMC9965761 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility monitoring to insecticides is a key component to implementing insecticide resistance management (IRM) programs. In this research, the susceptibility to teflubenzuron in Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E Smith) was monitored in more than 200 field-collected populations from major corn-growing regions of Brazil, from 2004 to 2020. Initially, we defined a diagnostic concentration of 10 µg mL-1 of teflubenzuron using a diet-overlay bioassay for monitoring the susceptibility. A variation in the susceptibility to teflubenzuron in S. frugiperda was detected among populations from different locations. We also detected a significant reduction in the susceptibility to teflubenzuron throughout time in all the populations of S. frugiperda evaluated, with larval survival at diagnostic concentration varying from values of <5% in 2004 to up 80% in 2020. Thus, this research provides evidence of field-evolved resistance of S. frugiperda to teflubenzuron and reinforces that IRM practices are urgently needed to be implemented in Brazil.
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17
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Brauer VS, Pessoni AM, Freitas MS, Cavalcanti-Neto MP, Ries LNA, Almeida F. Chitin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010089. [PMID: 36675910 PMCID: PMC9865612 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall (FCW) is a dynamic structure responsible for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and is essential for modulating the interaction of the fungus with its environment. It is composed of proteins, lipids, pigments and polysaccharides, including chitin. Chitin synthesis is catalyzed by chitin synthases (CS), and up to eight CS-encoding genes can be found in Aspergillus species. This review discusses in detail the chitin synthesis and regulation in Aspergillus species, and how manipulation of chitin synthesis pathways can modulate fungal growth, enzyme production, virulence and susceptibility to antifungal agents. More specifically, the metabolic steps involved in chitin biosynthesis are described with an emphasis on how the initiation of chitin biosynthesis remains unknown. A description of the classification, localization and transport of CS was also made. Chitin biosynthesis is shown to underlie a complex regulatory network, with extensive cross-talks existing between the different signaling pathways. Furthermore, pathways and recently identified regulators of chitin biosynthesis during the caspofungin paradoxical effect (CPE) are described. The effect of a chitin on the mammalian immune system is also discussed. Lastly, interference with chitin biosynthesis may also be beneficial for biotechnological applications. Even after more than 30 years of research, chitin biosynthesis remains a topic of current interest in mycology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica S. Brauer
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01000-000, Brazil
| | - André M. Pessoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01000-000, Brazil
| | - Mateus S. Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01000-000, Brazil
| | - Marinaldo P. Cavalcanti-Neto
- Integrated Laboratory of Morphofunctional Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity and Sustainability (NUPEM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 27965-045, Brazil
| | - Laure N. A. Ries
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Correspondence: (L.N.A.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01000-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (L.N.A.R.); (F.A.)
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18
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Lv H, Ling S, Guo Z, Zheng C, Ma H, Li J, Ma K. Effects of lufenuron treatments on the growth and development of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 263:109499. [PMID: 36336329 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lufenuron is an effective benzoylurea insecticide that inhibits the synthesis of chitin and regulates the growth of insects. However, little is known about the effects of lufenuron treatment on the development of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). In this study, we assessed the toxicity of lufenuron on S. frugiperda and evaluated the effects of lufenuron treatment on the growth and development of S. frugiperda. The results showed that lufenuron exhibits high insecticidal activity against S. frugiperda, with the LC50 value of 0.99 mg L-1. Lufenuron treatments can significantly prolong the larval developmental duration and reduce the rates of pupation and emergence. To further explore the underlying mechanism of this observation, the expression profiles of the chitin synthase gene (SfCHS) and chitinase gene (SfCHT), two key enzyme genes involved in the molting of S. frugiperda, were determined after exposure to lufenuron for 96 h. The results of qRT-PCR demonstrated that lufenuron treatments can significantly reduce the expression of SfCHT, while the expression of SfCHS remained relatively stable. Furthermore, we found that lufenuron strongly interacted with chitinase (SfCHT) (-10.8 kcal/mol) and chitin synthase (SfCHS) (R1: -9.7 kcal/mol; R2: -10.2 kcal/mol). Our results indicated that lufenuron has significant effects on the development of S. frugiperda that might be attributed to the differential expression of SfCHT and SfCHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Lv
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Shanshan Ling
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zhimin Guo
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Chengfeng Zheng
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Huina Ma
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jianhong Li
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Kangsheng Ma
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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Zhang T, Huo Y, Dong Q, Liu W, Gao L, Zhou J, Li D, Zhang X, Zhang J, Zhang M. LmCht5-1 and LmCht5-2 Promote the Degradation of Serosal and Pro-Nymphal Cuticles during Locust Embryonic Development. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121778. [PMID: 36552286 PMCID: PMC9775170 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The success of the degradation of the extraembryonic serosal cuticle and the second embryonic cuticle (pro-nymphal cuticle) is essential for the development and molting of nymph from egg in Orthoptera Locusta migratoria. Chitinase 5 is an important gene for chitin degradation in nymphs and in the egg stage. In this study, we investigated the important roles of chitinase 5-1 (LmCht5-1) and chitinase 5-2 (LmCht5-2) in the degradation of the serosal and pro-nymphal cuticles during locust embryonic development. The serosal cuticle degrades from 7-day-old embryos (E7) to E13, along with the degradation of the pro-nymphal cuticle, which begins at E12 to E14. The mRNA and protein of LmCht5-1 and LmCht5-2 are expressed during the degradation process of the serosal cuticle and the pro-nymphal cuticle. RNAi experiments at the embryonic stage show that both dsLmCht5-1 and dsLmCht5-2 contribute to the failure of development in early and late embryogenesis. Further, during the serosal cuticle molting process, ultra-structure analysis indicated that dsLmCht5-1 prevented the loss of the coarse chitin layer in the upper part in both early and late embryogenesis. Meanwhile, dsLmCht5-2 blocked the degradation of the lower fine chitin layer at the early stage and blocked the chitin degradation of loose coarse chitin in the late molting process. During the degradation of the pro-nymphal cuticle, dsLmCht5-1 suppresses chitin degradation between layers in the procuticle, while dsLmCht5-2 suppresses chitin degradation into filaments inside of the layer. In summary, our results suggest that both LmCht5-1 and LmCht5-2 contribute to the degradation of the serosal and pro-nymphal cuticles during the locust embryonic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (M.Z.)
| | - Yanjun Huo
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qing Dong
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jiannan Zhou
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Daqi Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Xueyao Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (M.Z.)
