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Sankisov JN, Newsom L. Computed tomographic reference ranges of intrathoracic caudal vena cava ratios in sedated adult dogs without cardiac, pulmonary, or hypovolemic disease. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1510. [PMID: 38889102 PMCID: PMC11185219 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiographic assessment of the intrathoracic caudal vena cava (CVC) is commonly used to evaluate hemodynamic status in veterinary patients without and with pulmonary, pericardial, or right-sided cardiac diseases. Many of these patients are now commonly evaluated with computed tomography (CT) in both emergency and referral settings. Traditional radiographic ratios in dogs, particularly the CVC height/aorta height (CVC/Ao) ratio, are often extrapolated to CT in order to determine if the CVC is normal in size. OBJECTIVES The first goal of this retrospective study was to create an objective measurement method to evaluate the size of the CVC via CT. The second goal was to report normal CVC ratio values in both sagittal and transverse CT images. METHODS The traditional lateral radiographic CVC ratios were extrapolated to similar ratios obtained from sagittal CT images in stable, sedated adult canine patients without known cardiac or pulmonary disease. Additionally, new methods of canine CVC ratios using transverse CT images were defined using vessel height and area. Mean, standard deviation, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the CVC ratios in transverse and sagittal CT images were calculated to determine normal reference ranges. RESULTS Ratio agreement from observers of different skill levels was moderate to excellent. Sagittal CT CVC/Ao mean was 1.07 ± 0.17 with a CI of 0.71.42. The mean and CI of transverse CT CVC/Ao height and area were 1.14 ± 0.27 and 0.781.44 and 1.36 ± 0.59 and 0.641.94, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Application of normal sagittal and transverse CT ratio values in canine patients with and without hypotension, pulmonary, pericardial, or right-sided cardiac diseases is necessary to determine the clinical usefulness of these ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline N. Sankisov
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Lauren Newsom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
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2
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Kang J, Yang M, Kwon Y, Jeong C, Kim N, Heo S. Case report: Application of three-dimensional technologies for surgical treatment of portosystemic shunt with segmental caudal vena cava aplasia in two dogs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:973541. [PMID: 36032305 PMCID: PMC9411943 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.973541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This case report describes the application of three-dimensional (3D) technologies for the surgical treatment of portosystemic shunt (PSS) with segmental caudal vena cava (CVC) aplasia. Two client-owned dogs were diagnosed with PSS along with segmental CVC aplasia using computed tomography. Through 3D volume and surface rendering, the vascular anatomic anomaly of each patient was identified in detail. A patient-specific 3D vascular model was used for preoperative planning. According to the plan established based on the 3D rendered image and printed model, shunt occlusion was performed using cellophane banding in the first case. An ameroid constrictor was used in the second case. Both patients showed good recovery without any clinical symptoms or complications. The use of 3D technologies in small animals has many advantages, and its use in vascular surgery, as in these cases, is also a therapeutic option worth considering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Kang
- Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, South Korea
| | - Myungryul Yang
- Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, South Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kwon
- Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, South Korea
| | - Chorok Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, South Korea
| | - Namsoo Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, South Korea
| | - Suyoung Heo
- Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Suyoung Heo
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3
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Allen M, LeBlanc N, Scollan KF. Dynamic Obstruction of an Anomalous Cavoazygos Vessel Associated with Interrupted Caudal Vena Cava in a Boxer Dog. CASE 2022; 6:36-42. [PMID: 35243199 PMCID: PMC8883142 DOI: 10.1016/j.case.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A young boxer dog presented for intermittent weakness associated with exercise. Dynamic physical exam findings and echocardiographic study were dependent on recumbency. A diagnosis of interrupted caudal vena cava was made by computed tomography. Positional obstruction of anomalous cavoazygos vessel by the diaphragm was noted. Obstruction of anomalous vessel was associated with clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Allen
- Correspondence: Meghan Allen, DVM, 700 SW 30th Street, Corvallis, OR 97331.
