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Sasamoto Y, Wu S, Lee CAA, Jiang JY, Ksander BR, Frank MH, Frank NY. Epigenetic Regulation of Corneal Epithelial Differentiation by TET2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2841. [PMID: 36769164 PMCID: PMC9917645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic DNA modification by 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), generated by the Ten-eleven translocation (TET) dioxygenases, regulates diverse biological functions in many organ tissues, including the mammalian eye. For example, 5hmC has been shown to be involved in epigenetic regulation of retinal gene expression. However, a functional role of 5hmC in corneal differentiation has not been investigated to date. Here, we examined 5hmC and TET function in the human cornea. We found 5hmC highly expressed in MUC16-positive terminally differentiated cells that also co-expressed the 5hmC-generating enzyme TET2. TET2 knockdown (KD) in cultured corneal epithelial cells led to significant reductions of 5hmC peak distributions and resulted in transcriptional repression of molecular pathways involved in corneal differentiation, as evidenced by downregulation of MUC4, MUC16, and Keratin 12. Additionally, integrated TET2 KD RNA-seq and genome-wide Reduced Representation Hydroxymethylation Profiling revealed novel epigenetically regulated genes expressed by terminally differentiated cells, including KRT78, MYEOV, and MAL. In aggregate, our findings reveal a novel function of TET2 in the epigenetic regulation of corneal epithelial gene expression and identify novel TET2-controlled genes expressed in differentiated corneal epithelial cells. These results point to potential roles for TET2 induction strategies to enhance treatment of corneal diseases associated with abnormal epithelial maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Sasamoto
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Siyuan Wu
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Jason Y. Jiang
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruce R. Ksander
- Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Markus H. Frank
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, WA, Australia
| | - Natasha Y. Frank
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02132, USA
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Chandru A, Agrawal P, Ojha SK, Selvakumar K, Shiva VK, Gharat T, Selvam S, Thomas MB, Damala M, Prasad D, Basu S, Bhowmick T, Sangwan VS, Singh V. Human Cadaveric Donor Cornea Derived Extra Cellular Matrix Microparticles for Minimally Invasive Healing/Regeneration of Corneal Wounds. Biomolecules 2021; 11:532. [PMID: 33918484 PMCID: PMC8066719 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological materials derived from extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins have garnered interest as their composition is very similar to that of native tissue. Herein, we report the use of human cornea derived decellularized ECM (dECM) microparticles dispersed in human fibrin sealant as an accessible therapeutic alternative for corneal anterior stromal reconstruction. dECM microparticles had good particle size distribution (≤10 µm) and retained the majority of corneal ECM components found in native tissue. Fibrin-dECM hydrogels exhibited compressive modulus of 70.83 ± 9.17 kPa matching that of native tissue, maximum burst pressure of 34.3 ± 3.7 kPa, and demonstrated a short crosslinking time of ~17 min. The fibrin-dECM hydrogels were found to be biodegradable, cytocompatible, non-mutagenic, non-sensitive, non-irritant, and supported the growth and maintained the phenotype of encapsulated human corneal stem cells (hCSCs) in vitro. In a rabbit model of anterior lamellar keratectomy, fibrin-dECM bio-adhesives promoted corneal re-epithelialization within 14 days, induced stromal tissue repair, and displayed integration with corneal tissues in vivo. Overall, our results suggest that the incorporation of cornea tissue-derived ECM microparticles in fibrin hydrogels is non-toxic, safe, and shows tremendous promise as a minimally invasive therapeutic approach for the treatment of superficial corneal epithelial wounds and anterior stromal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Chandru
- Pandorum Technologies Private Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka 560100, India; (P.A.); (S.K.O.); (K.S.); (V.K.S.); (T.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.T.)
| | - Parinita Agrawal
- Pandorum Technologies Private Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka 560100, India; (P.A.); (S.K.O.); (K.S.); (V.K.S.); (T.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.T.)
| | - Sanjay Kumar Ojha
- Pandorum Technologies Private Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka 560100, India; (P.A.); (S.K.O.); (K.S.); (V.K.S.); (T.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.T.)
| | - Kamalnath Selvakumar
- Pandorum Technologies Private Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka 560100, India; (P.A.); (S.K.O.); (K.S.); (V.K.S.); (T.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.T.)
| | - Vaishnavi K. Shiva
- Pandorum Technologies Private Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka 560100, India; (P.A.); (S.K.O.); (K.S.); (V.K.S.); (T.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.T.)
| | - Tanmay Gharat
- Pandorum Technologies Private Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka 560100, India; (P.A.); (S.K.O.); (K.S.); (V.K.S.); (T.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.T.)
| | - Shivaram Selvam
- Pandorum Technologies Private Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka 560100, India; (P.A.); (S.K.O.); (K.S.); (V.K.S.); (T.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.T.)
| | - Midhun Ben Thomas
- Pandorum Technologies Private Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka 560100, India; (P.A.); (S.K.O.); (K.S.); (V.K.S.); (T.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.T.)
| | - Mukesh Damala
- Brien Holden Eye Research Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana 500034, India; (M.D.); (D.P.); (S.B.); (V.S.S.)
| | - Deeksha Prasad
- Brien Holden Eye Research Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana 500034, India; (M.D.); (D.P.); (S.B.); (V.S.S.)
| | - Sayan Basu
- Brien Holden Eye Research Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana 500034, India; (M.D.); (D.P.); (S.B.); (V.S.S.)
- Center for Ocular Regeneration (CORE), LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana 500034, India
| | - Tuhin Bhowmick
- Pandorum Technologies Private Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka 560100, India; (P.A.); (S.K.O.); (K.S.); (V.K.S.); (T.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.T.)
| | - Virender Singh Sangwan
- Brien Holden Eye Research Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana 500034, India; (M.D.); (D.P.); (S.B.); (V.S.S.)
- Center for Ocular Regeneration (CORE), LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana 500034, India
| | - Vivek Singh
- Brien Holden Eye Research Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana 500034, India; (M.D.); (D.P.); (S.B.); (V.S.S.)
- Center for Ocular Regeneration (CORE), LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana 500034, India
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Mamilla D, Manukyan I, Fetsch PA, Pacak K, Miettinen M. Immunohistochemical distinction of paragangliomas from epithelial neuroendocrine tumors-gangliocytic duodenal and cauda equina paragangliomas align with epithelial neuroendocrine tumors. Hum Pathol 2020; 103:72-82. [PMID: 32668278 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Distinction of paraganglioma (PGL) from epithelial neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) can be difficult as they can mimic each other by nested architecture and expression of neuroendocrine markers. In this study, we examined differential diagnostic markers in 262 PGLs (142 adrenal pheochromocytomas and 120 extra-adrenal PGLs), 9 duodenal gangliocytic PGLs and 3 cauda equina PGLs, and 286 NETs (81 GI, 78 pancreatic, 42 thoracic, 37 medullary thyroid carcinomas, and 48 high-grade NETs including 32 small cell carcinomas of lung). While keratin expression was nearly uniform in NETs with the exception of few tumors, extensive keratin expression was seen in only one PGL (<1%) and focal expression in 5% PGLs. GATA3 was present in >90% of PGLs but only in 2% of NETs, usually focally. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was expressed in >90% of adrenal, abdominal, and thoracic PGLs but only in 37% of head and neck PGLs, reflecting their variable catecholamine synthesis. Focal or occasional extensive TH-expression was detected in 10% of NETs. CDX2 was a helpful discriminator seen in 28% of pancreatic and most GI NETs but in no PGLs. SOX10 detected sustentacular cells in 85% of PGLs and 7% of NETs, whereas GFAP detected sustentacular cells mainly in PGLs of neck and was absent in NETs. Duodenal gangliocytic PGLs (n = 9) and all cauda equina PGLs (n = 3) expressed keratins, lacked GATA3, showed no or minimal TH expression as some NETs, and contained SOX10 and S100 protein-positive spindle cells negative for GFAP. Ganglion-like epithelioid cells were keratin-positive and negative for TH and SOX10 differing from true ganglion cells. We conclude that duodenal gangliocytic and cauda equina PGLs have a NET-like immunoprofile and differ from ordinary PGLs. NETs can be distinguished from PGLs by their expression of keratins and general lack of GATA3, TH, and GFAP-positive sustentacular cells, and sometimes by expression of CDX2 or TTF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Mamilla
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child, Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Irena Manukyan
- National Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Pathology, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Patricia A Fetsch
- National Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Pathology, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Karel Pacak
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child, Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Markku Miettinen
- National Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Pathology, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Kawase Y, Ogasawara T, Kawase S, Wakimoto N, Matsuo K, Shen FC, Hasegawa H, Kakinoki Y. Factors affecting the formation of membranous substances in the palates of elderly persons requiring nursing care. Gerodontology 2012. [PMID: 23194412 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the causative factor behind the formation of membranous substances in the mouths of elderly patients requiring nursing care. BACKGROUND Membranous substances are sometimes observed in the mouths of elderly persons requiring nursing care, and these can lead to bleeding, infection and asphyxiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In April 2007, samples were collected from 70 patients at C Hospital, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, who were 65 years or older (median age, 81.1 ± 7.7 years). Sixteen of the subjects were confirmed to have a membranous substance containing a keratin degeneration product that had been derived from stratified squamous epithelium. The samples were examined microscopically, and the presence of epithelial components was confirmed through immunohistochemical staining with anti-cytokeratin-1 antibodies. RESULTS Decision tree analysis and logistic regression suggest that the leading contributors to the formation of the membranous substances were the method of ingesting nutrients, dryness of the tongue dorsum and open mouth. These three factors are related to elderly persons requiring nursing care with impaired oral cavity function, and it was suggested that dryness of the oral mucosa was the major factor behind the membrane formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kawase
