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Draghici AE, Zahedi B, Taylor JA, Bouxsein ML, Yu EW. Vascular deficits contributing to skeletal fragility in type 1 diabetes. FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2023; 4:1272804. [PMID: 37867730 PMCID: PMC10587602 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2023.1272804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Over 1 million Americans are currently living with T1D and improvements in diabetes management have increased the number of adults with T1D living into later decades of life. This growing population of older adults with diabetes is more susceptible to aging comorbidities, including both vascular disease and osteoporosis. Indeed, adults with T1D have a 2- to 3- fold higher risk of any fracture and up to 7-fold higher risk of hip fracture compared to those without diabetes. Recently, diabetes-related vascular deficits have emerged as potential risks factors for impaired bone blood flow and poor bone health and it has been hypothesized that there is a direct pathophysiologic link between vascular disease and skeletal outcomes in T1D. Indeed, microvascular disease (MVD), one of the most serious consequences of diabetes, has been linked to worse bone microarchitecture in older adults with T1D compared to their counterparts without MVD. The association between the presence of microvascular complications and compromised bone microarchitecture indicates the potential direct deleterious effect of vascular compromise, leading to abnormal skeletal blood flow, altered bone remodeling, and deficits in bone structure. In addition, vascular diabetic complications are characterized by increased vascular calcification, decreased arterial distensibility, and vascular remodeling with increased arterial stiffness and thickness of the vessel walls. These extensive alterations in vascular structure lead to impaired myogenic control and reduced nitric-oxide mediated vasodilation, compromising regulation of blood flow across almost all vascular beds and significantly restricting skeletal muscle blood flow seen in those with T1D. Vascular deficits in T1D may very well extend to bone, compromising skeletal blood flow control, and resulting in reduced blood flow to bone, thus negatively impacting bone health. Indeed, several animal and ex vivo human studies report that diabetes induces microvascular damage within bone are strongly correlated with diabetes disease severity and duration. In this review article, we will discuss the contribution of diabetes-induced vascular deficits to bone density, bone microarchitecture, and bone blood flow regulation, and review the potential contribution of vascular disease to skeletal fragility in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina E. Draghici
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Schoen Adams Research Institute at Spaulding Rehabilitation, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Bita Zahedi
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - J. Andrew Taylor
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Schoen Adams Research Institute at Spaulding Rehabilitation, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Mary L. Bouxsein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elaine W. Yu
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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2
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Meng J, Geng Q, Jin S, Teng X, Xiao L, Wu Y, Tian D. Exercise protects vascular function by countering senescent cells in older adults. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1138162. [PMID: 37089434 PMCID: PMC10118010 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1138162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are key conduits for the transport of blood and circulating factors. Abnormalities in blood vessels promote cardiovascular disease (CVD), which has become the most common disease as human lifespans extend. Aging itself is not pathogenic; however, the decline of physiological and biological function owing to aging has been linked to CVD. Although aging is a complex phenomenon that has not been comprehensively investigated, there is accumulating evidence that cellular senescence aggravates various pathological changes associated with aging. Emerging evidence shows that approaches that suppress or eliminate cellular senescence preserve vascular function in aging-related CVD. However, most pharmacological therapies for treating age-related CVD are inefficient. Therefore, effective approaches to treat CVD are urgently required. The benefits of exercise for the cardiovascular system have been well documented in basic research and clinical studies; however, the mechanisms and optimal frequency of exercise for promoting cardiovascular health remain unknown. Accordingly, in this review, we have discussed the changes in senescent endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) that occur in the progress of CVD and the roles of physical activity in CVD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqi Meng
- Department of Sports, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qi Geng
- Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sheng Jin
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xu Teng
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuming Wu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Danyang Tian