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4
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Phillips V, Neves J, Pedro B, Linney C, Griffin S. Computed tomography diagnosis of a caval-azygos communication in a dog with cor triatriatum dexter. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 38:59-66. [PMID: 34801805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An 18-month-old Springer Spaniel was presented for investigation of ascites, exercise intolerance and suspected cor triatriatum dexter. Division of the right atrium into two separate chambers by an anomalous perforated membrane consistent with cor triatriatum dexter was confirmed during echocardiography. However, a routine agitated saline contrast (bubble) study yielded results that could not be explained by the congenital heart defect alone. Computed tomography angiography was performed and revealed a dilated ventral internal vertebral venous plexus and a short, dilated vessel in the midlumbar region redirecting blood flow away from the caudal vena cava and into the azygos vein. Balloon dilatation of the orifice within the cor triatriatum dexter membrane successfully reduced pressure within the caudal chamber of the right atrium and enhanced return via the caudal vena cava with subsequent resolution of clinical signs. This case report highlights the use of cross-sectional imaging in dogs with cor triatriatum dexter and unexpected contrast study results, as a means by which concurrent vascular anomalies may be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Phillips
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, B90 4NH, United Kingdom
| | - J Neves
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, B90 4NH, United Kingdom
| | - B Pedro
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, B90 4NH, United Kingdom
| | - C Linney
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, B90 4NH, United Kingdom
| | - S Griffin
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, B90 4NH, United Kingdom.
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5
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Takagi S, Kanai E, Morishita K, Ogawa H, Ogawa J. Surgical treatment of an abnormally positioned right adrenal tumor on segmental caudal vena cava aplasia in two dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 83:69-72. [PMID: 33191389 PMCID: PMC7870403 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Segmental caudal vena cava (CVC) aplasia is a rare congenital vascular anomaly in dogs. Two dogs were diagnosed by CT imaging to have right adrenal tumors with concomitant segmental CVC aplasia. During surgery, a firm connection between the right adrenal gland and CVC was observed in both cases. The adrenal glands were found ventral to the CVC and the adrenal tumor was resected including the vascular wall. CVC venectomy for tumor removal will be required if the right adrenal gland is displaced in dogs with segmental CVC aplasia, even if there is no intravascular invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takagi
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Eiichi Kanai
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Keitaro Morishita
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ogawa
- Ogawa Canine Feline Hospital, 1-9-14 Tsunishi, Kamakura 248-0034, Japan
| | - Junya Ogawa
- Ogawa Canine Feline Hospital, 1-9-14 Tsunishi, Kamakura 248-0034, Japan
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6
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Doppler characteristics of hepatic venous hemodynamics in adult healthy camels (Camelus dromedarius). Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Lau M, Chau J. Anomalous drainage of the caudal vena cava into the left atrium and duplication of the posthepatic caudal vena cava in a cat diagnosed with CT. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Lau
- Unit of Diagnostic ImagingThe University of Sydney School of Veterinary ScienceSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jennifer Chau
- Unit of Diagnostic ImagingThe University of Sydney School of Veterinary ScienceSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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8
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Percutaneous Cava Stenting in a Dog with Symptomatic Azygos Continuation of the Caudal Vena Cava. Case Rep Vet Med 2020; 2020:7523247. [PMID: 32908777 PMCID: PMC7450353 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7523247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the successful placement of a nitinol stent within the azygos continuation of the caudal vena cava in a 2-year-old, neutered female, English Bulldog with clinical and imaging signs related to venous return chronic obstruction, renal venous thrombi, and chronic renal insufficiency. This noninvasive, interventional radiology procedure was safe and clinically effective for the patient. The clinical signs were rapidly eliminated, and three years later, the patient is still in good clinical condition, with normal renal function. Venous stenting appears to be a useful, new, minimally invasive treatment option for symptomatic cavo-azygos vascular connection.