- Department of Dentistry, Chiaki Hospital, Medical Corporation, Aichi, Japan
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5
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Kashiwagi Y, Nishitsuka K, Yamamoto T, Takamura H, Yamashita H. Hyaluronan production and hyaluronan synthase expression in three human conjunctiva-derived cell strains. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2011; 55:660-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10384-011-0072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hosoya A, Kwak S, Kim EJ, Lunny DP, Lane EB, Cho SW, Jung HS. Immunohistochemical localization of cytokeratins in the junctional region of ectoderm and endoderm. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 293:1864-72. [PMID: 20818615 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although tridermic species have two junctional regions of ectoderm and endoderm between their epidermis and digestive tract, we actually know little about these particular boundaries. Cytokeratins are the major intermediate filaments of epithelial cells and show a high degree of tissue specificity. Therefore, to characterize the epithelial cells in the junctional region of ectoderm and endoderm, we immunohistochemically examined the localization of cytokeratins 5, 7/17, 14, 18, Sox17, and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the oropharyngeal and anorectal regions during the mouse gastrulation process. At embryonic day (E) 9.5, cytokeratins 5, 7/17, 14, and 18 were detected in all epithelial cells of the oropharyngeal region. At E12.5, cytokeratin 5-positive cells were not observed in the middle area of the oral cavity; however, the immunoreactivity was strong in the anterior and posterior areas. The immunoreaction of cytokeratins 18 was seen only in the middle and posterior areas of the oral mucosa. Cytokeratins 7/17 and 14 were localized in all areas of the oropharyngeal region. Sox17 and AFP, which are endodermal markers, were detected in the middle and posterior areas of the oral mucosa, but not in the anterior area. Moreover, this same localization pattern of cytokeratins also existed in the anorectal region of the E12.5 embryo, suggesting that the localization of cytokeratins and endodermal markers might give an implication for the boundary between ectoderm and endoderm. These results also suggest that these cytokeratins are useful molecules for monitoring the epithelial cell differentiation in the junctional region of the germ layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Hosoya
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Transplantation of acellular dermis and keratinocytes cultured on porous biodegradable microcarriers into full-thickness skin injuries on athymic rats. Burns 2011; 37:99-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Effenberger KE, Borgen E, Eulenburg CZ, Bartkowiak K, Grosser A, Synnestvedt M, Kaaresen R, Brandt B, Nesland JM, Pantel K, Naume B. Detection and clinical relevance of early disseminated breast cancer cells depend on their cytokeratin expression pattern. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 125:729-38. [PMID: 20449649 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0911-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The factors determining the clinical relevance of disseminated tumor cells (DTC) in breast cancer patients are largely unknown. Here we compared the specificity and clinical performance of two antibodies frequently used for DTC detection. Reactivities of antibodies A45-B/B3 (A45) and AE1/AE3 (AE) for selected cytokeratins (CK) were assessed by 2-DE Western Blot analysis. Using these antibodies bone marrow aspirates from 391 breast cancer patients (M(0), pT1-3, pN0-3) were screened for the presence of DTC. To obtain prognostic information, patients were followed up over a median of 83 months for time to relapse and 99 months for time to death. Among the analyzed CK, AE detected CK5, CK7, CK8, and CK19, whereas A45 recognized CK7 and CK18. In total, 24 of 391 patients (6.1%) were DTC-positive for A45, and 41 (10.5%) for AE. Although concordance between the two antibodies was 84.4%, overlap among positive cases was only 3.2%. DTC-positivity with AE and A45 was more frequent in patients of higher nodal status (P=0.019 and P=0.036, respectively). Nearly all patients with A45-positive DTC had hormone receptor-positive tumors (23/24), while detection of AE-positive DTC was more frequent among hormone receptor negative patients (P=0.006). Survival analyses of all patients revealed shorter distant disease-free survival (P=0.039) for patients with A45-positive DTC, whereas the prognostic relevance of AE-positive DTC was restricted to node-positive patients. The clinical utility of immunocytochemical (ICC) DTC detection depends on the anti-CK antibody used, which may reflect the complex CK composition of DTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina E Effenberger
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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Mohammad MG, Raftos DA, Joss J. Cytoskeletal proteins in thymic epithelial cells of the Australian lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri. J Anat 2009; 214:140-52. [PMID: 19166477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate thymus consists of distinctive subpopulations of epithelial cells that contain a diverse repertoire of cytoskeletal proteins. In this study of the thymus in the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, immunohistochemistry was used to distinguish the cytoskeletal proteins present in each class of thymic epithelial cell. A panel of antibodies (Abs), each specific for a different cytoskeletal polypeptide (keratins, vimentin, desmin, actin and tubulins), was used on paraffin and ultrathin resin sections of thymus. Ab AE I (reactive against human type I cytokeratins (CK) 14, 16 and 19) selectively stained the cytoplasm of capsular, trabecular and the outermost epithelial cells of Hassall's corpuscles. Anti-CK 10 Abs strongly labelled the capsular epithelial cells and less than 20% of cortical and medullary epithelial cells. The anti-50-kDa desmin Ab did not react with any thymic cells, whereas the anti-53-kDa desmin Ab labelled some capsular, cortical and medullary thymic epithelial cells. The anti-vimentin Ab stained most of the capsular and ~60% of the cortical epithelium. Thymic nurse cells and Hassall's corpuscles were found to be devoid of actin, which was strongly detected in medullary and perivascular epithelium. Both alpha and beta tubulins were detected in all thymic cells. This study extends the concept of thymic epithelial heterogeneity. The complexity of thymic epithelium in N. forsteri may indicate a relationship between thymic epithelial subpopulations and the thymic microenvironment. These data identify anti-keratin Abs as a valuable tool for studying differentiation and ontogeny of the thymic epithelium in N. forsteri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad G Mohammad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Gonzalez-Gonzalez E, Ra H, Hickerson RP, Wang Q, Piyawattanametha W, Mandella MJ, Kino GS, Leake D, Avilion AA, Solgaard O, Doyle TC, Contag CH, Kaspar RL. siRNA silencing of keratinocyte-specific GFP expression in a transgenic mouse skin model. Gene Ther 2009; 16:963-72. [PMID: 19474811 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can be designed to specifically and potently target and silence a mutant allele, with little or no effect on the corresponding wild-type allele expression, presenting an opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Although several siRNAs have entered clinical trials, the development of siRNA therapeutics as a new drug class will require the development of improved delivery technologies. In this study, a reporter mouse model (transgenic click beetle luciferase/humanized monster green fluorescent protein) was developed to enable the study of siRNA delivery to skin; in this transgenic mouse, green fluorescent protein reporter gene expression is confined to the epidermis. Intradermal injection of siRNAs targeting the reporter gene resulted in marked reduction of green fluorescent protein expression in the localized treatment areas as measured by histology, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and intravital imaging using a dual-axes confocal fluorescence microscope. These results indicate that this transgenic mouse skin model, coupled with in vivo imaging, will be useful for development of efficient and 'patient-friendly' siRNA delivery techniques and should facilitate the translation of siRNA-based therapeutics to the clinic for treatment of skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gonzalez-Gonzalez
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Fang S, Zeng F, Guo Q. Comparative proteomics analysis of cytokeratin and involucrin expression in lesions from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2008; 40:989-95. [PMID: 19089296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2008.00484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To get a better understanding of the abnormal differentiation or maturation of keratinocytes, we studied the expression and distribution of cytokeratin and involucrin in lesions from systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Two groups of 10 specimens each from systemic lupus erythematosus and normal controls were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometric protein identification, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that keratin 1 (K1)/K10 together with the new synthesis of K6/K16 were down-regulated and that K5/K14, K2e and involucrin were up-regulated. We found that involucrin was strongly stained in lower epidermal cell layers while K1/10 was weakly stained, particularly when compared with staining in normal epidermis. Additionally, we found that the expression of involucrin was increased. These results imply an aberrant early and terminal differentiation stage in the epidermis of systemic lupus erythematosus, which may be associated with inflammatory cytokines released during the wound healing response of lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Fang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital affiliated to Zhongshan University, Guangzhou, China
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EICHNER R, GENDIMENICO G, KAHN M, MALLON J, CAPETOLA R, MEZICK J. Effects of long-term retinoic acid treatment on epidermal differentiation in vivo
