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Calice I, Ballas P, Vogl C, Purwin S, Ehling-Schulz M, Rocchi A. Does Catheter Insertion Site Matter? Contamination of Peripheral Intravenous Catheters during Dental Scaling in Dogs. Vet Sci 2024; 11:407. [PMID: 39330786 PMCID: PMC11435992 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11090407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
During dental scaling in dogs under general anaesthesia, contamination of the peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) is unavoidable due to splatter and the generated aerosol. Bacterial contamination was compared between two commonly used PIVC placement sites. Thirty-nine client-owned dogs with a minimum length from their nose to their tail base of 50 cm were randomly assigned to receive a PIVC in either their cephalic or saphenous vein. Irrespective of the PIVC placement site, brain heart infusion agar dishes were placed in the cephalic and saphenous vein areas. Their lids were closed 0, 5, and 10 min into the procedure. Contamination was measured by counting the colony-forming units after incubation on different substrates. The data were analysed with descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and ANCOVA (p < 0.05). The cephalic vein area showed a significantly higher bacterial load than the saphenous vein area (p ≈ 0.0) regardless of the length of the dog. Furthermore, the dorsal PIVC injection ports were sampled before and after scaling, and the colonies isolated were counted and subjected to MALDI-TOF-MS for identification. The bacteria mainly belonged to the genera Staphylococcus, Neisseria, and Bacillus. Our results suggest that for dental scaling in dogs, the PIVC should be placed in the pelvic limb whenever possible to reduce the potential risk of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Calice
- Clinical Unit of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine, Clinic for Small Animals, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Veterinary Medicine University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Panagiotis Ballas
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, Veterinary Medicine University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claus Vogl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Purwin
- Clinical Unit of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine, Clinic for Small Animals, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Veterinary Medicine University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, Veterinary Medicine University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, Veterinary Medicine University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Attilio Rocchi
- Clinical Unit of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine, Clinic for Small Animals, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Veterinary Medicine University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Matula E, Mastrocco A, Prittie J, Weltman J, Keyserling C. Microorganism colonization of peripheral venous catheters in a small animal clinical setting. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023; 33:509-519. [PMID: 37585353 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence of microorganism colonization of peripheral venous catheters (PVCs) placed in the Emergency Department (ED) to those placed in a routine preoperative setting. The relationship between catheter tip colonization and patient urgency (as assessed by triage priority) was also evaluated. DESIGN Prospective, observational study from January 2021 to October 2021. SETTING Emergency room and clinical areas of a large, urban, tertiary referral center. ANIMALS Three hundred dogs and 94 cats with a PVC in place for a minimum of 24 hours were enrolled in the study. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Two hundred and eighty-eight PVCs were placed in the ED and 106 were placed preoperatively. The overall colonization rate was 10.4% (41/394). Sixteen bacterial and 1 fungal genera were cultured. Eight of these bacterial genera (25/51 [49%] bacterial isolates) were resistant to at least 1 antimicrobial class. Twenty-nine of 288 (10.1%) catheters positive for colonization were placed in the ED, whereas 12 of 106 (11.3%) were placed preoperatively. There was no association between microorganism growth on catheters and clinical area of catheter placement. There was also no association between ED patient urgency and positive catheter tip culture. No significant risk factors were identified predisposing to colonization of PVCs. CONCLUSIONS The overall incidence of microorganism colonization of PVCs in this study population was equivalent to, or lower than, previously reported in veterinary literature. There was no statistical difference between the catheters placed in the ED and those placed for routine surgical procedures. Patient urgency did not affect the incidence of positivity of peripheral catheter tip cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Matula
- Emergency and Critical Care, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alicia Mastrocco
- Emergency and Critical Care, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer Prittie
- Emergency and Critical Care, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joel Weltman
- Emergency and Critical Care, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Inflammatory, Mechanical and Infectious Complications Associated with Peripheral Intravenous Catheters in Dogs and Cats: A Risk Factor Analysis. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030118. [PMID: 35324846 PMCID: PMC8954030 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The placement of peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVC) is potentially associated with complications that negatively impact healthcare. Our study investigated factors associated with the occurrence of PIVC-related complications in dogs and cats at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The second aim was to determine the prevalence of PIVC bacterial colonization. A total of 76 dogs and 40 cats with PIVCs were evaluated for the occurrence of phlebitis and mechanical complications. The devices were removed when they ceased to be functional or when complications occurred, and the content was submitted for bacterial cultures and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Both multivariable linear regression models and ROC analysis were employed. Complications were recorded in 46.6% of cases, and 20.7% of catheters yielded a positive culture. Among the isolates, 45% were classified as multi-resistant. In dogs, a ≥36-h indwelling time was associated with an increased risk of complications. Male cats seem more prone to developing complications, while the insertion of PIVCs under sedation may represent a protective factor in this species. In conclusion, PIVC-associated complications were frequently observed, and the high rate of positive culture for PIVCs, together with the presence of multi-resistant isolates, is a cause of concern in a hospital setting.
