1
|
Jeon HK, Yoo HY. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms link gout with health-related lifestyle factors in Korean cohorts. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295038. [PMID: 38060535 PMCID: PMC10703335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout-a very painful inflammatory arthritis caused by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the joints-is influenced by several factors. We identified the association of single- nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that link gout with health-related lifestyle factors using genomic data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 18,927 samples of 438 Korean patients with gout and 18,489 controls for the discovery stage. For the replication stage, another batch containing samples of 326 patients with gout and 2,737 controls were analyzed. Lastly, a meta-analysis was performed using these two cohorts. We analyzed the effects of health-related lifestyle factors, including eating habits, physical activity, drinking behavior, and smoking behavior, on gout. After identifying the association between GWAS-derived SNPs and health-related lifestyle factors, we confirmed the interaction between the polygenic risk score (PRS) and health-related lifestyle factors. We identified 15 SNPs related to gout, among which rs1481012 of ABCG2 located on chromosome 4 has been newly discovered (P = 2.46e-11). On examining the interaction between SNPs and health-related lifestyles, rs3109823-located in ABCG2-was found to be associated with smoking status. In addition, rs11936395-located in SLC2A9-was significantly associated with the average momentum of exercise per session, whereas rs11066325 located in PTPN11, showed a significant association with the number of exercise sessions per week, smoking status, drinking status, and amount of soju drink per session. rs9421589-located in FAM35A-was significantly associated with the duration of smoking. In addition, we verified that the association between PRS and duration of smoking affects gout. Thus, in this study, we identified novel SNPs that link gout with health-related lifestyle factors in the Korean population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Jeon
- Department of Nursing, Ansan University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hae Young Yoo
- Department of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Effects of High-Intensity Anaerobic Exercise on the Scavenging Activity of Various Reactive Oxygen Species and Free Radicals in Athletes. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15010222. [PMID: 36615878 PMCID: PMC9824603 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High-intensity exercise in athletes results in mainly the production of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skeletal muscle, and thus athletes should maintain greater ROS scavenging activity in the body. We investigated the changes in six different ROS-scavenging activities in athletes following high-intensity anaerobic exercise. A 30-s Wingate exercise test as a form of high-intensity anaerobic exercise was completed by 10 male university track and field team members. Blood samples were collected before and after the exercise, and the ROS-scavenging activities (OH•, O2•−, 1O2, RO• and ROO•, and CH3•) were evaluated by the electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping method. The anaerobic exercise significantly increased RO• and ROO• scavenging activities, and the total area of the radar chart in the ROS-scavenging activities increased 178% from that in pre-exercise. A significant correlation between the mean power of the anaerobic exercise and the 1O2 scavenging activity was revealed (r = 0.72, p < 0.05). The increase ratio in OH• scavenging activity after high-intensity exercise was significantly greater in the higher mean-power group compared to the lower mean-power group (n = 5, each). These results suggest that (i) the scavenging activities of some ROS are increased immediately after high-intensity anaerobic exercise, and (ii) an individual’s OH• scavenging activity responsiveness may be related to his anaerobic exercise performance. In addition, greater pre-exercise 1O2 scavenging activity might lead to the generation of higher mean power in high-intensity anaerobic exercise.
Collapse
|
3
|
NCAA Division I American football players with sickle cell trait have altered hematological responses and hydration status. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1844. [PMID: 33469159 PMCID: PMC7815921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell trait (SCT) is a risk factor of collapse and sudden death in athletes. We conducted a longitudinal study to determine the hematological responses and hydration status in NCAA Division I American football players with SCT. The study took place over 2 years with 6 SCT and 6 position-matched controls (CON) in year 1; and 4 SCT and 4 CON in year 2. In year 2, three of the four SCT players were recruited and re-enrolled with new position-matched controls (total sample data = 10 SCT and 10 CON). Blood samples were taken at three visits: pre-camp, post-camp, and post-season to examine hemoglobin variants, complete blood counts, and chemistry panel 26. Hydration status was assessed by measuring body weight change, urine specific gravity, and urine and sweat electrolyte concentrations during the pre-season training camp. All SCT players were confirmed to have SCT (HbS = 37.9 ± 2.4%) and had greater red cell distribution width (RDW) compared to CON across all visits. Serum uric acid was higher in SCT (7.3 ± 1.0 mg/dL) compared to CON (6.1 ± 0.6 mg/dL; p = 0.001). Furthermore, serum creatine kinase levels were greater in SCT (1617.0 ± 1034.8 IU/L) at pre-camp compared to CON (1037.4 ± 602.8 IU/L; p = 0.03). SCT players exhibited lower pre- and post-practice urine electrolytes and urine specific gravity (SCT pre: 1.019 ± 0.005 vs. CON pre: 1.026 ± 0.008 p < 0.001; SCT post: 1.020 ± 0.005 vs. CON post: 1.030 ± 0.008 p < 0.01), whereas sweat sodium concentrations were higher in SCT players (55.4 ± 13.6 mmol/L) compared to CON (45.5 ± 10.6 mmol/L; p < 0.001). Given the evidence, greater uric acid and CPK levels in SCT players compared to CON may be an early indicator of altered kidney function and muscle damage, which could be added into NCAA guidelines for surveillance among SCT players. Consistent education and reinforcement of the importance of adequate fluid balance during exercise are critical for both SCT and CON players.