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9
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Dennler M, Matos JN, Gent TC, Knell S, Schertenleib TI, Glaus TM. Case report - azygos vein drainage into the left atrium in a dog with cor triatriatum dexter and a patent foramen ovale. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 26:1-9. [PMID: 31747625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year-old Airedale terrier was presented with exercise intolerance since birth and newly developed chylous pleural effusion. Imaging procedures including echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and selective angiography revealed an aberrant connection of the azygos vein and the left atrium, a membrane in the right atrium consistent with cor triatriatum dexter, and a patent foramen ovale with right-to-left shunt. Balloon dilation of the membrane in the right atrium seemed to result in transient improvement of exercise tolerance compared with the previous 2 years. When chylothorax relapsed after three months, the dog was euthanized. Necropsy confirmed the azygos vein to left atrial connection, the patent foramen ovale, and the cor triatriatum dexter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Dennler
- Clinic of Diagnostic Imaging, From the Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - José Novo Matos
- Division of Cardiology, From the Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas C Gent
- Section of Anesthesiology, From the Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Knell
- Section of Small Animal Surgery, From the Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Therese I Schertenleib
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, From the Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tony M Glaus
- Division of Cardiology, From the Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Ryu C, Choi S, Choi H, Lee Y, Lee K. CT variants of the caudal vena cava in 121 small breed dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:680-688. [PMID: 31509893 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography is increasingly used as a treatment planning method in canine patients with diseases of the retroperitoneum, however, published information on normal variations in the caudal vena cava (CVC) are currently lacking. The objectives of this retrospective descriptive study were to characterize CVC variants using CT angiography in a sample of small breed dogs and localize the CVC bifurcations for each variant. Inclusion criteria were small breed dogs (weight ≤ 15) that underwent contrast-enhanced CT scans of the CVC, abdominal aorta, and CVC tributaries. A total of 121 small breed dogs were sampled. Four right-sided and one left-sided CVC variations were identified: normal (88/121, 72.7%), caudal-partial split (17/121, 14.0%), partial duplication (8/121, 6.6%), complete duplication (7/121, 5.8%), and left-sidedness (1/121, 0.8%). The mean lumbar vertebral levels of the CVC bifurcation were L6.39 ± 0.41, L5.70 ± 0.35, L4.39 ± 0.42, L2.74 ± 0.38, and L6.4 in the normal, caudal-partial split, partial duplication, complete duplication, and left-sidedness types, respectively. The location of the CVC bifurcation, the relationship between the aortic trifurcation and the CVC bifurcation, and the location of the bilateral deep circumflex iliac veins with respect to the CVC bifurcation were significantly different among the right-sided types (P ≤ .001). Bilateral deep circumflex iliac veins joined to the ipsilateral common iliac veins and the CVC in the caudal-partial split and duplication types, respectively. The results of this study indicated that canine CVC variants may be frequent and should be considered during surgery or diagnostic imaging of the retroperitoneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyoung Ryu
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoung Choi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hojung Choi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Youngwon Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kija Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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11
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Specchi S, d'Anjou MA. Diagnostic imaging for the assessment of acquired abdominal vascular diseases in small animals: A pictorial review. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:613-632. [PMID: 31243852 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in interventional radiology and surgical techniques now allow complex abdominal diseases to be more successfully treated in small animals. Abdominal vascular alterations, acquired as individual process or as complication of other lesions such as neoplasia, can be life-threatening or at least greatly limit curative interventions of underlying diseases. Computed tomography (CT) and high-definition ultrasonography are now readily available in veterinary referral centers. Yet, there is little information currently available on the use of these modalities for the diagnosis and characterization of these vascular alterations. The purpose of this article is to review the CT and ultrasonographic findings of acquired vascular diseases in the abdomen of dogs and cats, using both the veterinary and human medicine literature as references, and highlighting essential concepts through figures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swan Specchi
- Ospedale Veterinario i Portoni Rossi, Bologna, 40069, Italy.,Animages, Longueuil, Quebec, J4G 2L2, Canada
| | - Marc-André d'Anjou
- Ospedale Veterinario i Portoni Rossi, Bologna, 40069, Italy.,Animages, Longueuil, Quebec, J4G 2L2, Canada
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12