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King A, Byrne BA, Chigerwe M. Prevalence of and risk factors for intravenous catheter infection in hospitalized cattle, goats, and sheep. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:330-338. [PMID: 31859417 PMCID: PMC6979082 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous catheter (IVC) use in hospitalized ruminants is a common procedure. Limited information is available describing complications associated with IVCs. HYPOTHESES Prevalence of IVC infections in hospitalized ruminants is >50%. Intravenous catheters maintained for >5 days are more likely to be infected than those maintained for <5 days. Intravenous catheters placed non-aseptically have a higher risk for infection than those placed aseptically. ANIMALS Thirty-four cattle, 39 goats, and 33 sheep were hospitalized in a university teaching hospital. METHODS Prospective observational study. The IVCs from cattle, goats, and sheep admitted for medical and surgical procedures were randomly selected and submitted for bacteriological culture and susceptibility testing. RESULTS Prevalence values (95% confidence interval) of infected catheters were 61.8 (45.5, 78.1), 51.3 (35.3, 66.7), and 42.4% (25.2, 58.8) in cattle, goats, and sheep, respectively. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp was the most frequently isolated bacterium. Catheter type/placement technique was a significant (P = .03) predictor of IVC infection in goats but not in cattle (P = .65) and sheep (P = .47). Antibiotic use and reason for catheter placement were not significant predictors of IVC infection in all species. Catheters maintained for >4 days had a higher likelihood of being infected than those maintained for <4 days in all species. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Clinicians should consider replacing catheters maintained for >4 days to reduce IVC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailbhe King
- William Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching HospitalDavisCalifornia
| | - Barbara A. Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Munashe Chigerwe
- Department of Veterinary of Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCalifornia
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Guzmán Ramos PJ, Fernández Pérez C, Ayllón Santiago T, Baquero Artigao MR, Ortiz‐Díez G. Incidence of and associated factors for bacterial colonization of intravenous catheters removed from dogs in response to clinical complications. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1084-1091. [PMID: 29602241 PMCID: PMC5980313 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection rate associated with intravenous (IV) catheter placement is emerging as an important issue in small animal veterinary medicine, mostly because of the economic costs associated with these infections. Identification of possible associated factors may provide useful information for the surveillance and prevention of such infections. OBJECTIVES To determine the incidence of positive bacterial cultures obtained from IV catheters used in dogs hospitalized for at least 48 hours and removed because of clinical complication. To identify the bacteria involved and factors associated with bacterial colonization. ANIMALS One-hundred eighty-two dogs that underwent IV catheterization from January 2015 to July 2015 at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Alfonso X el Sabio University of Madrid were enrolled in the study. RESULTS The bacterial colonization rate of all IV catheters removed in response to clinical complications was 39.6%, the cumulative proportion of catheters that remained in place at 24, 48, and 72 hours after placement was 89.5, 78, and 59.4%, respectively. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression indicated significant associations for staff who performed catheterization (junior, P = .002; student, P = .034) and use of steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (P = .036). The most frequently isolated bacterium was Acinetobacter spp. (21.7%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The bacterial colonization incidence related to IV catheter placement was slightly higher than the incidence described in other veterinary studies. Associated factors not previously described in veterinary medicine were found. The most frequently isolated organism was Acinetobacter spp., indicating its importance as an emerging pathogen in catheter colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Jose Guzmán Ramos
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario de la Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Universidad Alfonso X el SabioMadridSpain
| | - Cristina Fernández Pérez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos (Servicio de Medicina Preventiva), Universidad Complutense de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Tania Ayllón Santiago
- Instituto Nacional de Infectología Evandro Chagas, Núcleo Operacional Centinela de Mosquitos Vetores FiocruzRío de JaneiroBrazil
- Departamento de Microbiología de la Universidad Alfonso X el SabioMadridSpain
| | | | - Gustavo Ortiz‐Díez