: specific modifications in the programme of terminal differentiation. Br J Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.d01-1064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Gustafson CJ, Birgisson A, Junker J, Huss F, Salemark L, Johnson H, Kratz G. Employing human keratinocytes cultured on macroporous gelatin spheres to treat full thickness-wounds: An in vivo study on athymic rats. Burns 2007; 33:726-35. [PMID: 17467913 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2006.10.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Providing cutaneous wounds with sufficient epidermis to prevent infections and fluid loss is one of the most challenging tasks associated with surgical treatment of burns. Recently, application of cultured keratinocytes in this context has allowed this challenge to be met without several of the limitations connected with the use of split-thickness skin grafts. The continuous development of this novel approach has now revealed that transplantation of cultured autologous keratinocytes as single-cell suspensions exhibits several advantages over the use of cultured epidermal grafts. However, a number of methodological problems remain to be solved, primarily with regards to the complexity of culturing these cells; loss of viability and other negative effects during their preparation and transportation; the relatively long period of time required following transplantation to obtain a sufficiently protective epidermis. In the present investigation we attempted to eliminate these limitations by culturing the keratinocytes on macroporous gelatin spheres. Accordingly, the efficacies of normal human keratinocytes in single-cell suspension or growing on macroporous gelatin spheres, as well as of split-thickness skin grafts in healing wounds on athymic rats were compared. Human keratinocytes were found to adhere and proliferate efficiently both on the surface and within the pores of such spheres. Transplantation of such cells adherent to the spheres resulted in significantly more rapid formation of a stratified epidermis than did transplantation of single-cell suspensions or spheres alone. Twenty-three days after transplantation, the epidermis formed from the cells bound to the spheres was not as thick as the epidermis on wounds covered with split-thickness skin grafts, but significantly thicker than on wounds to which single-cell suspensions, spheres alone or no transplant at all was applied. Furthermore, fluorescence in situ hybridisation revealed that the transplanted keratinocytes, both those adherent to gelatin spheres and those in single-cell suspension, were components of the newly formed epidermis. These findings indicate that application of biodegradable macroporous spheres may prove to be of considerable value in designing cell-based therapies for the treatment of acute and persistent wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Johan Gustafson
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Deyrieux AF, Rosas-Acosta G, Ozbun MA, Wilson VG. Sumoylation dynamics during keratinocyte differentiation. J Cell Sci 2006; 120:125-36. [PMID: 17164289 PMCID: PMC3470114 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMO modification regulates the activity of numerous transcription factors that have a direct role in cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, cellular proliferation, and development, but its role in differentiation processes is less clear. Keratinocyte differentiation requires the coordinated activation of a series of transcription factors, and as several crucial keratinocyte transcription factors are known to be SUMO substrates, we investigated the role of sumoylation in keratinocyte differentiation. In a human keratinocyte cell line model (HaCaT cells), Ca2+-induced differentiation led to the transient and coordinated transcriptional activation of the genes encoding crucial sumoylation system components, including SAE1, SAE2, Ubc9, SENP1, Miz-1 (PIASx beta), SUMO2 and SUMO3. The increased gene expression resulted in higher levels of the respective proteins and changes in the pattern of sumoylated substrate proteins during the differentiation process. Similarly to the HaCaT results, stratified human foreskin keratinocytes showed an upregulation of Ubc9 in the suprabasal layers. Abrogation of sumoylation by Gam1 expression severely disrupted normal HaCaT differentiation, consistent with an important role for sumoylation in the proper progression of this biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline F. Deyrieux
- Department of Molecular & Microbial Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA 77843-1114
| | - Germán Rosas-Acosta
- Department of Molecular & Microbial Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA 77843-1114
| | - Michelle A. Ozbun
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, and of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Cancer Research Facility (CRF) 303, Albuquerque, NM 87131, Phone: 505-272-4950, FAX: 505-272-9912
| | - Van G. Wilson
- Department of Molecular & Microbial Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA 77843-1114
- Corresponding Author, Phone: 1-979-845-5207, Fax: 1-979-845-3479,
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O’Sullivan NL, Baylor AE, Montgomery PC. Development of immortalized rat conjunctival epithelial cell lines: an in vitro model to examine transepithelial antigen delivery. Exp Eye Res 2006; 84:323-31. [PMID: 17123516 PMCID: PMC1839946 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of these studies was to develop conjunctival epithelial cell lines for investigation of antigen translocation across a mucosal barrier. Conjunctival epithelial cells from Fischer 344 rats were immortalized with pSV3(neo) resulting in two cell lines--CJ4.1A and CJ4.3C. Each formed confluent cell layers with epithelial morphology when grown on permeable membrane filters. They expressed the SV40 T antigen, the conjunctiva-specific cytokeratin 4, the goblet cell-specific cytokeratin 7 and were negative for the corneal epithelial cell-specific cytokeratin 12. The cell lines have been in culture for over 60 passages, and the population doubling times were 22+/-7h for CJ4.1A and 23+/-9h for CJ4.3C. When grown on Transwell membranes, each cell line achieved a transepithelial electrical resistance of 600-800 Omega cm2 by 3-4 days and maintained a high resistance for several days. Both cell lines expressed zona occludens-1 at confluence. At 24h following addition of 250 microg of FITC-labeled ovalbumin to the apical chambers, 15+/-6 microg could be detected in the basal chamber of CJ4.1A and 6+/-1 microg in the basal medium of CJ4.3C. In contrast, 82+/-6 microg was detected in the lower chambers of cell-free Transwells. Similarly, Transwells containing confluent CJ4.1A or CJ4.3C cells impeded passage of 0.1 microm diameter polystyrene microspheres (5+/-1% and 4+/-1%, respectively, of the apical input), compared to 26+/-6% of the input microspheres recovered from the basal chambers of cell-free Transwells. Pretreatment with 4mM EGTA for 10 min caused an increase in OVA-FITC translocation across CJ4.3C cells. Incubation in the presence of 4mM EGTA significantly increased OVA-FITC translocation across both cell lines, relative to untreated cell layers. Morphological and functional characterization indicates that these cells provide a useful experimental tool to assess strategies for enhancing transepithelial antigen uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L. O’Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Corresponding author. Dr. Nancy L. O’Sullivan, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State, University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Ave. Detroit, MI 48210, USA., Telephone: (313) 577-1370, Fax: (313) 577-1155
| | - Alfred E. Baylor
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Paul C. Montgomery
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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16
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Stühler K, Köper K, Pfeiffer K, Tagariello A, Souquet M, Schwarte-Waldhoff I, Hahn SA, Schmiegel W, Meyer HE. Differential proteome analysis of colon carcinoma cell line SW480 after reconstitution of the tumour suppressor Smad4. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1603-12. [PMID: 17043799 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The tumour suppressor gene Smad4 is frequently inactivated in gastrointestinal carcinomas. Smad4 plays a pivotal role in transducing signals of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of proteins. Inactivation of Smad4 seems to occur late during tumour progression when tumours acquire invasive and metastatic properties. Identification of proteins directly or indirectly regulated by Smad4 would, therefore, ease the future design of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for gastrointestinal carcinoma. We have used human colon carcinoma cell line SW480 stably transfected with Smad4 as an in-vitro model system to identify Smad4-regulated proteins by applying two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) then MALDI-PMF/PFF-MS. We identified a total of 47 protein species with a Smad4-dependent expression. From the functions of the candidate proteins we obtained new insights into Smad4's participation in processes, for example apoptosis, differentiation, and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Stühler
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, ZKF E 1.43, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Xu
- Cytokine Biology Department, ZymoGenetics, Inc., 1201 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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Olszewska E, Lautermann J, Koc C, Schwaab M, Dazert S, Hildmann H, Sudhoff H. Cytokeratin expression pattern in congenital and acquired pediatric cholesteatoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2005; 262:731-6. [PMID: 15754169 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-004-0875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric cholesteatoma can be classified as congenital or acquired based on clinical criteria. We studied the expression patterns of five distinctive cytokeratins in both types of cholesteatoma in order to improve understanding of their pathogenesis and origin. A comparable expression pattern for CK10, CK14, CK18, CK19 and 34betaE12 antigens was found in the matrix of congenital and acquired pediatric cholesteatoma. Our results demonstrate that congenital and acquired pediatric cholesteatoma exhibit an identical cytokeratin distribution pattern, suggesting that they share a common origin. Therefore, it seems possible that a portion of the so-called "acquired" cholesteatoma may actually originate from advanced congenital cholesteatoma with secondary destruction of the tympanic membrane in the pediatric patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Olszewska
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, St. Elisabeth Hospital, University of Bochum, Bleichstrasse 15, 44787, Bochum, Germany
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Nogueira-Castañon MCM, Maya TC, Neves RG. Expressão das citoceratinas em dermatoses infecto- parasitárias associadas à hiperplasia epidérmica. An Bras Dermatol 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962004000600004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
FUNDAMENTOS: As citoceratinas(C) são as proteínas estruturais mais importantes das células epiteliais e exibem a maior heterogeneidade dentre todas as proteínas dos filamentos intermediários. Seu estudo através de imunomarcação possibilita a análise estrutural do citoesqueleto em vários afecções neoplásicas e inflamatórias. OBJETIVOS: Verificar o padrão imuno-histoquímico da expressão das citoceratinas na epiderme de doenças infecto-parasitárias associadas à hiperplasia escamosa. MÉTODOS: Cortes histológicos obtidos de tecidos pré-fixados e incluidos em parafina à partir de lesões de cromomicose, paracoccidioidomicose, leishmaniose e condiloma acuminado foram marcados com os anticorpos DEK10, LL025, LL002 e AE1 pela técnica de imunoperoxidase (avidina-biotina). RESULTADOS: A análise de áreas com intensidade variável de hiperplasia epidérmica presentes nos fragmentos mostrou exclusivamente e/ou predominantemente nas quatro doenças: ausência de expressão da C10 nas áreas de hiperplasia intensa e retardo da expressão nas áreas de hiperplasia moderada e/ou ausente; padrão suprabasal de marcação para a C16 independentemente do grau de hiperplasia como também, liberação de epítopos suprabasais para os marcadores LL002 (C14) e AE1 (C10,14,16,19). CONCLUSÕES: As modificações indicam que, independentemente da natureza do agente etiológico e do grau de hiperplasia presente, ocorrem alterações na diferenciação e proliferação do ceratinócito.
