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Ren Q, Huang X. The first report of a C-type lectin contains a CLIP domain involved in antibacterial defense in Macrobrachium nipponense. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133705. [PMID: 38972646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
We identified a novel C-type lectin (CTL) from Macrobrachium nipponense, designated as Mn-clip-Lec. It consists of 1315 bp with an open reading frame of 1098 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 365 amino acids. Mn-clip-Lec contains 6 exons and 5 introns. Mn-clip-Lec possessed a CLIP domain at the N-terminal and two carbohydrate recognition domains at the C-terminal. Interaction between Mn-clip-Lec and MnLec was found by Yeast two-hybrid analysis. The expressions of Mn-clip-Lec, MnLec, prophenoloxidase (proPO)-activating system-associated genes (MnPPAF, MnPPAE, and MnPO), and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) (MnALF and MnCRU) were up-regulated after the challenge with Staphylococcus aureus. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated suppression of the Mn-clip-Lec and MnLec genes in S. aureus-challenged prawns reduced the transcripts of MnPPAF, MnPPAE, MnPO, MnALF and MnCRU. Knockdown of Mn-clip-Lec and MnLec resulted in decrease in PO activity in M. nipponense infected with S. aureus. The recombinant Mn-clip-Lec (rMn-clip-Lec) protein bound all tested bacteria and agglutinated S. aureus. A sugar-binding assay revealed that rMn-clip-Lec could bind to LPS or PGN. rMn-clip-Lec accelerated the clearance of S. aureus in vivo. Our findings suggest that Mn-clip-Lec and its interacting MnLec play important roles in the induction of the proPO system and AMPs expression in M. nipponense during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ren
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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Nivetha R, Marieshwari BN, Dev APM, Meenakumari M, Muralisankar T, Janarthanan S. Evaluation of haemolymph phenoloxidase activity from the grub of Zophobas morio as a predictor of immune response. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:495-507. [PMID: 37460758 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In insects, enzyme phenoloxidase plays a critical role in cuticular sclerotisation and defensive functions. In the present investigation, haemolymph phenoloxidase activity from the grub of Zophobas morio was attempted to evaluate as a reliable predictor of insect's immunological response. Among the various substrates tested, L-DOPA was chosen as an appropriate substrate due to its high oxidation. The optimum pH and temperature for haemolymph PO activity was found to be 8 and 30 °C, respectively. The optimum substrate concentration of L-DOPA was found to be 7.5 mM for subsequent PO enzymatic characterisation. Among the various chemical inhibitors and copper chelators, PO activity was significantly reduced in the case of PMSF and thiourea. Preincubation of haemolymph with non-self-molecules showed enhancement of PO activity in the case of LPS from Serratia marcescens. In addition, exogenous proteases like α-chymotrypsin enhanced the PO activity of haemolymph and an increase in PO activity was demonstrated when haemolymph was preincubated with the anionic detergent, SDS and cationic detergent, cetyl pyridium chloride. Alteration of PO activity was observed under agonising conditions of starvation, ligation and microplastics injection at different time intervals. Interestingly, there were no correlation between PO and insect defence under live challenge of microbes. SDS protein profile revealed a significant increase in the 85 kDa and 55 kDa polypeptides in all the experiments over control after 24 h, 48 h and 96 h. Mass spectrophotometric analysis of the polypeptides revealed their homology to antimicrobial peptides for 55 kDa protein and 85 kDa protein. A significant increase in 85 kDa polypeptide was observed in the haemolymph of the grubs after 72 h in the case of starved and microplastics injected groups only. These results demonstrated that PO may not be a reliable benchmark of immunological response in this insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan Nivetha
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India
| | | | | | - Mani Meenakumari
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India
| | | | - Sundaram Janarthanan
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India.
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Boisseaux P, Hopkinson P, Santillo D, Smith C, Garmulewicz A, Powell Z, Galloway T. Environmental safety of second and third generation bioplastics in the context of the circular economy. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114835. [PMID: 37003058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Bioplastics derived from organic materials other than crude oil are often suggested as sustainable solutions for tackling end-of-life plastic waste, but little is known of their ecotoxicity to aquatic species. Here, we investigated the ecotoxicity of second and third generation bioplastics toward the freshwater zooplankton Daphnia magna. In acute toxicity tests (48 h), survival was impacted at high concentrations (g.L-1 range), within the range of salinity-induced toxicity. Macroalgae-derived bioplastic induced hormetic responses under chronic exposure (21 d). Most biological traits were enhanced from 0.06 to 0.25 g.L-1 (reproduction rate, body length, width, apical spine, protein concentration), while most of these traits returned to controls level at 0.5 g.L-1. Phenol-oxidase activity, indicative of immune function, was enhanced only at the lowest concentration (0.06 g.L-1). We hypothesise these suggested health benefits were due to assimilation of carbon derived from the macroalgae-based bioplastic as food. Polymer identity was confirmed by infra-red spectroscopy. Chemical analysis of each bioplastic revealed low metal abundance whilst non target exploration of organic compounds revealed trace amounts of phthalates and flame retardants. The macroalgae-bioplastic disintegrated completely in compost and biodegraded up to 86 % in aqueous medium. All bioplastics acidified the test medium. In conclusion, the tested bioplastics were classified as environmentally safe. Nonetheless, a reasonable end-of-life management of these safer-by-design materials is advised to ensure the absence of harmful effects at high concentrations, depending on the receiving environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Boisseaux
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD Exeter, UK.
| | - Peter Hopkinson
- Exeter Business School, Building One, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD Exeter, UK
| | - David Santillo
- Greenpeace laboratory, Innovation Centre, University of Exeter, EX4 4RN Exeter, UK
| | | | - Alysia Garmulewicz
- Materiom C.I.C, E8 4QS London, UK; Faculty of Administration and Economics, Department of Administration, University of Santiago of Chile, 9170022 Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Tamara Galloway
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD Exeter, UK
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Kemal R, Fauzi IA, Nuryati S, Wardani WW, Suprayudi MA. Evaluation of Selenoprotein Supplementation on Digestibility, Growth, and Health Performance of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:2008517. [PMID: 36860982 PMCID: PMC9973150 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2008517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Selenoprotein is a feed additive that can overcome oxidative stress in intensive Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture. This study evaluated the effects of selenoprotein supplementation at various doses on Pacific white shrimp's digestibility, growth, and health performance. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design consisting of four feed treatments, namely, control and treatments with selenoprotein supplementation of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 g kg feed-1 with four replications. Shrimps (1.5 g) were reared for 70 days and challenged for 14 days by the bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus (107 CFU mL-1). Shrimps used in the digestibility performance evaluation (6.1 g) were reared until sufficient quantities of feces were collected for analysis. Shrimp supplemented with selenoprotein exhibited superior digestibility, growth, and health performance compared to the control (P < 0.05). The use of selenoprotein at a dose of 7.5 g kg of feed-1 (2.72 mg Se kg of feed-1) was considered the most effective for increasing productivity and preventing disease attacks in intensive shrimp culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafi Kemal
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Ichsan Achmad Fauzi
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Sri Nuryati
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Wira Wisnu Wardani
- PT Aquacell Indo Pasifik, Jl. Pedurenan 5, Gunung Sindur, Bogor 16340, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Agus Suprayudi
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
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Kuo HW, Cheng W. Dietary administration of tyramine upregulates on immune resistance, carbohydrate metabolism, and biogenic amines in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:104236. [PMID: 34428527 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Survival rates of prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, against Lactococcus garvieae, immune parameters, carbohydrate metabolism and biogenic amines were determined when the prawn were fed diets containing tyramine (TA) at the levels of 1 and 10 mg kg-1. Results showed that prawn fed diets containing TA for 3 days, challenged with L. garvieae, and then continuously fed individually tested diets had a significantly higher survival rate than those fed the control diet at 168 h after the challenge, in a dose-dependent manner. Results included significant increases in total haemocyte count (THC), granular cells (GCs), semigranular cells (SGCs), phenoloxidase (PO) activity, respiratory bursts (RBs), RBs per haemocyte, phagocytic activity, and clearance efficiency to L. garvieae. Significantly lower plasma glucose and lactate were observed in prawn fed with TA-containing diets for 3 days, a result consistent with increases in the survival rate of the challenge test and the haemolymph octopamine (OA) level. Haemolymph dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), TA, and OA levels of prawn that were fed TA-supplemented diets increased significantly after 1 day, and OA level increased continuously until the third day with a dose-effect relationship. It is therefore concluded that TA can be absorbed from a TA-containing diet to elevate haemolymph TA level, inducing the release of DA, NE, and OA to maintain homeostasis. The higher, more extensive OA expression promoted carbohydrate metabolism and immune resistance in M. rosenbergii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Wei Kuo
- General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, ROC, Taiwan
| | - Winton Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, ROC, Taiwan.