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20
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Lucchesi V, Grimaldi L, Mastrantonio V, Porretta D, Di Bella L, Ruspandini T, Di Salvo ML, Vontas J, Bellini R, Negri A, Epis S, Caccia S, Bandi C, Urbanelli S. Cuticle Modifications and Over-Expression of the Chitin-Synthase Gene in Diflubenzuron-Resistant Phenotype. INSECTS 2022; 13:1109. [PMID: 36555019 PMCID: PMC9782986 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is a major threat challenging the control of harmful insect species. The study of resistant phenotypes is, therefore, pivotal to understand molecular mechanisms underpinning insecticide resistance and plan effective control and resistance management strategies. Here, we further analysed the diflubenzuron (DFB)-resistant phenotype due to the point-mutation I1043M in the chitin-synthase 1 gene (chs1) in the mosquito Culex pipiens. By comparing susceptible and resistant strains of Cx. pipiens through DFB bioassays, molecular analyses and scanning electron microscopy, we showed that the I1043M-resistant mosquitoes have: (i) a striking level of DFB resistance (i.e., resistance ratio: 9006); (ii) a constitutive 11-fold over-expression of the chs1 gene; (iii) enhanced cuticle thickness and cuticular chitin content. Culex pipiens is one of the most important vector species in Europe and the rapid spread of DFB resistance can threaten its control. Our results, by adding new data about the DFB-resistant phenotype, provide important information for the control and management of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lucchesi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Grimaldi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Porretta
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Letizia Di Bella
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Tania Ruspandini
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Martino Luigi Di Salvo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - John Vontas
- Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Lab, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 1385, GR-711 10 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Romeo Bellini
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Centro Agricoltura Ambiente “G. Nicoli”, 40014 Bologna, Italy
| | - Agata Negri
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Epis
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Caccia
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Bandi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Pediatric CRC “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Sandra Urbanelli
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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21
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Stabilized Double-Stranded RNA Strategy Improves Cotton Resistance to CBW ( Anthonomus grandis). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213713. [PMID: 36430188 PMCID: PMC9691246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton is the most important crop for fiber production worldwide. However, the cotton boll weevil (CBW) is an insect pest that causes significant economic losses in infested areas. Current control methods are costly, inefficient, and environmentally hazardous. Herein, we generated transgenic cotton lines expressing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules to trigger RNA interference-mediated gene silencing in CBW. Thus, we targeted three essential genes coding for chitin synthase 2, vitellogenin, and ecdysis-triggering hormone receptor. The stability of expressed dsRNAs was improved by designing a structured RNA based on a viroid genome architecture. We transformed cotton embryos by inserting a promoter-driven expression cassette that overexpressed the dsRNA into flower buds. The transgenic cotton plants were characterized, and positive PCR transformed events were detected with an average heritability of 80%. Expression of dsRNAs was confirmed in floral buds by RT-qPCR, and the T1 cotton plant generation was challenged with fertilized CBW females. After 30 days, data showed high mortality (around 70%) in oviposited yolks. In adult insects fed on transgenic lines, chitin synthase II and vitellogenin showed reduced expression in larvae and adults, respectively. Developmental delays and abnormalities were also observed in these individuals. Our data remark on the potential of transgenic cotton based on a viroid-structured dsRNA to control CBW.
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22
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Gama MDVF, Moraes CS, Gomes B, Diaz-Albiter HM, Mesquita RD, Seabra-Junior E, Azambuja P, Garcia EDS, Genta FA. Structure and expression of Rhodnius prolixus GH18 chitinases and chitinase-like proteins: Characterization of the physiological role of RpCht7, a gene from subgroup VIII, in vector fitness and reproduction. Front Physiol 2022; 13:861620. [PMID: 36262251 PMCID: PMC9574080 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.861620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinases are enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of glycosidic linkages within chitin chains. In insects, chitinases are typically members of the multigenic glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18). They participate in the relocation of chitin during development and molt, and in digestion in detritivores and predatory insects, and they control the peritrophic membrane thickness. Chitin metabolism is a promising target for developing vector control strategies, and knowledge of the roles of chitinases may reveal new targets and illuminate unique aspects of their physiology and interaction with microorganisms. Rhodnius prolixus is an important vector of Chagas disease, which is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. In this study, we performed annotation and structural characterization of nine chitinase and chitinase-like protein genes in the R. prolixus genome. The roles of their corresponding transcripts were studied in more depth; their physiological roles were studied through RNAi silencing. Phylogenetic analysis of coding sequences showed that these genes belong to different subfamilies of GH18 chitinases already described in other insects. The expression patterns of these genes in different tissues and developmental stages were initially characterized using RT-PCR. RNAi screening showed silencing of the gene family members with very different efficiencies. Based on the knockdown results and the general lack of information about subgroup VIII of GH18, the RpCht7 gene was chosen for phenotype analysis. RpCht7 knockdown doubled the mortality in starving fifth-instar nymphs compared to dsGFP-injected controls. However, it did not alter blood intake, diuresis, digestion, molting rate, molting defects, sexual ratio, percentage of hatching, or average hatching time. Nevertheless, female oviposition was reduced by 53% in RpCht7-silenced insects, and differences in oviposition occurred within 14–20 days after a saturating blood meal. These results suggest that RpCht7 may be involved in the reproductive physiology and vector fitness of R. prolixus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno Gomes
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hector Manuel Diaz-Albiter
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, ECOSUR, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Rafael Dias Mesquita
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eloy Seabra-Junior
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Azambuja
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eloi de Souza Garcia
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ariel Genta
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Fernando Ariel Genta, ,
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23
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Chen W, Cao P, Liu Y, Yu A, Wang D, Chen L, Sundarraj R, Yuchi Z, Gong Y, Merzendorfer H, Yang Q. Structural basis for directional chitin biosynthesis. Nature 2022; 610:402-408. [PMID: 36131020 PMCID: PMC9556331 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chitin, the most abundant aminopolysaccharide in nature, is an extracellular polymer consisting of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) units1. The key reactions of chitin biosynthesis are catalysed by chitin synthase2-4, a membrane-integrated glycosyltransferase that transfers GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to a growing chitin chain. However, the precise mechanism of this process has yet to be elucidated. Here we report five cryo-electron microscopy structures of a chitin synthase from the devastating soybean root rot pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora sojae (PsChs1). They represent the apo, GlcNAc-bound, nascent chitin oligomer-bound, UDP-bound (post-synthesis) and chitin synthase inhibitor nikkomycin Z-bound states of the enzyme, providing detailed views into the multiple steps of chitin biosynthesis and its competitive inhibition. The structures reveal the chitin synthesis reaction chamber that has the substrate-binding site, the catalytic centre and the entrance to the polymer-translocating channel that allows the product polymer to be discharged. This arrangement reflects consecutive key events in chitin biosynthesis from UDP-GlcNAc binding and polymer elongation to the release of the product. We identified a swinging loop within the chitin-translocating channel, which acts as a 'gate lock' that prevents the substrate from leaving while directing the product polymer into the translocating channel for discharge to the extracellular side of the cell membrane. This work reveals the directional multistep mechanism of chitin biosynthesis and provides a structural basis for inhibition of chitin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuansheng Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Ailing Yu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rajamanikandan Sundarraj
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiguang Yuchi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Gong
- Center for Multi-disciplinary Research, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
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24
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Tadatsu M, Sakashita R, Panteleri R, Douris V, Vontas J, Shimotsuma Y, Ishida T, Sudo M, Van Leeuwen T, Osakabe M. A mutation in chitin synthase I associated with etoxazole resistance in the citrus red mite Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its uneven geographical distribution in Japan. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:4028-4036. [PMID: 35639971 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-levels of etoxazole resistance have not yet been frequently reported in Panonychus citri. Although a highly resistant strain was discovered in 2014, etoxazole resistance has not become a significant problem in areas of citrus production in Japan. A target site mutation in chitin synthase 1 (CHS1), I1017F, is a major etoxazole-resistance factor in Tetranychus urticae. To investigate the mechanisms of etoxazole resistance and the dispersal of resistance genes, we analyzed target-site mutations in a highly resistant strain and their geographical distribution in Japan. RESULTS High-level etoxazole resistance was completely recessive. The I1017F mutation was detected in CHS1 of the highly resistant strain, and its frequency was correlated with the hatchability of eggs treated with etoxazole. Sequencing and variant frequency analyses of local populations by quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that I1017F is restricted to the Ariake Sea area of Kyushu Island. Although a new nonsynonymous substitution, S1016L, accompanied by I1017F was found in CHS1 of the highly resistant strain, CRISPR/Cas9 engineering of flies showed that S1016L had no effect on the etoxazole resistance conferred by I1017F. CONCLUSION I1017F is a major target site mutation that confers high-level etoxazole resistance on P. citri. Dispersion of I1017F possibly was suppressed as a result of the completely recessive inheritance of resistance together with low gene flow between local populations. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misono Tadatsu
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryota Sakashita
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rafaela Panteleri
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Crete, Greece
- Laboratory of Molecular Entomology, Department of Biology, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Vassilis Douris
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina and Institute of Biosciences, University Research Center of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Biomedical Research Institute, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Ioannina, Greece
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Crete, Greece
- Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Yushi Shimotsuma
- Agro-Science Research Center, Kyoyu Agri Co., Ltd., Nagano, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ishida
- Agro-Science Research Center, Kyoyu Agri Co., Ltd., Nagano, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sudo
- Division of Fruit Tree and Tea Pest Control Research, Institute for Plant Protection, NARO, Kanaya Tea Research Station, Shimada, Japan
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Masahiro Osakabe
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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25
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Central Sugar Metabolism and the Cell Wall. mBio 2022; 13:e0210422. [PMID: 36094091 PMCID: PMC9600152 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02104-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus is recognized for its versatile cell wall when it comes to remodeling its components in adaptation to external threats, and this remodeling renders it refractory to antifungals targeting cell wall biosynthesis. A specific role for general sugar metabolism in the regulation of the synthesis of cell wall polymers has been previously demonstrated. Delving deeper into central sugar metabolism may reveal unexpected fundamental aspects in cell wall construction, as shown by the work of Zhou and coworkers (Y. Zhou, K. Yan, Q. Qin, O.G. Raimi, et al., mBio 13:e01426-22, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01426-22) on the roles of the phosphoglucose isomerase of A. fumigatus in cell wall biosynthesis.