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20
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Bloor BK, Tidman N, Leigh IM, Odell E, Dogan B, Wollina U, Ghali L, Waseem A. Expression of keratin K2e in cutaneous and oral lesions: association with keratinocyte activation, proliferation, and keratinization. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 162:963-75. [PMID: 12598329 PMCID: PMC1868097 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton in keratinocytes is a complex of highly homologous structural proteins derived from two families of type I and type II polypeptides. Keratin K2e is a type II polypeptide that is expressed in epidermis late in differentiation. Here we report the influence of keratinocyte activation, proliferation, and keratinization on K2e expression in samples of cutaneous and oral lesions. The normal expression of K2e in the upper spinous and granular layers of interfollicular epidermis is increased in keloid scars but showed distinct down-regulation in psoriasis and hypertrophic scars where keratinocytes are known to undergo activation. Unlike normal and psoriatic skin, K2e expression in hypertrophic and keloid scars began in the deepest suprabasal layer. In cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinomas, K2e was absent in most tumor islands but the overlying epidermis showed strong expression. No significant K2e expression in nonkeratinized or keratinized oral epithelia, including buccal mucosa, lateral border of tongue and gingiva was detected. In oral lichen planus K2e expression was undetectable, but in benign keratoses of lingual mucosa induction of K2e along with K1 and K10 was observed. In mild-to-moderate oral dysplasia with orthokeratinization, K2e was highly expressed compared with parakeratinized areas but in severe dysplasia as well as in oral squamous cell carcinoma, K2e expression was undetectable. Taken together, the data suggest that K2e expression in skin is sensitive to keratinocyte activation but its up-regulation in oral lesions is a reflection of the degree of orthokeratinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balvinder K Bloor
- Head and Neck Cancer Research Program, Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas's Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Paulsen FP, Steven P, Tsokos M, Jungmann K, Müller A, Verse T, Pirsig W. Upper airway epithelial structural changes in obstructive sleep-disordered breathing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:501-9. [PMID: 12186828 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2109099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of upper airway collapsibility in patients with snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) remains unclear. Structural mucosal changes could be contributory factors. The objective of this study was to determine whether pathologic changes in the epithelium or the epithelial-connective tissue interface are present in patients with snoring and/or OSA by means of scanning electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Uvulae were obtained by uvulopalatopharyngoplasty from three patients with habitual snoring and nine patients with mild to severe OSA, as well as by dissection from 43 nonsnoring body donors. Scanning electron microscopy revealed structural changes in the epithelial-connective tissue boundary that significantly differed from age-related changes in the control subjects. The immunohistochemical staining with antibodies against epithelial cytokeratins showed differences in the expression pattern of cytokeratin 13 between patients and control subjects. No differences were found in the distribution pattern of laminin. Analysis of defense cells revealed a significant diffuse infiltration of leukocytes, mainly T cells, inside the lamina propria of the patient group, which was not observed in the control group. In conclusion, these results support the hypothesis that progressive structural changes in the mucosa caused by the trauma of snoring are a possible contributory factor to upper airway collapsibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich P Paulsen
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian Albrecht University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
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22
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Murakami Y, Unno A, Hossain M, Kimura Y, Nakamura Y, Okano T, Matsumoto K. An immunohistochemical study of the effects of pulsed neodymium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet laser irradiation in root canals on the eruption of rat incisors. Arch Oral Biol 2002; 47:625-9. [PMID: 12221021 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(02)00045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The incisors of 21 Wistar rats were transected, pulp tissue was extirpated for 10mm from the level of the gingival margin and each canal was prepared with files. The fibre tip of a pulsed neodymium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet laser was inserted into the root canal for 10mm and laser irradiation delivered at 2 W and 20 pulses/s for 10s. After 6 weeks the mandibles were removed and sectioned. Sections were stained either with haematoxylin and eosin or immunohistochemically using polyclonal antibodies against keratin/cytokeratin, amelogenin and type I collagen. The inner epithelial cells on the labial side differentiated into ameloblasts in animals where eruption had recovered. The pulp cells differentiated into odontoblast-like cells and staining for type I collagen was evident in pulp cells, odontoblast-like cells and inside dentinal tubules. In animals where eruption had ceased, the inner epithelial cells on the labial side did not differentiate into ameloblasts. Staining for type I collagen was observed in the mineralized nodules and tubules of dentine-like hard tissues in the pulp cavity. These results suggest that differentiation of epithelial cells on the labial side into ameloblasts is involved in the re-eruption process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Murakami
- Department of Endodontics, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan.