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Yang H, Ji T, Xiong H, Zhang Y, Wei W. A trypsin-like serine protease domain of masquerade gene in crayfish Procambarus clarkii could activate prophenoloxidase and inhibit bacterial growth. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 117:103980. [PMID: 33340591 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Masquerade (Mas) is a secreted trypsin-like serine protease (SPs) and involved in immune response in some arthropods. However, according to previous studies, Mas presents different functional activities. In the present study, the functional mechanisms of Mas in crayfish Procambarus clarkii immune defense were studied. A fragment cDNA sequence of PcMas was identified and characterized. From the structural analysis, it contains a trypsin-like serine protease domain. The highest expression level of PcMas was detected in hepatopancreas. The infection of A. hydrophila could induce the expression of PcMas, while the WSSV infection did not cause changes in the expression of PcMas. Through the prokaryotic expression system, the PcMas protein was expressed in E. coli. It was verified that PcMas can bind to bacteria in vitro and inhibit the growth of the bacteria. By dsRNA interference with the expression of PcMas, the decrease expression of PcMas led to a decrease in the activity of phenoloxidase in hemolymph and an increase of mortality caused by A. hydrophila infection. The injection of recombinant protein can enhance the activity of phenoloxidase and reduce mortality caused by A. hydrophila infections. Therefore, the present study confirmed that PcMas could improve the body's immune response to eliminate bacterial pathogens by binding with bacteria and activating the prophenoloxidase system. The results will enrich the molecular mechanisms of crustaceans immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Tongwei Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Haoran Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wenzhi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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Bowden TJ, Kraev I, Lange S. Extracellular vesicles and post-translational protein deimination signatures in haemolymph of the American lobster (Homarus americanus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:79-102. [PMID: 32731012 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The American lobster (Homarus americanus) is a commercially important crustacean with an unusual long life span up to 100 years and a comparative animal model of longevity. Therefore, research into its immune system and physiology is of considerable importance both for industry and comparative immunology studies. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a phylogenetically conserved enzyme family that catalyses post-translational protein deimination via the conversion of arginine to citrulline. This can lead to structural and functional protein changes, sometimes contributing to protein moonlighting, in health and disease. PADs also regulate the cellular release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which is an important part of cellular communication, both in normal physiology and in immune responses. Hitherto, studies on EVs in Crustacea are limited and neither PADs nor associated protein deimination have been studied in a Crustacean species. The current study assessed EV and deimination signatures in haemolymph of the American lobster. Lobster EVs were found to be a poly-dispersed population in the 10-500 nm size range, with the majority of smaller EVs, which fell within 22-115 nm. In lobster haemolymph, 9 key immune and metabolic proteins were identified to be post-translationally deiminated, while further 41 deiminated protein hits were identified when searching against a Crustacean database. KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) and GO (gene ontology) enrichment analysis of these deiminated proteins revealed KEGG and GO pathways relating to a number of immune, including anti-pathogenic (viral, bacterial, fungal) and host-pathogen interactions, as well as metabolic pathways, regulation of vesicle and exosome release, mitochondrial function, ATP generation, gene regulation, telomerase homeostasis and developmental processes. The characterisation of EVs, and post-translational deimination signatures, reported in lobster in the current study, and the first time in Crustacea, provides insights into protein moonlighting functions of both species-specific and phylogenetically conserved proteins and EV-mediated communication in this long-lived crustacean. The current study furthermore lays foundation for novel biomarker discovery for lobster aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Bowden
- Aquaculture Research Institute, School of Food & Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
| | - Igor Kraev
- Electron Microscopy Suite, Faculty of Science,Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
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Chang CC, Kuo HW, Liu CC, Cheng W. The temporary modulation of tyramine on immune responses, carbohydrate metabolism, and catecholamines in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:1-9. [PMID: 31904540 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tyramine (TA), a biogenic monoamine, plays various important physiological roles including immunological regulation in invertebrates. In this study, the effects of TA on the regulation of immune resistance, carbohydrate metabolism and biogenic monoamine, as well as its signaling pathway in Macrobrachium rosenbergii were determined. Results showed that total haemocyte count, hyaline cells, semigranular cells, and phenoloxidase activity per 50 μL of haemolymph and per granulocyte (the sum of semigranular and granular cells) at 0.5 h as well as phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency to Lactococcus garvieae at 1 h of prawn injected with TA at 1 nmol prawn-1 significantly increased, but the significantly decreased plasma lysozyme activity, phagocytic activity, clearance efficiency, and haemolymph glucose and dopamine were observed in prawn injected with TA at 10 nmol prawn-1 for 0.5 h. Respiratory bursts and haemolymph lactate in two TA-injection treatments at 0.5 h and 0.5-1 h, respectively, were significantly higher than those of the saline control, and in addition, TA depressed dopamine release in a dose-dependent manner after 0.5 h of TA injection. All the examined parameters returned to control levels after prawn injected with TA for 2 h. The inhibited effect of TA (at 10 nmol prawn-1 injection) on the phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency to pathogens was blocked by prazosin (an α1 adrenoceptors antagonist). For prawn received TA for 1 h then challenged with Lactococcus garvieae at 2 × 105 colony-forming units prawn-1, the survival ratio of TA 1 nmol prawn-1-injected prawn significantly increased by 20%, compared to the saline-challenged control or TA 10 nmol prawn-1-injected prawn after 144 h of challenge. These results suggested that the level of dopamine release suppression regulated by TA resulted in the immunoenhancing or immunosuppressive effects in prawn, and the signaling pathways of TA in mediating immune function were through octopamine (OA)/TA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chyuan Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Wei Kuo
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chang-Chi Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Winton Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
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Jeyachandran S, Park K, Kwak IS, Baskaralingam V. Morphological and functional characterization of circulating hemocytes using microscopy techniques. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:736-743. [PMID: 32108403 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, Microscopy studies were performed to characterize the blood cells of the mangrove crab Episesarma tetragonum. Three types of hemocytes were observed: granulocytes, semi-granulocytes, and hyalinocytes or agranulocytes. Hyalinocytes have a distinguished nucleus surrounded by the cytoplasm, and a peculiar cell type was present throughout the cytosol, lysosomes with hemocyte types (granules) stained red (pink). Giemsa staining was used to differentiate between the large and small hemocytes. Ehrlich's staining was used to differentiate granule-containing cells in acidophils (55%), basophils (44%), and neutrophils (<1%). Periodic acid-Schiff staining was used to identify the sugar molecules in the cytoplasm. Cell-mediated immune reactions including phagocytosis, encapsulation, agglutination, and peroxidase-mediated cell adhesion are the functions of hemocytes. Agglutination reaction involves both kind of cells involved in yeast and heme-agglutination responses in invertebrates. The beta glucan outer layer of yeast cells was recognized by hemocyte receptors. Human RBC cells were agglutinated via granulocytes. E. tetragonum hemocytes are an important animal model for studying both ultrastructural and functional activity of circulating cells. In addition, E. tetragonum hemocytes exhibited excellent antibacterial and antibiofilm activities were studied through plating and microplate assays. Biofilm inhibition was also visualized through changes in biochemical assays and morphological variations were visualized through levels in in situ microscopy analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakamavalli Jeyachandran
- Fisheries Science Institute, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea.,Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kiyun Park
- Fisheries Science Institute, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Ihn-Sil Kwak
- Fisheries Science Institute, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea.,Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
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Transcriptomic analysis of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (giant fresh water prawn) post-larvae in response to M. rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) infection: de novo assembly and functional annotation. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:762. [PMID: 31640560 PMCID: PMC6805343 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is one of a major freshwater prawn species cultured in Southeast Asia. White tail disease (WTD), caused by Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV), is a serious problem in farm cultivation and is responsible for up to 100% mortality in the post larvae stage. Molecular data on how M. rosenbergii post-larvae launches an immune response to an infection with MrNV is not currently available. We therefore compared the whole transcriptomic sequence of M. rosenbergii post-larvae before and after MrNV infection. Results Transcriptome for M. rosenbergii post-larvae demonstrated high completeness (BUSCO Complete: 83.4%, fragmentation: 13%, missing:3.3%, duplication:16.2%; highest ExN50 value: 94%). The assembled transcriptome consists of 96,362 unigenes with N50 of 1308 bp. The assembled transcriptome was successfully annotated against the NCBI non-redundant arthropod database (33.75%), UniProt database (26.73%), Gene Ontology (GO) (18.98%), Evolutionary Genealogy of Genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups (EggNOG) (20.88%), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathway (KEGG) (20.46%). GO annotations included immune system process, signaling, response to stimulus, and antioxidant activity. Differential abundance analysis using EdgeR showed 2413 significantly up-regulated genes and 3125 significantly down-regulated genes during the infection of MrNV. Conclusions This study reported a highly complete transcriptome from the post-larvae stage of giant river prawn, M. rosenbergii. Differential abundant transcripts during MrNV infection were identified and validated by qPCR, many of these differentially abundant transcripts as key players in antiviral immunity. These include known members of the innate immune response with the largest expression change occurring in the M. rosenbergii post-larvae after MrNV infection such as antiviral protein, C-type lectin, prophenol oxidase, caspase, ADP ribosylation factors, and dicer.
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11
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Liu KF, Kuo HW, Chang CC, Cheng W. The intracellular signaling pathway of octopamine upregulating immune resistance functions in Penaeus monodon. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:188-195. [PMID: 31176766 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Octopamine (OA), a biogenic monoamine, is known to mediate several immune responses. This study analyzed the effects of OA on immunological regulation in the tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. The immune parameters including total haemocyte count, differential haemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, respiratory bursts, superoxide dismutase activity, and phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency in response to the pathogen, Photobacterium damselae, were determined when shrimp were individually injected with saline or OA at 100 or 1000 pmol shrimp-1. In addition, the intracellular second messengers in haemocyte such as Ca2+ and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) were examined in shrimp receiving saline or OA at 1 or 10 nmol shrimp-1. Results showed that all of the immune parameters significantly increased at 2-4 h in OA-injected shrimp except hyaline cells in 100 pmol shrimp-1-injected shrimp at 4 h, but phenoloxidase activity per granulocyte significantly decreased at 2-4 h. However, these had returned to saline control levels after receiving OA for 8 h except differential haemocyte count and phenoloxidase activity per granulocyte for 16 h. An injection of OA also significantly increased the survival rate of shrimp challenged with Pho. damselae. Shrimp receiving OA at 1 and 10 nmol shrimp-1 significantly increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) at 30-60 min and 30 min, and cAMP concentration [cAMP]i) at 5-15 min and 15 min, respectively. However, [Ca2+]i at 50-60 min, and [cAMP]i at 30-60 min returned to saline control when the shrimp received OA at 10 nmol shrimp-1, and at 1 and 10 nmol shrimp-1, respectively. These results suggest that OA administration by injection at ≤1000 pmol shrimp-1 mediates transient upregulation of immunity together with the increased resistance of P. monodon to Pho. damselae, which are modulated through intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP second messenger pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Fu Liu
- Tungkang Biotechnology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, C.O.A, Pingtung, 92845, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Wei Kuo
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chyuan Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Winton Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan.