Collapse
|
4
|
Nass RD, Zur B, Elger CE, Holdenrieder S, Surges R. Acute metabolic effects of tonic-clonic seizures. Epilepsia Open 2019; 4:599-608. [PMID: 31819916 PMCID: PMC6885665 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tonic-clonic seizures (TCS) lead to metabolic stress and changes in related blood markers. Such markers may indicate harmful conditions but can also help to identify TCS as a cause of transient loss of consciousness. In this study, we hypothesized that the alterations of circulating markers of metabolic stress depend on the clinical features of TCS. METHODS Ninety-one adults undergoing video-EEG monitoring participated in this prospective study. Electrolytes, renal parameters, creatine kinase (CK), prolactin (PRL), lactate, ammonia, glucose, and other parameters were measured at inclusion and different time points after TCS. RESULTS A total of 39 TCS were recorded in 32 patients (six generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures in 6 and 33 focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures in 26 patients). Shortly after TCS, mean lactate, ammonia, and PRL levels were significantly increased 8.7-fold, 2.6-fold, and 5.1-fold, respectively, with levels of more than twofold above the upper limits of the normal (ULN) in 90%, 71%, and 70% of the TCS and returned to baseline levels within 2 hours. Only postictal lactate levels were significantly correlated with the total duration of the tonic-clonic phase. In contrast, CK elevations above the ULN were found in three TCS (~10%) only with a peak after 48 hours. Immediately after the TCS, hyperphosphatemia occurred in one third of the patients, whereas hypophosphatemia was observed in one third 2 hours later. TCS led to subtle but significant alterations of other electrolytes, creatinine, and uric acid, whereas glucose levels were moderately increased. SIGNIFICANCE Lactate is a robust metabolic marker of TCS with elevations found in ~90% of cases within 30 minutes after seizure termination, whereas ammonia rises in ~ 70%, similarly to PRL. Phosphate levels show an early increase and a decrease 2 hours after TCS in a third of patients. CK elevations are rare after video-EEG-documented TCS, challenging its value as a diagnostic marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Nass
- Department of EpileptologyUniversity of Bonn Medical CenterBonnGermany
| | - Berndt Zur
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of Bonn Medical CenterBonnGermany
| | | | - Stefan Holdenrieder
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of Bonn Medical CenterBonnGermany
- Institute for Laboratory MedicineGerman Heart Centre MunichMunichGermany
| | - Rainer Surges
- Department of EpileptologyUniversity of Bonn Medical CenterBonnGermany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sadowska-Krępa E, Kłapcińska B, Pokora I, Domaszewski P, Kempa K, Podgórski T. Effects of Six-Week Ginkgo biloba Supplementation on Aerobic Performance, Blood Pro/Antioxidant Balance, and Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Physically Active Men. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080803. [PMID: 28933745 PMCID: PMC5579597 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves, a natural source of flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds, are commonly used as therapeutic agents for the improvement of both cognitive and physiological performance. The present study was aimed to test the effects of a six-week supplementation with 160 mg/day of a standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba or a matching placebo on aerobic performance, blood antioxidant capacity, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level in healthy, physically active young men, randomly allocated to two groups (n = 9 each). At baseline, as well as on the day following the treatment, the participants performed an incremental cycling test for the assessment of maximal oxygen uptake. Venous blood samples taken at rest, then immediately post-test and following 1 h of recovery, were analyzed for activities of antioxidant enzymes and plasma concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants, total phenolics, uric acid, lipid peroxidation products, ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Our results show that six weeks' supplementation with Ginkgo biloba extract in physically active young men may provide some marginal improvements in their endurance performance expressed as VO₂max and blood antioxidant capacity, as evidenced by specific biomarkers, and elicit somewhat better neuroprotection through increased exercise-induced production of BDNF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sadowska-Krępa
- Department of Physiological and Medical Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Barbara Kłapcińska
- Department of Physiological and Medical Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Ilona Pokora
- Department of Physiological and Medical Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Domaszewski
- Department of Tourism and Health Promotion, University of Technology, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, 45-758 Opole, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Kempa
- Department of Physiological and Medical Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ozanturk E, Ucar ZZ, Varol Y, Koca H, Demir AU, Kalenci D, Halilcolar H, Ozacar R. Urinary uric acid excretion as an indicator of severe hypoxia and mortality in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE PNEUMOLOGIA 2015; 22:18-26. [PMID: 26189914 DOI: 10.1016/j.rppnen.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Uric acid (UA) is the end product of adenosine triphosphate degradation, and could increase due to hypoxia. We investigated the association of UA metabolites with nocturnal hypoxemia, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) usage and five-year mortality. MATERIALS/SUBJECTS AND METHODS We obtained urinary specimen before and after the night polysomnography in order to measure UA excretion and overnight change in urinary UA/creatinine ratio (ΔUA/Cr) in 75 subjects (14 controls, 15 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) without nocturnal hypoxemia (NH), 15 COPD with NH, 16 obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) without NH, 15 OSAS with NH). Percentage of time spent below SaO2 of 90% (T90%) for >10% of sleep time was considered as nocturnal hypoxemia. Patients were contacted after 5 years with a questionnaire including information on the use of NIMV treatment (n: 58) and urinary specimen analysis (n: 35). RESULTS T90% was found to be significantly correlated with UA excretion (coefficient: 0.005, 95%CI: 0.003-0.007) and ΔUA/Cr (coefficient: 0.8, 95%CI: 0.3-1.2) after adjustments for age, gender, body mass index and apnea-hypopnea index. Median and IQR (interquartile range) of baseline UA excretion were 0.79 (0.51-0.89) and 0.41 (0.31-0.55) in 10 deceased and 58 surviving patients, respectively (p=0.001). UA excretion median and IQR of baseline and 5 years of NIMV treatment were 0.41 (0.36-0.57) and 0.29 (0.23-0.37), respectively (p=0.01). CONCLUSION UA excretion, as a marker of tissue hypoxia, may be useful in the management of OSA and COPD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Ozanturk
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Dr. Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Z Z Ucar
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Dr. Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Y Varol
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Dr. Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - H Koca
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Dr. Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - A U Demir
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Medical Faculty of Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - D Kalenci
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - H Halilcolar
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Dr. Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - R Ozacar
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Dr. Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dudzinska W, Lubkowska A, Dolegowska B, Suska M, Janiak M. Uridine--an indicator of post-exercise uric acid concentration and blood pressure. Physiol Res 2014; 64:467-77. [PMID: 25470512 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that uridine concentration in plasma may be an indicator of uric acid production in patients with gout. It has been also postulated that uridine takes part in blood pressure regulation. Since physical exercise is an effective tool in treatment and prevention of cardio-vascular diseases that are often accompanied by hyperuricemia and hypertension, it seemed advisable to attempt to evaluate the relationship between oxypurine concentrations (Hyp, Xan and UA) and that of Urd and BP after physical exercise in healthy subjects. Sixty healthy men (17.2+/-1.71 years, BMI 23.2+/-2.31 kg m(-2), VO(2max) 54.7+/-6.48 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) took part in the study. The subjects performed a single maximal physical exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Blood for analyses was sampled three times: immediately before exercise, immediately after exercise, and in the 30th min of rest. Concentrations of uridine and hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid were determined in whole blood using high-performance liquid chromatography. We have shown in this study that the maximal exercise-induced increase of uridine concentration correlates with the post-exercise increase of uric acid concentration and systolic blood pressure. The results of our study show a relationship between uridine concentration in blood and uric acid concentration and blood pressure. We have been the first to demonstrate that a maximal exercise-induced increase in uridine concentration is correlated with the post-exercise and recovery-continued increase of uric acid concentration in healthy subjects. Thus, it appears that uridine may be an indicator of post-exercise hyperuricemia and blood pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Dudzinska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bogdanis G, Stavrinou P, Fatouros I, Philippou A, Chatzinikolaou A, Draganidis D, Ermidis G, Maridaki M. Short-term high-intensity interval exercise training attenuates oxidative stress responses and improves antioxidant status in healthy humans. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 61:171-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
9
|
Abstract