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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3
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Nagashima D, Ishibashi Y, Kawaguchi S, Furukawa M, Toho M, Ohno M, Nitto T, Izumo N. Human Recombinant Lactoferrin Promotes Differentiation and Calcification on MC3T3-E1 Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010060. [PMID: 36678689 PMCID: PMC9861834 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF), known to be present in mammalian milk, has been reported to promote the proliferation of osteoblasts and suppress bone resorption by affecting osteoclasts. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of human sources LF on osteoblast differentiation have not yet been elucidated, and almost studies have used LF from bovine sources. The presented study aimed to characterize the molecular mechanisms of bovine lactoferrin (IF-I) and human recombinant lactoferrin (LF-II) on MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells. MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with LF, ascorbic acid, and β-glycerophosphate (β-GP). Cell proliferation was analyzed using the MTT assay. Alkaline phosphatase activation and osteopontin expression levels were evaluated via cell staining and immunocytochemistry. The differentiation markers were examined using quantitative real-time PCR. The cell viability assay showed the treatment of 100 μg/mL LF significantly increased; however, it was suppressed by the simultaneous treatment of ascorbic acid and β-GP. Alizarin red staining showed that the 100 μg/mL treatment of LF enhanced calcification. Quantitative real-time PCR showed a significant increase in osterix expression. The results suggest that treatment with both LFs enhanced MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation and promoted calcification. The mechanisms of calcification suggest that LFs are affected by an increase in osterix and osteocalcin mRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Nagashima
- General Health Medical Research Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
- Pharmaceutical Education Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ishibashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kawaguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Megumi Furukawa
- Pharmaceutical Education Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Masahiro Toho
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | | | - Takeaki Nitto
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Nobuo Izumo
- General Health Medical Research Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-859-1300
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4
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Ellagic Acid prevents vascular dysfunction in small mesenteric arteries of ovariectomized hypertensive rats. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 105:108995. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.108995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gao J, Pan X, Li G, Chatterjee E, Xiao J. Physical Exercise Protects Against Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2021; 15:604-620. [PMID: 34533746 PMCID: PMC8447895 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-021-10171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that endothelial cells play critical roles in maintaining vascular homeostasis, regulating vascular tone, inhibiting inflammatory response, suppressing lipid leakage, and preventing thrombosis. The damage or injury of endothelial cells induced by physical, chemical, and biological risk factors is a leading contributor to the development of mortal cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, the underlying mechanism of endothelial injury remains to be elucidated. Notably, no drugs effectively targeting and mending injured vascular endothelial cells have been approved for clinical practice. There is an urgent need to understand pathways important for repairing injured vasculature that can be targeted with novel therapies. Exercise training-induced protection to endothelial injury has been well documented in clinical trials, and the underlying mechanism has been explored in animal models. This review mainly summarizes the protective effects of exercise on vascular endothelium and the recently identified potential therapeutic targets for endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gao
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, 226011, China.,Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xue Pan
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, 226011, China.,Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Emeli Chatterjee
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, 226011, China. .,Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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Lu Y, Yuan T, Min X, Yuan Z, Cai Z. AMPK: Potential Therapeutic Target for Vascular Calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:670222. [PMID: 34046440 PMCID: PMC8144331 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.670222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is an urgent worldwide health issue with no available medical treatment. It is an active cell-driven process by osteogenic differentiation of vascular cells with complex mechanisms. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) serves as the master sensor of cellular energy status. Accumulating evidence reveals the vital role of AMPK in VC progression. AMPK is involved in VC in various ways, including inhibiting runt-related transcription factor 2 signaling pathways, triggering autophagy, attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress and dynamic-related protein 1-mediated mitochondrial fission, and activating endothelial nitric oxide synthase. AMPK activators, like metformin, are associated with reduced calcification deposits in certain groups of patients, indicating that AMPK is a potential therapeutic target for VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tan Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinjia Min