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Prochazkova P, Roubalova R, Skanta F, Dvorak J, Pacheco NIN, Kolarik M, Bilej M. Developmental and Immune Role of a Novel Multiple Cysteine Cluster TLR From Eisenia andrei Earthworms. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1277. [PMID: 31275304 PMCID: PMC6591376 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Earthworms are not endowed with adaptive immunity and they are rely on the tools of innate immunity. Cells of the innate immune system utilize pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, to detect the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The first earthworm TLR was isolated from Eisenia andrei earthworms (EaTLR), which belongs to the single cysteine cluster TLR (sccTLR). Here, we identified a new multiple cysteine cluster TLR (mccTLR) in E. andrei earthworms. Phylogenetic DNA analysis revealed that it has no variability within one earthworm as well as in the population. By screening of the tissue expression profile, the TLR was expressed primarily in earthworm seminal vesicles and receptacles suggesting a connection to sperm cells. Seminal vesicles are often heavily infected by gregarine parasites. As a sign of immune response, a strong melanization reaction is visible around parasites. Stimulation experiments with profilin from related parasite Toxoplasma gondii, led to the upregulation of mccEaTLR in the earthworm seminal vesicles. Also, profilin activated prophenoloxidase cascade, the efficient mechanism of innate immunity. However, its involvement in the NF-κB signaling was not proven. Further, we provide evidence that the antibiotics metronidazole and griseofulvin destroyed the developing spermatocytes. The observed decrease in the mccEaTLR mRNA levels after the antibiotic treatment of parasites is caused by the decline of sperm cells numbers rather than by diminution of the parasites. Since earthworms with extensively reduced parasite load had a similar amount of mccEaTLR mRNA, presumably, earthworm sperm cells have a certain level of mccEaTLR expressed as a standard, which can be augmented by particular antigenic stimulation. Also, mccEaTLR was expressed mainly in the early stages of earthworm development and presumably is primarily involved in early embryonic development. Expression of mccEaTLR in seminal vesicles correlates with the expression of endothelial monocyte-activation polypeptide II. High-throughput sequencing of gregarine DNA from seminal vesicles of individual earthworms resulted in great diversity of the observed genotypes. Phylogenetically, all observed OTUs belong to the clade of earthworm gregarines suggesting host specificity. Overall, mccEaTLR is supposed to play a function role in early embryonic development and potentially it participates in immune response against parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Prochazkova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Radka Roubalova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Frantisek Skanta
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Miroslav Kolarik
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Bilej
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Kuo HW, Chang CC, Cheng W. Tyramine's modulation of immune resistance functions in Litopenaeus vannamei and its signal pathway. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:68-76. [PMID: 30682447 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tyramine (TA), a neuroactive chemical, plays various important physiological roles in insects by activating distinct G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In this study, we investigated the effects of by pharmacological injection of TA on immune resistance regulation and its signal pathway in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Results showed significant increases in the total haemocyte count (THC), semigranular cells (SGCs), granular cells (GCs), phenoloxidase (PO) activity per 50 μL of haemolymph and respiratory bursts (RBs) at 0.5, 1, 2 and/or 4 h; hyaline cells (HCs) at 0.5 h, as well as phagocytic activity (PA) and clearance efficiency (CE) at 2, 4 and/or 8 h, but significantly decreased PO activity per granulocyte at 0.5-2 h for shrimp injected with TA at 100 and 1000 pmol shrimp-1. Plasma lysozyme activities of TA-injected shrimp were significantly higher than those of the saline control at 1 h. All of the immune parameters had returned to control levels by 8 h after receiving TA except the clearance efficiency, which had returned to its control value by 16 h. The TA injection also significantly decreased the mortality of shrimp challenged with Vibrio alginolyticus. Furthermore, immune parameters of shrimp that received TA at 1000 pmol shrimp-1 for 1 h were higher than those of shrimp that received the saline. The upregulating effect of TA was blocked by co-injection with phentolamine (Phe) in terms of the THC, HC, SGCs, PO activity, PA and CE; by co-injection with prazosin (Pra) in terms of the THC, HC, SGCs, PO activity, PA and CE; by co-injection with propranolol (Prop) in terms of the PA and CE; and by co-injection with metoprolol (Meto) in terms of the THC and SGCs. The most potent effect in immunocompetence of tested antagonists was Pra, and except for circulating haemocyte, it was Phe. These results suggest that ≤1000 pmol shrimp-1 of a TA injection mediates transient upregulation of immunity, which in turn promotes the resistance of L. vannamei to V. alginolyticus, and the active effects are mediated via octopamine/tyramine (OA/TA) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Wei Kuo
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chyuan Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Winton Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan.
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Zhang HH, Luo MJ, Zhang QW, Cai PM, Idrees A, Ji QE, Yang JQ, Chen JH. Molecular characterization of prophenoloxidase-1 (PPO1) and the inhibitory effect of kojic acid on phenoloxidase (PO) activity and on the development of Zeugodacus tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 109:236-247. [PMID: 29929571 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485318000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phenoloxidase (PO) plays a key role in melanin biosynthesis during insect development. Here, we isolated the 2310-bp full-length cDNA of PPO1 from Zeugodacus tau, a destructive horticultural pest. qRT-polymerase chain reaction showed that the ZtPPO1 transcripts were highly expressed during larval-prepupal transition and in the haemolymph. When the larvae were fed a 1.66% kojic acid (KA)-containing diet, the levels of the ZtPPO1 transcripts significantly increased by 2.79- and 3.39-fold in the whole larvae and cuticles, respectively, while the corresponding PO activity was significantly reduced; in addition, the larval and pupal durations were significantly prolonged; pupal weights were lowered; and abnormal phenotypes were observed. An in vitro inhibition experiment indicated that KA was an effective competitive inhibitor of PO in Z. tau. Additionally, the functional analysis showed that 20E could significantly up-regulate the expression of ZtPPO1, induce lower pupal weight, and advance pupation. Knockdown of the ZtPPO1 gene by RNAi significantly decreased mRNA levels after 24 h and led to low pupation rates and incomplete pupae with abnormal phenotypes during the larval-pupal interim period. These results proved that PO is important for the normal growth of Z. tau and that KA can disrupt the development of this pest insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-H Zhang
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - M-J Luo
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - Q-W Zhang
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - P-M Cai
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - A Idrees
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - Q-E Ji
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - J-Q Yang
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - J-H Chen
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
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Baruah GS, Sarma HK, Bardoloi S, Bora D. Purification and characterization of phenoloxidase from the hemolymph of healthy and diseased Antheraea assamensis Helfer (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae): Effects of certain biological components and chemical agents on enzyme activity. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 100:e21531. [PMID: 30588648 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, a dimeric phenoloxidase (PO) from the hemolymph of healthy and diseased (pebrine infected) larvae of Antheraea assamensis Helfer was extracted and purified. The protein was subjected to purification using Sephacryl S-100 and CM Sepharose chromatography. The enzyme comprised of two subunits of ~76.8 and 76 kDa that showed PO activity in 6 mM l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and 8 mM catechol but not in hydroquinone. Optimum temperature for PO activity was 30°C in l-DOPA and 37°C in catechol. Optimum pH ranged from 6.8 to 7.0 in L-DOPA and 7.0-7.2 in catechol. Specific activity of the purified PO from healthy larvae was 53.9 µM/min per mg of protein per ml in L-DOPA and 50.77 µM/min per mg of protein per ml in catechol. Specific activity of PO from diseased larvae was 30.0 µM/min per mg of protein per ml in L-DOPA and 28.55 µM/min per mg of protein per ml in catechol. Purification fold was 3.27-4.21 for healthy and 2.38-2.56 for diseased fractions. The enzyme showed the Michaelis constant (Km ) of 2.46-2.85 mM for healthy and diseased fractions in L-DOPA. In catechol Km of 9.23-17.71 mM was observed. Peptidoglycan was the best activator of purified PO from both healthy and diseased fractions. Interactions between controls and activators appeared statistically significant (F = 767.5; df = 3; P < 0.0001). Na+ , K+ , and Cu2+ increased, whereas Ca2+ , Zn2+ , Mg2+ , and Co2+ decreased PO activity. The overall interactions appeared highly significant (F = 217.0; df = 27; P < 0.0001). Kojic acid, dithiothreitol, thiourea, phenylthiourea, carbendazim, N-bromosuccinimide, N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, and diethyldithiocarbamate inhibited PO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Sarma Baruah
- Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
- Advanced Level Institutional Biotech Hub, Department of Zoology, B. Borooah College, Guwahati, India
| | | | - Sunayan Bardoloi
- Advanced Level Institutional Biotech Hub, Department of Zoology, B. Borooah College, Guwahati, India
| | - Dipsikha Bora
- Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
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Kuo HW, Lin DW, Cheng W. Transient enhancement of immune resistance functions in Litopenaeus vannamei through a low-dose octopamine injection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:532-540. [PMID: 30366092 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Octopamine (OA) is known to play an important role in regulating invertebrate immune responses. In this study, we determined the effects of OA on immunity and physiological regulation in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. The total haemocyte count (THC), differential haemocyte count (DHC), phenoloxidase (PO) activity, respiratory bursts (RBs), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and lysozyme, glucose, and lactate levels in plasma, and phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency in response to the pathogen, Vibrio alginolyticus, were measured when shrimp (11.1-13.0 g) were individually injected with saline or OA at 100 and 1000 pmol shrimp-1. Results showed significant increases in THC, semigranular cells (SGCs), and PO activity per 50 μL of haemolymph at 0.5-4 h; granular cells at 0.5-2 h; respiratory bursts (RBs) at 0.5-1 h; phagocytic activity at 2-4 h; and clearance efficiency at 2-8 h, but PO activity per granulocyte at 0.5-2 h significantly decreased after the OA injection. All of the immune parameters had returned to control values by 8 h after receiving OA except granular cells at 4 h, RBs at 2 h, clearance efficiency at 16 h, and PO activity per granulocyte at 4 h. However, no significant differences were observed in hyaline cells, RBs per haemocyte, lysozyme and SOD activities, glucose, or lactate during the experimental period. An injection of OA also significantly decreased the mortality of shrimp challenged with V. alginolyticus. In another experiment, the immune-related genes of transglutaminase-I, lipopolysaccharide- and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein, prophenoloxidase-II, and peroxidase of shrimp that received 1000 pmol OA shrimp-1 for 1 h were significantly higher than those of shrimp that received the saline control. These results suggest that OA administration at ≤1000 pmol shrimp-1 mediates transient upregulation of immunity, which in turn promotes the resistance of L. vannamei to V. alginolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Wei Kuo
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Dong-Wei Lin
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Winton Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