Sprint exercise ability has been critical for survival. The remarkably high-power output levels attained during sprint exercise are achieved through strong activation of anaerobic, and to a lesser extent, aerobic energy supplying metabolic reactions, which generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Sprint exercise may cause oxidative stress leading to muscle damage, particularly when performed in severe acute hypoxia. However, with training oxidative stress is reduced. Paradoxically, total plasma antioxidant capacity increases during the subsequent 2 h after a short sprint due to the increase in plasma urate concentration. The RONS produced during and immediately after sprint exercise play a capital role in signaling the adaptive response to sprint. Antioxidant supplementation blunts the normal AMPKα and CaMKII phosphorylation in response to sprint exercise. However, under conditions of increased glycolytic energy turnover and muscle acidification, as during sprint exercise in severe acute hypoxia, AMPKα phosphorylation is also blunted. This indicates that an optimal level of RONS-mediated stimulation is required for the normal signaling response to sprint exercise. Although RONS are implicated in fatigue, most studies convey that antioxidants do not enhance sprint performance in humans. Although currently controversial, it has been reported that antioxidant ingestion during training may jeopardize some of the beneficial adaptations to sprint training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Morales-Alamo
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n , Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Island , Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Simultaneous determination of uric acid, xanthine, hypoxanthine and caffeine in human blood serum and urine samples using electrochemically reduced graphene oxide modified electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 771:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
Zieliński J, Kusy K, Słomińska E. Alterations in purine metabolism in middle-aged elite, amateur, and recreational runners across a 1-year training cycle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:763-73. [PMID: 22965897 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Changes in purine derivatives may be considered as signs of training-induced metabolic adaptations. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a 1-year training cycle on the response of hypoxanthine (Hx) concentration and Hx-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity. Three groups of middle-aged male runners were examined: 11 elite master runners (EL; 46.0 ± 3.8 years), 9 amateur runners (AM; 45.1 ± 4.7 years), and 10 recreational runners (RE; 45.9 ± 6.1 years). Plasma Hx concentration and erythrocyte HGPRT activity were measured in three characteristic training phases of the annual cycle. Significant differences in post-exercise Hx concentration and resting HGPRT activity were demonstrated between the EL, AM, and RE groups across consecutive training phases. The EL group showed lowest Hx concentration and highest HGPRT activity compared to the AM and RE groups. Analogous differences were observed between the AM and RE groups during specific preparation. For the EL group, the changes were observed across all examinations and the lowest Hx concentration and highest HGPRT activity were found in the competition phase. Significant change was also revealed in the AM group between the general and specific preparation, but not in the competition phase. No significant changes were found in the RE runners who did not use anaerobic exercise in their training. In conclusion, a long-lasting endurance training, incorporating high-intensity exercise, results in significant changes in purine metabolism, whereas training characterized by constant low-intensity exercise does not. Plasma Hx concentration and erythrocyte HGPRT activity may be sensitive indicators of training adaptation and training status in middle-aged athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Athletics, Eugeniusz Piasecki University School of Physical Education, ul. Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871 Poznań, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Inflammatory response to strenuous muscular exercise in man. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2:335-42. [PMID: 18475542 PMCID: PMC2365428 DOI: 10.1155/s0962935193000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/1993] [Accepted: 07/29/1993] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the humoral and cellular changes occurring during strenuous muscular work in humans, the concept of inflammatory response to exercise (IRE) is developed. The main indices of IRE consist of signs of an acute phase response, leucocytosis and leucocyte activation, release of inflammatory mediators, tissue damage and cellular infiltrates, production of free radicals, activation of complement, and coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways. Depending on exercise intensity and duration, it seems likely that muscle and/or associated connective tissue damage, contact system activation due to shear stress on endothelium and endotoxaemia could be the triggering mechanisms of IRE. Although this phenomenon can be considered in most cases as a physiological process associated with tissue repair, exaggerated IRE could have physiopathological consequences. On the other hand, the influence of several factors such as age, sex, training, hormonal status, nutrition, anti-inflammatory drugs, and the extent to which IRE could be a potential risk for subjects undergoing intense physical training require further study.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zielinski J, Kusy K. Training-induced adaptation in purine metabolism in high-level sprinters vs. triathletes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 112:542-51. [PMID: 22162524 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01292.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of training loads on metabolic response of purine derivatives in highly trained sprinters (10 men, age range 20-29 yr) in a 1-yr cycle, compared with endurance-training mode in triathletes (10 men, age range 21-28 yr). A four-time measurement of respiratory parameters, plasma hypoxanthine (Hx) concentration, and erythrocyte hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) activity was administered in four characteristic training phases (general, specific, competition, and transition). A considerably lower postexercise plasma concentration of Hx in sprinters (8.1-18.0 μmol/l) than in triathletes (14.1-24.9 μmol/l) was demonstrated in all training phases. In both groups, a significant decrease in plasma Hx concentration in the competition phase and a considerable increase in the transition phase were observed. It was found that the resting erythrocyte HGPRT activity increased in the competition period and declined in the transition phase. Sprinters showed higher HGPRT activity (58.5-71.8 nmol IMP·mg Hb(-1)·h(-1)) than triathletes (55.8-66.6 nmol IMP·mg Hb(-1)·h(-1)) in all examinations. The results suggest a more effective use of anaerobic metabolic energy sources induced by sprint training characterized by higher amount of exercise in the anaerobic lactacid and the nonlactacid zone. The changes in plasma Hx concentration and erythrocyte HGPRT activity might serve as sensitive metabolic indicators in the training control, especially in sprint-trained athletes. These parameters may provide information about the energetic status of the muscles in highly trained athletes in which no significant adaptation changes are detected by means of commonly acknowledged biochemical and physiological parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zielinski
- Department of Athletics, University School of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
ZIELIŃSKI JACEK, KUSY KRZYSZTOF, RYCHLEWSKI TADEUSZ. Effect of Training Load Structure on Purine Metabolism in Middle-Distance Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:1798-807. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318215d10b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
15
|
Adenine, guanine and pyridine nucleotides in blood during physical exercise and restitution in healthy subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:1155-62. [PMID: 20714766 PMCID: PMC2988208 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Maximal physical exertion is accompanied by increased degradation of purine nucleotides in muscles with the products of purine catabolism accumulating in the plasma. Thanks to membrane transporters, these products remain in an equilibrium between the plasma and red blood cells where they may serve as substrates in salvage reactions, contributing to an increase in the concentrations of purine nucleotides. In this study, we measured the concentrations of adenine nucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP), inosine nucleotides (IMP), guanine nucleotides (GTP, GDP, GMP), and also pyridine nucleotides (NAD, NADP) in red blood cells immediately after standardized physical effort with increasing intensity, and at the 30th min of rest. We also examined the effect of muscular exercise on adenylate (guanylate) energy charge—AEC (GEC), and on the concentration of nucleosides (guanosine, inosine, adenosine) and hypoxanthine. We have shown in this study that a standardized physical exercise with increasing intensity leads to an increase in IMP concentration in red blood cells immediately after the exercise, which with a significant increase in Hyp concentration in the blood suggests that Hyp was included in the IMP pool. Restitution is accompanied by an increase in the ATP/ADP and ADP/AMP ratios, which indicates an increase in the phosphorylation of AMP and ADP to ATP. Physical effort applied in this study did not lead to changes in the concentrations of guanine and pyridine nucleotides in red blood cells.
Collapse
|
16
|
Cell-free plasma DNA and purine nucleotide degradation markers following weightlifting exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:695-701. [PMID: 20577758 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the acute effects of a single bout of high-intensive strength training on the production of cell-free plasma DNA (cf-DNA), as well as on the degradation of purine nucleotides as assessed by the concentration of xanthine (XA) and hypoxanthine (HX) in urine and serum. Twelve trained weightlifters performed six sets of six lifting exercises with 90-95% of the one repetition maximum. Blood samples and urine were obtained 1 h before training, immediately after finishing the exercise session and following 2 h of recovery. Cf-DNA, HX, and XA (in serum) significantly increased (P < 0.05-P < 0.001) immediately after heavy lifting exercise when compared with baseline levels, and significantly decreased (P < 0.05-P < 0.001) after 2 h of recovery. These results indicate that, cf-DNA and oxypurines might be relevant biomarkers for cellular damage, mechanical, energetic, and/or ischemic stress in context with exercise.
