1
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Hunt SV, Jamison A, Malhotra R. Oral nicotinamide for non-melanoma skin cancers: A review. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:823-829. [PMID: 35347291 PMCID: PMC10050186 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-02036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been much interest in the role of oral nicotinamide supplementation in reducing the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancers. This article reviews the hypothesised mechanisms of action of nicotinamide, and the available literature outlining its role for this purpose. There have been five randomised controlled trials (RCT), one histopathological study and two case series exploring the effect of oral nicotinamide supplementation on UV-induced immunosuppression of the skin, and incidence of actinic keratoses and non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). The largest RCT received criticism of the statistical analyses used, but the critics still acknowledged a likely benefit of treatment with oral nicotinamide in reducing the incidence of NMSC. Nicotinamide has a favourable safety profile. Current evidence is not definitive that oral nicotinamide supplementation reduces the incidence of NMSC, but it constitutes a low-risk management option that may be particularly relevant for high-risk individuals, and should be discussed as an option for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron Jamison
- Corneoplastic unit, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, England
| | - Raman Malhotra
- Corneoplastic unit, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, England
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2
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Nicotinamide and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 38:304-305. [DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000002133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Rotllan N, Camacho M, Tondo M, Diarte-Añazco EMG, Canyelles M, Méndez-Lara KA, Benitez S, Alonso N, Mauricio D, Escolà-Gil JC, Blanco-Vaca F, Julve J. Therapeutic Potential of Emerging NAD+-Increasing Strategies for Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1939. [PMID: 34943043 PMCID: PMC8750485 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Aging and/or metabolic stress directly impact the cardiovascular system. Over the last few years, the contributions of altered nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism to aging and other pathological conditions closely related to cardiovascular diseases have been intensively investigated. NAD+ bioavailability decreases with age and cardiometabolic conditions in several mammalian tissues. Compelling data suggest that declining tissue NAD+ is commonly related to mitochondrial dysfunction and might be considered as a therapeutic target. Thus, NAD+ replenishment by either genetic or natural dietary NAD+-increasing strategies has been recently demonstrated to be effective for improving the pathophysiology of cardiac and vascular health in different experimental models, as well as human health, to a lesser extent. Here, we review and discuss recent experimental evidence illustrating that increasing NAD+ bioavailability, particularly by the use of natural NAD+ precursors, may offer hope for new therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Rotllan
- Institut de Recerca i d’Investigació Biomèdica de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (N.R.); (M.C.); (E.M.G.D.-A.); (M.C.); (K.A.M.-L.); (S.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.A.); (D.M.)
| | - Mercedes Camacho
- Institut de Recerca i d’Investigació Biomèdica de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (N.R.); (M.C.); (E.M.G.D.-A.); (M.C.); (K.A.M.-L.); (S.B.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Tondo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.A.); (D.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena M. G. Diarte-Añazco
- Institut de Recerca i d’Investigació Biomèdica de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (N.R.); (M.C.); (E.M.G.D.-A.); (M.C.); (K.A.M.-L.); (S.B.)
| | - Marina Canyelles
- Institut de Recerca i d’Investigació Biomèdica de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (N.R.); (M.C.); (E.M.G.D.-A.); (M.C.); (K.A.M.-L.); (S.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.A.); (D.M.)
| | - Karen Alejandra Méndez-Lara
- Institut de Recerca i d’Investigació Biomèdica de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (N.R.); (M.C.); (E.M.G.D.-A.); (M.C.); (K.A.M.-L.); (S.B.)
| | - Sonia Benitez
- Institut de Recerca i d’Investigació Biomèdica de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (N.R.); (M.C.); (E.M.G.D.-A.); (M.C.); (K.A.M.-L.); (S.B.)
| | - Núria Alonso
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.A.); (D.M.)
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Didac Mauricio
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.A.); (D.M.)
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut de Recerca i d’Investigació Biomèdica de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (N.R.); (M.C.); (E.M.G.D.-A.); (M.C.); (K.A.M.-L.); (S.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.A.); (D.M.)
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.A.); (D.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Julve
- Institut de Recerca i d’Investigació Biomèdica de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (N.R.); (M.C.); (E.M.G.D.-A.); (M.C.); (K.A.M.-L.); (S.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.A.); (D.M.)