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Zhu L, Tang X, Xing J, Sheng X, Zhan W. Differential proteome of haemocyte subpopulations responded to white spot syndrome virus infection in Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 84:82-93. [PMID: 29427599 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, the differentially expressed proteins have been identified by proteomic analysis in total haemocytes of shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) after white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. To further investigate the differential response of haemocyte subpopulations to WSSV infection, granulocytes and hyalinocytes were separated from healthy and WSSV-infected shrimp by immunomagnetic bead (IMB) method, respectively. Then two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to analyze the differentially expressed proteins in haemocyte subpopulations between healthy and WSSV-infected shrimp. The results of flow cytometry (FCM) showed that about 98% of granulocytes and about 96% of hyalinocytes in purity were obtained. Quantitative intensity analysis revealed that 26 protein spots in granulocytes and 24 spots in hyalinocytes were significantly changed post WSSV infection. Among them, 24 proteins in granulocytes and 23 proteins in hyalinocytes were identified by MS analysis, which could be divided into eight categories according to Gene Ontology. The identification of prophenoloxidase (proPO), proPO 2 and peroxiredoxin in WSSV-infected granulocytes was consistent with the facts that the proPO-activating system and peroxiredoxin were mainly existed in granulocytes. The phagocytosis of hyalinocytes seemed to be enhanced during the infection, because several proteins that involved in phagocytosis, including clathrin heavy chain, ADP ribosylation factor 4 and Alpha2 macroglobulin were up-regulated in hyalinocytes upon WSSV infection. Our results also reflected the vital biological significance of calcium ion binding proteins in granulocytes and ATPase/GTPase in hyalinocytes during WSSV infection. The data in this study verified the roles of granulocytes and hyalinocytes involved in WSSV infection, and differentially expressed proteins identified in granulocytes and hyalinocytes had a close correlation with their function characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
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Xu Y, Shi J, Hao W, Xiang T, Zhou H, Wang W, Meng Q, Ding Z. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of Procambarus clakii hemocytes during Spiroplasma eriocheiris infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:438-444. [PMID: 29625245 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a new-found aquaculture pathogen, Spiroplasma eriocheiris, has resulted in inconceivable economic losses in aquaculture. In the infection of S. eriocheiris, the Procambarus clakii hemocytes have indicated to be major target cells. What was designed to examine in our study is the hemocytes' immune response at the protein levels. Before the pathogen was injected and after 192 h of post-injection, the differential proteomes of the crayfish hemocytes were analyzed immediately by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantization (iTRAQ) labeling, followed by liquid chromatogramphytandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This research had identified a total of 285 differentially expressed proteins. Eighty-three and 202 proteins were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, caused by the S. eriocheiris infection. Up-regulated proteins included alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2M), vitellogenin, ferritin, etc. Down-regulated proteins, involved with serine protease, peroxiredoxin 6, 14-3-3-like protein, C-type lectin, cdc42 homolog precursor, etc. The prophenoloxidase-activating system, antimicrobial action involved in the immune responses of P. clarkii is considered to be damaged due to S. eriocheiris infection. The present work could lay the foundation for future research on the proteins related to the susceptibility/resistance of P. clarkii to S. eriocheiris. In addition, it is helpful for our understanding molecular mechanism of disease processes in crayfishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinbin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Jinyan Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biofunctional Molecules & Aquatic Institute of Jiangsu Second Normal University, College of Life Science and Chemistry, Jiangsu Second Normal University, 77 West Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210013, China
| | - Wenjing Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Tao Xiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Zhengfeng Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biofunctional Molecules & Aquatic Institute of Jiangsu Second Normal University, College of Life Science and Chemistry, Jiangsu Second Normal University, 77 West Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210013, China.
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Lai AG, Aboobaker AA. Comparative genomic analysis of innate immunity reveals novel and conserved components in crustacean food crop species. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:389. [PMID: 28521727 PMCID: PMC5437397 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing global demands for crustacean food crop species have driven large investments in aquaculture research worldwide. However, large-scale production is susceptible to pathogen-mediated destruction particularly in developing economies. Thus, a thorough understanding of the immune system components of food crop species is imperative for research to combat pathogens. RESULTS Through a comparative genomics approach utilising extant data from 55 species, we describe the innate immune system of the class Malacostraca, which includes all food crop species. We identify 7407 malacostracan genes from 39 gene families implicated in different aspects of host defence and demonstrate dynamic evolution of innate immunity components within this group. Malacostracans have achieved flexibility in recognising infectious agents through divergent evolution and expansion of pathogen recognition receptors genes. Antiviral RNAi, Toll and JAK-STAT signal transduction pathways have remained conserved within Malacostraca, although the Imd pathway appears to lack several key components. Immune effectors such as the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have unique evolutionary profiles, with many malacostracan AMPs not found in other arthropods. Lastly, we describe four putative novel immune gene families, potentially representing important evolutionary novelties of the malacostracan immune system. CONCLUSION Our analyses across the broader Malacostraca have allowed us to not only draw analogies with other arthropods but also to identify evolutionary novelties in immune modulation components and form strong hypotheses as to when key pathways have evolved or diverged. This will serve as a key resource for future immunology research in crustacean food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvina G Lai
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
| | - A Aziz Aboobaker
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
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Ng'ambi JW, Li R, Mu C, Song W, Liu L, Wang C. Dietary administration of saponin stimulates growth of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus and enhances its resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:305-311. [PMID: 27815204 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The immunostimulatory role of dietary saponins on swimming crabs was investigated under field conditions. Portunus trituberculatus were fed diets enriched with Quillaja saponin (QS) at 150, 300 and 450 mg kg-1. They had an enhanced growth rate and increased resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus compared to crabs not fed with QS. Significant effects were observed on the average body weight, percentage weight gain and specific growth rate (p < 0.05). Total hemocyte and hyaline cell counts of P. trituberculatus fed with 300 and 450 mg kg-1 saponin in their diets significantly increased (p < 0.05) compared to the control. Phenoloxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities significantly increased in response to the incorporation of QS in the diet. However, the respiratory burst activity did not increase significantly. The phagocytic activity was significantly enhanced at 300 and 450 mg kg-1 of saponin. QS diets can enhance growth of P. trituberculatus and its immune resistance against V. alginolyticus. Dietary administration of saponin may help to control diseases and improve production in the crab aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wiza Ng'ambi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Ronghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Changkao Mu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Weiwei Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
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Zhang X, Zhu YT, Li XJ, Wang SC, Li D, Li WW, Wang Q. Lipopolysaccharide and beta-1, 3-glucan binding protein (LGBP) stimulates prophenoloxidase activating system in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 61:70-79. [PMID: 26995767 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanization mediated by prophenoloxidase (proPO) activating system play an essential role in killing invading microorganisms in invertebrates. Lipopolysaccharide and β-1, 3-glucan binding protein (LGBP) as a pattern recognition protein have been demonstrated to active the proPO cascade in insect and shrimp. In this study, we investigated the role of LGBP in prophenoloxidase cascade-induced melanization in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). By RT-PCR analysis, EsLGBP was detected in all tested tissues, and showed highest expression in hemocytes, gill, intestine and brain. The expression of EsLGBP was up-regulated in the hemocytes following injections of LPS and β-1, 3-glucan. The recombinant EsLGBP protein (rEsLGBP) was produced via prokaryotic expression system and affinity chromatography. By western blotting, rEsLGBP was discovered to exhibit the ability to bind to all tested microorganisms, including Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and yeast (Pichia pastoris). Meanwhile we found rEsLGBP has a high binding activity towards microbial immune elicitors such as LPS and β-1, 3-glucan whereas no binding activity is detected with peptidoglycan. Moreover, the effects of RNAi-mediated blockade of EsLGBP were investigated on bacterial counts in the hemolymph and cumulative mortality rate of crabs infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus in vivo. Further experiments demonstrate that rEsLGBP can trigger the whole hemolymph dependent melanization and stimulate to proPO cascade in vitro. Taken together, these results provide experimental evidence for role of LGBP in innate immunity, especially in the activation of prophenoloxidase activating system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - You-Ting Zhu
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xue-Jie Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shi-Chuang Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dan Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wei-Wei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Qun Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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Pang Q, Gao L, Hu W, An Y, Deng H, Zhang Y, Sun X, Zhu G, Liu B, Zhao B. De Novo Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into Immune Related Genes and the RIG-I-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway in the Freshwater Planarian (Dugesia japonica). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151597. [PMID: 26986572 PMCID: PMC4795655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica (D. japonica) possesses extraordinary ability to regenerate lost organs or body parts. Interestingly, in the process of regeneration, there is little wound infection, suggesting that D. japonica has a formidable innate immune system. The importance of immune system prompted us to search for immune-related genes and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathways. Results Transcriptome sequencing of D. japonica was performed on an IlluminaHiSeq2000 platform. A total of 27,180 transcripts were obtained by Trinity assembler. CEGMA analysis and mapping of all trimmed reads back to the assembly result showed that our transcriptome assembly covered most of the whole transcriptome. 23,888 out of 27,180 transcripts contained ORF (open reading fragment), and were highly similar to those in Schistosoma mansoni using BLASTX analysis. 8,079 transcripts (29.7%) and 8,668 (31.9%) were annotated by Blast2GO and KEGG respectively. A DYNLRB-like gene was cloned to verify its roles in the immune response. Finally, the expression patterns of 4 genes (RIG-I, TRAF3, TRAF6, P38) in the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway were detected, and the results showed they are very likely to be involved in planarian immune response. Conclusion RNA-Seq analysis based on the next-generation sequencing technology was an efficient approach to discover critical genes and to understand their corresponding biological functions. Through GO and KEGG analysis, several critical and conserved signaling pathways and genes related to RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway were identified. Four candidate genes were selected to identify their expression dynamics in the process of pathogen stimulation. These annotated transcripts of D. japonica provide a useful resource for subsequent investigation of other important pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxiang Pang
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Lili Gao
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Wenjing Hu
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Yang An
- Immolife-biotech Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Hongkuan Deng
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Yichao Zhang
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Xiaowen Sun
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Guangzhong Zhu
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Baohua Liu
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China
- * E-mail: (BSZ); (BHL)
| | - Bosheng Zhao
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
- * E-mail: (BSZ); (BHL)