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26
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Zhang C, Hu W, Yu Z, Liu X, Wang J, Xin T, Zou Z, Xia B. Characterization of Chitin Synthase A cDNA from Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and Its Response to Diflubenzuron. INSECTS 2022; 13:728. [PMID: 36005353 PMCID: PMC9409846 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is the vector of HLB and one of the most common pests in citrus orchards in southern China. One of the most significant genes in D. citri's growth and development is the chitin synthase gene. In this study, the CHS gene (DcCHSA) of D. citri was cloned and analyzed by bioinformatics. According to RT-qPCR findings, DcCHSA was expressed at many growth processes of D. citri, with the greatest influence in the fifth-instar nymph. The molting failure rate and mortality of D. citri rose as DFB concentration increased in this research, as did the expression level of DcCHSA. Feeding on DcCHSA caused a large drop in target gene expression, affected nymph molting, caused failure or even death in freshly eclosion adults, increased mortality, and reduced the molting success rate over time. These findings showed that DcCHSA was involved in nymph to adult development and may aid in the identification of molecular targets for D. citri regulation. It provided new ideas for further control of D. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bin Xia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-136-1791-5100
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27
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Sparks TC, Bryant RJ. Innovation in insecticide discovery: Approaches to the discovery of new classes of insecticides. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:3226-3247. [PMID: 35452182 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The continuing demand for agrochemical insecticides that can meet increasing grower, environmental, consumer and regulatory requirements creates the need for the development of new solutions for managing crop pest insects. The development of resistance to the currently available insecticidal products adds another critical driver for new insecticidal active ingredients (AIs). One avenue to meeting these challenges is the creation of new classes of insecticidal molecules to act as starting points and prototypes stimulating further spectrum, efficacy and environmental impact refinements. A new class of insecticides is foreshadowed by the first molecule exemplifying that class (first-in-class, FIC) and offers one measure of innovation within the agrochemical industry. Most insecticides owe their discovery to competitor-inspired (i.e. competitor patents/products) or next-generation (follow-on to a company's pre-existing product) strategies. In contrast, FIC insecticides primarily emerge from a bioactive hypothesis approach, with the largest segment resulting from the exploration of new areas of chemistry/heterocycles and underexploited motifs. Natural products also play an important role in the discovery of FIC insecticides. Understanding the origins of these FIC compounds and the approaches used in their discovery can provide insights into successful strategies for future FIC insecticides. This review analyses information on historic and recently introduced FIC insecticides. Its main objective has been to identify the most successful discovery strategies for identifying new agrochemical solutions to meet the challenge of minimizing crop losses resulting from insects. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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28
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Li ZL, Wei YD, Wei JN, Chen KY, He Y, Wang MM. Monodispersed CaCO 3@hydroxyapatite/magnetite microspheres for efficient and selective extraction of benzoylurea insecticides in tea beverages samples. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 433:128754. [PMID: 35364536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel monodispersed CaCO3@hydroxyapatite/magnetite microsphere (CaCO3 @HAP/Fe3O4) was prepared via an in-situ growth strategy, and applied as an adsorbent for efficient and selective adsorption of benzoylurea insecticides (BUs) in various tea beverages samples. The sorbent exhibited uniformity in particle size, good mono-dispersibility and excellent solvent stability. The adsorption equilibrium of BUs (100 ng/mL) in 10 mL of tea beverages samples was achieved on 20 mg of CaCO3 @HAP/Fe3O4 within 10 min. The adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir models and the maximum adsorption capacities of 131.9-161.3 mg/g were accomplished via hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and the affinity of F atom and Ca2+. Coupled with high performance liquid chromatography, the method offered wide linear ranges of 0.8-1000 ng/mL with correlation coefficients (r) ≥ 0.9995, low limits of detection of 0.2-0.3 ng/mL and large enrichment factors of 75.7-102. The recoveries ranged from 75.7%- 102% with intra- and inter-day precisions of 1.9%- 9.3% and 1.6%- 11.8%, respectively. In addition, CaCO3 @HAP/Fe3O4 could be easily regenerated and reused at least 10 times with no significant loss of recovery. These results revealed an alternative strategy for fast and convenient determination of BUs in tea beverages samples and proved the great feasibility of CaCO3 @HAP/Fe3O4 in the application for the selective adsorption of BUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ling Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Yi-Dan Wei
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Jia-Ning Wei
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Ke-Yan Chen
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Yu He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Man-Man Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Health and Safety of Hebei Province, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China.