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhejun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Jiaxing, China
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7
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Role of Exercise-Induced Cardiac Remodeling in Ovariectomized Female Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6709742. [PMID: 29636852 PMCID: PMC5831964 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6709742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for proper cardiac function and structural integrity; thus, the disruption of ECM homeostasis is associated with several pathological processes. Female Wistar rats underwent surgical ovariectomy (OVX) or sham operation (SO) and were then divided into eight subgroups based on the type of diet (standard chow or high-triglyceride diet/HT) and exercise (with or without running). After 12 weeks, cardiac MMP-2 activity, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2, content of collagen type I, the level of nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and glutathione (GSH), and the ratio of infarct size were determined. Our results show that OVX and HT diet caused an excessive accumulation of collagen; however, this increase was not observed in the trained animals. Twelve weeks of exercise promoted elevation in the levels of 3-NT and GSH and similarly an increase in MMP-2 activity of both SO and OVX animals. The high infarct-size ratio caused by OVX and HT diet was mitigated by physical exercise. Our findings demonstrate that ovarian estrogen loss and HT diet caused collagen accumulation and increased ratio of the infarct size. However, exercise-induced cardiac remodeling serves as a compensatory mechanism by enhancing MMP-2 activity and reducing fibrosis, thus minimizing the ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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8
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Claudio ERG, Almeida SA, Mengal V, Brasil GA, Santuzzi CH, Tiradentes RV, Gouvea SA, Bissoli NS, Santos RL, Abreu GR. Swimming training prevents coronary endothelial dysfunction in ovariectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e5495. [PMID: 28099583 PMCID: PMC5264533 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency and hypertension are considered major risk factors for the
development of coronary heart disease. On the other hand, exercise training is
considered an effective form to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. However,
the effects of swimming training (SW) on coronary vascular reactivity in female
ovariectomized hypertensive rats are not known. We aimed to evaluate the effects of
SW on endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in ovariectomized hypertensive
rats. Three-month old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, n=50) were divided into
four groups: sham (SH), sham plus swimming training (SSW), ovariectomized (OVX), and
ovariectomized plus swimming training (OSW). The SW protocol (5 times/week, 60
min/day) was conducted for 8 weeks. The vasodilatory response was measured in
isolated hearts in the absence and presence of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor
(L-NAME, 100 µM). Cardiac oxidative stress was evaluated in situ by
dihydroethidium fluorescence, while the expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD-2 and
catalase) and their activities were assessed by western blotting and
spectrophotometry, respectively. Vasodilation in SHR was significantly reduced by
OVX, even in the presence of L-NAME, in conjunction with an increased oxidative
stress. These effects were prevented by SW, and were associated with a decrease in
oxidative stress. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD-2) and catalase expression increased
only in the OSW group. However, no significant difference was found in the activity
of these enzymes. In conclusion, SW prevented the endothelial dysfunction in the
coronary bed of ovariectomized SHR associated with an increase in the expression of
antioxidant enzymes, and therefore may prevent coronary heart disease in hypertensive
postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R G Claudio
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brasil
| | - S A Almeida
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brasil
| | - V Mengal
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brasil
| | - G A Brasil
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brasil
| | - C H Santuzzi
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brasil
| | - R V Tiradentes
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brasil
| | - S A Gouvea
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brasil
| | - N S Bissoli
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brasil