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Chen YY, Chen JC, Kuo YH, Lin YC, Chang YH, Gong HY, Huang CL. Lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein (LGBP) bind to seaweed polysaccharides and activate the prophenoloxidase system in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:144-51. [PMID: 26522339 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein (LGBP), important pattern recognition proteins (PRPs), recognize lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and β-1,3-glucan (βG), known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and subsequently trigger innate immunity. Several seaweed polysaccharides and seaweed extracts increase immune parameters and resistance to pathogens. Here, we constructed the expression vector pET28b-LvLGBP and transferred it into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) for protein expression and to produce the recombinant protein LGBP (rLvLGBP) in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. We examined the binding of rLvLGBP with seaweed-derived polysaccharides including alginate, carrageenan, fucoidan, laminarin, Gracilaria tenuistipitata extract (GTE), and Sargassum duplicatum extract (SDE), and examined the phenoloxidase activity of shrimp haemocytes incubated with a mixture of rLvLGBP and each polysaccharide. We also examined the binding of rLvLGBP with LPS and βG, and the phenoloxidase activity of shrimp haemocytes incubated with a mixture of rLvLGBP and LPS (rLvLGBP-LPS) or a mixture of rLvLGBP and βG (rLvLGBP-βG). An ELISA binding assay indicated that rLvLGBP binds to LPS, βG, alginate, carrageenan, fucoidan, laminarin, GTE, and SDE with dissociation constants of 0.1138-0.1770 μM. Furthermore, our results also indicated that the phenoloxidase activity of shrimp haemocytes incubated with a mixture of rLvLGBP and LPS, βG, alginate, carrageenan, fucoidan, laminarin, GTE, and SDE significantly increased by 328%, 172%, 200%, 213%, 197%, 194%, 191%, and 197%, respectively compared to controls (cacodylate buffer). We conclude that LvLGBP functions as a PRP, recognizes and binds to LPS, βG, alginate, carrageenan, fucoidan, laminarin, GTE, and SDE, and subsequently leads to activating innate immunity in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yuan Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of the Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Chu Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of the Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hsuan Kuo
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of the Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Chin Lin
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of the Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of the Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yi Gong
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of the Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Lun Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of the Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
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Giglio A, Brandmayr P, Pasqua T, Angelone T, Battistella S, Giulianini PG. Immune challenges trigger cellular and humoral responses in adults of Pterostichus melas italicus (Coleoptera, Carabidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2015; 44:209-217. [PMID: 25656553 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the ability of Pterostichus melas italicus Dejean to mount cellular and humoral immune responses against invading pathogens. Ultrastructural analyses revealed the presence of five morphologically distinct types of hemocytes: prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, oenocytoids and macrophage-like cells. Differential hemocyte counts showed that plasmatocytes and granulocytes were the most abundant circulating cell types and plasmatocytes exhibited phagocytic activity following the latex bead immune challenge. Macrophage-like cells were recruited after the immune challenge to remove exhausted phagocytizing cells, apoptotic cells and melanotic capsules formed to immobilize the latex beads. Total hemocyte counts showed a significant reduction of hemocytes after latex bead treatment. Phenoloxidase (PO) assays revealed an increase of total PO in hemolymph after immune system activation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Moreover, the LPS-stimulated hemocytes showed increased protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, indicating that the cytotoxic action of nitric oxide was engaged in this antimicrobial collaborative response. These results provide a knowledge base for further studies on the sensitivity of the P. melas italicus immune system to the environmental perturbation in order to evaluate the effect of chemicals on non-target species in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Giglio
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, I-87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Pietro Brandmayr
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, I-87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Teresa Pasqua
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, I-87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, I-87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Silvia Battistella
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Piero G Giulianini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
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Meng Q, Hou L, Zhao Y, Huang X, Huang Y, Xia S, Gu W, Wang W. iTRAQ-based proteomic study of the effects of Spiroplasma eriocheiris on Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis hemocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:182-9. [PMID: 25017370 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Spiroplasma eriocheiris is as a novel pathogen of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis tremor disease. The hemocytes have been shown to be major target cells in S. eriocheiris infection. The aim of this study was to examine the hemocytes' immune response at the protein levels. The differential proteomes of the crab hemocytes were analyzed immediately prior to injection with the pathogen, and at 10 d post-injection by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantization (iTRAQ) labeling, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of 1075 proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS and de novo sequencing data. Using a 1.2-fold change in expression as a physiologically significant benchmark, 76 differentially expressed proteins (7.07%) were reliably quantified by iTRAQ analysis. Thirty-five (3.26%) proteins were up-regulated and 41 (3.81%) proteins were down-regulated resulting from a S. eriocheiris infection. Approximately 20 differential proteins in hemocytes were involved in the stress and immune responses. Up-regulated proteins included alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2M), prostaglandin D synthase (GST), ferritin, and heat shock protein 60. Down-regulated proteins included two lectins (mannose-binding protein and hemocytin), three kinds of serine proteinase inhibitors (two serpins and pacifastin), three different kinds of serine proteases, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK), and two thioredoxins (Trx), crustin, etc. Selected bioactive factors (α2M, GST, ferritin, tubulin, crustin, thioredoxin, clip domain serine protease and serpin) are verified by their immune roles in the S. eriocheiris infection using Real-time PCR. The variation trend of immune gene's mRNA expression is similar with the result of iTRAQ, except the tubulin. The prophenoloxidase-activating system, antimicrobial action and antioxidant system involved in the immune responses of E. sinensis is believed to be a resistance to S. eriocheiris infection. This is the first report of the proteome response of crab hemocytes against S. eriocheiris infection. These findings contribute to our understanding of tremor disease processes in crabs, and provide the first evidence to promote a search for potential biomarkers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Libo Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanqing Huang
- Key and Open Laboratory of Marine and Estuary Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture of China, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Siyao Xia
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Copper(II) complexes of alloferon 1 with point mutations (H1A) and (H9A) stability structure and biological activity. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 138:99-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Yang Y, Bao C, Liu A, Ye H, Huang H, Li S. Immune responses of prophenoloxidase in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain against Vibrio alginolyticus infection: in vivo and in vitro gene silencing evidence. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 39:237-244. [PMID: 24859592 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenoloxidase (PO) plays an important role in arthropod melanization. In the present study, a proPO gene was obtained from the mud crab Scylla paramamosain, then we localized the proPO mRNA in hemocytes and detected the expression of proPO after bacterial challenge. In vivo and in vitro gene silencing mediated by dsRNA was also used to investigate the function of proPO in innate immune. The full-length of the proPO cDNA was 2600 bp and the predicted ORF encoded a protein of 673 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 77.3 kDa. The deduced amino acid and the main functional domain of proPO shared a high similarity to the mud crab Scylla serrata. In situ hybridization assay showed that the proPO mRNA was localized in the granular and semi-granular cells. The expression level of proPO in hemocytes showed a clear time-dependent pattern during the 96 h course after stimulated by Vibrio alginolyticus. In this study, high expression levels were observed at 3, 12, 24 and 48 h, respectively and the highest expression level was observed at 12 h, and this suggested that proPO was induced by bacteria and involved in immune response. In vivo proPO and GFP dsRNA treatment experiments showed that, proPO mRNA transcript was reduced to 39%, but the PO activity showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). Results indicated that the expression of proPO could be inhibited by dsRNA, and the enzyme activity may be influenced by incomplete knockdown of proPO, or hemocyanin, and other proPO isoforms as well. In vitro proPO-silenced experiments showed that the levels of proPO were decreased by 36%, 64% and 77% at 8, 16 and 32 h, respectively. Meanwhile, the quantity of bacteria was significantly larger in proPO dsRNA treatment than that in control at 3 h, calculated by 4,6-diamino-2-phenylindole staining (P < 0.01). These data demonstrated that the proPO gene plays an important role in the control of systemic bacterial infections and could help us to elucidate the defense role of the proPO-activating system in crabs. In addition, in vitro gene silencing operation mediated by dsRNA was expected to be a new tool for investigating the function of genes in crustaceans in the case of lacking cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya'nan Yang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chenchang Bao
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - An Liu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Haihui Ye
- Center for Marine Biotechnology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Huiyang Huang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Shaojing Li
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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Sivagnanavelmurugan M, Thaddaeus BJ, Palavesam A, Immanuel G. Dietary effect of Sargassum wightii fucoidan to enhance growth, prophenoloxidase gene expression of Penaeus monodon and immune resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 39:439-49. [PMID: 24925762 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The polysaccharide fucoidan from brown seaweed Sargassum wightii was extracted and it was incorporated with pellet diets at three concentrations (0.1, 0.2 & 0.3%). The fucoidan incorporated diets were fed to shrimp Penaeus monodon for 60 days and the growth performance was assessed. The weight gain and SGR of control group was 6.83 g and 9.72%, respectively, but the weight gain and SGR of various concentrations (0.1-0.3%) of fucoidan incorporated diets fed groups of shrimp was increased from 7.30 to 8.20 g and 9.83 to 10.03%, respectively. After 60 days of feeding experiment, the relative quantification of prophenoloxidase gene of experimental groups over control group was analysed by RT-PCR and it was ranged between 2.13 and 7.95 fold increase within 33.52-34.61 threshold cycles, respectively at 0.1-0.3% concentrations of fucoidan. After 60 days of feeding experiment, the P. monodon were challenged with shrimp pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus and the mortality percentage was recorded daily up to 21 days. The reduction in mortality percentage of experimental groups over control group was recorded from 44.56 to 72.79%, respectively in 0.1-0.3% of fucoidan incorporated diets fed groups. During challenge experiment, all the immunological parameters such as THC, prophenoloxidase activity, respiratory burst activity, superoxide dismutase activity, phagocytic activity, bactericidal activity and bacterial clearance ability of experimental groups were significantly (P < 0.05) increased than control group. The V. parahaemolyticus load was enumerated from the infected shrimp at every 10 days intervals during challenge experiment. In control group, the Vibrio load was increased in hepatopancreas and muscle tissues from 10th to 21st days of challenge test. But in the experimental groups, the Vibrio load in both the tissues decreased positively from 10th to 21st days of challenge duration. It is concluded that the S. wightii fucoidan had enhanced the innate immunity and increased resistance to V. parahaemolyticus infection in P. monodon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madasamy Sivagnanavelmurugan
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam 629 502, Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Bergmans Jude Thaddaeus
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam 629 502, Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Arunachalam Palavesam
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam 629 502, Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Grasian Immanuel
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam 629 502, Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India.