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4
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Méndez-Lara KA, Rodríguez-Millán E, Sebastián D, Blanco-Soto R, Camacho M, Nan MN, Diarte-Añazco EMG, Mato E, Lope-Piedrafita S, Roglans N, Laguna JC, Alonso N, Mauricio D, Zorzano A, Villarroya F, Villena JA, Blanco-Vaca F, Julve J. Nicotinamide Protects Against Diet-Induced Body Weight Gain, Increases Energy Expenditure, and Induces White Adipose Tissue Beiging. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100111. [PMID: 33870623 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Interventions that boost NAD+ availability are of potential therapeutic interest for obesity treatment. The potential of nicotinamide (NAM), the amide form of vitamin B3 and a physiological precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)+ , in preventing weight gain has not previously been studied in vivo. Other NAD+ precursors have been shown to decrease weight gain; however, their impact on adipose tissue is not addressed. METHODS AND RESULTS Two doses of NAM (high dose: 1% and low dose: 0.25%) are given by drinking water to C57BL/6J male mice, starting at the same time as the high-fat diet feeding. NAM supplementation protects against diet-induced obesity by augmenting global body energy expenditure in C57BL/6J male mice. The manipulation markedly alters adipose morphology and metabolism, particularly in inguinal (i) white adipose tissue (iWAT). An increased number of brown and beige adipocyte clusters, protein abundance of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), mitochondrial activity, adipose NAD+ , and phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (P-AMPK) levels are observed in the iWAT of treated mice. Notably, a significant improvement in hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and glucose tolerance is also observed in NAM high-dose treated mice. CONCLUSION NAM influences whole-body energy expenditure by driving changes in the adipose phenotype. Thus, NAM is an attractive potential treatment for preventing obesity and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Alejandra Méndez-Lara
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau i Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, 08041, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Rodríguez-Millán
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau i Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, 08041, Spain
| | - David Sebastián
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Madrid, 28028, Spain
| | - Rosi Blanco-Soto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, 28028, Spain
| | - Mercedes Camacho
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau i Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, 08041, Spain
| | - Madalina N Nan
- Servei de Bioquímica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, 08041, Spain
| | - Elena M G Diarte-Añazco
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau i Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, 08041, Spain
| | - Eugènia Mato
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, 28028, Spain
| | - Silvia Lope-Piedrafita
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, 28028, Spain
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Núria Roglans
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Laguna
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Núria Alonso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Madrid, 28028, Spain
- Servei d'Endocrinologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, 08916, Spain
| | - Dídac Mauricio
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Madrid, 28028, Spain
- Servei de Endocrinologia i Nutrició, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, 08041, Spain
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Madrid, 28028, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, CIBEROBN, Madrid, 28028, Spain
| | - Josep A Villena
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Madrid, 28028, Spain
- Laboratori de Metabolisme i Obesitat, Unitat de Diabetis i Metabolisme, Institut de Recerca del Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Madrid, 28028, Spain
- Servei de Bioquímica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, 08041, Spain
| | - Josep Julve
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau i Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, 08041, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Madrid, 28028, Spain
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Snaidr VA, Damian DL, Halliday GM. Nicotinamide for photoprotection and skin cancer chemoprevention: A review of efficacy and safety. Exp Dermatol 2020; 28 Suppl 1:15-22. [PMID: 30698874 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide is a water-soluble vitamin B3 derivative that has many roles in medicine. This review examines the role of nicotinamide in dermatology and its actions in preventing photoageing and skin cancers in humans. Nicotinamide prevents ultraviolet radiation (UV) from reducing ATP levels and inhibiting glycolysis, thus preventing the UV radiation-induced energy crisis. This enhances DNA repair and reduces UV-induced suppression of immunity. Randomised controlled clinical trials have also shown that nicotinamide reduces transepidermal water loss and the development of new non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk humans. This review also examines nicotinamide's safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Snaidr
- Discipline of Dermatology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Diona L Damian
- Discipline of Dermatology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gary M Halliday