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Anatomical anomalies and variations of main thoracic vessels in dogs: a computed tomography study. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 21:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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DE Palma V, Martello A, Bacci G, Ricciardi M. Common venous renal trunk in two dogs: Multidetector computed tomographic imaging findings. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:66-70. [PMID: 30449817 PMCID: PMC6361634 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In dogs, variation in the branching pattern of renal veins is rare with only few patterns reported. This report describes two unusual anomalies of the renal vein branching patterns in two dogs. In dog 1, a common renal trunk drained both kidneys, in a T-shape pattern, in the caudal vena cava after a long right perirenal course. In dog 2, a common venous trunk branched cranially from the pre-renal segment of an azygos-caudal vena cava venous trunk and divided into the renal veins in a Y-shape pattern. Proper knowledge of the possible anatomical variations in renal venous drainage may be helpful during imaging assessment and surgical planning of several canine diseases involving the abdominal vasculature and retroperitoneal space.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfio Martello
- Clinica Veterinaria Roges, via S. Allende, 30-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Gianluca Bacci
- Clinica Veterinaria Roges, via S. Allende, 30-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Mario Ricciardi
- Pingry Veterinary Hospital, via Medaglie d'Oro 5, Bari 70126, Italy
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14
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Lockwood AJ, Sinnott-Stutzman VB, Mouser PJ, Tsai SL. Azygos continuation of the caudal vena cava with segmental aneurysm, lung lobe torsion and pulmonary thromboembolism in a dog. Clin Case Rep 2018; 6:363-369. [PMID: 29445478 PMCID: PMC5799650 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This case highlights the management and diagnostic evaluation of a dog with two individually rare conditions (lung lobe torsion and vena cava aneurysm) that ultimately resulted in fatal pulmonary thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Lockwood
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Angell Animal Medical Center Boston Massachusetts 02130
| | | | - Pamela J Mouser
- Department of Pathology Angell Animal Medical Center Boston Massachusetts 02130
| | - Steven L Tsai
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging Angell Animal Medical Center Boston Massachusetts 02130
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15
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Martinez M, Carrillo J, Soler M, Skelly C, Agut A. Imaging diagnosis: azygos continuation of a discontinuous caudal vena cava associated with portocaval shunting, incomplete situs inversus and polysplenia in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juana Carrillo
- Veterinary Teaching HospitalUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Marta Soler
- Veterinary Teaching HospitalUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
- Department of Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Cliona Skelly
- University College Dublin College of Agriculture Food Science and Veterinary MedicineDublinIreland
| | - Amalia Agut
- Veterinary Teaching HospitalUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
- Department of Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
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16
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Chau J, Young AC, Dhand N, Makara MA. Estimation of time to peak contrast enhancement of the aorta and liver for dual-phase computed tomography on the basis of contrast medium arrival time, injection duration, and injection technique in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:1093-100. [PMID: 27668580 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.10.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accuracy of estimating time to peak enhancement (TPE) of the aorta and liver parenchyma on the basis of contrast medium arrival time in the aorta, injection duration, and injection technique in dogs. ANIMALS 18 dogs of specific body weight categories (≥ 2 dogs/category) with no liver abnormalities detected via CT. PROCEDURES Dogs were randomly assigned within weight categories to receive contrast medium IV at a fixed injection rate (5 mL/s) or fixed injection duration (20 seconds). Time-contrast attenuation curves were generated from dynamic CT scans acquired at the hepatic hilus. Data collected for contrast medium arrival time and injection duration were used to estimate TPEs of the aorta and liver, and results were compared with the observed TPEs for the aorta and liver. RESULTS Contrast medium arrival time, injection duration, and injection technique were significantly associated with observed values for aortic TPE and explained 96.1% of variation in TPE. For the fixed rate technique, the regression equation for estimating aortic TPE was 0.8 × (injection duration + contrast medium arrival time) + 1.6. For the fixed duration technique, the regression equation changed by only the constant (-2.6). However, the hepatic TPE estimated from the 3 predictor variables was not significantly different from the mean of observed TPEs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Aortic TPE could be accurately estimated from contrast medium arrival time, injection duration, and injection technique in dogs with apparently healthy livers. The regression equations derived from this relationship can be used to improve the efficiency of dual-phase CT of the liver in dogs.