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Ma THT, Benzie JAH, He JG, Sun CB, Chan SF. PmPPAF is a pro-phenoloxidase activating factor involved in innate immunity response of the shrimp Penaeus monodon. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 44:163-172. [PMID: 24345607 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the major steps in the innate immune response of shrimp includes the activation of serine proteinases of the pro-phenoloxidase pathway by the prophenoloxidase activation enzyme (PPAF). In this study, the cDNA encoding a serine proteinase homologue (SPH) with prophenoloxidase activating activity of Penaeus monodon (PmPPAF) was cloned and characterized. PmPPAF cDNA consists of 1444 nucleotides encoding a protein with 394 amino acid residues. The estimated molecular weight of PmPPAF is 43.5 kDa with an isoelectric point of 5.19. PmPPAF consists of a signal peptide, a CLIP domain and a carboxyl-terminal trypsin-like serine protease domain. It is highly similar to the masquerade-like protein 2A (61% similarity) of the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, other serine proteases (42.9-67% identity) of P. monodon, and the PPAF of the crab (61% similarity). Unlike other SPH of P. monodon, which express mainly in the hemocytes, PmPPAF transcripts were detected in the hemocytes, eyestalk, hypodermis, gill, swimming leg and brain. Similar to the crab PPAF, PmPPAF transcript level is high in shrimp at the premolt stages and PmPPAF expression is up-regulated in shrimp infected with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Gene silencing of PmPPAF decreased expression of a prophenoloxidase-like gene and injection of Anti-PmPPAF antibody causes a decrease in PO activity. Taken together, these results provided evidence that PmPPAF is a serine proteinase homologue, and is involved in the pro-PO activation pathway of the shrimp innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy H T Ma
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocen University, Zhanjiang, PR China; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, PR China
| | - John A H Benzie
- University College Cork, Cork, Ireland and WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, 11960 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jian-Guo He
- School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan University, PR China
| | - Cheng-Bo Sun
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocen University, Zhanjiang, PR China.
| | - Siuming F Chan
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocen University, Zhanjiang, PR China.
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30
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Abstract
AbstractPhosphatidyl serine plays an important role in animal innate immunity. Given its important functions, numerous investigations have been carried out on its immunological function in many animals. However, studies of phosphatidyl serine in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, an economically important animal, are rare. In this paper, we demonstrated influences of injecting phosphatidyl serine (PS) on immune response including some parameters from pro-phenol oxidase activating system (pro-PO system) and hemocyanin-derived phenol oxidase activity (Hd-PO) along with antibacterial and bacteriolytic activities in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei with different PS concentrations (5, 10 and 20 μg mL−1). The results showed that PS could affect immune response of L. vannamei significantly (P<0.05), including total hemocyte counts (THC), PO activity from hemocyte, phenol oxidase (PO) activity from plasma, hemocyanin concentration, Hd-PO activity as well as antibacterial and bacteriolytic activities in the plasma. Among the lines, 20 μg mL−1 PS had the strongest effect on the above parameters, whereas 5 μg mL−1 had the least effect. The experimental results indicated that PS was able to activate exocytosis of pro-PO and formation of Hd-PO in white shrimp after injection, further regulating the immune process reflected by variation of antibacterial and bacteriolytic activities in a certain way.
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A novel prophenoloxidase, hemocyanin encoded copper containing active enzyme from prawn: Gene characterization. Gene 2013; 524:139-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Meena DK, Das P, Kumar S, Mandal SC, Prusty AK, Singh SK, Akhtar MS, Behera BK, Kumar K, Pal AK, Mukherjee SC. Beta-glucan: an ideal immunostimulant in aquaculture (a review). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:431-57. [PMID: 22965949 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9710-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The major hindrance in the development and sustainability of aquaculture industry is the occurrence of various diseases in the farming systems. Today, preventive and management measures are central concern to overcome such outbreak of diseases. Immunostimulants are considered as an effective tool for enhancing immune status of cultured organisms. Among different immunostimulants used in aquaculture practices, β-glucan is one of the promising immunostimulant, which is a homopolysaccharide of glucose molecule linked by the glycoside bond. It forms the major constituents of cell wall of some plants, fungi, bacteria, mushroom, yeast, and seaweeds. Major attention on β-glucan was captivated with the gain in knowledge on its receptors and the mechanism of action. The receptor present inside the animal body recognizes and binds to β-glucan, which in turn renders the animal with high resistance and enhanced immune response. This review highlights β-glucan as an immunostimulant, its effective dosages, and route of administration and furthermore provides an outline on role of β-glucan in enhancing growth, survival, and protection against infectious pathogens pertaining to fishes and shellfishes. Study also summarizes the effect of β-glucan on its receptors, recognition of proteins, immune-related enzymes, immune-related gene expression and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Meena
- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barracklpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
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33
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Zhang XW, Liu YY, Mu Y, Ren Q, Zhao XF, Wang JX. Overexpression of a C-type lectin enhances bacterial resistance in red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:1112-1118. [PMID: 23435178 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins play important roles in the innate immune system of crustaceans. In this study, a novel C-type lectin gene, designated as PcLec4, was obtained from the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that PcLec4 is mainly expressed in the crayfish hepatopancreas and intestine, and the PcLec4 mRNA expression is upregulated after challenged with the bacteria Vibrio anguillarum. PcLec4 was recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli and anti-PcLec4 polyclonal antiserum was prepared. Binding experiments revealed that the recombinant PcLec4 binds to various bacteria and polysaccharides on the bacterial surface, which suggests that PcLec4 recognizes bacterial pathogens. Overexpression of PcLec4 in crayfish using the pIeLec4 vector was performed. The results show that the crayfish overexpressing PcLec4 eliminate injected V. anguillarum more quickly than the control, which suggests that PcLec4 elicits further immune response for removing invading bacteria. The results of the survival experiment confirmed the function of PcLec4 in resisting V. anguillarum because PcLec4 overexpression in crayfish significantly increased the crayfish survival rate. These results reveal that PcLec4 has an important role in the antibacterial immunity of crayfish, and in vivo PcLec4 overexpression might be used as a disease control strategy in aquiculture.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Arthropod Proteins/chemistry
- Arthropod Proteins/genetics
- Arthropod Proteins/immunology
- Arthropod Proteins/metabolism
- Astacoidea/chemistry
- Astacoidea/genetics
- Astacoidea/immunology
- Astacoidea/metabolism
- Bacteria
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gram-Negative Bacteria/physiology
- Gram-Positive Bacteria/physiology
- Immunity, Innate
- Lectins, C-Type/chemistry
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Open Reading Frames
- Organ Specificity
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 10 Shandong, 250100, China
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34
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Abstract
Invertebrates do not display the level of sophistication in immune reactivity characteristic of mammals and other 'higher' vertebrates. Their great number and diversity of forms, however, reflect their evolutionary success and hence they must have effective mechanisms of defence to deal with parasites and pathogens and altered self tissues. Inflammation appears to be an important first line defence in all invertebrates and vertebrates. This brief review deals with the inflammatory responses of invertebrates and fish concentrating on the cell types involved and the mediators of inflammation, in particular, eicosanoids, cytokines and adhesion molecules.
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35
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Manikandan B, Ramar M. Detection of natural and induced phenoloxidase activities in human serum. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:1005-10. [PMID: 22863449 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.07.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural and induced phenoloxidase activities were detected in human serum using nine different phenolic substrates, namely, tyrosine, tyramine, L-DOPA, DL-DOPA, dopamine, catechol, hydroquinone, protocatechuic acid and pyrogallol. Phenoloxidase activity was induced anew in serum using exogenous elicitors, such as proteases or detergents. Among the proteases and detergents tested, pronase, SDS and Tween 20 were the best elicitors of phenoloxidase activities in serum, wherein, hydroquinone was the best phenolic substrate for both untreated as well as pronase treated serum and SDS or Tween 20 treated serum resulted in highest oxidation of dopamine or tyrosine, respectively. In the present study, all these oxidative reactions were inhibited by phenoloxidase inhibitors, namely, PTU and tropolone, thereby, confirming the role of phenoloxidase in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beulaja Manikandan
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy campus, Chennai 600 025, India.
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36
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Immanuel G, Sivagnanavelmurugan M, Marudhupandi T, Radhakrishnan S, Palavesam A. The effect of fucoidan from brown seaweed Sargassum wightii on WSSV resistance and immune activity in shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fab). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:551-64. [PMID: 22245839 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The polysaccharide-fucoidan was extracted from brown seaweed Sargassum wightii and characterized through FT-IR and (13)C &(1)H NMR analysis. The extracted fucoidan was supplemented with pellet diets at three different concentrations (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%). The fucoidan supplemented diets were fed to Penaeus monodon for 45 days, then challenged with WSSV and the mortality percentage was recorded daily up to 21 days. During the challenge test, the control group showed 100% mortality within 10 days, but in the experimental groups, the mortality percentage (51-72% within 21 days) was decreased considerably (P < 0.05) with respect to the concentrations of fucoidan. The reduction in mortality percentage of experimental groups over control group was ranged from 50.81 to 68.06%. During challenge experiment, the immunological parameters such as THC, prophenoloxidase activity, respiratory burst activity, superoxide dismutase activity and phagocytic activity were measured before injection of WSSV (0 day) and after the injection of WSSV on 10th and 21st days, respectively. All the immunological parameters of experimental groups were significantly (P < 0.05) increased than control group. RT-PCR analysis confirmed the considerable reduction of WSSV DNA copy numbers with respect to the concentration of fucoidan. It was concluded that P. monodon fed with fucoidan of S. wightii supplemented diet had enhanced the innate immunity and increased resistance against WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grasian Immanuel
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam 629 502, Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India.