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23
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Brembeck FH, Moffett J, Wang TC, Rustgi AK. The keratin 19 promoter is potent for cell-specific targeting of genes in transgenic mice. Gastroenterology 2001; 120:1720-8. [PMID: 11375953 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.24846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Keratins are intermediate filaments that are critical in cytoskeletal organization. Their roles in cellular processes are underscored by inherited human diseases in which germline mutations of keratins are found, as well as by transgenic and knockout mouse models that recapitulate those diseases. Keratin 19 (K19) has unique structural properties and developmental and spatial expression patterns. This suggests that K19 expression may correlate with important cell fate decisions in gastrointestinal tract epithelia. METHODS We used mouse K19 5' untranslated region and promoter sequences and fused it to the lacZ reporter gene in a transgene construct. Characterization was by beta-galactosidase expression and X-gal histochemistry in gastrointestinal epithelia. Because endogenous K19 protein is transcriptionally regulated by the Kruppel-like transcription factor 4 (KLF4), we determined the spatial expression patterns of KLF4 and K19 in relationship to the lacZ reporter gene product. RESULTS K19-lacZ transgenic mice were found to have reporter gene expression in an epithelial-specific pattern. Expression was restricted to ductal epithelial cells in the pancreas, surface colonocytes, small intestinal villi, and gastric isthmus cells. Transgene expression correlated with K19 and KLF4 protein expression in the pancreas and stomach and was overlapping in the small and large intestine. CONCLUSIONS The K19 promoter may be a useful tool to study epithelial cell biology and subsequent transdifferentiation programs, particularly the pancreas and stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Brembeck
- Gastroenterology Division, Unversity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6144, USA
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24
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Wattle OS. Cytokeratins of the matrices of the chestnut (torus carpeus) and periople in horses with acute laminitis. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:425-32. [PMID: 11277209 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether there is a change in the expression of cytokeratins in the epidermal cells of the non-weight-bearing parts of the limb in horses with acute laminitis and thus determine whether the morphologic changes that develop in the periople and chestnut (torus carpeus) of horses early in acute laminitis are caused by inhibition of keratinocyte differentiation. ANIMALS 8 horses with acute laminitis. PROCEDURE Tissue specimens were obtained from the chestnuts of all 8 horses and from the stratum externum of the hoof wall of 3 horses. Tissue specimens were obtained within 48 hours of the first clinical signs of laminitis. The cytokeratins were characterized by 1- and 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and the tissue distribution of the cytokeratins was studied by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS The biochemical findings indicated that the epidermal cells of tissues from horses affected by laminitis contained the same set of cytokeratins as corresponding tissues from clinically normal horses. Immunohistochemistry on sections from specimens of horses with laminitis versus clinically normal horses indicated a difference in the expression of cytokeratin in the basal cells in the matrix of the stratum externum of the hoof wall and in the matrix of the chestnut of horses with laminitis in which the most severe morphologic changes were observed. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of keratinocyte differentiation, as observed by immunohistochemical changes, in cells in parts of the chestnut and periople may indirectly indicate that the observed epidermal changes in horses with laminitis are primary and are unaffected by weight-bearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Wattle
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Gerber B, Krause A, Müller H, Richter D, Reimer T, Makovitzky J, Herrnring C, Jeschke U, Kundt G, Friese K. Simultaneous immunohistochemical detection of tumor cells in lymph nodes and bone marrow aspirates in breast cancer and its correlation with other prognostic factors. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:960-71. [PMID: 11181658 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2001.19.4.960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We studied the prognostic and predictive value of immunohistochemically detected occult tumor cells (OTCs) in lymph nodes and bone marrow aspirates obtained from node-negative breast cancer patients. All were classified as distant metastases-free using conventional staging methods. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 484 patients with pT1-2N0M0 breast cancer and 70 with pT1-2N1M0 breast cancer and a single affected lymph node participated in our trial. Ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes and intraoperatively aspirated bone marrow were examined. All samples were examined for OTCs using monoclonal antibodies to cytokeratins 8, 18, 19. Immunohistological findings were correlated with other prognostic factors. The mean follow-up was 54 +/- 24 months. RESULTS OTCs were detected in 180 (37.2%) of 484 pT1-2N0M0 patients: in the bone marrow of 126 patients (26.0%), in the lymph nodes of 31 patients (6.4%), and in bone marrow and lymph nodes of 23 (4.8%) patients. Of the 70 patients with pT1-2N1MO breast cancer and a single involved lymph node, OTCs were identified in the bone marrow of 26 (37.1%). The ability to detect tumor cells increased with the following tumor features: larger size, poor differentiation, and higher proliferation. Tumors of patients with OTCs more frequently demonstrated lymph node invasion, blood vessel invasion, higher urokinase-type plasminogen activator levels, and increased PAI-1 concentrations. Patients with detected OTCs showed reduced disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OAS) rates that were comparable to those observed in patients who had one positive lymph node. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors revealed that OTCs, histological grading, and tumor size are significant predictors of DFS; OTCs and grading of OAS. CONCLUSION OTCs detected by simultaneous immunohistochemical analysis of axillary lymph nodes and bone marrow demonstrate independent metastatic pathways. Although OTCs were significantly more frequent in patients with other unfavorable prognostic factors, they were confirmed as an independent prognostic factor for pT1-2N0M0, R0 breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gerber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rostock, Germany.
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26
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Blumberg H, Conklin D, Xu WF, Grossmann A, Brender T, Carollo S, Eagan M, Foster D, Haldeman BA, Hammond A, Haugen H, Jelinek L, Kelly JD, Madden K, Maurer MF, Parrish-Novak J, Prunkard D, Sexson S, Sprecher C, Waggie K, West J, Whitmore TE, Yao L, Kuechle MK, Dale BA, Chandrasekher YA. Interleukin 20: discovery, receptor identification, and role in epidermal function. Cell 2001; 104:9-19. [PMID: 11163236 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A structural, profile-based algorithm was used to identify interleukin 20 (IL-20), a novel IL-10 homolog. Chromosomal localization of IL-20 led to the discovery of an IL-10 family cytokine cluster. Overexpression of IL-20 in transgenic (TG) mice causes neonatal lethality with skin abnormalities including aberrant epidermal differentiation. Recombinant IL-20 protein stimulates a signal transduction pathway through STAT3 in a keratinocyte cell line, demonstrating a direct action of this ligand. An IL-20 receptor was identified as a heterodimer of two orphan class II cytokine receptor subunits. Both receptor subunits are expressed in skin and are dramatically upregulated in psoriatic skin. Taken together, these results demonstrate a role in epidermal function and psoriasis for IL-20, a novel cytokine identified solely by bioinformatics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Blumberg
- Department of Genetics, ZymoGenetics, Inc., 1201 Eastlake Avenue E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
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27
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Brembeck FH, Rustgi AK. The tissue-dependent keratin 19 gene transcription is regulated by GKLF/KLF4 and Sp1. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:28230-9. [PMID: 10859317 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004013200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratins play critical roles in cellular differentiation and cytoskeletal organization. Keratin 19 (K19) is unique because it has been implicated as a marker of stem cells in some tissues, such as the hair follicle in the skin. It is also associated with malignant transformation in esophageal and pancreatic cancers. Here, we show that the K19 promoter is active in a subset of gastrointestinal cancer cells derived from esophageal and pancreas but inactive in other contexts. This activity was mapped to a short region containing an overlapping binding site for gut-enriched Krüppel-like factor (GKLF/KLF4) and Sp1. GKLF has a higher binding affinity and is the predominant binding factor in cells with low Sp-1 protein levels. Pancreatic acinar cells normally do not express K19, but overexpression of GKLF and Sp1 in these cells leads to aberrant expression, similar to what is observed in pancreatic cancer. These results demonstrate the functional interaction of ubiquitous and tissue-restricted transcription factors in determining tissue- and neoplasm-specific patterns of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Brembeck