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29
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KÜHL ADELINAM, ESPÍNDOLA EVALDOL, MANTOVANO TATIANE, DEOSTI SABRINA, LANSAC-TÔHA FÁBIOA. Toxic tests show the sensitivity of the Daphnia similis (Crustacea, Cladocera) and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Chlorophyceae) to commercial pesticides. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20201234. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220201234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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30
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Cui X, Wang Y, Yan Y, Meng Z, Lu R, Gao H, Pan C, Wei X, Zhou W. Phenylboronic acid-functionalized cross-linked chitosan magnetic adsorbents for the magnetic solid-phase extraction of benzoylurea pesticides. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:908-918. [PMID: 34897993 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a 4-formylphenylboronic acid-modified cross-linked chitosan magnetic nanoparticle (FPBA@CCHS@Fe3 O4 ) was fabricated. The synthesized material was utilized as the magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the enrichment of six benzoylurea pesticides. In addition to B-N coordination, FPBA@CCHS@Fe3 O4 interacts with benzoylureas through hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking interaction on account of rich active groups (amino and hydroxyl) and aromatic rings in structure. Compared to traditional extraction methods, less adsorbent (20 mg) and reduced extraction time (3 min) were achieved. The adsorbent also exhibited good reusability (no less than 10 times). Coupled with a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector, satisfactory recoveries (89.1-103.9%) and an acceptable limit of detection (0.2-0.7 μg/L) were obtained. Under optimized conditions, the established method was successfully applied to the tea infusion samples from six major tea categories with acceptable recoveries ranging from 76.8 to 110%, indicating its application potential for the quantitative detection of pesticides in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Cui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yujiao Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yumei Yan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zilin Meng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Runhua Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Haixiang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Canping Pan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xinlin Wei
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Institute of Food Engineering, College of Life Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wenfeng Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
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31
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Molina-Grima E, García-Camacho F, Acién-Fernández FG, Sánchez-Mirón A, Plouviez M, Shene C, Chisti Y. Pathogens and predators impacting commercial production of microalgae and cyanobacteria. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 55:107884. [PMID: 34896169 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Production of phytoplankton (microalgae and cyanobacteria) in commercial raceway ponds and other systems is adversely impacted by phytoplankton pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. In addition, cultures are susceptible to productivity loss, or crash, through grazing by contaminating zooplankton such as protozoa, rotifers and copepods. Productivity loss and product contamination are also caused by otherwise innocuous invading phytoplankton that consume resources in competition with the species being cultured. This review is focused on phytoplankton competitors, pathogens and grazers of significance in commercial culture of microalgae and cyanobacteria. Detection and identification of these biological contaminants are discussed. Operational protocols for minimizing contamination, and methods of managing it, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Molina-Grima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Maxence Plouviez
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carolina Shene
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN and Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Khalil SMS, Munawar K, Alahmed AM, Mohammed AMA. RNAi-Mediated Screening of Selected Target Genes Against Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:2177-2185. [PMID: 34197598 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus, a member of the Culex pipiens complex, is widespread in Saudi Arabia and other parts of the world. It is a vector for lymphatic filariasis, Rift Valley fever, and West Nile virus. Studies have shown the deleterious effect of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of various lethal genes in model and agricultural pest insects. RNAi was proposed as a tool for mosquito control with a focus on Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae. In this study, we examined the effect of RNAi of selected target genes on both larval mortality and adult emergence of Cx. quinquefasciatus through two delivery methods: soaking and nanoparticles. Ten candidate genes were selected for RNAi based on their known lethal effect in other insects. Disruption of three genes, chitin synthase-1, inhibitor of apoptosis 1, and vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase, resulted in the highest mortality among the selected genes using the two treatment methods. Silencing the other seven genes resulted in a medium to low mortality in both assays. These three genes are also active against a wide range of insects and could be used for RNAi-based mosquito control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed M S Khalil
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, 9 Gamaa Street, Giza, Egypt
| | - Kashif Munawar
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azzam M Alahmed
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M A Mohammed
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, 9 Gamaa Street, Giza, Egypt
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Ioannou CS, Hadjichristodoulou C, Mouchtouri VA, Papadopoulos NT. Effects of Selection to Diflubenzuron and Bacillus thuringiensis Var. Israelensis on the Overwintering Successes of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:822. [PMID: 34564261 PMCID: PMC8471009 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aedes albopictus is an invasive mosquito species responsible for local transmission of chikungunya and dengue viruses in Europe. In the absence of available treatments, insecticides-based control remains one of the most important viable strategies to prevent emerging problems. Diflubenzuron (DFB) and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) are among the most commonly used larvicides for Ae. albopictus control with consequent concerns for the potential development of resistance. Studies on the resistance emergence in Ae. albopictus and its persistence in the wild to both DFB and Bti are essential for the efficient and sustainable planning of the control programmes. In this context, larvae from a recently laboratory established population were subjected to increasing selective pressure for nine successive generations using both DFB and Bti. The resistance levels and the overwintering success of the selected populations relative to control (colonies that received no selection) were determined. Results revealed an 8.5- and 1.6-fold increase on the resistance levels following selection with DFB and Bti, respectively. The selection process to both larvicides had no apparent impacts on the overwintering capability relative to control, suggesting the successful persistence of the selected individuals in the wild on an annual base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos S. Ioannou
- Laboratory of Hygiene & Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Science, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (C.S.I.); (C.H.); (V.A.M.)
- Laboratory of Entomology & Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop. Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Christos Hadjichristodoulou
- Laboratory of Hygiene & Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Science, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (C.S.I.); (C.H.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Varvara A. Mouchtouri
- Laboratory of Hygiene & Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Science, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (C.S.I.); (C.H.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Nikos T. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Entomology & Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop. Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
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Dassanayake MK, Chong CH, Khoo TJ, Figiel A, Szumny A, Choo CM. Synergistic Field Crop Pest Management Properties of Plant-Derived Essential Oils in Combination with Synthetic Pesticides and Bioactive Molecules: A Review. Foods 2021; 10:2016. [PMID: 34574123 PMCID: PMC8467659 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of insect pests and fungal diseases that cause damage to crops has become challenging due to the rise of pesticide and fungicide resistance. The recent developments in studies related to plant-derived essential oil products has led to the discovery of a range of phytochemicals with the potential to combat pesticide and fungicide resistance. This review paper summarizes and interprets the findings of experimental work based on plant-based essential oils in combination with existing pesticidal and fungicidal agents and novel bioactive natural and synthetic molecules against the insect pests and fungi responsible for the damage of crops. The insect mortality rate and fractional inhibitory concentration were used to evaluate the insecticidal and fungicidal activities of essential oil synergists against crop-associated pests. A number of studies have revealed that plant-derived essential oils are capable of enhancing the insect mortality rate and reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration of commercially available pesticides, fungicides and other bioactive molecules. Considering these facts, plant-derived essential oils represent a valuable and novel source of bioactive compounds with potent synergism to modulate crop-associated insect pests and phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackingsley Kushan Dassanayake
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia; (M.K.D.); (T.-J.K.)
| | - Chien Hwa Chong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | - Teng-Jin Khoo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia; (M.K.D.); (T.-J.K.)