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37
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Tsutsui N, Chung JS. A novel putative lipoprotein receptor (CasLpR) in the hemocytes of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus: cloning and up-regulated expression after the injection of LPS and LTA. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:469-475. [PMID: 22155280 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The full-length cDNA encoding a putative lipoprotein receptor (CasLpR) was isolated from the hemocytes of Callinectes sapidus using 5' and 3' RACEs. The open reading frame for CasLpR contains a precursor of putative CasLpR consisting of 1710 amino acid residues including 22 amino acid residues of the signal peptide (22 amino acids). Mature CasLpR (1688 amino acids with 5.6% of phosphorylation sites) has multiple, putative functional domains: five low-density lipoprotein receptor domains in the N-terminus, and a G-protein-coupled receptor proteolysis site domain and a 7 transmembrane receptor (secretin family) domain in the C-terminus. To date, there are no proteins with a similar domain structure in the GenBank. The expression pattern of CasLpR was exclusive in hemocytes among all tested tissues obtained from a juvenile female at intermolt stage: brain, eyestalk ganglia, pericardial organs, and thoracic ganglia complex (nervous system); hepatopancreas (digestive system); heart, artery and hemocytes (circulatory system); gill and antennal gland (excretory system), hypodermis; and Y-organ (endocrine organ). There was no CasLpR expression in the ovary of an adult female. A putative function of CasLpR was examined after challenges of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in vivo using qRT-PCR assays. Animals at 24 h after injection of LPS or LTA up-regulated the expression of CasLpR in hemocytes by ∼3.5 and 1.4 folds, respectively, compared to the controls that received saline injection. LPS challenge also caused the greatest increment (∼55 folds) of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) expression in these samples. These data indicate that putative CasLpR and CasHsp90 may be involved in the defense system or the stress response of C. sapidus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Tsutsui
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, 701 East Pratt Street, Columbus Center, Suite 236, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
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38
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Huynh TG, Yeh ST, Lin YC, Shyu JF, Chen LL, Chen JC. White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei immersed in seawater containing Sargassum hemiphyllum var. chinense powder and its extract showed increased immunity and resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus and white spot syndrome virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:286-93. [PMID: 21658452 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This study was to examine the immune response of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus and WSSV when shrimp received the Sargassum hemiphyllum var. chinense powder and its hot-water extract. Both powder and extract showed activation of prophenoloxidase and generation of superoxide anion in the shrimp in vitro. The haemocyte count, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, respiratory burst, and lysozyme activity were examined after the shrimp were immersed in seawater containing S. hemiphyllum var. chinense powder or its extract at 0, 100, 300, and 500 mg L⁻¹ for 1, 3, and 5 h. These immune parameters of shrimp immersed in 300 and 500 mg L⁻¹ powder, and 100 and 300 mg L⁻¹ extract were significantly higher than those of control shrimp after 3 h, but slightly decreased after 5 h. In another experiment, shrimp immersed in seawater containing the powder or the extract at 0, 100, 300, and 500 mg L⁻¹ after 3 h were challenged with V. alginolyticus at 8 × 10⁵ colony-forming unit (cfu) shrimp⁻¹, or challenged with WSSV at 1 × 10⁵ copies shrimp⁻¹, and then placed in seawater. Survival rate of shrimp immersed in 500 mg L⁻¹ powder was significantly higher than that of control shrimp after 24-120 h in the V. alginolyticus-challenge test, and after 72 h in the WSSV-challenge test, respectively. Survival rate of shrimp immersed in 300 mg L⁻¹ extract was significantly higher than that of control shrimp after 72-120 h in both V. alginolyticus-challenge and WSSV-challenge tests. It was concluded that the shrimp immersed in seawater containing the powder at 500 mg L⁻¹, and the extract at 300 mg L⁻¹ had increased immunity and resistance against V. alginolyticus infection, and the shrimp that received extract at 300 mg L⁻¹ showed resistance against WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong-Giang Huynh
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC
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39
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Liu Y, Cui Z, Song C, Wang S, Li Q. Multiple isoforms of immune-related genes from hemocytes and eyestalk cDNA libraries of swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:29-42. [PMID: 21362485 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) analysis has been shown to be an efficient approach not only for gene discovery, but also for gene expression profiles performance. Two full-length enriched cDNA libraries were constructed from hemocytes and eyestalk of Portunus trituberculatus, respectively, and randomly sequenced to collect genomic information and identify genes involved in immune defense response. A total of 99 unigenes including 64 unigenes (6.00% of 1066 unigenes) in hemocytes library and 35 unigens (6.86% of 510 unigenes) in eyestalk library are identified to be immune genes. These genes are categorized into six classes, viz. antimicrobial peptides, redox proteins, melanization related proteins, chaperone proteins, clottable proteins and other immune factors. The content and category of immune genes in eyestalk library indicate eyestalk might have unrecognized role in crab immunity. Five immune genes containing multiple protein isoforms are identified and characterized, including anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (PtALF1-7), crustin (PtCrustin1-3), thioredoxin (PtTrx1-2), clip domain serine proteinase (PtcSP1-5) and kazal-type proteinase inhibitor (PtKPI1-4). Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis reveal PtALF1-7 contain two conserved cysteine residues and might be encoded by multiple genomic loci. PtCrustin1-3 share the consensus cysteine motif and are considered as Type I crustins. PtTrx1 possesses the critical structural cysteine residue C⁷³ of Trx-1, while PtTrx2 has the N-terminal mitochondrial translocation signal of Trx-2. Sequence analysis shows PtcSP1-5 contain one clip domain and one partial SP catalytic triad domain. PtKPI1-4 present one typical Kazal domain consisting of six conserved cysteine residues. Some protein isoforms are tissue-specific, which might suggest they have different origins and perform diverse functions. Except PtALF1-3 and PtCrustin1, the other isoformes in this study are firstly identified from P. trituberculatus. Especially, PtTrx2 are firstly identified from crustaceans. Our research will provide useful genomic information of P. trituberculatus and be helpful in understanding the molecular mechanisms of crab immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- EMBL, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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40
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Yeh SP, Hsia LF, Chiu CS, Chiu ST, Liu CH. A smaller particle size improved the oral bioavailability of monkey head mushroom, Hericium erinaceum, powder resulting in enhancement of the immune response and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:1323-1330. [PMID: 21421058 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The effects of different particle sizes (100-150, 74-100, and <74 μm) of powder of the dried and ground stipe from the monkey head mushroom, Hericium erinaceum, on the immune response and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, against the pathogen, Vibrio alginolyticus, were examined. Mushroom powder with a particle size of <74 μm had a significantly higher effect on the disease resistance of shrimp compared to particle sizes of >74 μm. Mortality of shrimp after being injected with V. alginolyticus was particle size-dependent, increasing from 66.7% ± 3.3%-93.3% ± 3.3% with diets containing stipe particle sizes of <74 and 100-150 μm, respectively. The mortality of shrimp fed the diet containing <74-μm stipe powder for 28 days was significant lower than that of shrimp fed with the control diet and the diet containing 74-100-μm stipe powder after being challenged by V. alginolyticus. The optimal concentration of the <74-μm mushroom powder for enhancing the immune response and disease resistance of shrimp was 0.2 μg (g shrimp)(-1) day(-1). No significant change in the total hemocyte count, differential hemocyte count, glutathione reductase, or phagocytic activity was found in shrimp fed the control diet and mushroom powder-containing diet at a level of up to 0.2 μg (g shrimp)(-1) day(-1). Shrimp fed 0.2 μg (g shrimp)(-1) day(-1) of a mushroom-containing diet had a significantly higher disease resistance to V. alginolyticus via an increase in phenoloxidase activity, respiratory bursts, superoxide dismutase activity, and glutathione peroxidase activity. Therefore, a diet containing the stipe powder of monkey head mushroom with a particle size <74 μm at a level of 0.2 μg (g shrimp)(-1) day(-1) was found to enhance the immunity and disease resistance of shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinn-Pyng Yeh
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, ROC
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41
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Zhu JY, Yang P, Wu GX. Prophenoloxidase from Pieris rapae: gene cloning, activity, and transcription in response to venom/calyx fluid from the endoparasitoid wasp Cotesia glomerata. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2011; 12:103-15. [PMID: 21265042 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prophenoloxidase (PPO) plays an important role in melanization, necessary for defense against intruding parasitoids. Parasitoids have evolved to inject maternal virulence factors into the host hemocoel to suppress hemolymph melanization for the successful development of their progeny. In this study, the full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) of a Pieris rapae PPO was cloned. Its cDNA contained a 2 076-base pair (bp) open reading frame (ORF) encoding 691 amino acids (aa). Two putative copper-binding sites, a proteolytic activation site, three conserved hemocyanin domains, and a thiol ester motif were found in the deduced amino acid sequence. According to both multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis, P. rapae PPO gene cloned here is a member of the lepidopteran PPO-2 family. Injection of Cotesia glomerata venom or calyx fluid resulted in reduction of P. rapae hemolymph phenoloxidase activity, demonstrating the ability to inhibit the host's melanization. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that transcripts of P. rapae PPO-2 in the haemocytes from larvae had not significantly changed following venom injection, suggesting that the regulation of PPO messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by venom was not employed by C. glomerata to cause failure of melanization in parasitized host. While decreased P. rapae PPO-2 gene expression was observed in the haemocytes after calyx fluid injection, no detectable transcriptional change was induced by parasitization, indicating that transcriptional down-regulation of PPO by calyx fluid might play a minor role involved in inhibiting the host's melanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-ying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province and Key Laboratory of Southwest Mountain Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