| | - R L Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brasil
| | - G R Abreu
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brasil
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9
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Braga VAVN, Couto GK, Lazzarin MC, Rossoni LV, Medeiros A. Aerobic Exercise Training Prevents the Onset of Endothelial Dysfunction via Increased Nitric Oxide Bioavailability and Reduced Reactive Oxygen Species in an Experimental Model of Menopause. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125388. [PMID: 25923465 PMCID: PMC4414603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown that estrogen deficiency, arising in postmenopause, promotes endothelial dysfunction. This study evaluated the effects of aerobic exercise training on endothelial dependent vasodilation of aorta in ovariectomized rats, specifically investigating the role of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). METHODS Female Wistar rats ovariectomized (OVX - n=20) or with intact ovary (SHAM - n=20) remained sedentary (OVX and SHAM) or performed aerobic exercise training on a treadmill 5 times a week for a period of 8 weeks (OVX-TRA and SHAM-TRA). In the thoracic aorta the endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation was assessed by acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), respectively. Certain aortic rings were incubated with L-NAME to assess the NO modulation on the ACh-induced vasodilation. The fluorescence to dihydroethidium in aortic slices and plasma nitrite/nitrate concentrations were measured to evaluate ROS and NO bioavailability, respectively. RESULTS ACh-induced vasodilation was reduced in OVX rats as compared SHAM (Rmax: SHAM: 86±3.3 vs. OVX: 57±3.0%, p<0.01). Training prevented this response in OVX-TRA (Rmax: OVX-TRA: 88±2.0%, p<0.01), while did not change it in SHAM-TRA (Rmax: SHAM-TRA: 80±2.2%, p<0.01). The L-NAME incubation abolished the differences in ACh-induced relaxation among groups. SNP-induced vasodilation was not different among groups. OVX reduced nitrite/nitrate plasma concentrations and increased ROS in aortic slices, training as effective to restore these parameters to the SHAM levels. CONCLUSIONS Exercise training, even in estrogen deficiency conditions, is able to improve endothelial dependent vasodilation in rat aorta via enhanced NO bioavailability and reduced ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gisele K. Couto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana C. Lazzarin
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana V. Rossoni
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Medeiros
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Phillips SA, Mahmoud AM, Brown MD, Haus JM. Exercise interventions and peripheral arterial function: implications for cardio-metabolic disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 57:521-34. [PMID: 25529367 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for the development of obesity and other cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD). Vascular endothelial dysfunction is a key event in the development of CVD and is associated with a sedentary lifestyle in otherwise healthy adults. In addition, vascular endothelial dysfunction may be exacerbated in sedentary individuals who are obese and insulin resistant, since excess body fat is associated with elevated levels of pro-atherogenic inflammatory adipokines and cytokines that reduce the nitric oxide (NO) and other upstream paracrine signaling substances which reduces vascular health. Since blood flow-related shear stress is a major stimulus to NO release from the endothelium, disturbed flow or low shear stress is the likely mechanism by which vascular endothelial function is altered with inactivity. Evidence shows that regular physical exercise has beneficial effects on CVD and the risk factors that promote peripheral arterial function and health. Both aerobic and resistance exercise training are generally believed to improve endothelial function and are commonly recommended for CV health, including the management of obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance. However, many factors including age, disease status, and race appear to influence these outcomes. Although evidence supporting the health benefits of exercise is compelling, the optimum prescription (volume and intensity) and the exact mechanism underlying the effects of exercise training on arterial function and cardiometabolic risk has yet to be identified. The focus of this review will be on the evidence supporting exercise interventions for peripheral arterial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Phillips
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.
| | - Abeer M Mahmoud
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Michael D Brown
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jacob M Haus
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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11