- Discipline of Dermatology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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6
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Bairagi KM, Pal P, Bhandary S, Venugopala KN, Chopra D, Nayak SK. Crystal structure of a 1:1 cocrystal of nicotinamide with 2-chloro-5-nitro-benzoic acid. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2019; 75:1712-1718. [PMID: 31709095 PMCID: PMC6829734 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989019013859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In the title 1:1 cocrystal, C7H4ClNO4·C6H6N2O, nicotinamide (NIC) and 2-chloro-5-nitro-benzoic acid (CNBA) cocrystallize with one mol-ecule each of NIC and CNBA in the asymmetric unit. In this structure, CNBA and NIC form hydrogen bonds through O-H⋯N, N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O inter-actions along with N-H⋯O dimer hydrogen bonds of NIC. Further additional weak π-π inter-actions stabilize the mol-ecular assembly of this cocrystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshab M. Bairagi
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440 010, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priyanka Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440 010, Maharashtra, India
| | - Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Susanta K. Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440 010, Maharashtra, India
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7
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Komatsu M, Kanda T, Urai H, Kurokochi A, Kitahama R, Shigaki S, Ono T, Yukioka H, Hasegawa K, Tokuyama H, Kawabe H, Wakino S, Itoh H. NNMT activation can contribute to the development of fatty liver disease by modulating the NAD + metabolism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8637. [PMID: 29872122 PMCID: PMC5988709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyses the reaction between nicotinamide (NAM) and S-adenosylmethionine to produce 1-methylnicotinamide and S-adenosylhomocysteine. Recently, this enzyme has also been reported to modulate hepatic nutrient metabolism, but its role in the liver has not been fully elucidated. We developed transgenic mice overexpressing NNMT to elucidate its role in hepatic nutrient metabolism. When fed a high fat diet containing NAM, a precursor for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)+, these NNMT-overexpressing mice exhibit fatty liver deterioration following increased expression of the genes mediating fatty acid uptake and decreased very low-density lipoprotein secretion. NNMT overactivation decreased the NAD+ content in the liver and also decreased gene activity related to fatty acid oxidation by inhibiting NAD+-dependent deacetylase Sirt3 function. Moreover, the transgenic mice showed liver fibrosis, with the induction of inflammatory and fibrosis genes. Induced NNMT expression decreased the tissue methylation capacity, thereby reducing methylation of the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) gene promoter, resulting in increased CTGF expression. These data indicate that NNMT links the NAD+ and methionine metabolic pathways and promotes liver steatosis and fibrosis. Therefore, targeting NNMT may serve as a therapeutic strategy for treating fatty liver and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoaki Komatsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanda
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Urai
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arata Kurokochi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rina Kitahama
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kazuhiro Hasegawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Tokuyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shu Wakino
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Rolfe HM. A review of nicotinamide: treatment of skin diseases and potential side effects. J Cosmet Dermatol 2015; 13:324-8. [PMID: 25399625 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide, is the amide form of vitamin B3. It is a precursor of essential coenzymes for numerous reactions in the body including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin, is converted into nicotinamide in the body. The use of topical nicotinamide in the treatment of acne vulgaris; melasma; atopic dermatitis; rosacea; and oral nicotinamide in preventing nonmelanoma skin cancer is discussed. The possible side effects and consequences of excessive nicotinamide exposure are reviewed, including suggestions nicotinamide might have a role in the development of diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Rolfe
- Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Qld, Australia
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9
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Lessons from type 1 diabetes for understanding natural history and prevention of autoimmune disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2014; 40:797-811. [PMID: 25437293 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disorder resulting from immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells within the pancreatic islets. Prediction of T1D is now possible, as having 2 or more islet autoantibodies confers a 100% risk of diabetes development. With the ability to predict disease development, clinical trials to prevent diabetes onset have been completed and are currently under way. This review focuses on the natural history, prediction, and prevention trials in T1D. We review the lessons learned from these attempts at preventing a chronic autoimmune disease and apply the paradigm from T1D prevention to other autoimmune disorders.