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Sargent J, Connolly DJ, Watts V, Mõtsküla P, Volk HA, Lamb CR, Luis Fuentes V. Assessment of mitral regurgitation in dogs: comparison of results of echocardiography with magnetic resonance imaging. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:641-50. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Sargent
- The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Herts AL9 7TA
| | - D. J. Connolly
- The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Herts AL9 7TA
| | - V. Watts
- The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Herts AL9 7TA
| | - P. Mõtsküla
- The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Herts AL9 7TA
| | - H. A. Volk
- The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Herts AL9 7TA
| | - C. R. Lamb
- The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Herts AL9 7TA
| | - V. Luis Fuentes
- The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Herts AL9 7TA
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18
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Bertolini G, Diana A, Cipone M, Drigo M, Caldin M. MULTIDETECTOR ROW COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND ULTRASOUND CHARACTERISTICS OF CAUDAL VENA CAVA DUPLICATION IN DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 55:521-30. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Bertolini
- “San Marco Private Veterinary Clinic”; via Sorio 114/c 35141 Padua Italy
| | - Alessia Diana
- Veterinary Clinical Department; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Bologna; Via Tolara di Sopra, 50 Ozzano dell’Emilia Italy
| | - Mario Cipone
- Veterinary Clinical Department; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Bologna; Via Tolara di Sopra, 50 Ozzano dell’Emilia Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine; Production and Health; University of Padua; Viale dell’Università; 35020 Legnaro Italy
| | - Marco Caldin
- “San Marco Private Veterinary Clinic”; via Sorio 114/c 35141 Padua Italy
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19
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Specchi S, d’Anjou MA, Carmel EN, Bertolini G. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COLLATERAL VENOUS PATHWAYS IN DOGS WITH CAUDAL VENA CAVA OBSTRUCTION. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 55:531-8. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Swan Specchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; 3200 Rue Sicotte, J2S7C6 Sainte Hyacinthe Québec Canada
| | - Marc-André d’Anjou
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; 3200 Rue Sicotte, J2S7C6 Sainte Hyacinthe Québec Canada
| | - Eric Norman Carmel
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; 3200 Rue Sicotte, J2S7C6 Sainte Hyacinthe Québec Canada
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Oui H, Kim J, Bae Y, Oh J, Park S, Lee G, Jeon S, Choi J. Computed tomography angiography of situs inversus, portosystemic shunt and multiple vena cava anomalies in a dog. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:1525-8. [PMID: 23842117 PMCID: PMC3942976 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-year-old Shih Tzu was presented with intermittent vomiting and anorexia.
Microhepatica and reversed position of the abdominal organs were observed on radiography.
Ultrasonographically, portosystemic shunt (PSS) was tentatively diagnosed. Computed
tomography (CT) revealed that the distended portal vein drained into the left hepatic
vein. The caudal vena cava (CdVC) split postrenally and converged at the renal level.
Cranial to this, the azygos continuation of the CdVC was confirmed. In the thorax, a
persistent left cranial vena cava (CrVC) was found along with right CrVC. This is the
first report of a dog with persistent left CrVC and multiple abdominal malformations. CT
angiography was useful in evaluating the characteristics of each vascular anomaly and
determining the required surgical correction in this complex case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Oui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
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21
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Mai W, Suran JN, Cáceres AV, Reetz JA. Comparison between bolus tracking and timing-bolus techniques for renal computed tomographic angiography in normal cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 54:343-350. [PMID: 23490196 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal dual-phase computed tomograpic angiography (CTA) is used to assess suitability of feline donors prior to transplantation. A prerequisite for successful CTA is optimal synchronization between the arterial passage of contrast material and CT data acquisition. This retrospective study was conducted to compare quality of renal vascular enhancement at dual-phase CTA in normal cats between two techniques of timing of data acquisition: the timing-bolus and the bolus tracking method. Nine cats were scanned using the timing-bolus technique and 14 with the bolus tracking technique using otherwise similar scanning parameters in a 16-slice multidetector row CT scanner. The quality of enhancement of the renal vessels at the scanned arterial phase and venous phase was assessed both subjectively and objectively by three board-certified radiologists. Arterial enhancement was not observed at the scanned arterial phase in three of the nine cats with the timing-bolus technique but only 1 of the 14 cats with the bolus tracking technique. Early venous enhancement at the scanned arterial phase was common with the bolus tracking technique. Data acquisition was significantly faster with the bolus tracking technique. We conclude that the bolus tracking technique is a valid technique that could be integrated into the routine protocol for 16-detector row CT renal angiography in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Mai