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Park J, Omi N. The effects of different exercise modes for preventing endothelial dysfunction of arteries and bone loss in ovariectomized rats. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2014; 18:133-9. [PMID: 25566448 PMCID: PMC4241919 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2014.18.2.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated that there are positive correlations between vascular disorders and bone loss in postmenopausal women. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of different types of exercise (e.g., climbing and swimming) for preventing endothelial dysfunction of arteries and bone loss in ovariectomized rats. [Methods] Twenty Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly divided into three groups: ovariectomy (OVX) plus treatment with vitamin D3 and nicotine (VDN) (control rats [Con], n = 7), which is an animal model for endothelial dysfunction and bone loss; voluntary climbing resistance exercise with OVX plus VDN (climbing rats [Clim], n = 6), and swimming exercise with OVX plus VDN (swimming rats [Swim], n = 7). The period of exercise training was 8 weeks. [Results] The endothelin-1 (ET-1) protein levels were significantly lower in the Clim and Swim groups than in the Con. The endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein levels were significantly higher in the Swim group than in the Con, but they did not differ between the Clim and Con groups. The cortical bone mineral density in the tibia and breaking energy of the femur were significantly higher in the Clim group than in the Con, but this positive effect was not seen in the Swim group. [Conclusion] Voluntary climbing exercise decreased arterial ET-1 protein levels and prevented bone loss in a postmenopause-model rat combining OVX and VDN. Conversely, swimming suppressed endothelial dysfunction of the arteries but did not prevent bone loss. Thus, the type of exercise should be cautiously chosen for enhancing vascular function and bone status, especially in females after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghoon Park
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Naomi Omi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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12
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Cao X, Li H, Tao H, Wu N, Yu L, Zhang D, Lu X, Zhu J, Lu Z, Zhu Q. Metformin inhibits vascular calcification in female rat aortic smooth muscle cells via the AMPK-eNOS-NO pathway. Endocrinology 2013; 154:3680-9. [PMID: 24025223 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metformin exhibits diverse protective effects against diabetic complications, such as bone loss. Here, we investigated the effect of metformin on vascular calcification, another type 2 diabetes complication. In female rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs), we observed that metformin significantly alleviated β-glycerophosphate-induced Ca deposition and alkaline phosphatase activity, corresponding with reduced expression of some specific genes in osteoblast-like cells, including Runx2 and bone morphogenetic protein-2, and positive effects on α-actin expression, a specific marker of smooth muscle cells. Mechanistic analysis showed that phosphorylation levels of both AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were increased with NO overproduction. After inhibition of either AMPK or eNOS with the pharmacologic inhibitors, compound C or Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, NO production was lowered and metformin-meditated vascular protection against β-glycerophosphate-induced Ca deposition was removed. Our results support that metformin prevents vascular calcification via AMPK-eNOS-NO pathway.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/chemistry
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Cell Transdifferentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetic Angiopathies/chemically induced
- Diabetic Angiopathies/metabolism
- Diabetic Angiopathies/pathology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/prevention & control
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Female
- Glycerophosphates/adverse effects
- Glycerophosphates/antagonists & inhibitors
- Hypoglycemic Agents/antagonists & inhibitors
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Metformin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Metformin/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/chemistry
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Vascular Calcification/chemically induced
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
- Vascular Calcification/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Cao
- PhD, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, China, ; or Qingshen Zhu, MD, PhD, Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, China, E-mail:
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13
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Agata U, Park JH, Hattori S, Iimura Y, Ezawa I, Akimoto T, Omi N. The effect of different amounts of calcium intake on bone metabolism and arterial calcification in ovariectomized rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2013; 59:29-36. [PMID: 23535537 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.59.