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10
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Skyler JS. Primary and secondary prevention of Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2013; 30:161-9. [PMID: 23231526 PMCID: PMC3580116 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Since type 1 diabetes is an immunologically mediated disease, immune intervention should alter the natural history of the disease. This article reviews prevention studies undertaken either prior to any evidence of autoimmunity (primary prevention) or after the development of islet autoantibodies (secondary prevention). Most immune intervention studies have been conducted in recent-onset type 1 diabetes (tertiary prevention), and these are not reviewed herein. The goal of primary and secondary intervention is to arrest the immune process and thus prevent or delay clinical disease. Primary prevention studies have been conducted in infants with high genetic risk. Interventions tested include several dietary manipulations, including infant formulas free of either cow's milk or of bovine insulin, infant formula supplemented with the omega-3-fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid, delayed introduction of gluten-containing foods, and vitamin D supplementation. Secondary prevention studies have been conducted in both children and adults with diabetes autoantibodies. Interventions tested include nicotinamide, insulin injections, oral insulin, nasal insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and cyclosporine. Underway are secondary prevention studies with teplizumab and with abatacept.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Skyler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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11
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Welsby I, Hutin D, Leo O. Complex roles of members of the ADP-ribosyl transferase super family in immune defences: looking beyond PARP1. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:11-20. [PMID: 22402301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ADP ribosylation has been recently recognised as an important posttranslational modification regulating numerous cellular processes. This enzymatic activity is shared by two major families of enzymes, the extracellular ADP-ribosyl-transferases, or ecto-ARTS and the poly-ADP-ribosyltranferases, whose denomination derives from the capacity of its founding member, PARP1, to synthesise large linear or branched polymers of ADP-ribose on target proteins. This latter post-translational modification has recently attracted much interest based on its role in the cellular response to genotoxic and oxidative stress. Accordingly, a series of PARP-specific pharmacological inhibitors have demonstrated cell survival and anti-inflammatory properties in vivo, promoting a renewed interest in the potential immunoregulatory role of this gene family. More recently, the role of ADP-ribosylation in regulating several aspects of intracellular signalling and gene transcription has been uncovered, in particular within cells of the immune system, revealing the potential immunomodulatory role of several members of this family in addition to PARP1. We review herein the experimental evidence illustrating the complex role played by this gene family in regulating multiple aspects of the immune response, including cell survival, cytokine gene transcription and antiviral innate defences. In particular, the unexpected potential anti-inflammatory role of members of this family (including in particular PARP5a, 5b and PARP14) will be briefly discussed, raising some concern on the use of pan-specific PARP inhibitors to treat chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Welsby
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
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Comparative study of the binding characteristics to and inhibitory potencies towards PARP and in vivo antidiabetogenic potencies of taurine, 3-aminobenzamide and nicotinamide. J Biomed Sci 2010; 17 Suppl 1:S16. [PMID: 20804590 PMCID: PMC2994389 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-17-s1-s16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly(ADP-ribose) is a NAD+-requiring, DNA-repairing, enzyme playing a central role in pancreatic beta-cell death and in the development of endothelial dysfunction in humans and experimental animals. PARP activation is also relevant to the development of complications of diabetes. Hence, agents capable of inhibiting PARP may be useful in preventing the development of diabetes and in slowing down complications of diabetes. METHODS PARP inhibition was assessed with a colorimetric assay kit. Molecular docking studies on the active site of PARP were conducted using the crystalline structure of the enzyme available as Protein Data Bank Identification No. 1UK1. Type 2 diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats with streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg, i.p.). The test compounds (3-aminobenzamide = 3-AB, nicotinamide = NIC, taurine = TAU) were given by the i.p. route 45 min before STZ at 2.4 mM/kg (all three compounds) or 1.2 and 3.6 mM/kg (only NIC and TAU). Blood samples were collected at 24 hr after STZ and processed for their plasma. The plasma samples were used to measure glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and glutathione levels using reported methods. RESULTS 3-AB, NIC and TAU were able to inhibit PARP, with the inhibitory potency order being 3-AB>NIC> or =TAU. Molecular docking studies at the active site of PARP showed 3-AB and NIC to interact with the binding site for the nicotinamide moiety of NAD+ and TAU to interact with the binding site for the adenine moiety of NAD+. While STZ-induced diabetes elevated all the experimental parameters examined and lowered the insulin output, a pretreatment with 3-AB, NIC or TAU reversed these trends to a significant extent. At a dose of 2.4 mm/kg, the protective effect decreased in the approximate order 3-AB>NIC> or =TAU. The attenuating actions of both NIC and TAU were dose-related except for the plasma lipids since NIC was without a significant effect at all doses tested. CONCLUSIONS At equal molar doses, 3-AB was generally more potent than either TAU or NIC as an antidiabetogenic agent, but the differences were not as dramatic as would have been predicted from their differences in PARP inhibitory potencies. NIC and TAU demonstrated dose-related effects, which in the case of TAU were only evident at doses > or =2.4 mM/kg. The present results also suggest that in the case of NIC and TAU an increase in dose will enhance the magnitude of their attenuating actions on diabetes-related biochemical alterations to that achieved with a stronger PARP inhibitor such as 3-AB. Hence, dosing will play a critical role in clinical studies assessing the merits of NIC and TAU as diabetes-preventing agents.