- Section of Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Jantra N Suran
- Section of Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Ana V Cáceres
- Section of Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Jennifer A Reetz
- Section of Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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MANSO-DÍAZ G, GARCÍA-REAL MI, CASTELEYN C, SAN-ROMÁN F, TAEYMANS O. Time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF-MRA) of the normal equine head. Equine Vet J 2012; 45:187-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bertolini G, Caldin M. Computed tomography findings in portal vein aneurysm of dogs. Vet J 2012; 193:475-80. [PMID: 22269874 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this retrospective study, the appearances of extrahepatic and intrahepatic portal vein aneurysms (PVAs) in dogs were evaluated using multidetector computed tomography (CT). Data from 3060 dogs that underwent abdominal CT were reviewed for focal portal vein dilatation. PVAs were detected in 15/3060 (0.49%) dogs. The bodyweights of dogs with PVAs were significantly higher than the bodyweights of dogs without aneurysms (P=0.0001). Male sex was also significantly associated with PVAs (OR=6.23). Boxers were predisposed to the development of PVA (OR=11.88). Extrahepatic PVAs were always located in the portal vein at the level of the gastroduodenal vein insertion and were saccular in 10/15 dogs and fusiform in 5/15 dogs. One dog had an additional intrahepatic aneurysm of the umbilical part of the left intrahepatic portal branch. No dogs had clinical signs related to the PVA(s), although one dog developed a portal vein thrombosis in the site of the aneurysm.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bertolini
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Via Sorio 114/c, 35141 Padua, Italy.
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MOON SJ, KIM JW, KANG BT, LIM CY, PARK HM. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of Hepatic Encephalopathy in a Dog with a Portosystemic Shunt. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:361-6. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- So-Jeung MOON
- BK21 Basic & Diagnostic Veterinary Specialist Program for Animal Diseases and Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University
| | - Ju-Won KIM
- BK21 Basic & Diagnostic Veterinary Specialist Program for Animal Diseases and Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University
| | - Byeong-Teck KANG
- BK21 Basic & Diagnostic Veterinary Specialist Program for Animal Diseases and Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University
| | - Chae-Young LIM
- BK21 Basic & Diagnostic Veterinary Specialist Program for Animal Diseases and Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University
| | - Hee-Myung PARK
- BK21 Basic & Diagnostic Veterinary Specialist Program for Animal Diseases and Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University
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López-Alvarez J, Dukes-McEwan J, Martin MW, Killick D, Fonfara S, Fraser McConnell J. Balloon dilation of an imperforate cor triatriatum dexter in a Golden Retriever with concurrent double-chambered right ventricle and subsequent evaluation by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. J Vet Cardiol 2011; 13:211-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Zwingenberger AL, Spriet M, Hunt GB. Imaging diagnosis-portal vein aplasia and interruption of the caudal vena cava in three dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 52:444-7. [PMID: 21447038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe portal vascular anomalies have been reported previously accompanying azygos continuation of the caudal vena cava, polysplenia, and situs anomalies in dogs and people. Three dogs with portal vascular anomalies were identified by means of CT angiography as having portal vein aplasia with portal insertion into the caudal vena cava, azygos continuation of the caudal vena cava, and interruption of the pre-hepatic caudal vena cava. This information confirms that complex embryological defects may occur in patients presenting for congenital portosystemic shunt, and that CT angiography is a non-invasive method of completely evaluating these potentially non-surgical portal vascular anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Zwingenberger
- Department of Surgery and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2112 Tupper Hall, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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MAI WILFRIED, WEISSE CHICK. CONTRAST-ENHANCED PORTAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY IN DOGS WITH SUSPECTED CONGENITAL PORTAL VASCULAR ANOMALIES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 52:284-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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