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Low calcium (Ca) intake is the one of risk factors for both bone loss and medial elastocalcinosis in an estrogen deficiency state. To examine the effect of different amounts of Ca intake on the relationship between bone mass alteration and medial elastocalcinosis, 6-wk-old female SD rats were randomized into ovariectomized (OVX) control or OVX treated with vitamin D(3) plus nicotine injection (VDN) groups. The OVX treated with VDN group was then divided into 5 groups depending on the different Ca content in their diet, 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.6%, 1.2%, and 2.4% Ca intakes. After 8 wk of experimentation, the low Ca intake groups of 0.01% and 0.1% showed a low bone mineral density (BMD) and bone properties significantly different from those of the other groups, whereas the high Ca intake groups of 1.2% and 2.4% showed no difference compared with the OVX control. Only in the 0.01% Ca intake group, a significantly higher Ca content in the thoracic artery was found compared with that of the OVX control. Arterial tissues of the 0.01% Ca intake group showed an increase of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) activity, a marker of bone mineralization, associated with arterial Ca content. However, the high Ca intake did not affect arterial Ca content nor arterial BAP activity. These results suggested that a low Ca intake during periods of rapid bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency might be one possible cause for the complication of both bone loss and medial elastocalcinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umon Agata
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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14
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Claudio ERG, Endlich PW, Santos RL, Moysés MR, Bissoli NS, Gouvêa SA, Silva JF, Lemos VS, Abreu GR. Effects of chronic swimming training and oestrogen therapy on coronary vascular reactivity and expression of antioxidant enzymes in ovariectomized rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64806. [PMID: 23755145 PMCID: PMC3670897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of swimming training (SW) and oestrogen replacement therapy (ERT) on coronary vascular reactivity and the expression of antioxidant enzymes in ovariectomized rats. Animals were randomly assigned to one of five groups: sham (SH), ovariectomized (OVX), ovariectomized with E2 (OE2), ovariectomized with exercise (OSW), and ovariectomized with E2 plus exercise (OE2+SW). The SW protocol (5×/week, 60 min/day) and/or ERT were conducted for 8 weeks; the vasodilator response to bradykinin was analysed (Langendorff Method), and the expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD-1 and 2, catalase) and eNOS and iNOS were evaluated by Western blotting. SW and ERT improved the vasodilator response to the highest dose of bradykinin (1000 ng). However, in the OSW group, this response was improved at 100, 300 and 1000 ng when compared to OVX (p<0,05). The SOD-1 expression was increased in all treated/trained groups compared to the OVX group (p<0,05), and catalase expression increased in the OSW group only. In the trained group, eNOS increased vs. OE2, and iNOS decreased vs. SHAM (p<0,05). SW may represent an alternative to ERT by improving coronary vasodilation, most likely by increasing antioxidant enzyme and eNOS expression and augmenting NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick R G Claudio
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória-ES, Brazil.
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15
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Aqueous extract of danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) protects ovariectomized rats fed with high-fat diet from endothelial dysfunction. Menopause 2013; 20:100-9. [PMID: 22914206 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31825b512d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal women. Danshen, the dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, has been used clinically in China to treat CVD and dyslipidemia in postmenopausal women, and its major active ingredients have been found to have an estrogenic effect. The aim of this study was to elucidate the underlying mechanism of danshen's protective effects on vascular function in an ovariectomized (OVX) hyperlipidemic rat model. METHODS Thirty-five 6-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham-operated rats with low-fat control diet + vehicle, sham-operated rats with high-fat diet (HFD) + vehicle, OVX rats with HFD + vehicle, OVX rats with HFD + 17β-estradiol (1 mg kg d, PO), and OVX rats with HFD + danshen aqueous extract (600 mg kg d, PO). After 12 weeks of treatment, gains in body weight and serum lipid profile levels in rats were measured and histological examination of livers was carried out. Vascular function was evaluated by measuring relaxation responses. Molecular mechanisms were also analyzed in isolated aorta. RESULTS Treatment with danshen aqueous extract reduced body weight gain, improved serum lipid profiles, and prevented formation of fatty liver induced by HFD and OVX. In addition, danshen could increase endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation and displayed vasoprotection in OVX rats fed with HFD, primarily by stimulating nitric oxide (NO) production, up-regulating the mRNA expression of endothelial NO synthase, and down-regulating the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor α, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in the isolated aortas. CONCLUSIONS We conclude for the first time that danshen aqueous extract could protect OVX rats fed with HFD from endothelial dysfunction. Its effect may be related to its abilities to normalize serum lipid profiles and enhance NO availability in the vascular system. Our findings indicate that danshen aqueous extract could be a promising natural supplement for postmenopausal women for preventing CVD.