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13
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Raskin P, Mohan A. Emerging treatments for the prevention of type 1 diabetes. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2010; 15:225-36. [DOI: 10.1517/14728211003694631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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Shapiro S, Rapaport R. The role of complementary and alternative therapies in pediatric diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2009; 38:791-810. [PMID: 19944293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), also referred to as holistic, or integrative, medicine, are terms that describe a heterogeneous collection of nontraditional therapies, from chemical substances, to biofeedback, to prayer. This review focuses on CAM in pediatric patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. CAM prevalence in this population and the specific modalities that have been studied in children are described. Randomized, placebo-controlled, prospective studies in young adults are evaluated for their applicability to pediatric patients. CAM's "complementary" role is emphasized, as there is evidence of significant morbidity when CAM replaces standard-of-care therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Shapiro
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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15
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Borba A, Albrecht M, Gómez-Zavaglia A, Lapinski L, Nowak MJ, Suhm MA, Fausto R. Dimer formation in nicotinamide and picolinamide in the gas and condensed phases probed by infrared spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:7010-21. [PMID: 19030597 DOI: 10.1039/b810002k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of nicotinamide (3-pyridine-carboxamide; NA) and picolinamide (2-pyridine-carboxamide; PA) has been investigated by matrix-isolation, supersonic jet and neat solid state infrared spectroscopy, complemented by DFT(B3LYP)/6-311++G(d,p) calculations. For both compounds, the most stable dimeric structure was shown to be the centrosymmetric dimer where two monomers in their most stable forms establish two NHO[double bond, length as m-dash]C hydrogen bonds. The most stable structures of monomers of NA and PA were characterized in detail experimentally by matrix-isolation spectroscopy and theoretically (at both the DFT(B3LYP)/6-311++G(d,p) and MP2/6-311++G(d,p) levels). For nicotinamide, two conformers were found in the matrices, with ca. 80% of the total population adopting the E form. The monomers and dimers of PA and NA were also investigated by infrared spectroscopy of the studied compounds seeded in supersonic jet expansions. These studies revealed that the constraints on the vibrational dynamics in the PA dimer are different from those in the NA dimer. In the PA dimer, the vibrational energy flow out of the N-H stretching mode was shown to be accelerated substantially by the presence of a secondary intramolecular hydrogen bond. In the glassy state of both compounds, the centrosymmetric dimer seems to be the prevalent structure. In the neat crystalline state (KBr pellet), picolinamide keeps this type of dimeric structure as the constituting unit, whereas nicotinamide molecules assume a different arrangement where one of the NHO[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds is replaced by an NH...N(ring) bond. The different crystallograpic structures which were formed by the compounds are reflected in the vibrational spectra of the solids. These observations are correlated with the molecular properties of NA and PA, in particular with the greater conformational mobility of NA compared with PA. This is ascribable to the absence in the NA molecule of the intramolecular NH...N((ring)) interaction, which exists in PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Borba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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16
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Revollo JR, Grimm AA, Imai SI. The regulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis by Nampt/PBEF/visfatin in mammals. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2007; 23:164-70. [PMID: 17268245 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0b013e32801b3c8f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a classic coenzyme in cellular redox reactions. Recently, NAD biochemistry has also been implicated in a broader range of biological functions in mammals, but the regulation of NAD biosynthesis has been poorly investigated. Recent progress in the field of NAD biochemistry has fueled new interest in the NAD biosynthetic pathways from its precursors and their physiological roles in metabolism. This review summarizes the latest knowledge on the NAD biosynthetic pathways and focuses on one of the key NAD biosynthetic enzymes, namely, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase. RECENT FINDINGS Mammals predominantly use nicotinamide rather than nicotinic acid as a precursor for NAD biosynthesis. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) is the rate-limiting enzyme that converts nicotinamide to nicotinamide mononucleotide in the NAD biosynthetic pathway from nicotinamide in mammals. The same protein has also been identified as a cytokine (pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor or PBEF) or an insulin-mimetic hormone (visfatin). SUMMARY We propose that the presumed multiple effects of Nampt/PBEF/visfatin may be entirely explained by its role as an intra and extracellular NAD biosynthetic enzyme. We also propose a new model of Namp/PBEF/visfatin-mediated systemic NAD biosynthesis and its possible physiological significance. Our model provides an important insight into developing preventive/therapeutic interventions for metabolic complications, such as obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier R Revollo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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17