Collapse
|
17
|
Blood uridine concentration may be an indicator of the degradation of pyrimidine nucleotides during physical exercise with increasing intensity. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 66:189-96. [PMID: 20533099 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-010-0023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
During prolonged maximal exercise, oxygen deficits occur in working muscles. Progressive hypoxia results in the impairment of the oxidative resynthesis of ATP and increased degradation of purine nucleotides. Moreover, ATP consumption decreases the conversion of UDP to UTP, to use ATP as a phosphate donor, resulting in an increased concentration of UDP, which enhances pyrimidine degradation. Because the metabolism of pyrimidine nucleotides is related to the metabolism of purines, in particular with the cellular concentration of ATP, we decided to investigate the impact of a standardized exercise with increasing intensity on the concentration of uridine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and uric acid. Twenty-two healthy male subjects volunteered to participate in this study. Blood concentrations of metabolites were determined at rest, immediately after exercise, and after 30 min of recovery using high-performance liquid chromatography. We also studied the relationship between the levels of uridine and indicators of myogenic purine degradation. The results showed that exercise with increasing intensity leads to increased concentrations of inosine, hypoxanthine, uric acid, and uridine. We found positive correlations between blood uridine levels and indicators of myogenic purine degradation (hypoxanthine), suggesting that the blood uridine level is related to purine metabolism in skeletal muscles.
Collapse
|
18
|
The effect of endurance training on changes in purine metabolism: a longitudinal study of competitive long-distance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 106:867-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
19
|
Abstract
Acute bouts of aerobic and anaerobic exercise can induce a state of oxidative stress, as indicated by an increase in oxidized molecules in a variety of tissues and body fluids. The extent of oxidation is dependent on the exercise mode, intensity, and duration, and is specifically related to the degree of oxidant production. Findings of increased oxidative stress have been reported for both healthy and diseased subjects following single bouts of exercise. While acute exercise has the ability to induce an oxidative stress, this same exercise stimulus appears necessary to allow for an upregulation in endogenous antioxidant defenses. This chapter presents a summary of exercise-induced oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bloomer
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Huang CC, Tsai SC, Lin WT. Potential ergogenic effects of l-arginine against oxidative and inflammatory stress induced by acute exercise in aging rats. Exp Gerontol 2008; 43:571-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
21
|
Lekhi C, Gupta PH, Singh B. Influence of exercise on oxidant stress products in elite Indian cyclists. Br J Sports Med 2007; 41:691-3. [PMID: 17496065 PMCID: PMC2465165 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.037663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The influence of exercise on free-radical chemistry is not well understood. It is yet to be confirmed whether an adequate biochemical defence system exists in the human body to provide protection from oxy-centred radicals generated by exercise. Fifty trained elite cyclists undertaking exhaustive endurance training were compared with a control group of 50 sedentary workers. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA), uric acid, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, vitamin E, vitamin C and susceptibility to oxidative stress were assessed. Exhaustive exercise resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher concentrations of serum MDA, vitamin E and vitamin C, significantly (p<0.001) higher SOD activity, but less significantly (p<0.01) higher concentrations of uric acid and significantly (p<0.05) lower catalase activity in elite cyclists than in the controls. Alterations in the activities of erythrocyte scavenger enzymes (SOD) and higher level of non-enzymatic defences in trained subjects may not be sufficient to counteract the increase in reactive oxygen species produced by endurance training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Lekhi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sports Authority of India, Netaji Subas National Institute of Sports, Patiala, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lin WT, Yang SC, Tsai SC, Huang CC, Lee NY. Role of melatonin in reducing hypoxia-induced oxidative stress and morphological changes in the liver of male mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 95:67-75. [PMID: 16441918 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen deficiency during critical illness may cause profound changes in cellular metabolism and subsequent tissue and organ dysfunction. Thus, the present study was designed to determine the effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on the levels of lipid peroxidation and the morphological changes in the liver of male mice as well as the protective role of melatonin as an antioxidant. Two experiments were carried out in this study. Experiment I includes three groups of mice (control, hypoxic, and hypoxic+melatonin) while the experiment II includes two groups (reoxygenated and reoxygenated+melatonin). The levels of oxidized lipids were measured and the morphological changes were investigated using light and electron microscopy. In experiment I, hypoxia strongly stimulated lipid peroxidation levels (88%) while melatonin administration inhibited this increase (69%). Severe morphological changes (necrosis, dilated congested blood vessels, collection of inflammatory cells, condensed heterochromatic with irregular outlines nuclei, and mitochondrial degeneration) were detected in the liver of hypoxic mice. In experiment II, reoxygenation inhibited the levels of oxidized lipids (42%) versus hypoxic mice and some morphological changes were detected. When melatonin was given before reoxygenation, it inhibited the levels of lipid peroxidation by 66% versus hypoxic mice. Also, melatonin enhanced the recovery profile by 41% when compared with mice that reoxygenated with room air only. All morphological alterations that detected in both hypoxic and reoxygenated mice were repaired when melatonin administered. These results indicate that hypoxia and reoxygenation induce severe alterations in the liver and that melatonin exerts beneficial role in restoring tissue alterations after subjection to hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Teng Lin
- De Lin Institute of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Liu CC, Huang CC, Lin WT, Hsieh CC, Huang SY, Lin SJ, Yang SC. Lycopene supplementation attenuated xanthine oxidase and myeloperoxidase activities in skeletal muscle tissues of rats after exhaustive exercise. Br J Nutr 2005; 94:595-601. [PMID: 16197586 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Strenuous exercise is known to induce oxidative stress leading to the generation of free radicals. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of lycopene, an antioxidant nutrient, at a relatively low dose (2.6 mg/kg per d) and a relatively high dose (7.8 mg/kg per d) on the antioxidant status of blood and skeletal muscle tissues in rats after exhaustive exercise. Rats were divided into six groups: sedentary control (C); sedentary control with low-dose lycopene (CLL); sedentary control with high-dose lycopene (CHL); exhaustive exercise (E); exhaustive exercise with low-dose lycopene (ELL); exhaustive exercise with high-dose lycopene (EHL). After 30 d, the rats in the three C groups were killed without exercise, but the rats in the three E groups were killed immediately after an exhaustive running test on a motorised treadmill. The results showed that xanthine oxidase (XO) activities of plasma and muscle, and muscular myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in group E were significantly increased compared with group C. Compared with group E, the elevations of XO and MPO activities of muscle were significantly decreased in group EHL. The malondialdehyde concentrations of plasma and tissues in group E were significantly increased by 72 and 114 %, respectively, compared with those in group C. However, this phenomenon was prevented in rats of the ELL and EHL groups. There was no significant difference in the GSH concentrations of erythrocytes in each group; however, exhaustive exercise resulted in a significant decrease in the GSH content of muscle. In conclusion, these results suggested that lycopene protected muscle tissue from oxidative stress after exhaustive exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Chung Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Yuan Pei University of Science and Technology, Hsin Chu, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nishio K, Suzuki K, Ito Y, Naito M, Yamamoto K, Tamakoshi A, Hamajima N. Possible interactions of the endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase genotype with alcohol drinking and walking time for high serum uric acid levels among Japanese. Metabolism 2005; 54:1302-8. [PMID: 16154428 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A variable number of tandem repeat polymorphism located in intron 4 of the gene for endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) is reported to be significantly associated with the nitric oxide level, which influences serum uric acid (SUA). To cast light on any association between the polymorphism and hyperuricemia, as well as gene-environment interactions, a cross-sectional study was conducted for 703 health checkup examinees (213 men and 490 women). The age-adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of hyperuricemia (> or =7 mg/dL) for ecNOS 4/4, 4/5, or 5/6 genotypes (non-5/5 group) as compared with the 5/5 genotype was 2.41 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-5.30) in men. The aORs for drinking alcohol relative to never drinking were found to be 8.93 (95% CI, 1.02-78.16) among men with non-5/5 genotypes and 1.76 (95% CI, 0.59-5.26) for their 5/5 counterparts. Moreover, the aORs for heavy drinking (> or =50 mL/d) were 23.16 (95% CI, 2.14-250.35) and 2.48 (95% CI, 0.75-8.15), respectively. The interaction between the genotype and current drinking was 3.10 (95% CI, 0.45-21.41). The aORs for more than 30 minutes of daily walking relative to 30 minutes or less of daily walking were found to be 1.54 (95% CI, 0.40-5.95) among men with non-5/5 genotypes and 0.31 (95% CI, 0.12-0.81) for their 5/5 counterparts. The interaction between the genotype and more than 30 minutes of daily walking was 4.92 (95% CI, 0.95-25.64). This study indicated that the ecNOS variable number of tandem repeat polymorphism influences the SUA level in men. Although the interactions were not significant, alcohol intake may be more influential among men with non-5/5 genotypes and walking may be more effective among men with the 5/5 genotype. These findings would be informative for men with high SUA levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Nishio