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Guo HZ, Zou PF, Fu JP, Guo Z, Zhu BK, Nie P, Chang MX. Characterization of two C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD)-containing proteins from the cDNA library of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:515-524. [PMID: 21134464 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis is one of the most important aquaculture crustacean species in China. A cDNA library was constructed from mixed tissues of E. sinensis challenged with LPS. Eight genes involved in immune response were identified from 319 single colonies. Among them, two different C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD)-containing proteins were firstly identified in Chinese mitten crab. The full-length cDNA sequences of two C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD)-containing proteins named EsCTLDcp-1 and EsCTLDcp-2 were cloned by 5' RACE. The deduced amino acid sequences of EsCTLDcp-1 and EsCTLDcp-2 possessed several conserved features of C-type lectin subfamily. The tissue distribution of EsCTLDcp-1 and EsCTLDcp-2 was examined by Real-time PCR. In the normal Chinese mitten crab, the expression of EsCTLDcp-2 was detected in all tested tissues such as haemolymph, muscle, intestine, gill, heart, gonad and hepatopancreas, whereas in muscle, intestine, gill, heart and hepatopancreas for EsCTLDcp-1. The highest expressions of EsCTLDcp-1 and EsCTLDcp-2 were both observed in hepatopancreas. LPS significantly induced the expression of EsCTLDcp-1 and EsCTLDcp-2 in the hepatopancreas at the different time points. The induced fold change of EsCTLDcp-1 and EsCTLDcp-2 increased significantly from 2 h for EsCTLDcp-1 and 4 h for EsCTLDcp-2, and reached a maximum at 12 h, then dropped at 24 h. A differential pattern was found in Chinese mitten crab challenged with Chinese mitten crab pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. The expression of EsCTLDcp-1 increased significantly at 2 h post-challenge crabs with A. hydrophila, then decreased at 4 h and 8 h, after that increased at 12 h and 24 h. The expression of EsCTLDcp-2 was decreased at the all time points. All these data suggest a differential role of EsCTLDcp-1 and EsCTLDcp-2 in the crab innate immune response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Z Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Laboratory of Fish Diseases, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, PR China
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Huang J, Yang Y, Wang A. Reconsideration of phenoloxidase activity determination in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 28:240-244. [PMID: 19825418 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 10/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Though phenoloxidase (PO) activity has been used as an important index in immunological research of crustaceans, methods for the determination of PO activity are not consistent even for the same species. Plasma, the major location of PO activity, should be the most reasonable sample, instead of hemocytes or serum, for the determination of PO activity of shrimp. The current study provided a thorough characterization and reconsideration for PO activity assay in the plasma of Litopenaeus vannamei. Results show that the final concentration of l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) for PO activity assay should be no less than 1.5 mg ml(-1), and pH 6.6 should be used to maintain the stability of l-DOPA solution. This study provides direct evidence that PO activity is significantly inhibited by EDTA, and it is suggested to use EDTA-free anticoagulant in separating plasma for PO activity assay in future studies. Repeated measurements indicated that the assayed PO activities are significantly affected by preservation conditions, and plasma is quite unstable with spontaneous activation when put in ice or stored at -20 degrees C. Thus samples need to be measured immediately or preserved at -80 degrees C with assay as soon as possible after it is thawed, and should not be preserved for a second time for measuring PO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwa Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
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44
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Gai Y, Wang L, Zhao J, Qiu L, Song L, Li L, Mu C, Wang W, Wang M, Zhang Y, Yao X, Yang J. The construction of a cDNA library enriched for immune genes and the analysis of 7535 ESTs from Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 27:684-694. [PMID: 19748587 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis is one of the most important aquaculture crustacean species in China. A cDNA library was constructed from hemocytes of E. sinensis challenged with the mixture of Listonella anguillarum and Staphylococcus aureus, and randomly sequenced to collect genomic information and identify genes involved in immune defense response. Single-pass 5' sequencing of 10368 clones yielded 7535 high quality ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags) and these ESTs were assembled into 2943 unigenes. BLAST analysis revealed that 1706 unigenes (58.0% of the total) or 4593 ESTs (61.0% of the total) were novel genes that had no significant matches to any protein sequences in the public databases. The rest 1237 unigenes (42.0% of the total) were closely matched to the known genes or sequences deposited in public databases, which could be classed into 20 or 23 classifications according to "molecular function" or "biological process" respectively based on the Gene Ontology (GO). And 221 unigenes (7.5% of all 2943 unigenes, 17.9% of matched unigenes) or 969 ESTs (12.9% of all 7535 ESTs, 32.9% of matched ESTs) were identified to be immune genes. The relative higher proportion of immune-related genes in the present cDNA library than that in the normal library of E. sinensis and other crustaceans libraries, and the differences and changes in percentage and quantity of some key immune-related genes especially the immune inducible genes between two E. sinensis cDNA libraries may derive from the bacteria challenge to the Chinese mitten crab. The results provided a well-characterized EST resource for the genomics community, gene discovery especially for the identification of host-defense genes and pathways in crabs as well as other crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Gai
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
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Gai Y, Qiu L, Wang L, Song L, Mu C, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Li L. A clip domain serine protease (cSP) from the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis: cDNA characterization and mRNA expression. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 27:670-677. [PMID: 19699801 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Clip domain serine protease (cSP), characterized by conserved clip domains, is a new serine protease family identified mainly in arthropod, and plays important roles in development and immunity. In the present study, the full-length cDNA of a cSP (designated EscSP) was cloned from Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis by expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and PCR techniques. The 1380 bp EscSP cDNA contained a 1152 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative cSP of 383 amino acids, a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 54 bp, and a 3'-UTR of 174 bp. Multiple sequence alignment presented twelve conserved cysteine residues and a canonical catalytic triad (His(185), Asp(235) and Ser(332)) critical for the fundamental structure and function of EscSP. Two types of cSP domains, the clip domain and tryp_spc domain, were identified in the deduced amino acids sequence of EscSP. The conservation characteristics and similarities with previously known cSPs indicated that EscSP was a member of the large cSP family. The mRNA expression of EscSP in different tissues and the temporal expression in haemocytes challenged by Listonella anguillarum were measured by real-time RT-PCR. EscSP mRNA transcripts could be detected in all examined tissues, and were higher expressed in muscle than that in hepatopancreas, gill, gonad, haemocytes and heart. The EscSP mRNA expression in haemocytes was up-regulated after L. anguillarum challenge and peaked at 2 h (4.96 fold, P < 0.05) and 12 h (9.90 fold, P < 0.05). Its expression pattern was similar to prophenoloxidase (EsproPO), one of the components of crab proPO system found in our previous report. These results implied that EscSP was involved in the processes of host-pathogen interaction probably as one of the proPO system members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Gai
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd, Qingdao 266071, China
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Vazquez L, Alpuche J, Maldonado G, Agundis C, Pereyra-Morales A, Zenteno E. Review: Immunity mechanisms in crustaceans. Innate Immun 2009; 15:179-88. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425909102876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crustacean aquaculture represents a major industry in tropical developing countries. As a result of high culture densities and increasing extension of aquaculture farms, the presence of diseases has also increased, inducing economic losses. Invertebrates, which lack adaptive immune systems, have developed defense systems that respond against antigens on the surface of potential pathogens. The defense mechanisms of crustaceans depend completely on the innate immune system that is activated when pathogen-associated molecular patterns are recognized by soluble or by cell surface host proteins, such as lectins, antimicrobial, clotting, and pattern recognition proteins, which, in turn, activate cellular or humoral effector mechanisms to destroy invading pathogens. This work is aimed at presenting the main characteristics of the crustacean proteins that participate in immune defense by specific recognition of carbohydrate containing molecules, i.e. glycans, glycolipids, glycoproteins, peptidoglycans, or lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, viruses, or fungi. We review some basic aspects of crustacean effector defense processes, like agglutination, encapsulation, phagocytosis, clottable proteins, and bactericidal activity, induced by these carbohydrate-driven recognition patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Vazquez
- Laboratorio de Lectinas, CIQ, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca Morelos, Mexico,
| | - Juan Alpuche
- Laboratorio de Inmunologia, Departamento de Bioquimica, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Inmunologia, Departamento de Bioquimica, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Concepción Agundis
- Laboratorio de Inmunologia, Departamento de Bioquimica, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Ali Pereyra-Morales
- Laboratorio de Inmunologia, Departamento de Bioquimica, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Laboratorio de Inmunologia, Departamento de Bioquimica, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Ricardo Palma, Santiago de Surco, Peru
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Thomas-Guyon H, Gagnaire B, Bado-Nilles A, Bouilly K, Lapègue S, Renault T. Detection of phenoloxidase activity in early stages of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:653-659. [PMID: 19101590 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The presence of phenoloxidase (PO) activity was detected in different developmental stages of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. A significant reduction in PO activity was observed from the 6h embryo stage to the day 11 larvae by spectrophotometry. A progressive increase was also observed from the day 13 larvae right through to the juvenile stage. The microscopy studies with '6h embryo' and adult samples confirmed the presence of PO activity. Various modulators of PO activity were used to study the triggering of pro-phenoloxidase (proPO) activating system of C. gigas but also to confirm the exact nature of the monitored activity. The enzyme activation mechanisms appear to differ with the developmental stage: bacterial lipopolysaccharides constitute an early elicitor of the proPO-PO system, whereas a purified trypsin triggers proPO-PO system in C. gigas spat. Phenoloxidase activity was totally suppressed by PO-specific inhibitors such as beta-2-mercaptoethanol, sodium diethyldithiocarbonate and tropolone. This study demonstrated the selective response of PO-like activity by different elicitors and suggested that proPO-PO activating system, which is supposed to play an important function in non-self recognition and host immune reactions in oyster, is expressed early in the Pacific oyster, C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Thomas-Guyon
- Littoral Environnementet SociétéS (LIENSs), UMR6250, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, La Rochelle, France.
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Marmaras VJ, Lampropoulou M. Regulators and signalling in insect haemocyte immunity. Cell Signal 2009; 21:186-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lu S. Effects of bactericides and modified atmosphere packaging on shelf-life of Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis). Lebensm Wiss Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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