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Mordes JP, Bortell R, Blankenhorn EP, Rossini AA, Greiner DL. Rat models of type 1 diabetes: genetics, environment, and autoimmunity. ILAR J 2005; 45:278-91. [PMID: 15229375 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.45.3.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, the vast amount of data gathered from analysis of nonobese diabetic (NOD) and congenic NOD mice has eclipsed interest in the rat for the study of type 1 diabetes. The study of rat models has continued, however, and recently there has been a reanimation of interest for several reasons. First, genetic analysis of the rat has accelerated. Ian4L1, cblb, and Iddm4 are now known to play major roles in rat autoimmunity. Second, rats are amenable to study the interactions of genetics and environment that may be critical for disease expression in humans. Environmental perturbants that predictably enhance the expression of rat autoimmune diabetes include viral infection, toll-like receptor ligation, and depletion of regulatory T cell populations. Finally, data generated in the rat have correctly predicted the outcome of several human diabetes prevention trials, notably the failure of nicotinamide and low dose parenteral and oral insulin therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Mordes
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Abstract
Animal models have been used extensively in diabetes research. Early studies used pancreatectomised dogs to confirm the central role of the pancreas in glucose homeostasis, culminating in the discovery and purification of insulin. Today, animal experimentation is contentious and subject to legal and ethical restrictions that vary throughout the world. Most experiments are carried out on rodents, although some studies are still performed on larger animals. Several toxins, including streptozotocin and alloxan, induce hyperglycaemia in rats and mice. Selective inbreeding has produced several strains of animal that are considered reasonable models of Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes and related phenotypes such as obesity and insulin resistance. Apart from their use in studying the pathogenesis of the disease and its complications, all new treatments for diabetes, including islet cell transplantation and preventative strategies, are initially investigated in animals. In recent years, molecular biological techniques have produced a large number of new animal models for the study of diabetes, including knock-in, generalized knock-out and tissue-specific knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Rees
- Department of Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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19
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Zhang J. PARP inhibition: a novel approach to treat ischaemia/reperfusion and inflammation-related injuries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.4.1.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Fredstrom
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Mayo Mail Code 36, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Rösen P, Nawroth PP, King G, Möller W, Tritschler HJ, Packer L. The role of oxidative stress in the onset and progression of diabetes and its complications: a summary of a Congress Series sponsored by UNESCO-MCBN, the American Diabetes Association and the German Diabetes Society. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2001; 17:189-212. [PMID: 11424232 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 627] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises the results and discussions of an UNESCO-MCBN supported symposium on oxidative stress and its role in the onset and progression of diabetes. There is convincing experimental and clinical evidence that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROI) is increased in both types of diabetes and that the onset of diabetes is closely associated with oxidative stress. Nevertheless there is controversy about which markers of oxidative stress are most reliable and suitable for clinical practice. There are various mechanisms that contribute to the formation of ROI. It is generally accepted that vascular cells and especially the endothelium become one major source of ROI. An important role of oxidative stress for the development of vascular and neurological complications is suggested by experimental and clinical studies. The precise mechanisms by which oxidative stress may accelerate the development of complications in diabetes are only partly known. There is however evidence for a role of protein kinase C, advanced glycation end products (AGE) and activation of transcription factors such as NF kappa B, but the exact signalling pathways and the interactions with ROI remain a matter of discussion. Additionally, results of very recent studies suggest a role for ROI in the development of insulin resistance. ROI interfere with insulin signalling at various levels and are able to inhibit the translocation of GLUT4 in the plasma membrane. Evidence for a protective effect of antioxidants has been presented in experimental studies, but conclusive evidence from patient studies is missing. Large-scale clinical trials such as the DCCT Study or the UKPDS Study are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of antioxidants in diabetic patients and their potential to reduce the medical and socio-economic burden of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rösen