- Department of Preventive Medicine/Biostatistics and Medical Decision Making, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lin WT, Yang SC, Chen KT, Huang CC, Lee NY. Protective effects of L-arginine on pulmonary oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses during exhaustive exercise in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005; 26:992-9. [PMID: 16038634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the effects of L-arginine (L-Arg) supplementation on pulmonary oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in rats after exhaustive exercise. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into four groups: sedentary control (SC), sedentary control with L-Arg treatment (SC+Arg), exhaustive exercise with control diet (E) and exhaustive exercise with L-Arg treatment (E+Arg). Rats in groups SC+Arg and E+Arg received a 2% L-Arg diet. Rats in groups E and E+Arg underwent an exhaustive running test on a motorized treadmill. Pulmonary oxidative stress indices [xanthine oxidase (XO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and malondialdehyde (MDA)] and antioxidant defense systems [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione (GSH)] were investigated in this study. RESULTS L-Arg supplementation significantly reduced exercise-induced elevations of XO and MPO activities in lung. L-Arg reversed the exercise-induced increase in SOD and GR activities, but increased CAT and GPX activities. L-Arg administration also significantly increased the GSH levels in plasma. CONCLUSION L-Arg supplementation can prevent elevations of XO and MPO activities in the lung and favorably influence pulmonary antioxidant defense systems after exhaustive exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang-teng Lin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Degoutte F, Jouanel P, Filaire E. Mise en évidence de la sollicitation du cycle des purines nucléotides lors d’un combat de judo. Sci Sports 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0765-1597(03)00162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
28
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess energy demand during a judo match and the kinetics of recovery by measuring the metabolites of the oxypurine cascade, lipolytic activity, and glycolytic pathway. METHODS Venous blood samples were taken from 16 national judoists (mean (SEM) age 18.4 (1.6) years), before (T(1)) and three minutes (T(2)), one hour (T(3)), and 24 hours (T(4)) after a match. A seven day diet record was used to evaluate nutrient intake. RESULTS Nutrient analysis indicated that these athletes followed a low carbohydrate diet. Plasma lactate concentration had increased to 12.3 (1.8) mmol/l at the end of the match. An increase in the levels of extracellular markers of muscle adenine nucleotide catabolism, urea, and creatinine was observed at T(2), while uric acid levels remained unchanged. High concentrations of urea persisted for 24 hours during the recovery period. Ammonia, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and creatinine returned to control levels within the 24 hour recovery period. Uric acid concentrations rose from T(3) and had not returned to baseline 24 hours after the match. The levels of triglycerides, glycerol, and free fatty acids had increased significantly (p<0.05) after the match (T(2)) but returned to baseline values within 24 hours. Concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol were significantly increased after the match. CONCLUSIONS These results show that a judo match induces both protein and lipid metabolism. Carbohydrate availability, training adaptation, and metabolic stress may explain the requirement for these types of metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Degoutte
- Unité Formation Recherche Sciences Techniques des APS, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Groussard C, Machefer G, Rannou F, Faure H, Zouhal H, Sergent O, Chevanne M, Cillard J, Gratas-Delamarche A. Physical fitness and plasma non-enzymatic antioxidant status at rest and after a wingate test. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY = REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYSIOLOGIE APPLIQUEE 2003; 28:79-92. [PMID: 12671197 DOI: 10.1139/h03-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We tested seven physical education students whether 30-s sprint anaerobic exercise (Wingate test) would result in oxidative stress (evaluated by lipid radical levels) sufficient to alter plasma non-enzymatic antioxidant status (plasma uric acid, ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene). This study demonstrates that 1) Wingate test increases plasma uric and ascorbic acid concentrations (p <.05), and decreases plasma alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene levels (p <.05); 2) lipid radical levels at rest and sprint performance are negatively correlated with resting plasma uric acid and alpha-tocopherol concentrations (p <.05). In conclusion, this study 1) demonstrates that a 30-s sprint anaerobic exercise is associated with acute changes in plasma non-enzymatic antioxidant status, 2) indicates that the subjects with largest leg peak power are those who exhibit the lowest plasma antioxidant status at rest (uric acid and alpha-tocopherol), 3) and suggests that antioxidant intake by maintaining plasma antioxidant concentration at rest in the normal range might protect athletes against oxidative stress induced by exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Groussard
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Biomechanique de l'Exercice Musculataire, UFRAPS, University de Rennes 2, Rennes Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Svensson MB, Ekblom B, Cotgreave IA, Norman B, Sjöberg B, Ekblom O, Sjödin B, Sjödin A. Adaptive stress response of glutathione and uric acid metabolism in man following controlled exercise and diet. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2002; 176:43-56. [PMID: 12193218 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.2002.01008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ergometer cycling performance as well as acute exercise-induced changes in the metabolism of energy-intermediates and glutathione (GSH) were investigated in skeletal muscle (SM) of 15 healthy young male subjects (VO(2max) approximately 54.7 mL kg(-1) min(-1), age approximately 25 years), before and after 3 days of controlled 'ìoverload-training' in combination with either high (62% of energy intake) or low (26% of energy intake) dietary intake of carbohydrates. The intake of a carbohydrate-rich diet clearly reduced the depletion of SM glycogen following the short-term training period, paralleled with a positive effect on the endurance performance, but not on high-intensity work-performance. An 'delayed over-reaching effect', defined as impaired work-performance, was observed after 2.5 days of recovery from the short-term training period, irrespective of the carbohydrate content of the diet and basal glycogen level in SM. Taken together, the main and novel findings of present investigation are: (1) an acute decrease of reduced GSH content and altered thiol-redox homeostasis in SM induced by strenuous high-intensity exercise; (2) an adaptive elevation of basal GSH level following the short-term training period; (3) an adaptive decrease of basal GSH level following 2.5 days recovery from training; (4) evidence of a relationship between the SM fibre type, physical performance capacity and GSH turnover during acute bouts of exercise; and (5) no evident effect of the level of carbohydrate intake on metabolism of GSH or energy intermediates. Furthermore, the induction of acute oxidative stress in exercising human SM and the adaptive responses to training are suggested to provide a protective antioxidant phenotype to the exercising SM during periods with repeated intense intermittent training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Saiki S, Sato T, Agatuma H, Igarashi T, Hiwatari M, Harada T. Changes in serum hypoxanthine levels after walk loads at mild to high intensity in healthy humans. TOHOKU J EXP MED 1999; 188:61-9. [PMID: 10494901 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.188.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Effect of mild intensity exercise on the serum levels of hypoxanthine was studied. Eighteen healthy subjects performed 2 to 4 bouts of 5 minutes walk load at different intensities. At the beginning, thirteen of them walked at intensity more than 80% of the maximum. The serum levels of hypoxanthine increased to the levels of more than 6 times of resting values showing a peak at 10 to 20 minutes after the completion of the walk load. In 62 bouts of the walk load by 18 subjects, statistically significant relationship was demonstrated between intensity of the walk load and increase in serum concentration of hypoxanthine at 10 minutes after the completion of the walk load with correlation coefficient of 0.556. The serum hypoxanthine levels were significantly increased by the walk load even at mild intensity between 41 and 60%. Increment in the serum hypoxanthine concentration also showed positive and statistically significant correlation with physiological cost index. These results suggest that the serum levels of hypoxanthine increase following mild as well as moderate to submaximal intensity of exercise, and its increment may be used as an indicator of energy balance in the muscle during exercise at mild to high intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Saiki