- Gastroenterology Division, Cancer Center, and Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The prostatic epithelium consists principally of basal epithelial cells, luminal epithelial cells, and neuroendocrine cells. Several studies support the concept that among basal cells, a subpopulation of stem cells resides which is capable of giving rise to other stem cells, basal epithelial cells, and also luminal epithelial cells and neuroendocrine cells. Other investigators suggest that luminal epithelial cells can also regenerate prostatic epithelium. Availability of pure populations of basal and luminal epithelial cells will aid in studies on defining the cellular pathways of differentiation during normal and pathological conditions. This study was designed to isolate and characterize pure populations of basal and luminal epithelial cells from adult rat ventral prostates. METHODS Sequential enzymatic digestion and differential plating permitted the separation of glandular epithelial cells from stromal cells. The glandular epithelial cells were subjected to the STAPUT technique. RESULTS Two types of cell populations, a large single-cell population and a small single-cell population, were obtained and characterized as basal and luminal epithelial cells by immunostaining for cytokeratin 5 and cytokeratin 8, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that purified populations of prostatic basal and luminal epithelial cells can be isolated by the STAPUT technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ravindranath
- Department of Cell Biology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Grosenbaugh DA, Morgan SJ, Hood DM. The digital pathologies of chronic laminitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1999; 15:419-36. [PMID: 10472120 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review indicates that the patient-to-patient uniqueness commonly seen in chronic laminitis represents the variable presence of the digital pathologies. Although some degree of mechanical failure is always present, the secondary metabolic and growth dysplasias, vascular pathologies, and sepsis may or may not be evident. The presence and severity of these pathologies appear to have a more significant impact on the prognosis of individual cases than does the displacement of the distal phalanx. It should be reiterated that it is often the combined presence of these individual pathologies that gives rise to the patient that is totally refractory to treatment. In the absence of these pathologies, many horses with significant displacement of the distal phalanx are not in pain and are not in need of treatment. It thus follows that a key to the improved rehabilitation of difficult patients is focusing research on the physiopathology and diagnosis of these nonmechanical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Grosenbaugh
- Department of Animal Health Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Reid LE, Walker NI. Acinar cell apoptosis and the origin of tubular complexes in caerulein-induced pancreatitis. Int J Exp Pathol 1999; 80:205-15. [PMID: 10583630 PMCID: PMC2517773 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2613.1999.00116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interrelationship between acinar cell apoptosis and tubular complex formation was examined in caerulein-induced pancreatitis using histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and DNA gel electrophoresis. Rats were given 8 hourly subcutaneous injections of caerulein, 24 micrograms/kg, for up to 2 days. Morphologically and biochemically typical apoptosis affected 4.6 and 8.9% of acinar cells at 1 and 2 days, respectively, resulting in removal of most acinar cells by 2 days. Consequently, pancreatic ducts, the lining cells expressing bcl-2 and therefore resistant to apoptosis, became much more closely approximated to form the basis of tubular complexes; small numbers of immunohistochemically discrete acinar cells in their lining were either pre-apoptotic resistant to it or newly formed. Proliferation of duct-like lining cells was associated with apoptosis, an increase in islet cells and acinar cell regeneration. There was evidence of duct to acinar cell differentiation but the main increase in acinar cell numbers appeared to derive from proliferation of newly formed acinar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Reid
- Department of Pathology, University of Queensland Medical School, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia
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Mulder JJ, Kuijpers W, Peters TA, Tonnaer EL, Ramaekers FC. Development of the tubotympanum in the rat. Laryngoscope 1998; 108:1846-52. [PMID: 9851502 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-199812000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between the anatomical maturation of the middle ear and that of the eustachian tube and paratubal muscles in the rat. DESIGN Wistar rats ranging from gestational day 12 to postnatal day 40 were used. METHODS Tissue specimens were examined with routine light microscopy and electron microscopy. Epithelial differentiation was studied immunohistochemically with antibodies to different cytokeratins. RESULTS The epithelial lining of the tubotympanum showed differentiation-related cytokeratin expression throughout the whole developmental period. The mucociliary epithelium reached mature features around birth. A dorsal extension and its framing cartilage started forming around 5 days after birth. This extension became lined by stratified nonciliated epithelium and attained maturity around 10 days after birth concurrently with the attachment of the dilatory muscles. This process was immediately followed by aeration of the middle ear cavity. CONCLUSIONS The continuous expression of cytokeratins demonstrates that the epithelial lining of the tubotympanum is only derived from the embryonal endoderm. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that the eustachian tube shows a two-stage postnatal development. First, the mucociliary system matures, providing protection/clearance when the animal starts respiration and swallowing. Subsequently, the dorsal part attains maturity. The features of the epithelial lining of the dorsal part of the eustachian tube and the coincidence of the maturation of this part with the attachment of the dilating muscle fibers and the aeration of the middle ear indicates that this part provides ventilation. These findings support the authors' hypothesis that different parts of the eustachian tube serve different purposes: clearance, protection and ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Mulder
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Champliaud MF, Burgeson RE, Jin W, Baden HP, Olson PF. cDNA cloning and characterization of sciellin, a LIM domain protein of the keratinocyte cornified envelope. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:31547-54. [PMID: 9813070 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.47.31547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sciellin is a precursor of the cornified envelopes of mammalian keratinizing tissues. We have cloned the cDNA encoding sciellin by screening a human keratinocyte expression library with a sciellin-specific monoclonal antibody. The composite cDNA of 2.35 kilobase pairs encodes a protein of 75.3 kDa with a pI of 10.09. The translated sequence has a central domain containing 16 repeats of 20 amino acids each that is rich in Gln and Lys residues, which are potential transglutaminase substrates, and a carboxyl domain, which contains a single LIM motif. Sciellin cDNA probes hybridize to bands of 3.4 and 4.4 kilobase pairs on Northern blots of cultured human keratinocyte RNA. The gene was mapped to human chromosome band 13q22 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Radiation hybrid mapping demonstrated that sciellin is linked to the sequence tagged site marker WI-457 with a logarithm of the odds score of 7.77. In situ hybridization of human foreskin tissue sections demonstrated that sciellin is expressed in the stratum granulosum. Immunofluorescent staining with a polyclonal rabbit antibody made to a recombinant sciellin protein showed peripheral cytoplasmic localization in the upper cell layers of epidermis and in stratified squamous epithelia such as the oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina. Simple and columnar epithelia, with the exception of the amnion, showed no reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Champliaud
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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Abstract
The equine skin and its appendages (chestnut, hoof capsule, ergot, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and hair) consist mainly of keratinocytes. The intermediate filament cytoskeleton of these cells in involved in specialised functions, such as mechanical co-ordination of the cytoskeleton of the cell or tissue. In this study, 7 monoclonal antibodies, one polyclonal antibody and immunoblot analysis were used to characterise cytokeratins (separated by 1- and 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis) from the hoof wall and chestnut. The tissue distribution of these cytokeratins was studied by immunohistochemical staining of sections from the skin, chestnut, periople, matrix of the stratum medium of the hoof wall, and the stratum internum of the hoof wall. The results of analysis revealed a difference in the content of cytokeratins between: 1) cell layers within the same tissue, 2) skin and more proliferative epidermal tissues, i.e., chestnut and periople, 3) tissues containing a stratum granulosum (skin, chestnut and periople) and tissues without stratum granulosum (stratum medium and internum of the hoof wall), 4) stratum medium and stratum internum of the hoof wall and 5) stratum internum at the most proximal level and at the mid level of the hoof wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Wattle
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
The medulla of the unconstricted notochords of the shortnose sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostratus, and African lungfish, Protopterus annectens, and the cellular component of the intervertebral joint tissue of the teleost fish, Perca flavescens, are comprised of cells with a large central vacuole. Previous studies on the fine structure of this tissue revealed that the cytoplasm surrounding these vacuoles consists of 10-nm-diameter intermediate filaments. Since in mammals there are a large number of tissue-specific types of intermediate filaments, this study uses antibodies to mammalian intermediate filaments to determine the type of filaments present in the notochord cells of bony fishes. Positive labeling using a polyclonal antibody to human skin keratins is observed in the cytoplasm of the notochord cells in the intervertebral tissues of Perca. These tissues are also probed with the AE series antibodies that label keratins found in mammalian epithelial cells. In both Protopterus and Acipenser the peripheral cytoplasm of the notochord cells is labeled with all three AE antibodies. In Perca only the AE3 antibody probe produces positive staining. These staining patterns are consistent with previous studies on the localization of cytokeratins in fish tissues and indicate that the intermediate filaments in the notochord cells of bony fishes are immunologically similar to the mammalian keratins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Schmitz
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin Stevens Point 54481, USA.