| | - Adam Figiel
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37a, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Antoni Szumny
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Chee Ming Choo
- Centre for Water Research, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, SEGi University Kota Damansara, Petaling Jaya 47810, Malaysia;
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Schmid S, Song Y, Tollefsen KE. AOP Report: Inhibition of Chitin Synthase 1 Leading to Increased Mortality in Arthropods. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2112-2120. [PMID: 33818824 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Arthropods (including insects, crustaceans, and arachnids) rely on the synthesis of chitin to complete their life cycles (Merzendorfer 2011). The highly conserved chitin synthetic process and the absence of this process in vertebrates make it an exploitable target for pest management and veterinary medicines (Merzendorfer 2013; Junquera et al. 2019). Susceptible, nontarget organisms, such as insects and aquatic invertebrates, exposed to chitin synthesis inhibitors may suffer population declines, which may have a negative impact on ecosystems and associated services. Hence, it is important to properly identify, prioritize, and regulate relevant chemicals posing potential hazards to nontarget arthropods. The need for a more cost-efficient and mechanistic approach in risk assessment has been clearly evident and triggered the development of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework (Ankley et al. 2010). An AOP links a molecular initiating event (MIE) through key events (KEs) to an adverse outcome. The mechanistic understanding of the underlying toxicological processes leading to a regulation-relevant adverse outcome is necessary for the utilization of new approach methodologies (NAMs) and efficient coverage of wider chemical and taxonomic domains. In the last decade, the AOP framework has gained traction and expanded within the (eco)toxicological research community. However, there exists a lack of mature invertebrate AOPs describing molting defect-associated mortality triggered by direct inhibition of relevant enzymes in the chitin biosynthetic pathway (chitin synthesis inhibitors) or interference with associated endocrine systems by environmental chemicals (endocrine disruptors). Arthropods undergo molting to grow and reproduce (Heming 2018). This process is comprised of the synthesis of a new exoskeleton, followed by the exuviation of the old exoskeleton (Reynolds 1987). The arthropod exoskeleton (cuticle) can be divided into 2 layers, the thin and nonchitinous epicuticle, which is the outermost layer of the cuticle, and the underlying chitinous procuticle. A single layer of epithelial cells is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of both cuticular layers (Neville 1975). The cuticle protects arthropods from predators and desiccation, acts as a physical barrier against pathogens, and allows for locomotion by providing support for muscular function (Vincent and Wegst 2004). Because the procuticle mainly consists of chitin microfibrils embedded in a matrix of cuticular proteins supplemented by lipids and minerals in insects (Muthukrishnan et al. 2012) and crustaceans (Cribb et al. 2009; Nagasawa 2012), chitin is a determinant factor for the appropriate composition of the cuticle and successful molting (Cohen 2001). A detailed overview of the endocrine mechanisms regulating chitin synthesis is given in Supplemental Data, Figure S1. The shedding of the old exoskeleton in insects is mediated by a sequence of distinct muscular contractions, the ecdysis motor program (EMP; Ayali 2009; Song et al. 2017a). Like the expression of chitin synthase isoform 1 (CHS-1), the expression of peptide hormones regulating the EMP is also controlled by ecdysteroids (Antoniewski et al. 1993; Gagou et al. 2002; Ayali 2009). Cuticular chitin is polymerized from uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) by the transmembrane enzyme CHS-1, which is localized in the epithelial plasma membrane in insects (Locke and Huie 1979; Binnington 1985; Merzendorfer and Zimoch 2003; Merzendorfer 2006). Because crustaceans are also dependent on the synthesis of chitin, the underlying mechanisms are believed to be similar, although less is known about different CHS isoforms and their localization (Rocha et al. 2012; Qian et al. 2014; Uddowla et al. 2014; Harðardóttir et al. 2019). Disruption of either chitin synthesis or the upstream endocrine pathways can lead to lethal molting disruption (Arakawa et al. 2008; Merzendorfer et al. 2012; Song et al. 2017a, 2017b). In the case of chitin synthesis inhibition, molting disruption can be referred to as "premature molting." If ecdysis cannot be completed because of decreased chitin synthesis, the organism may not successfully molt. Even if ecdysis can be completed on inhibition of chitin synthesis, the organism may not survive because of the poor integrity of the new cuticle. These effects are observed in arthropods following molting, which fail to survive subsequent molts (Arakawa et al. 2008; Chen et al. 2008) or animals being stuck in their exuviae (Wang et al. 2019) and ultimately dying as a result of insufficient food or oxygen intake (Camp et al. 2014; Song et al. 2017a). The term "premature molting" is used to differentiate from the term "incomplete ecdysis," which describes inhibition of ecdysis on a behavioral level, namely through reduction of the EMP (Song et al. 2017a). The present AOP describes molting-associated mortality through direct inhibition of the enzyme CHS-1. It expands the small but increasing number of invertebrate AOPs that have relevance to arthropods, the largest phylum within the animal kingdom (Bar-On et al. 2018). The development of this AOP will be useful in further research and regulatory initiatives related to assessment of CHS inhibitors and identification of critical knowledge gaps and may suggest new strategies for ecotoxicity testing efforts. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2112-2120. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schmid
- Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - You Song
- Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Yao Q, Quan LF, Xu S, Dong YZ, Li WJ, Chen BX. Effect of diflubenzuron on the chitin biosynthesis pathway in Conopomorpha sinensis eggs. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1061-1075. [PMID: 32686293 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conopomorpha sinensis is the dominant borer pest of Litchi chinensis (litchi) and Euphoria longan (longan) in China. Control of C. sinensis is difficult because of its cryptic life habit; thus, an effective ovicide could be beneficial. The larvicidal effects of diflubenzuron (DFB) have been documented in many insect pest species. Therefore, DFB might be a useful ovicide to control C. sinensis. However, the detailed mode of action of DFB interference with insect molting and egg hatching is unclear. Thus, we studied alterations in expression of all genes potentially affected by DFB treatment using a transcriptome approach in 2-d-old C. sinensis eggs. Clean reads were assembled to generate 203 455 unigenes and 440 558 transcripts. A total of 4625 differently expressed genes, which included 2670 up-regulated and 1955 down-regulated unigenes, were identified. Chitin binding and chitin metabolic processes were among the most significant enriched pathways according to Gene Ontology analyses. Most of the genes that encode enzymes involved in the chitin biosynthesis pathway were unaffected, whereas genes that presumably encode cuticle proteins were up-regulated. Furthermore, altered expression patterns of 10 genes involved in the chitin biosynthesis pathway of C. sinensis embryos were observed in response to DFB treatment at different time points by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We also observed abnormal development; there was reduced chitin content and modulated chitin distribution of newly hatched larvae, and altered egg hatching. Our findings illustrate an ovicidal effect of DFB on C. sinensis, and reveal more molecular consequences of DFB treatment on insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lin-Fa Quan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shu Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Wen-Jing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bing-Xu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Short-Term Selection to Diflubenzuron and Bacillus thuringiensis Var. Israelensis Differentially Affects the Winter Survival of Culex pipiens f. Pipiens and Culex pipiens f. Molestus (Diptera: Culicidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060527. [PMID: 34204105 PMCID: PMC8228153 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In Europe, Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito, the prime vector of West Nile virus, consists of two forms, named pipiens and molestus, that exhibit substantial differences in their biology, including overwintering behavior. Diflubenzuron (DFB) and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) are among the most widely used larvicides which pose major concerns for resistance development. In temperate areas, winter represents a very challenging period for the survival of many insects, including mosquitoes, and therefore potential fitness costs associated with insecticide selection may reduce their overwintering success. In this context, we investigated how short-term selection of Cx. pipiens f. pipiens and molestus forms to DFB and Bti affect their overwintering success. Our findings revealed that selection to both larvicides induced a high fitness cost in terms of reduced winter survival of Cx. pipiens f. molestus but not of pipiens form, suggesting potential differences in the persistence of the selected individuals in the wild from year to year. Abstract The Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito is of high medical importance as it is considered the prime vector of West Nile virus. In Europe, this species consists of two forms, named pipiens and molestus, that exhibit substantial differences in their overwintering biology. Diflubenzuron (DFB) and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) are two of the most used larvicides in mosquito control, including that of Culex pipiens. The high dependency on these two larvicides poses major concerns for resistance development. The evolution and stability of resistance to insecticides has been associated with fitness costs that may be manifested under stressful conditions, such as the winter period. This study investigated how short-term selection of pipiens and molestus forms to both larvicides affect their overwintering success. Larvae from each form were subjected to the same selective pressure (80% mortality) for three successive generations with DFB and Bti. At the end of this process, the winter survival between the selected populations and the controls (colonies without selection) was determined for each form. Selection to both larvicides significantly reduced the winter survival rates of molestus but not of pipiens form, indicating potential differences in the persistence of the selected individuals from year to year between the two forms.