- The Section of Internal Medicine and Disability Prevention, Tohoku University Graduate School, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hellsten Y, Sjödin B, Richter EA, Bangsbo J. Urate uptake and lowered ATP levels in human muscle after high-intensity intermittent exercise. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 274:E600-6. [PMID: 9575819 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1998.274.4.e600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The exchange of purines in exercised and rested muscle and their relation to muscle ATP levels after intense intermittent exercise were investigated. Seven subjects performed one-legged knee extensor exercise on the following two occasions: without (control; C) and with (high purines; HP) additional arm exercise. There was a greater net release of hypoxanthine by the exercised muscle during the recovery period in HP compared with C [185 +/- 44 vs. 101 +/- 30 (SE) mumol/kg muscle; P < 0.05]. During recovery, the arterial urate concentration was higher in HP compared with C (peak: 585 +/- 48 vs. 355 +/- 20 mumol/l; P < 0.05). The exercised but not the rested muscle extracted a marked amount of urate (330 mumol/kg muscle) from plasma in the HP trial. Muscle ATP levels after 90 min of recovery in HP were lower than at rest (24.3 +/- 0.6 vs. 20.1 +/- 1.1 mmol/kg dry wt). The present data suggest that a single session of long-term high-intensity intermittent exercise causes a significant release of purines from the muscle into blood, which contributes to a sustained lowered level of the muscle ATP concentration. Furthermore, intensely exercised muscle extracts urate when plasma urate is elevated, an event that may be of importance for the replenishment of oxidized muscle urate stores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Hellsten
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, August Krogh Institute, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ji LL, Leichtweis S. Exercise and oxidative stress: Sources of free radicals and their impact on antioxidant systems. AGE 1997; 20:91-106. [PMID: 23604295 PMCID: PMC3456150 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-997-0009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Strenuous exercise is characterized by increased oxygen consumption and the disturbance between intracellular pro-oxidant and antioxidant homeostasis. At lease three biochemical pathways (i.e., mitochondrial electron transport chain, xanthine oxidase, and polymorphoneutrophil) have been identified as potential sources of intracellular free radical generation during exercise. These deleterious reactive oxygen species pose a serious threat to the cellular antioxidant defense system, such as diminished reserves of antioxidant vitamins and glutathione. However, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants have demonstrated great versitility and adaptability in response to acute and chronic exercise. The delicate balance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants suggests that supplementation with antioxidants may be desirable for physically active individuals under certain physiological conditions by providing a larger protective margin.
Collapse
|
35
|
Camus G, Deby-Dupont G, Duchateau J, Deby C, Pincemail J, Lamy M. Are similar inflammatory factors involved in strenuous exercise and sepsis? Intensive Care Med 1994; 20:602-10. [PMID: 7706577 DOI: 10.1007/bf01705731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An increasing body of data suggest that strenuous exercise triggers an inflammatory response having some similarity with those occurring in sepsis. Indices of this inflammatory response to exercise (IRE) especially include leukocytosis, release of inflammatory mediators and acute phase reactants, tissue damage, priming of various white blood cell lines, production of free radicals; activation of complement, coagulation and fibrinolytic cascades. Inflammatory responses to strenuous exercise and sepsis could in part be due to the release of endotoxin in blood as common triggering factor, but it seems that tissue damage and/or contact system activation are more important triggering mechanisms in exercising subjects. While the magnitude and duration of cellular and humoral changes associated with IRE are quite different from those observed in sepsis, recent human studies suggested that chronic and/or excessive IRE could have adverse effects. Among the possible consequences of acute and chronic IRE are delayed onset muscular soreness and loss of force, cardiovascular complications, intravascular hemolysis, hypoferraemia and increased susceptibility to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Camus
- Laboratory of Human Applied Physiology, Université de Liège, Sart Tilman, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Uotila JT, Kirkkola AL, Rorarius M, Tuimala RJ, Metsä-Ketelä T. The total peroxyl radical-trapping ability of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in normal and preeclamptic parturients. Free Radic Biol Med 1994; 16:581-90. [PMID: 8026801 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(94)90058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid total peroxyl radical-trapping antioxidative parameter (TRAP) and the main antioxidant components of TRAP (vitamin E, ascorbic acid, uric acid, protein sulfhydryl groups, and the unidentified antioxidant proportion) were analyzed in 11 preeclamptic parturients, 9 healthy parturients with an uncomplicated pregnancy, and 10 healthy nonpregnant women. In addition, the possible effects of ongoing labor were studied in 10 healthy parturients. The samples of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected at cesarean section (pregnant women) or minor surgical procedure (nonpregnant women). Normal pregnancy or ongoing labor induced no significant changes in total TRAP, as compared with nonpregnant women, but significant changes in the percentage contributions of individual antioxidants were noted in plasma and CSF. In preeclampsia, a significant increase in TRAP was noted in both plasma and CSF. This increase was mainly due to an increased proportion of uric acid and unidentified antioxidants in plasma samples, and an increased proportion of unidentified antioxidants in CSF. The concentration of CSF ascorbic acid was decreased in preeclampsia, and a negative correlation between CSF ascorbic acid and blood pressure was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J T Uotila
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tampere University, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Balsom PD, Ekblom B, Sjödin B. Enhanced oxygen availability during high intensity intermittent exercise decreases anaerobic metabolite concentrations in blood. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1994; 150:455-6. [PMID: 8036914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1994.tb09711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P D Balsom
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hellsten-Westing Y, Balsom PD, Norman B, Sjödin B. The effect of high-intensity training on purine metabolism in man. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1993; 149:405-12. [PMID: 8128888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1993.tb09636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The effect of intermittent high-intensity training on the activity of enzymes involved in purine metabolism and on the concentration of plasma purines following acute short-term intense exercise was investigated. Eleven subjects performed sprint training three times per week for 6 weeks. Muscle biopsies for determination of enzyme activities were obtained prior to and 24 h after the training period. After training, the activity of adenosine 5'-phosphate (AMP) deaminase was lower (P < 0.001) whereas the activities of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) and phosphofructokinase were significantly higher compared with pre-training levels. The higher activity of HPRT with training suggests an improved potential for rephosphorylation of intracellular hypoxanthine to inosine monophosphate (IMP) in the trained muscle. Before and after the training period the subjects performed four independent 2-min tests at intensities from a mean of 106 to 135% of VO2max. Venous blood was drawn prior to and after each test. The accumulation of plasma hypoxanthine following the four tests was lower following training compared with prior to training (P < 0.05). The accumulation of uric acid was significantly lower (46% of pre-training value) after the test performed at 135% of VO2max (P < 0.05). Based on the observed alterations in muscle enzyme activities and plasma purine accumulation, it is suggested that high intensity intermittent training leads to a lower release of purines from muscle to plasma following intense exercise and, thus, a reduced loss of muscle nucleotides.