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Hamakawa H, Bao Y, Takarada M, Fukuzumi M, Tanioka H. Cytokeratin expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and oral cavity: an immunohistochemical study with possible clinical relevance. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 1998; 85:438-43. [PMID: 9574953 DOI: 10.1016/s1079-2104(98)90070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serologic identification of the fragment of cytokeratin 19 known as CYFRA 21-1 has been used for early detection of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. The sensitivity of the CYFRA 21-1 assay in detecting oral cancers is lower than that in detecting lung cancers. To clarify the reason for this, we compared the cytokeratin expression in these cancers, with special reference to cytokeratin 19. STUDY DESIGN Oral squamous cell carcinomas and lung squamous cell carcinomas were immunostained with cytokeratin 19, cytokeratin 10, and cytokeratin 13 antibodies. Staining intensity was scored on a graduated scale from 0 to 4. RESULTS With respect to cytokeratin 19, the stainings of all lung cancers were scored as 4, which indicates a greater expression of cytokeratin 19 than is seen in oral cancers (p < 0.01). With an average cytokeratin 19 staining score of 1.67, oral cancers ranked lowest among the antibodies. Squamous cell carcinomas of the maxillary sinus arising from pseudostratified ciliated epithelium were highly expressive of cytokeratin 19. A marker for keratinizing cells (cytokeratin 10) and a marker for squamous cells (cytokeratin 13) were expressed more frequently and intensely in oral cancers (p < 0.01) than in lung cancers (p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS From the viewpoint of immunohistochemistry, cytokeratin 19 was found to be a tumor marker with low specificity and sensitivity in oral cancers. The staining results suggested that poor expression of cytokeratin 19 by oral squamous cell carcinoma may result in a low serum value of CYFRA 21-1 in patients with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hamakawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ehime University School of Medicine, Japan
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Magin TM, Schröder R, Leitgeb S, Wanninger F, Zatloukal K, Grund C, Melton DW. Lessons from keratin 18 knockout mice: formation of novel keratin filaments, secondary loss of keratin 7 and accumulation of liver-specific keratin 8-positive aggregates. J Cell Biol 1998; 140:1441-51. [PMID: 9508776 PMCID: PMC2132680 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.140.6.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/1997] [Revised: 01/15/1998] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report on the analysis of keratin 18 null mice. Unlike the ablation of K8, which together with K18 is expressed in embryonic and simple adult epithelia, K18 null mice are viable, fertile, and show a normal lifespan. In young K18 null mice, hepatocytes were completely devoid of keratin filaments. Nevertheless, typical desmosomes were formed and maintained. Old K18 null mice, however, developed a distinctive liver pathology with abnormal hepatocytes containing K8-positive aggregates. These stained positively for ubiquitin and MM120-1 and were identified as Mallory bodies, one hallmark of human alcoholic hepatitis. This is the first demonstration that the ablation of one keratin leads to the accumulation of its single partner. Another striking finding was the absence or drastic down regulation of K7 in several tissues despite its ongoing transcription. Moreover, K18 null mice revealed new insights in the filament-forming capacity of the tail-less K19 in vivo. Due to the unexpected secondary loss of K7, only K8/19 are expressed in the uterine epithelium of K18 null mice. Immunoelectron microscopy of this tissue demonstrated the presence of typical K8/19 IF, thus highlighting in vivo that K19 is a fully competent partner for K8.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Magin
- Institut fuer Genetik, Abteilung Molekulargenetik, Universitat Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Masunaga A, Sugawara I, Nakamura H, Yoshitake T, Itoyama S. Cytokeratin expression in normal human thymus at different ages. Pathol Int 1997; 47:842-7. [PMID: 9503465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1997.tb03715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Subsets of thymic epithelial cells were examined immunohistochemically to determine whether or not their phenotypes change during thymic growth and at early involution in terms of cytokeratin (CK) expression. Five monoclonal antibodies specific for CK4, CK8, CK13, CK18 and CK19 were used and applied to 16 neonatal, three infantile and one adult thymus specimen, which had been obtained at autopsy, that were normal macroscopically and microscopically. CK4, CK8, CK13, CK18 and CK19 were expressed simultaneously in the cortex, medulla and subcapsular area with the exception of CK4, which showed expression on the adult thymus. Light and electron microscopy showed that CK8 and CK19 expression was overlapped. Thus, it was thought that CK8 and CK19 formed complexes in the cytoplasm of thymic epithelial cells. The immunoreactivity to CK4, CK13 and CK18 were attenuated or disappeared in the subcapsular area during the early involution stage. Interestingly, two patterns of CK18 expression were observed in the neonatal and infantile thymus tissues, which indicated that the thymic microenvironment was changeable even under normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Masunaga
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
Biochemical analysis indicated that the human nail plate contains two distinct types of keratin (skin-type and hair-type keratins), and several population of keratinocytes are thought to be associated with development of the nail. To elucidate the nature of the differentiation occurring in nail development, we examined the patterns of molecular markers relevant to the course of differentiation in the skin and hair in the nail matrix as well as in cultured nail cells. The nail matrix was characterized by the mutually exclusive localization of skin-type and hair-type markers, while in the apical matrix the localization of two groups of keratins partially overlapped. Double-label immunofluorescence showed the existence of unusual cells coexpressing both keratins, thereby indicating that the nail matrix consists of skin-type and hair-type and additionally intermediate-type differentiating cells. The cultured cells taken from the ventral matrix which develop under hair-type differentiation in vivo were found to express skin-type along with hair-type keratins, suggesting alteration of the pathway of differentiation in vitro. The cellular diversification as seen in in vitro cultured cells provides further insight into nail differentiation which is related to the multiple patterns of keratin expression that generate in the nail matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kitahara
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Tochigi Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Japan
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Uusitalo M, Kivelä T. Cell types of secondary cataract: an immunohistochemical analysis with antibodies to cytoskeletal elements and macrophages. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1997; 235:506-11. [PMID: 9285220 DOI: 10.1007/bf00947008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study was carried out to identify cell types of secondary cataract after extracapsular cataract extraction and implantation of an intraocular lens. METHODS Twenty-five formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded pseudophakic human eyes with secondary cataract, obtained at autopsy, were studied and compared to a specimen from an anterior subcapsular cataract with a panel of six monoclonal antibodies (MAbs, to vimentin, cytokeratin (CK) 8 and 18, desmin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and the CD68 epitope of macrophages by the avidin-biotinylated peroxidase complex (ABC) method. RESULTS MAb Vim 3B4 to vimentin immunolabeled spindle-shaped cells in 16 of 17 central plaques of secondary cataract as well as cells in all 16 Soemmering's ring cataracts. Spindle-shaped cells reacted with MAb CAM 5.2 to CK 8 in 13 of 18 eyes, but only one specimen was labeled with MAb CY-90 to CK 18. No immunoreaction was seen with MAb D33 to desmin, whereas MAb 1A4 to alpha-smooth muscle actin immunolabeled spindle-shaped cells in 15 of 18 plaques of secondary cataract. Macrophages were seen with MAb PG-M1 in 13 of 19 secondary cataracts. In the anterior subcapsular cataract, spindle-shaped cells under a wrinkled but otherwise intact capsule reacted with MAb Vim 3B4 to vimentin, MAb CAM 5.2 to CK 8, and MAb 1A4 to alpha-smooth muscle actin. CONCLUSION Spindle-shaped cells in secondary and anterior subcapsular cataracts react with antibodies to vimentin, CK 8 and alpha-smooth muscle actin, suggesting them to be metaplastic epithelial cells that derive from the lens epithelium. alpha-Smooth muscle actin persists in them at least 10 years postoperatively, but CK 8 starts to disappear after 3 years. Macrophages are one possible modulator of this transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Uusitalo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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Chen TT, Wu RL, Castro-Munozledo F, Sun TT. Regulation of K3 keratin gene transcription by Sp1 and AP-2 in differentiating rabbit corneal epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17:3056-64. [PMID: 9154804 PMCID: PMC232158 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.17.6.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabbit corneal epithelial cells cultured in the presence of 3T3 feeder cells undergo biochemical differentiation, as evidenced by their initial expression of K5 and K14 keratins characteristic of basal keratinocytes, followed by the subsequent expression of K3 and K12 keratin markers of corneal epithelial differentiation. Previous data established that mutations of an Sp1 site in a DNA element, E, that contains overlapping Sp1 and AP-2 motifs reduce K3 gene promoter activity by 70% in transfection assays. We show here that Sp1 activates while AP-2 represses the K3 promoter. Although undifferentiated corneal epithelial basal cells express equal amounts of Sp1 and AP-2 DNA-binding activities, the differentiated cells down-regulate their Sp1 activity slightly but their AP-2 activity drastically, thus resulting in a six- to sevenfold increase in the Sp1/AP-2 ratio. This change coincides with the activation and suppression of the differentiation-related K3 gene and the basal cell-related K14 keratin gene, respectively. In addition, we show that polyamines, which are present in a high concentration in proliferating basal keratinocytes, can inhibit the binding of Sp1 to its cognate binding motif but not that of AP-2. These results suggest that the relatively low Sp1/AP-2 ratio as well as the polyamine-mediated inhibition of Sp1 binding to the E motif may account, in part, for the suppression of the K3 gene in corneal epithelial basal cells, while the elevated Sp1/AP-2 ratio may be involved in activating the K3 gene in differentiated corneal epithelial cells. Coupled with the previous demonstration that AP-2 activates the K14 gene in basal cells, the switch of the Sp1/AP-2 ratio during corneal epithelial differentiation may play a role in the reciprocal expression of the K3 and K14 genes in the basal and suprabasal cell layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA
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41