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario de la Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Universidad Alfonso X el SabioMadridSpain
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Affiliation(s)
- Elle Haskey
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary CollegeHawkshead LaneNorth MymmsHertfordshireAL9 7TAUK
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Royaux E, Polis I, Boyen F, Van Ham L, de Rooster H. No evidence that medicinal honey reduces bacterial skin colonisation at a peripheral catheter insertion site in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:374-8. [PMID: 27385624 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether topical exit-site application of medicinal honey at the catheter insertion place reduces bacterial skin colonisation. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Dogs were selected at random and divided into the honey or the control group. When the catheter was removed, an area of approximately 3×3 cm of the skin at the insertion site was sampled with a sterile cotton swab. The catheter stayed in place for a median of 84 hours. Out of 46 patients, 6 patients in the honey group and 5 out of 54 patients in the control group had a positive skin culture at the time of catheter removal (P=0·547). Infection was clinically suspected in 1 of those 11 dogs; catheter-associated complications were observed in 8 additional dogs that did not have a positive skin culture. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Few catheter-associated complications were observed. Extra attention to hygiene by working with a standardised catheter placement and handling protocol might have resulted in this low incidence. In this study topical application of a medicinal honey did not reduce bacterial skin colonisation at the insertion site of peripheral catheters in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Royaux
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Ghent University, St. Pietersnieuwstraat 33, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - I Polis
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Ghent University, St. Pietersnieuwstraat 33, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - F Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, St. Pietersnieuwstraat 33, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - L Van Ham
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Ghent University, St. Pietersnieuwstraat 33, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - H de Rooster
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Ghent University, St. Pietersnieuwstraat 33, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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Macfarlane MJ, Morris J, Burnside S, Bell A. A retrospective evaluation of polyurethane, long-stay, peripheral venous cannulae in dogs undergoing radiotherapy. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 57:84-90. [PMID: 26577242 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this retrospective study was to review placement duration and associated complications of long-stay, peripheral venous cannulae in dogs undergoing a radiotherapy protocol. Factors affecting duration of stay of the cannulae were evaluated. METHODS The records of patients which had a single-lumen, 16-gauge, 16-cm polyurethane cannulae inserted into a peripheral vein between 2010 and 2014 were reviewed. RESULTS Forty-one cannulae were placed in 41 patients. Median duration of cannula stay was 14 days (range 2 to 26). In 14 cases (~34%) the cannula was removed at the end of the radiotherapy course. In 13 (~32%) cases, cannula-related complications resulted in premature removal. Use of steroids and antibiotics appeared to be associated with a longer median duration of stay. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE No life-threatening complications were encountered. Indwelling, polyurethane, saphenous cannulae were an effective and safe way to maintain venous access in this group of patients. Prednisolone and antibiotics were typically commenced for acute radiation side effects -midway through the protocol; therefore their association with length of stay may not be a direct result of their administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Macfarlane
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G611QH
| | - J Morris
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G611QH
| | - S Burnside
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G611QH
| | - A Bell
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G611QH
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Surman S, Fleeman L. Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Small Animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2013; 43:381-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Valentini F, Fassone F, Pozzebon A, Gavazza A, Lubas G. Use of totally implantable vascular access port with mini-invasive Seldinger technique in 12 dogs undergoing chemotherapy. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:152-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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