Collapse
|
40
|
Braghiroli A, Sacco C, Erbetta M, Ruga V, Donner CF. Overnight urinary uric acid: creatinine ratio for detection of sleep hypoxemia. Validation study in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea before and after treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE 1993; 148:173-8. [PMID: 8317794 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/148.1.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
During hypoxia ATP degradation to uric acid is increased in animal models and humans. To assess the reliability of an overnight increase in uric acid excretion as a marker of nocturnal hypoxemia, we selected 10 normal volunteers (7 males and 3 females), 29 COPD patients (26 males and 3 females), and 49 subjects with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (43 males and 6 females). The patients underwent standard polysomnography, which was repeated in 14 subjects with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and were subdivided into two groups: Group D included desaturating subjects who spent at least 1 h at SaO2 < 90% and 15 min below 85%, and Group ND were nondesaturating subjects. The overnight change in the uric acid:creatinine ratio (delta UA:Cr) was negative in normal subjects (-27.5 +/- 9.1 [mean +/- SD]) and ND groups: -19.7 +/- 14.3 in COPD, -16.1 +/- 13.0 in OSA. In both COPD and OSA Group D, the ratio was usually positive: delta UA:Cr was 17.9 +/- 31.4 in Group D COPD (p < 0.001 versus ND) and 10.1 +/- 30.7 in Group D OSA (p < 0.001 versus ND and versus normal subjects) despite 4 of 15 false negative results in COPD and 8 of 20 in OSA. CPAP effective treatment induced a marked reduction ((p = 0.0024) in delta UA:Cr, leading to a negative value. We conclude that delta UA:Cr seems to be a promising index of significant nocturnal tissue hypoxia, with good specificity but poor sensitivity (about 30% false negative), which might be useful for the long-term follow-up of outpatients on nasal CPAP with a positive ratio at baseline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Braghiroli
- Division of Pulmonary Disease, IRCCS, Medical Rehabilitation Center, Veruno, Novara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Maxwell SR, Jakeman P, Thomason H, Leguen C, Thorpe GH. Changes in plasma antioxidant status during eccentric exercise and the effect of vitamin supplementation. FREE RADICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1993; 19:191-202. [PMID: 8244088 DOI: 10.3109/10715769309111602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-four healthy students undertook one hour of box-stepping exercise. Prior to exercise eight had received no medication (Group A), eight received 400 mg of vitamin C daily for three weeks before and one week after exercise (Group C) and eight received 400 mg of vitamin E for the same period (Group E). Groups C and E had significantly higher levels of vitamin C (p < 0.01) and vitamin E (p < 0.01) respectively than group A at the commencement of exercise. Plasma total antioxidant capacity rose significantly during exercise in all group (A - p < 0.05; C - p < 0.001; E - p < 0.001). This rise was accounted for by increases in plasma uric acid in all groups. In addition there were significant increases in vitamin C in group C (p < 0.001) and vitamin E in group E (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in plasma malondialdehyde following exercise in any group. It is concluded that plasma antioxidant capacity rises in response to one hour of eccentric exercise and that the contribution of individual antioxidants to this change can be influenced by vitamin supplementation. The possible mechanisms of the antioxidant changes during exercise and their implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Maxwell
- Department of Medicine, Birmingham University, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bangsbo J, Sjödin B, Hellsten-Westing Y. Exchange of hypoxanthine in muscle during intense exercise in man. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1992; 146:549-50. [PMID: 1492576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1992.tb09465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Bangsbo
- August Krogh Institute, University of Copenghagen, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pösö AR, Jensen-Waern M. Does a single bout of exercise cause adaptation of amino acid metabolism in pigs? Res Vet Sci 1992; 53:331-7. [PMID: 1465506 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5288(92)90135-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid responses to exercise stress in well-trained racehorses and human athletes are well characterised, but the knowledge of amino acid metabolism during and after exercise in inactive animal species is limited. To study this, plasma amino acid concentrations were measured in previously unexercised pigs which performed two exercise tests on a treadmill with an interval of one week. In general, the changes in amino acids were more pronounced after the second than after the first exercise bout. Alanine, glutamine, phenylalanine and tyrosine were elevated for one hour only after the latter exercise. Twenty-four hours after the second exercise isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and valine were increased, but only isoleucine was increased after the first test. These differences between the two tests might be explained by adaptation of the amino acid metabolism after a single exercise bout and suggest that domestic pigs are well suited to study the early effects of exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Pösö
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Both brown fat tissue (BAT) and skeletal muscle experience large increases of oxygen consumption and oxygen radical generation during activation. This, together with the relatively low activities of antioxidant enzymes in these two tissues and the high lipid content and free fatty acid liberation of BAT, can produce a physiological oxidative stress. Increases of in vivo or in vitro (BAT) lipid peroxidation have been described in these tissues after activation. They react to this oxidative stress in an adaptive way after chronic stimulation. Cold acclimation increases antioxidant enzymes, ascorbate, and especially reduced glutathione (GSH) in BAT. There is controversy about the variations of antioxidants in skeletal muscle after acute exercise. Nevertheless, exercise training seems to increase muscle antioxidant enzymes and GSH. Many reports show that vitamin E levels decrease in the muscle and increase in plasma during exercise. Studies of vitamin E deficiency and supplementation strongly suggest that this vitamin is of protective value during exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Barja de Quiroga