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Kakoi H, Anniko M, Kinnefors A, Rask-Andersen H. Auditory epidermal cell migration. VII. Antigen expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigens, PCNA and Ki-67 in human tympanic membrane and external auditory canal. Acta Otolaryngol 1997; 117:100-8. [PMID: 9039489 DOI: 10.3109/00016489709117999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A location of proliferating cells was investigated in eight human normal tympanic membranes (TMs) and external auditory canals (EACs) by an immunohistochemical method using two different types of antibodies for nuclear antigens in proliferating cells: anti-PCNA monoclonal antibody, and anti-Ki-67 polyclonal antibody. Four specimens prepared for cryostat sections were immunostained by both antibodies. Another four were fixed in 4% formaldehyde solution, embedded in paraffin wax and were reacted only with anti-PCNA antibodies. The expression pattern of Ki-67 was basically the same as of PCNA. In the pars tensa (PT), immunoreactivities were expressed in the nuclei of basal layer cells and cells just overlying the basal layer of epidermis both in the handle of the malleus (HM) and annular regions. In the intermediate region of the PT, no immunoreactivity was found basically, apart from a few labelled cells observed in the upper-third of the superior quadrant. In the pars flaccida (PF) and in both the osseous and cartilaginous regions of the EAC, positive cells were also situated in the basal layer and the deeper aspect of the suprabasal layers without any specific distributing pattern. It was certified that the generation centre of epidermal cells (keratinocytes) in the PT was located in both the HM and annular regions, and that stem cells in the PF and the EAC were uniformly scattered in the basal layer and the deeper aspect of the spinous layer. According to these findings, the migratory patterns of auditory epidermal cells in the human TM and EAC were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kakoi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital (Akademiska sjukhuset), Uppsala, Sweden
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42
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An Evaluation of Enzymatic and Heat Epitope Retrieval Methods for the Immunohistochemical Staining of the Intermediate Filaments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1097/00022744-199703000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The human prostate is composed of a series of tubular-alveolar glands and their ducts surrounded by a fibro-muscular stroma. The parenchymal glands secrete the seminal fluid and are anatomically arranged into the central, peripheral, and transitional zones. In this chapter the pattern of intermediate filament expression by the various epithelial components of the ducts, tubuloalveolar glands, and stroma are described. The changes which occur during malignant transformation from normal glands to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and subsequent invasive carcinoma are presented. The usefulness of cytokeratin markers in the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Nagle
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson 85724-5043, USA
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EICHNER R, GENDIMENICO G, KAHN M, MALLON J, CAPETOLA R, MEZICK J. Effects of long-term retinoic acid treatment on epidermal differentiation in vivo: specific modifications in the programme of terminal differentiation. Br J Dermatol 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb03875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tabata MJ, Matsumura T, Liu JG, Wakisaka S, Kurisu K. Expression of cytokeratin 14 in ameloblast-lineage cells of the developing tooth of rat, both in vivo and in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 1996; 41:1019-27. [PMID: 9068866 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(96)00087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the search for a cell marker useful for studying tooth development, immunohistochemical studies using antibodies against cytokeratin 14 (K14), c-Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor and amelogenin were carried out in the developing tooth of the newborn rat and in primary cultured cells of the ameloblast lineage, including inner enamel epithelium cells, preameloblasts and ameloblasts, prepared from the mandibular incisors of postnatal 7-day-old rats. The appearance of K14 was cell- and differentiation-stage specific, i.e. there was a weak expression signal within inner enamel epithelial cells that were in the proliferating stage, and there were strong signals within preameloblasts and ameloblasts that were in the post-proliferating and amelogenesis stages, respectively. In the culture system, c-Met appeared in all cells, whereas K14 and amelogenin appeared mainly in clustered cells that were considered to be in the post-proliferating stage. K14 was detected earlier than amelogenin, and it was also confirmed by immunofluorostaining that c-Met, K14 and amelogenin were coexpressed in ameloblasts. These findings indicate that K14 is a good new marker for ameloblast-lineage cells during rat tooth development both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Tabata
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Faculty of Dentistry, Japan
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46
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Wu X, Kurpakus M, Hazlett LD. Some P. aeruginosa pilus-binding proteins of human corneal epithelium are cytokeratins. Curr Eye Res 1996; 15:782-91. [PMID: 8670788 DOI: 10.3109/02713689609003463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether any of the previously identified human corneal epithelial pilus-binding proteins were cytokeratins. METHODS Soluble human corneal epithelial proteins (hcep) were separated by one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane for Western blot analysis. To characterize pilus-binding hcep (major proteins of < 21, 38, 45, 66 and 97 kDa and minor proteins, including a 55 kDa protein), blots were immunostained using three anti-keratin antibodies, including Pruss monoclonal antibody (MAb), specific for all classes of IFs, AE5 MAb, specific for a 64 kDa cytokeratin, and J7 polyclonal antibody (PAb), specific for a 55 kDa cytokeratin. In addition, major pilus-binding proteins were cut from 1-D SDS gel, electroeluted, dot blotted onto nitrocellulose membrane, and similarly analyzed. In addition, to further test whether any pilus-binding proteins were cytokeratins, soluble hcep were immunoprecipitated by MAb XLR-3, a specific anti-pilus antibody, after incubation with bacterial pili. The immunoprecipitated proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane. The blotted immunoprecipitated proteins were immunostained using Pruss MAb and MAb XLR-3. RESULTS Immunoblots using Pruss MAb showed immunostaining of hcep of approximate molecular weights 45, 48, 55, 62 and 66 kDa. Other immunoblot analysis using AE5 MAb allowed identification of a 66 and a 45 kDa protein in both 1-D and dot blot analysis of eluted hcep. J7 PAb specifically immunostained a 55 kDa protein. In 2-D gel immunoblots, three 55 kDa proteins were immunostained by J7. Three proteins of molecular weights 45, 55 and 66 kDa, isolated after incubation of hcep and pili by immunoprecipitation with MAb XLR-3, also were positively immunostained by the Pruss MAb. CONCLUSIONS Two of the previously identified major pilus-binding proteins of 45 and 66 kDa are cytokeratins.. Additionally, the 55 kDa minor pilus-binding protein is also a cytokeratin and appears to carry different electric charges. Novel approaches such as these provide new insight into the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa infection in human cornea, and may lead to improved prevention and treatment of bacterial induced corneal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wu
- Department of Anatomy/Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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47
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Su L, Morgan PR, Lane EB. Keratin 14 and 19 expression in normal, dysplastic and malignant oral epithelia. A study using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. J Oral Pathol Med 1996; 25:293-301. [PMID: 8887072 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1996.tb00265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Specific mRNA and protein for two major keratins, K14 and K19, were investigated in normal, dysplastic and malignant oral epithelia by combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. In normal epithelia, K14 mRNA and protein were present almost exclusively in the basal layer of non-cornified, and in rete-processes of cornified, sites. Dysplastic epithelium showed irregular extension of the K14 transcript and protein into superficial cells. In squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), K14 transcript was abundant in most samples whilst in one poorly differentiated carcinoma mRNA but no protein was detected. K19 mRNA and its protein were present predominantly in basal cells of noncornified epithelium, whereas in cornified epithelium only mRNA was detected. In dysplasias, K19 transcript was detected in all specimens but its protein was absent in most cases. Even more variations of K19 expression were observed in SSC. These findings indicate differences in the control of expression of K14 and K19 in normal epithelia and show that regulation is further disturbed during dysplastic change and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Su
- Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Oral, Head and Neck Pathology, Decatur, Georgia, USA
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48
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Vennix PP, Kuijpers W, Peters TA, Tonnaer EL, Ramaekers FC. Epidermal differentiation in the human external auditory meatus. Laryngoscope 1996; 106:470-5. [PMID: 8614223 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-199604000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of epidermis in the various parts of the human ear canal was documented on the basis of cytokeratin (Ck) expression patterns. Immunohistochemistry was performed on cryostat sections of normal meatal skin using a comprehensive panel of monospecific Ck antibodies representing the main lines of epithelial differentiation. The epidermis of the cartilaginous part showed a Ck profile characteristic of normal skin type differentiation. The deep meatal skin, including the tympanic membrane, showed a peculiar type of differentiation: in addition to epidermal Cks, hyperproliferation-associated Cks 6, 16, and 17 were expressed in the suprabasal cells, while the simple epithelia cell marker Ck 19 was found in the basal cells. The presence of hyperproliferative Cks in the deep meatal skin could only partly be related to areas of proliferative activity. Keratinocytes, which express markers of hyperproliferation, are migratory. Therefore, their presence in the meatal skin is likely to be related to the peculiar pattern of keratinocyte migration, the purpose of which is to keep the meatus free from desquamation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Vennix
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kuijpers W, Vennix PP, Peters TA, Ramaekers FC. Squamous metaplasia of the middle ear epithelium. Acta Otolaryngol 1996; 116:293-8. [PMID: 8725535 DOI: 10.3109/00016489609137844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study deals with the expression of cytokeratins (Cks) in squamous cell metaplastic lesions in rat and human middle ear. In rats, squamous metaplastic lesions could be induced during chronic otitis media. The histological features of these lesions were similar to those observed in the human middle ear. Immunohistochemistry revealed that squamous cell metaplasia in both rat and human middle ear is characterised by a loss of simple epithelial cell related Cks and the appearance of Cks characteristic of stratified and cornifying epithelia. This indicates a true change in the differentiation of the middle ear epithelium. It is concluded that the Ck profile of the cholesteatoma matrix cannot be used as a variable to decide whether the origin of cholesteatomas is epidermal or metaplastic. This rat model is suitable for studying squamous cell metaplasia in relation to cholesteatoma genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kuijpers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Immunopathology continues to be important in diagnostic dermatopathology. Immunopathology is an invaluable tool for assessing the tissue of origin or direction of differentiation of cells. In some cases this can result in a more precise diagnosis. This article reviews the role of immunopathology in determining the biologic behavior of hematolymphoid infiltrates. It explores the methodology of immunoperoxidase, discusses the most commonly used antibody reagents, and presents a series of diagnostic dilemmas in which immunopathology can be useful. In each case a strategy is established that maximizes the likelihood of making a definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Wallace
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, CA, USA
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