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Maréchal C, Coche E, Goffin E, Dragean A, Schlieper G, Nguyen P, Floege J, Kanaan N, Devuyst O, Jadoul M. Progression of coronary artery calcification and thoracic aorta calcification in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Kidney Dis 2011; 59:258-69. [PMID: 21944666 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcification independently predicts cardiovascular disease, the major cause of death in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). Longitudinal studies of vascular calcification in KTRs are few and small and have short follow-up. We assessed the evolution of coronary artery (CAC) and thoracic aorta calcification and their determinants in a cohort of prevalent KTRs. STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS The Agatston score of coronary arteries and thoracic aorta was measured by 16-slice spiral computed tomography in 281 KTRs. PREDICTORS Demographic, clinical, and biochemical parameters were recorded simultaneously. OUTCOMES & MEASUREMENTS The Agatston score was measured again 3.5 or more years later. RESULTS Repeated analyzable computed tomographic scans were available for 197 (70%) KTRs after 4.40 ± 0.28 years; they were not available for the rest of patients because of death (n = 40), atrial fibrillation (n = 1), other arrhythmias (n = 4), refusal (n = 35), or technical problems precluding confident calcium scoring (n = 4). CAC and aorta calcification scores increased significantly (by a median of 11% and 4% per year, respectively) during follow-up. By multivariable linear regression, higher baseline CAC score, history of cardiovascular event, use of a statin, and lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) level were independent determinants of CAC progression. Independent determinants of aorta calcification progression were higher baseline aorta calcification score, higher pulse pressure, use of a statin, older age, higher serum phosphate level, use of aspirin, and male sex. Significant regression of CAC or aorta calcification was not observed in this cohort. LIMITATIONS Cohort of prevalent KTRs with potential survival bias; few patients with diabetes and nonwhites, limiting the generalizability of results. CONCLUSION In contrast to previous small short-term studies, we show that vascular calcification progression is substantial within 4 years in prevalent KTRs and is associated with several traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors, some of which are modifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Maréchal
- Division of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain Medical School, Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Gando Y, Yamamoto K, Kawano H, Murakami H, Ohmori Y, Kawakami R, Sanada K, Higuchi M, Tabata I, Miyachi M. Attenuated Age-Related Carotid Arterial Remodeling in Adults with a High Level of Cardiorespiratory Fitness. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 18:248-54. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.6924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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18
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Matsumoto Y, Adams V, Jacob S, Mangner N, Schuler G, Linke A. Regular exercise training prevents aortic valve disease in low-density lipoprotein-receptor-deficient mice. Circulation 2010; 121:759-67. [PMID: 20124122 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.892224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular exercise training (ET) slows the progression of atherosclerotic lesions, reduces oxidative stress, and increases nitric oxide bioavailability, all of which may be expected to improve degenerative aortic valve disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Four-week-old low-density lipoprotein-receptor-deficient mice (n=94) were randomly divided into 4 groups: Group 1 (control group), normal diet plus sedentary activity; group 2 (cholesterol group), cholesterol diet plus sedentary activity; group 3 (regular ET group), cholesterol diet plus regular ET (60 min/day, 5 days/week) for 16 weeks; and group 4 (occasional exercise group), cholesterol diet plus occasional ET (1 day/week) for 16 weeks. At 20 weeks of age, histological analysis was performed. A significant increase in aortic valve thickness was evident in the cholesterol group compared with the control group. Importantly, regular but not occasional ET significantly reduced aortic valve thickness compared with the cholesterol group (control 31.3+/-3.0 mum, cholesterol 50.1+/-3.4 mum, regular exercise 30.4+/-1.2 mum, and occasional exercise 48.9+/-3.2 mum). Immunohistochemistry revealed that a cholesterol diet disrupted and regular ET preserved endothelial integrity on the aortic valve surface. Furthermore, serum myeloperoxidase, accumulation of macrophages and oxidized low-density lipoprotein, in situ superoxide, activated myofibroblasts/osteoblast phenotypes, and mineralization were increased in the cholesterol group but were decreased by regular ET. Polymerase chain reaction revealed increased messenger RNA expression for alpha-smooth muscle actin, bone morphogenetic protein-2, runt-related transcription factor-2, and alkaline phosphatase in the cholesterol group, whereas these were diminished by regular ET. Moreover, regular ET significantly increased circulating levels of fetuin-A compared with the cholesterol group. CONCLUSIONS In the low-density lipoprotein-receptor-deficient mouse, regular ET prevents aortic valve sclerosis by numerous mechanisms, including preservation of endothelial integrity, reduction in inflammation and oxidative stress, and inhibition of the osteogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Matsumoto
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Strümpellstrasse 39, D-04289 Leipzig, Germany.
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Griffith TM. Beneficial effects of exercise on arterial function in ovariectomized rats may reflect the balance between nitric oxide and endothelin-1. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01845_2.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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