- Departamento de Biologia Animal-II (Fisiologia Animal), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Balsom PD, Seger JY, Sjödin B, Ekblom B. Physiological responses to maximal intensity intermittent exercise. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 65:144-9. [PMID: 1396638 DOI: 10.1007/bf00705072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Physiological responses to repeated bouts of short duration maximal-intensity exercise were evaluated. Seven male subjects performed three exercise protocols, on separate days, with either 15 (S15), 30 (S30) or 40 (S40) m sprints repeated every 30 s. Plasma hypoxanthine (HX) and uric acid (UA), and blood lactate concentrations were evaluated pre- and postexercise. Oxygen uptake was measured immediately after the last sprint in each protocol. Sprint times were recorded to analyse changes in performance over the trials. Mean plasma concentrations of HX and UA increased during S30 and S40 (P less than 0.05), HX increasing from 2.9 (SEM 1.0) and 4.1 (SEM 0.9), to 25.4 (SEM 7.8) and 42.7 (SEM 7.5) mumol.l-1, and UA from 372.8 (SEM 19) and 382.8 (SEM 26), to 458.7 (SEM 40) and 534.6 (SEM 37) mumol.l-1, respectively. Postexercise blood lactate concentrations were higher than pretest values in all three protocols (P less than 0.05), increasing to 6.8 (SEM 1.5), 13.9 (SEM 1.7) and 16.8 (SEM 1.1) mmol.l-1 in S15, S30 and S40, respectively. There was no significant difference between oxygen uptake immediately after S30 [3.2 (SEM 0.1) l.min-1] and S40 [3.3 (SEM 0.4) l.min-1], but a lower value [2.6 (SEM 0.1) l.min-1] was found after S15 (P less than 0.05). The time of the last sprint [2.63 (SEM 0.04) s] in S15 was not significantly different from that of the first [2.62 (SEM 0.02) s]. However, in S30 and S40 sprint times increased from 4.46 (SEM 0.04) and 5.61 (SEM 0.07) s (first) to 4.66 (SEM 0.05) and 6.19 (SEM 0.09) s (last), respectively (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P D Balsom
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Physiology III, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sahlin K, Ekberg K, Cizinsky S. Changes in plasma hypoxanthine and free radical markers during exercise in man. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1991; 142:275-81. [PMID: 1877376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1991.tb09157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Eight men cycled for about 6 minutes at workloads corresponding to 44 and 72% of maximal oxygen uptake and to fatigue at 98% maximal oxygen uptake. Blood samples from a brachial artery and a femoral vein were taken at rest and during exercise. Hypoxanthine, xanthine and urate in plasma were significantly elevated at fatigue and after 10 minutes of recovery. Only hypoxanthine showed a significant arterio-femoral venous difference. The release of hypoxanthine from the legs increased during the recovery period and was three-fold higher 10 minutes post exercise than at the end of exercise. It is concluded that the marked increase in plasma hypoxanthine which occurs during intensive exercise originates from the working muscle whereas the transformation to xanthine and urate may occur in other tissues. Glutathione, methemoglobin and malondialdehyd (MDA) were used as plasma markers of free radicals. Total glutathione (glutathione + glutathionedisulfide) in blood and plasma increased during intensive exercise and may be indicative of free radical formation. However, MDA was not detectable in plasma during any conditions (less than 0.1 mumol x l-1 plasma) and methemoglobin decreased slightly during exercise. Further studies using more specific techniques are required to determine whether the formation of free radicals is increased after brief intensive exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Sahlin
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hellsten-Westing Y, Sollevi A, Sjödin B. Plasma accumulation of hypoxanthine, uric acid and creatine kinase following exhausting runs of differing durations in man. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 62:380-4. [PMID: 1874247 DOI: 10.1007/bf00634977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During exhausting exercise adenylate kinase in the muscle cells is activated and a degradation of adenosine 5'-diphosphate occurs. Consequently, degradation products of adenosine 5'-monophosphate including hypoxanthine and uric acid, accumulate in plasma. The aim of this study was to compare the concentration changes of hypoxanthine and uric acid in plasma following running of varying duration and intensity. In addition, plasma creatine kinase activity was measured to assess the possible relationship between metabolic stress and protein release. Four groups of competitive male runners ran 100 m (n = 7), 800 m (n = 11), 5000 m (n = 7) and 42,000 m (n = 7), respectively, at an exhausting pace. Subsequent to the 100 m event (mean running time 11 s) plasma concentrations of hypoxanthine and uric acid increased by 364% and 36% respectively (P less than 0.05), indicating a very high rate of adenine nucleotide degradation during the event. Following the 800-m event (mean running time 125 s), hypoxanthine and uric acid concentrations had increased by 1598% and 66%, respectively (P less than 0.05). Both the events of longer duration, 5000 m and 42,000 m, also caused a significant increase in plasma concentration of hypoxanthine (742% and 237% respectively, P less than 0.05) and plasma uric acid (54% and 34% respectively, P less than 0.05). Plasma activities of creatine kinase were significantly increased at 24 h only following the 5000 m and 42,000 m events (64% and 1186% respectively, P less than 0.05). Changes in plasma creatine kinase activity showed no correlation with changes in plasma concentration of either hypoxanthine or uric acid for the 5000 m and 42,000 m events (r = 0.00-0.45, P greater than 0.05).
Collapse
|
48
|
Duthie GG, Robertson JD, Maughan RJ, Morrice PC. Blood antioxidant status and erythrocyte lipid peroxidation following distance running. Arch Biochem Biophys 1990; 282:78-83. [PMID: 2221920 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(90)90089-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between prolonged exercise, oxidative stress, and the protective capacity of the antioxidant defense system has been determined. Venous blood samples were removed from seven trained athletes before and up to 120 h after completion of a half-marathon for measurements of blood antioxidants, antioxidant enzymes, and indices of lipid peroxidation. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, an index of muscle damage, increased (P less than 0.05) to a maximum 24 h after the race but this was not accompanied by changes in conjugated dienes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), which are indices of lipid peroxidation. An increase (P less than 0.05) in plasma cholesterol concentration (4%) immediately after the race was similar to the change in plasma volume (6%). However, transient increases (P less than 0.05) immediately postrace in the plasma concentrations of uric acid (24%), vitamin A (18%), and vitamin C (34%) were only partly accounted for by the fluid shifts. The immediate postrace increases in alpha- and gamma-tocopherol did not attain statistical significance. Erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities were unaffected by the exercise but the alpha- and gamma-tocopherol concentrations progressively increased (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.05, respectively) up to 48 h postrace. Paradoxically, 24 h after the race erythrocyte susceptibility to in vitro peroxidation was markedly elevated (P less than 0.01). This enhanced susceptibility to peroxidation was maintained even at 120 h postrace and did not correspond to changes in the age of the red cell population. A decrease (P less than 0.001) in total erythrocyte glutathione immediately after the half-marathon was mainly due to a reduction in the reduced form (GSH). The results show that when trained athletes run a comparatively short distance sufficient to result in some degree of muscle damage but which is insufficient to cause elevations in plasma indices of lipid peroxidation, significant alterations in erythrocyte antioxidant status do occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G G Duthie
- Biochemistry Division, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|