- Deutsches Diabetesforschungsinstitut, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Ruddock MW, Burns DM, Murphy LE, O'Rourke MG, Hirst DG. The effect of nicotinamide on spontaneous and induced activity in smooth and skeletal muscle. Radiother Oncol 2000; 56:253-7. [PMID: 10927146 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(00)00194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Nicotinamide (NA) is currently undergoing clinical trials as a tumour radiosensitizer. The dose that can be administered is currently 80 mg/kg per day, but this may be restricted to 60 mg/kg per day by the high incidence of nausea and vomiting. To investigate some of NA's underlying mechanisms of action, we have used an ex vivo system to study the direct effect of this drug, over a wide range of concentrations, on isolated spontaneously active rat ileum. Effects on the gut were compared with the action of NA on skeletal and vascular smooth muscle. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolated rat ileum rings were perfused with oxygenated Krebs' solution in an organ bath. NA (1 microM to 10 mM) was introduced to the perfusate and the change in amplitude of spontaneous peristaltic activity recorded. Dissected frog sartorius muscle was bathed in modified oxygenated Ringer's solution in an organ bath. The muscle was electrically stimulated to generate isometric contractions. Tension was then measured before and after the addition of a range of NA concentrations (8.2-24.6 mM) to the organ bath. RESULTS NA inhibited peristalsis in the ileum in a dose-dependent manner. At a drug concentration of 1 mM the amplitude of contractions was reduced to <50% of the initial control value. NA had no effect on the electrically induced contractions in the isolated frog sartorius muscle. CONCLUSIONS Gut smooth muscle is highly sensitive to the relaxant effect of NA producing 50% relaxation at a concentration approximately 10 fold lower than that required in rat arterial smooth muscle, while having no effect on non-mammalian skeletal smooth muscle. This may provide explanations for the occurrence of emesis in patients undergoing combined nicotinamide therapies and highlight possible alternatives available to counter this unwanted side-effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Ruddock
- Radiation Science Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, BT37 0QB, UK
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Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a nuclear enzyme, activated by DNA strand breaks to participate in DNA repair. Overactivation of PARP by cellular insults depletes its substrate NAD(+) and then ATP, leading to a major energy deficit and cell death. This mechanism appears to be prominent in vascular stroke and other neurodegenerative processes in which PARP gene deletion and PARP-inhibiting drugs provide major protection. Cell death associated with PARP-1 overactivation appears to be predominantly necrotic while apoptosis is associated with PARP-1 cleavage, which may conserve energy needed for the apoptotic process. Novel forms of PARP derived from distinct genes and lacking classic DNA-binding domains may have nonnuclear functions, perhaps linked to cellular energy dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Ha
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
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McCarty MF, Russell AL. Niacinamide therapy for osteoarthritis--does it inhibit nitric oxide synthase induction by interleukin 1 in chondrocytes? Med Hypotheses 1999; 53:350-60. [PMID: 10608273 DOI: 10.1054/mehy.1998.0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fifty years ago, Kaufman reported that high-dose niacinamide was beneficial in osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis. A recent double-blind study confirms the efficacy of niacinamide in OA. It may be feasible to interpret this finding in the context of evidence that synovium-generated interleukin-1 (IL-1), by inducing nitric oxide (NO) synthase and thereby inhibiting chondrocyte synthesis of aggrecan and type II collagen, is crucial to the pathogenesis of OA. Niacinamide and other inhibitors of ADP-ribosylation have been shown to suppress cytokine-mediated induction of NO synthase in a number of types of cells; it is therefore reasonable to speculate that niacinamide will have a comparable effect in IL-1-exposed chondrocytes, blunting the anti-anabolic impact of IL-1. The chondroprotective antibiotic doxycycline may have a similar mechanism of action. Other nutrients reported to be useful in OA may likewise intervene in the activity or synthesis of IL-1. Supplemental glucosamine can be expected to stimulate synovial synthesis of hyaluronic acid; hyaluronic acid suppresses the anti-catabolic effect of IL-1 in chondrocyte cell cultures, and has documented therapeutic efficacy when injected intra-articularly. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), another proven therapy for OA, upregulates the proteoglycan synthesis of chondrocytes, perhaps because it functions physiologically as a signal of sulfur availability. IL-1 is likely to decrease SAM levels in chondrocytes; supplemental SAM may compensate for this deficit. Adequate selenium nutrition may down-regulate cytokine signaling, and ample intakes of fish oil can be expected to decrease synovial IL-1 production; these nutrients should receive further evaluation in OA. These considerations suggest that non-toxic nutritional regimens, by intervening at multiple points in the signal transduction pathways that promote the synthesis and mediate the activity of IL-1, may provide a substantially superior alternative to NSAIDs (merely palliative and often dangerously toxic) in the treatment and perhaps prevention of OA.