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Rösner J, Tietmeyer J, Merzendorfer H. Functional analysis of ABCG and ABCH transporters from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:2955-2963. [PMID: 33620766 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC transporter) subfamilies ABCA-C and ABCG-H have been implicated in insecticide detoxification, mostly based on findings of elevated gene expression in response to insecticide treatment. We previously characterized TcABCA-C genes from the model beetle and pest Tribolium castaneum and demonstrated that TcABCA and TcABCC genes are involved in the elimination of diflubenzuron, because RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated gene silencing increased susceptibility. In this study, we focused on the potential functions of TcABCG and TcABCH genes in insecticide detoxification. RESULTS When we silenced the expression of TcABCG-H genes using RNAi, we noticed a previously unreported developmental RNAi phenotype for TcABCG-4F, which is characterized by 50% mortality and ecdysial arrest during adult moult. When we knocked down the Drosophila brown orthologue TcABCG-XC, we did not obtain apparent eye colour phenotypes but did observe a loss of riboflavin uptake by Malpighian tubules. Next, we determined the expression profiles of all TcABCG-H genes in different tissues and developmental stages and analysed transcript levels in response to treatment with four chemically unrelated insecticides. We found that some genes were specifically upregulated after insecticide treatment. However, when we determined insecticide-induced mortalities in larvae that were treated by double-stranded RNA injection to silence those TcABCG-H genes that were upregulated, we did not observe a significant increase in susceptibility to insecticides. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the observed insecticide-dependent induction of TcABCG-H gene expression reflects an unspecific stress response, and hence underlines the significance of functional studies on insecticide detoxification. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Rösner
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Johanne Tietmeyer
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
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Molecular Characterization of Chitin Synthase Gene in Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) and Its Response to Sublethal Concentrations of an Insecticide. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060501. [PMID: 34071207 PMCID: PMC8227100 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, we identified chitin synthase 1 gene (TcCHS1) from Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) and then explored the gene expression levels of TcCHS1 at different developmental stages of T. cinnabarinus. We also investigated the effects of sublethal concentrations of diflubenzuron on the toxicities and survivals of T. cinnabarinus eggs and larvae as well as TcCHS1 expression levels. Our results demonstrated that TcCHS1 was essential for growth and development, and diflubenzuron exposure affected chitin metabolism. This work was undertaken to establish a foundation for further research on the functions of chitin synthase. It will provide a new target for controlling of T. cinnabarinus in the agricultural ecosystem. Abstract The carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), is one of the most important acarine pest species. At present, its control remains primarily dependent on using various chemical insecticides/acaricides in agricultural crops worldwide. To clarify the mechanism whereby T. cinnabarinus responds to insecticide exposure, we identified the chitin synthase 1 gene (TcCHS1) and then explored the gene expression levels of TcCHS1 at different developmental stages of T. cinnabarinus. We also investigated the effects of sublethal concentrations of diflubenzuron on the toxicities and survivals of T. cinnabarinus eggs and larvae as well as TcCHS1 expression levels. The full-length cDNA sequence contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 4881 nucleotides that encoded for a 1474 amino acid residues protein. The predicted TcCHS1 protein had a molecular mass of 168.35 kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.26, and its amino acid sequence contained all the signature motifs (EDR, QRRRW and TWGTR) of chitin synthases. The results of phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the putative CHS1 amino acid sequence of T. cinnabarinus revealed high similarities with chitin synthases in other insects and mites. Additionally, at the molecular level, transcriptional analysis by real-time quantitative PCR in different developmental stages of T. cinnabarinus revealed that TcCHS1 mRNA was expressed in all stages, and highest in eggs and female adults, but lowest in deutonymphs. Furthermore, the results of toxicity bioassays indicated that diflubenzuron treatment resulted in high mortality rates in eggs and larvae of T. cinnabarinus. The mRNA expression levels of TcCHS1 from the eggs and larvae of T. cinnabarinus were up-regulated in response to sublethal concentrations of diflubenzuron exposures. Together, all these results demonstrate that diflubenzuron has ovicidal and larvicidal effects and TcCHS1 may play an important role in the growth and development of T. cinnabarinus and may disrupt the chitin biosynthesis, thereby controlling T. cinnabarinus populations.
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Pantha P, Chalivendra S, Oh DH, Elderd BD, Dassanayake M. A Tale of Two Transcriptomic Responses in Agricultural Pests via Host Defenses and Viral Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3568. [PMID: 33808210 PMCID: PMC8037200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is a baculovirus that causes systemic infections in many arthropod pests. The specific molecular processes underlying the biocidal activity of AcMNPV on its insect hosts are largely unknown. We describe the transcriptional responses in two major pests, Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) and Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper), to determine the host-pathogen responses during systemic infection, concurrently with the viral response to the host. We assembled species-specific transcriptomes of the hemolymph to identify host transcriptional responses during systemic infection and assessed the viral transcript abundance in infected hemolymph from both species. We found transcriptional suppression of chitin metabolism and tracheal development in infected hosts. Synergistic transcriptional support was observed to suggest suppression of immune responses and induction of oxidative stress indicating disease progression in the host. The entire AcMNPV core genome was expressed in the infected host hemolymph with a proportional high abundance detected for viral transcripts associated with replication, structure, and movement. Interestingly, several of the host genes that were targeted by AcMNPV as revealed by our study are also targets of chemical insecticides currently used commercially to control arthropod pests. Our results reveal an extensive overlap between biological processes represented by transcriptional responses in both hosts, as well as convergence on highly abundant viral genes expressed in the two hosts, providing an overview of the host-pathogen transcriptomic landscape during systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bret D. Elderd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (P.P.); (S.C.); (D.-H.O.)
| | - Maheshi Dassanayake
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (P.P.); (S.C.); (D.-H.O.)
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Chitin Synthesis and Degradation in Crustaceans: A Genomic View and Application. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19030153. [PMID: 33804177 PMCID: PMC8002005 DOI: 10.3390/md19030153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is among the most important components of the crustacean cuticular exoskeleton and intestinal peritrophic matrix. With the progress of genomics and sequencing technology, a large number of gene sequences related to chitin metabolism have been deposited in the GenBank database in recent years. Here, we summarized the genes and pathways associated with the biosynthesis and degradation of chitins in crustaceans based on genomic analyses. We found that chitin biosynthesis genes typically occur in single or two copies, whereas chitin degradation genes are all multiple copies. Moreover, the chitinase genes are significantly expanded in most crustacean genomes. The gene structure and expression pattern of these genes are similar to those of insects, albeit with some specific characteristics. Additionally, the potential applications of the chitin metabolism genes in molting regulation and immune defense, as well as industrial chitin degradation and production, are also summarized in this review.