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Parrado J, Bougria M, Ayala A, Machado A. Induced mono-(ADP)-ribosylation of rat liver cytosolic proteins by lipid peroxidant agents. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 26:1079-84. [PMID: 10381176 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the effect of free radical generating agents on the mono-(ADP)-ribosylation of rat liver cytosolic proteins. Our results show that this post-translational modification, whose physiological significance is still unclear, is activated by lipid peroxidant agents via activation of cytoplasmatic mono-(ADP)-ribosyltransferases. The implication of free radicals in this process is demonstrated by the fact that mono-(ADP)-ribosylation can be prevented by melatonin, N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone and dithiothreitol. On the basis of our results, we discuss the modification of proteins caused by free radicals as a possible mechanism by which they damage the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Parrado
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Bromatologia y Toxicologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
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26
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Pieper AA, Brat DJ, Krug DK, Watkins CC, Gupta A, Blackshaw S, Verma A, Wang ZQ, Snyder SH. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-deficient mice are protected from streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:3059-64. [PMID: 10077636 PMCID: PMC15894 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.6.3059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ) selectively destroys insulin-producing beta islet cells of the pancreas providing a model of type I diabetes. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a nuclear enzyme whose overactivation by DNA strand breaks depletes its substrate NAD+ and then ATP, leading to cellular death from energy depletion. We demonstrate DNA damage and a major activation of PARP in pancreatic islets of STZ-treated mice. These mice display a 500% increase in blood glucose and major pancreatic islet damage. In mice with homozygous targeted deletion of PARP (PARP -/-), blood glucose and pancreatic islet structure are normal, indicating virtually total protection from STZ diabetes. Partial protection occurs in PARP +/- animals. Thus, PARP activation may participate in the pathophysiology of type I diabetes, for which PARP inhibitors might afford therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Pieper
- Departments of Neuroscience, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, and Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Szabó C. DNA strand breakage and activation of poly-ADP ribosyltransferase: a cytotoxic pathway triggered by peroxynitrite. Free Radic Biol Med 1996; 21:855-69. [PMID: 8902531 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(96)00170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite is a reactive oxidant produced from nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide. Although its reactivity and decomposition are very much dependent on the constituents of the cellular environment, peroxynitrite is considered a potent oxidant that reacts with proteins, lipids, and DNA. Inasmuch as peroxynitrite is formed in many pathophysiological conditions that are associated with NO and/or superoxide overproduction, the investigation of the cytotoxic pathways triggered by peroxynitrite is of major importance. Here we review the evidence that peroxynitrite is a potent initiator of DNA strand breakage, which is an obligatory stimulus for the activation of the nuclear enzyme poly ADP ribosyl synthetase (PARS). We present an overview of experimental data that demonstrate or suggest that the peroxynitrite-PARS pathway, by leading to cell necrosis or apoptosis, contributes to cellular injury in a number of pathophysiological conditions including shock and inflammation, pancreatic islet cell destruction, and diabetes, stroke, and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as the toxic effects of various environmental oxidants or cytotoxic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Szabó
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Critical Care, Cineinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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Abstract
Despite current treatment advances, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDD) is still associated with high morbidity and mortality, and with a huge financial burden both to the individual and society. Enhanced understanding of the natural history of the prediabetic period has made the disease predictable in both higher risk nondiabetic relatives and in the general population. Investigators around the world are now collaborating on three separate multicenter, randomized, controlled trials aimed at preventing the disease in at-risk individuals, engendering cautious optimism that the days are not too far away when IDD can safely be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Muir
- The Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Abstract
Individuals at high risk of developing insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus can now be identified by immunologic testing. This ability to predict future cases of IDDM raises the possibility of intervention to prevent the disease. An intervention study in New Zealand using nicotinamide treatment showed a 50% reduction in the development of IDDM in a 5-year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Behme
- University Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada
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