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Xu CD, Liu YK, Qiu LY, Wang SS, Pan BY, Li Y, Wang SG, Tang B. GFAT and PFK genes show contrasting regulation of chitin metabolism in Nilaparvata lugens. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5246. [PMID: 33664411 PMCID: PMC7933274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) are enzymes related to chitin metabolism. RNA interference (RNAi) technology was used to explore the role of these two enzyme genes in chitin metabolism. In this study, we found that GFAT and PFK were highly expressed in the wing bud of Nilaparvata lugens and were increased significantly during molting. RNAi of GFAT and PFK both caused severe malformation rates and mortality rates in N. lugens. GFAT inhibition also downregulated GFAT, GNPNA, PGM1, PGM2, UAP, CHS1, CHS1a, CHS1b, Cht1-10, and ENGase. PFK inhibition significantly downregulated GFAT; upregulated GNPNA, PGM2, UAP, Cht2-4, Cht6-7 at 48 h and then downregulated them at 72 h; upregulated Cht5, Cht8, Cht10, and ENGase; downregulated Cht9 at 48 h and then upregulated it at 72 h; and upregulated CHS1, CHS1a, and CHS1b. In conclusion, GFAT and PFK regulated chitin degradation and remodeling by regulating the expression of genes related to the chitin metabolism and exert opposite effects on these genes. These results may be beneficial to develop new chitin synthesis inhibitors for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Di Xu
- College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Kang Liu
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yu Qiu
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Ying Pan
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Gui Wang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Tang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Shah S, Ma M, Ali A, Kaya M, Li XG, Wu G, Yang FL. Effects of diallyl trisulfide, an active substance from garlic essential oil, on structural chemistry of chitin in Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 172:104765. [PMID: 33518052 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The environmental pollution, evolution of resistance, and risks to human and aquatic animal health associated with pesticide application have attracted much attention globally. Herein, we tested the capacity of diallyl trisulfide (DAT) from garlic essential oil to control the destructive stored-product pest, Sitotroga cerealella. The effects of DAT on the total content of cuticular chitin and structure of adults S. cerealella were evaluated. This study was the first to investigate changes in chitin structure in adults due to exposure to DAT through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results of these analyses revealed that the cuticular chitin content of pests decreased after DAT treatment. DAT treatment also reduced thermal stability and crystallinity of chitin. These findings indicate that DAT is a potent biopesticide that is active against the moth, and establishes the basis for its use as an IPM and alternative to chitin synthesis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakhawat Shah
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Min Ma
- Institute of Disinfection and Vector Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Asad Ali
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Murat Kaya
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of science and Letters, Aksary University, Aksary, Turkey
| | - Xue-Gang Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Gang Wu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Feng-Lian Yang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China.
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Antifungal activity of nanoemulsion from Cleome viscosa essential oil against food-borne pathogenic Candida albicans. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:286-293. [PMID: 33424308 PMCID: PMC7785440 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic and spoilage fungi cause enormous challenges to food related fatal infections. Plant essential oil based classical emulsions can functions as antifungal agents. To investigate the antifungal spectrum, that is the scope of the nanoemulsion composed of Cleome viscosa essential oil and Triton-x-100 fabricated by ultrasonication method. Minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentration of essential oil nanoemulsion (EONE) was tested against food borne pathogenic C. albicans. The MIC and MFC values ranged from 16.5 to 33 µl/ml with significant reduction on biofilm of C. albicans isolates. The alteration of molecular fingerprints was confirmed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and subsequent reduction of chitin levels in cell walls was noted by spectroscopic analysis. The EONE and their bioactive compounds cause collateral damage on C. albicans cells.
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Bae H, You S, Lim W, Song G. Flufenoxuron disturbs early pregnancy in pigs via induction of cell death with ER-mitochondrial dysfunction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:122996. [PMID: 32763671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of pesticides can result in unintended side effects, such as environmental pollution and animal diseases; in serious cases, it may cause abortion. Flufenoxuron is an inhibitor of chitin synthesis that is used widely as a pesticide on farmland. It is difficult to break down and therefore accumulates in the body, and has also been detected in breast milk. Moreover, the effects of flufenoxuron in pregnancy remain elusive. Therefore, we investigated the effects of flufenoxuron on early pregnancy. Our results suggested that flufenoxuron inhibits cell development and cell cycle progression in porcine trophectoderm (pTr) cell and porcine endometrial luminal epithelial (pLE) cell lines through the repression of signal transduction pathways. Flufenoxuron induced programmed cell death through DNA fragmentation and apoptotic signals. In addition, flufenoxuron induced ROS production, ER stress, and mitochondrial malfunction; consequently, the cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium levels were increased. Expression of proteins on the ER-mitochondrial axis was increased by flufenoxuron. Cell migration was decreased by flufenoxuron treatment between pLE and pTr cells. In addition, the expression of pregnancy-related genes was decreased flufenoxuron. Collectively, our results indicated that flufenoxuron may be harmful to livestock and women in the early stages of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyocheol Bae
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkwon You
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Yasir M, Mankin RW, ul Hasan M, Sagheer M. Residual Efficacy of Novaluron Applied on Concrete, Metal, and Wood for the Control of Stored Product Coleopteran Pests. INSECTS 2020; 12:insects12010007. [PMID: 33375562 PMCID: PMC7824361 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insect pests of stored commodities cause harm not only to bulk grains but also to many value-added food products in mills, processing plants, and other facilities where these products are stored. In this study, the residual efficacy of an Insect Growth Regulator (IGR), novaluron, was evaluated under laboratory conditions against larvae of three stored product insects, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Triboliumcastaneum (Herbst), and Trogoderma granarium Everts, on concrete, metal, and wood surfaces to which IGRs are typically applied for pest control in such facilities. Statistically significant reductions in emergence percentages of adults compared to a distilled water control occurred for up to 12 weeks when novaluron was sprayed on concrete, metal, and wood at rates between 0.053 and 0.209 mg/m2, the highest of which induces 100% mortality at 0 weeks after treatment. Residual efficacy decreased with increasing time after treatment due to degradation and sorption of novaluron into the surfaces. Novaluron residues were most persistent on metal and least persistent on wood surfaces. Knowledge of novaluron residual efficacy on storage facility surfaces can be helpful guidance for timing of postharvest insect pest management treatments as the costs of commonly used pesticides increase along with insect resistance to such pesticides. Abstract The residual efficacy of novaluron on concrete, metal and wood was evaluated against last-instar larvae of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Triboliumcastaneum (Herbst), and Trogoderma granarium Everts. The larvae and food provided for survival were exposed to surfaces pretreated at rates of 0.053, to 0.209 mg/m2 and bioassays were conducted from 0- to 16-weeks post-treatment. Percentage emergence of adults was recorded after 30 days (d). On all surfaces at week 0, no O. surinamensis or T.castaneum adults emerged, and ≤3.3% emergence of T. granarium was found at 0.209 mg/m2. Novaluron significantly reduced the percentage emergence of adults of the three species compared to a distilled water control for the first 12 weeks on all the tested surfaces as the residual efficacy declined at a low rate during initial weeks and then at a high rate in the final weeks of the 16-week study. Reductions to emergence were most persistent on metal surfaces, with mean percentages of adult emergence of ≤18.3 in week 12, followed by concrete (≤32.5) and wood (≤45.0) for all species at novaluron application rates of 0.209 mg/m2. For >4-weeks protection, higher application rates would be needed to avoid buildup of pest populations and reductions in profitability. Such results can be helpful for the management of O. surinamensis, T.castaneum, and T. granarium as the costs of commonly used insecticides against postharvest insect pests and the resistance of these insects to the pesticides gradually increase in mills, warehouses, and food storage facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yasir
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.Y.); (M.u.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Richard W. Mankin
- Agricultural Research Service Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology (CMAVE), United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-352-374-5774
| | - Mansoor ul Hasan
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.Y.); (M.u.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Muhammad Sagheer
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.Y.); (M.u.H.); (M.S.)
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Catchot B, Anderson CJ, Gore J, Jackson R, Rakshit K, Musser F, Krishnan N. Novaluron prevents oogenesis and oviposition by inducing ultrastructural changes in ovarian tissue of young adult Lygus lineolaris. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:4057-4063. [PMID: 32542895 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), has emerged as a major pest of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L, in the mid-southern USA. In the early 1990s L. lineolaris populations developed resistance to several classes of conventional insecticides, increasing the need for insecticides with alternative modes of action such as insect growth regulators (IGRs) for integrated pest management (IPM). The benzoylphenyl urea (BPU) class of IGRs acts by disrupting the growth and development of immature stages of insects, but little is known about its impact on adult stages. RESULTS The effect of novaluron (Diamond™ 0.83EC), a BPU with known chitin synthesis inhibitor activity, was investigated on adult females of L. lineolaris. Treatment of 1-day-old adults with 600 ppm of novaluron in the diet prevented oviposition, while treatment of older females had no impact on oviposition. Oral novaluron exposure of adults of all ages reduced the viability of eggs laid. Novaluron treatment caused ultrastructural changes in the ovaries of 1-day-old adults (48 h post exposure), distorting the follicular epithelial cell architecture of developing oocytes. Additionally, novaluron treatment decreased the chitin content in ovarian tissue. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that chitin or chitin-like components in the developing ovaries of adult L. lineolaris are a target of IGRs such as novaluron, but its activity is specific to a critical time during development. This enhances our understanding of the effects of BPUs on adult insects and could lead to incorporation of IGRs in IPM for controlling adult insect pest populations in the field. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly Catchot
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Chance Jh Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Jeffrey Gore
- Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | | | - Kuntol Rakshit
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Fred Musser
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Natraj Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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Souza JR, Moreira LB, Lima LLR, Silva TG, Braga PPM, Carvalho GA. Susceptibility of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Crysopidae) to insecticides used in coffee crops. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:1306-1314. [PMID: 32785888 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02261-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The coffee crop hosts pests such as mites, mealybugs, and aphids which serve as food for the predator Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). The preservation of this chrysopid in coffee agroecosystem is very important to achieve sustainability of this agricultural sector, and can be obtained by applying low toxicity insecticides. The present study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of C. externa to azadiracthin, chlorpyrifos, ethiprole and teflubenzuron. Predator eggs, third instar larvae, pupae and adults were exposed to insecticides by Potter tower spraying. When evaluating exposure of C. externa eggs we observed that chlorpyrifos, ethiprole and teflubenzuron reduced larvae hatching, while azadiracthin prolonged first instar duration. Meanwhile, the exposure of third instar larvae to chlorpyrifos and ethiprole caused mortality of all insects after 72 h, while azadiracthin prolonged the larval development time; we also observed that no compound allowed the formation of adults. After pupae were exposed to chlorpyrifos and teflubenzuron, it was observed a reduction on the emergence of adults, while the longevity of adults from these pupae and the evaluated reproductive parameters were reduced by all insecticides. For the bioassay with adults, chlorpyrifos, ethiprole and teflubenzuron reduced the longevity of insects, while the reproductive parameters evaluated were negatively affected after exposure to azadiracthin and teflubenzuron. It was concluded that all insecticides negatively affected at least one biological characteristic of the predator in at least one of the insect's developmental stages, requiring further research in semi-field and field conditions to prove its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jander Rodrigues Souza
- Department of Entomology of the Federal University of Lavras, UFLA, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Luciano Bastos Moreira
- Department of Entomology of the Federal University of Lavras, UFLA, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-900, Brazil
| | | | - Túlio Guimarães Silva
- Department of Entomology of the Federal University of Lavras, UFLA, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-900, Brazil
| | | | - Geraldo Andrade Carvalho
- Department of Entomology of the Federal University of Lavras, UFLA, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-900, Brazil.
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A Novel Insecticidal Molecule Extracted from Alpinia galanga with Potential to Control the Pest Insect Spodoptera frugiperda. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11100686. [PMID: 33050622 PMCID: PMC7601874 DOI: 10.3390/insects11100686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The fall armyworm is an insect pest that feeds on many plants, including plants of agronomic importance, such as corn and rice. In addition, it has developed resistance to the main families of synthetic insecticides. There is, therefore, a need to find new, more environmentally friendly molecules to control this pest. We have extracted a molecule from greater galangal and tested its activity as an insecticide on the fall armyworm. This natural molecule causes larval growth inhibition and larval developmental abnormalities. To understand its action, a cell model with Sf9 cells was used. The molecule is much more toxic to insect cells than to human cells. It affects cell proliferation and induces cell death. This study demonstrates that a molecule extracted from an edible plant may have potential in the future development of botanical insecticides for the control of insect pests. Abstract Spodoptera frugiperda, a highly polyphagous insect pest from America, has recently invaded and widely spread throughout Africa and Asia. Effective and environmentally safe tools are needed for successful pest management of this invasive species. Natural molecules extracted from plants offer this possibility. Our study aimed to determine the insecticidal efficacy of a new molecule extracted from Alpinia galanga rhizome, the 1′S-1′-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA). The toxicity of ACA was assessed by topical application on early third-instar larvae of S. frugiperda. Results showed that ACA caused significant larval growth inhibition and larval developmental abnormalities. In order to further explore the effects of this molecule, experiments have been performed at the cellular level using Sf9 model cells. ACA exhibited higher toxicity on Sf9 cells as compared to azadirachtin and was 38-fold less toxic on HepG2 cells. Inhibition of cell proliferation was observed at sublethal concentrations of ACA and was associated with cellular morphological changes and nuclear condensation. In addition, ACA induced caspase-3 activity. RT-qPCR experiments reveal that ACA induces the expression of several caspase genes. This first study on the effects of ACA on S. frugiperda larvae and cells provides evidence that ACA may have potential as a botanical insecticide for the control of S. frugiperda.
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Ranganathan S, Ilavarasi AV, Palaka BK, Kuppusamy D, Ampasala DR. Cloning, functional characterization and screening of potential inhibitors for Chilo partellus chitin synthase A using in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:1416-1429. [PMID: 33000693 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1827034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chitin synthase (CHS) is one of the crucial enzymes that play an essential role in chitin synthesis during the molting process, and it is considered to be the specific target to control insect pests. Currently, there are no potent inhibitors available in the market, which specifically target this enzyme. Pyrimidine nucleoside peptide, nikkomycin Z, binds to nucleotide-binding sites of fungal and insect CHS. But, their mode of action is still fragmentary due to the lack of a 3Dstructure of CHS. Chilo partellus is a severe pest insect of major food crops such as maize and sorghum, in an attempt to target integument expressed cuticular CpCHS. The CpChsA cDNA was cloned, and subsequently, their developmental and tissue-specific expression was studied. The 3D structure of the CHS catalytic domain was modeled, after which natural compounds were screened using a virtual screening workflow and resulted in the identification of five hit molecules. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the dynamics and interactions of hits with CpCHS. The obtained results revealed that the compounds kasugamycin, rutin and robinin could act as potent inhibitors of CpCHS. All three molecules were observed to significantly reduce the chitin production as validated using in vitro and in vivo studies. Thus, this study aims to provide a set of novel inhibitor molecules against CpCHS for controlling the pest population. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bhagath Kumar Palaka
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - Dheebika Kuppusamy
- Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Dinakara Rao Ampasala
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
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