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Zarei I, Eloranta AM, Klåvus A, Väistö J, Lehtonen M, Mikkonen S, Koistinen VM, Sallinen T, Haapala EA, Lintu N, Soininen S, Haikonen R, Atalay M, Schwab U, Auriola S, Kolehmainen M, Hanhineva K, Lakka TA. Eight-year diet and physical activity intervention affects serum metabolites during childhood and adolescence: A nonrandomized controlled trial. iScience 2024; 27:110295. [PMID: 39055945 PMCID: PMC11269805 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-term lifestyle interventions in childhood and adolescence can significantly improve cardiometabolic health, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted an 8-year diet and physical activity intervention in a general population of children. The research revealed that the intervention influenced 80 serum metabolites over two years, with 17 metabolites continuing to be affected after eight years. The intervention primarily impacted fatty amides, including palmitic amide, linoleamide, oleamide, and others, as well as unsaturated fatty acids, acylcarnitines, phospholipids, sterols, gut microbiota-derived metabolites, amino acids, and purine metabolites. Particularly noteworthy were the pronounced changes in serum fatty amides. These serum metabolite alterations could represent molecular mechanisms responsible for the observed benefits of long-term lifestyle interventions on cardiometabolic and overall health since childhood. Understanding these metabolic changes may provide valuable insights into the prevention of cardiometabolic and other non-communicable diseases since childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Zarei
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aino-Maija Eloranta
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anton Klåvus
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juuso Väistö
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marko Lehtonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- LC-MS Metabolomics Center, Biocenter Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville M. Koistinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Food Chemistry and Food Development Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Taisa Sallinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eero A. Haapala
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Niina Lintu
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sonja Soininen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Physician and Nursing Services, Health and Social Services Centre, Wellbeing Services County of North Savo, Varkaus, Finland
| | - Retu Haikonen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mustafa Atalay
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ursula Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjukka Kolehmainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Food Chemistry and Food Development Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
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García-Macia M, Sierra V, Santos-Ledo A, de Luxán-Delgado B, Potes-Ochoa Y, Rodríguez-González S, Oliván M, Coto-Montes A. Muscle Hypertrophy Is Linked to Changes in the Oxidative and Proteolytic Systems during Early Tenderization of the Spanish Breed "Asturiana de los Valles". Foods 2024; 13:443. [PMID: 38338578 PMCID: PMC10855751 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
For fresh meat consumers, eating satisfaction is of utmost importance and tenderness is one of the most important characteristics in this regard. Our study examined beef of different animal biotypes of the autochthonous breed "Asturiana de los Valles" (AV) to determine if early postmortem oxidative and proteolytic processes may influence the final tenderness of the product. This meat-specialized breed shows different biotypes depending on the frequency of a myostatin mutation "mh" that induces double-muscling or muscular hypertrophy (mh/mh, mh/+, +/+). Samples from the longissimus dorsi muscles of yearling bulls were analyzed during the first 24 h postmortem. Changes in the redox balance of muscle cells were significant in the first hours after slaughter; total antioxidant activity was higher in the mh/mh biotype and it followed the shortening of the sarcomeres, a key parameter in understanding meat tenderness. The two proteolytic systems studied (proteasome and lysosome) followed distinct patterns. Proteasome activity was higher in the (mh/+) biotype, which correlated with higher protein damage. Lysosome proteolysis was increased in the more tender biotypes (mh genotypes). Autophagic activation showed significant differences between the biotypes, with (mh/mh) showing more intense basal autophagy at the beginning of the postmortem period that decreased gradually (p < 0.001), while in the normal biotype (+/+), it was slightly delayed and then increased progressively (p < 0.001). These results suggest that this type of catalytic process and antioxidant activity could contribute to the earlier disintegration of the myofibers, particularly in the mh/mh biotypes, and influence the conversion of muscle into meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina García-Macia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), University of Salamanca/CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Investigations Network on Frailty and Ageing (CIBERFES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Sierra
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (V.S.); (M.O.)
| | - Adrián Santos-Ledo
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Luxán-Delgado
- Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (B.d.L.-D.); (Y.P.-O.); (A.C.-M.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Yaiza Potes-Ochoa
- Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (B.d.L.-D.); (Y.P.-O.); (A.C.-M.)
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Susana Rodríguez-González
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Mamen Oliván
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (V.S.); (M.O.)
| | - Ana Coto-Montes
- Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (B.d.L.-D.); (Y.P.-O.); (A.C.-M.)
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain;
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Zhang J, Duan D, Osama A, Fang J. Natural Molecules Targeting Thioredoxin System and Their Therapeutic Potential. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:1083-1107. [PMID: 33115246 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Thioredoxin (Trx) and thioredoxin reductase are two core members of the Trx system. The system bridges the gap between the universal reducing equivalent NADPH and various biological molecules and plays an essential role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and regulating multiple cellular redox signaling pathways. Recent Advance: In recent years, the Trx system has been well documented as an important regulator of many diseases, especially tumorigenesis. Thus, the development of potential therapeutic molecules targeting the system is of great significance for disease treatment. Critical Issues: We herein first discuss the physiological functions of the Trx system and the role that the Trx system plays in various diseases. Then, we focus on the introduction of natural small molecules with potential therapeutic applications, especially the anticancer activity, and review their mechanisms of pharmacological actions via interfering with the Trx system. Finally, we further discuss several natural molecules that harbor therapeutic potential and have entered different clinical trials. Future Directions: Further studies on the functions of the Trx system in multiple diseases will not only improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of many human disorders but also help develop novel therapeutic strategies against these diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 1083-1107.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
| | - Dongzhu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
| | - Alsiddig Osama
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
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Pohjoismäki JL, Goffart S. The role of mitochondria in cardiac development and protection. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 106:345-354. [PMID: 28216385 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for the development as well as maintenance of the myocardium, the most energy consuming tissue in the human body. Mitochondria are not only a source of ATP energy but also generators of reactive oxygen species (ROS), that cause oxidative damage, but also regulate physiological processes such as the switch from hyperplastic to hypertrophic growth after birth. As excess ROS production and oxidative damage are associated with cardiac pathology, it is not surprising that much of the research focused on the deleterious aspects of free radicals. However, cardiomyocytes are naturally highly adapted against repeating oxidative insults, with evidence suggesting that moderate and acute ROS exposure has beneficial consequences for mitochondrial maintenance and cardiac health. Antioxidant defenses, mitochondrial quality control, mtDNA maintenance mechanisms as well as mitochondrial fusion and fission improve mitochondrial function and cardiomyocyte survival under stress conditions. As these adaptive processes can be induced, promoting mitohormesis or mitochondrial biogenesis using controlled ROS exposure could provide a promising strategy to increase cardiomyocyte survival and prevent pathological remodeling of the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko L Pohjoismäki
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Steffi Goffart
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Di Meo S, Reed TT, Venditti P, Victor VM. Role of ROS and RNS Sources in Physiological and Pathological Conditions. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1245049. [PMID: 27478531 PMCID: PMC4960346 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1245049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 756] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is significant evidence that, in living systems, free radicals and other reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play a double role, because they can cause oxidative damage and tissue dysfunction and serve as molecular signals activating stress responses that are beneficial to the organism. Mitochondria have been thought to both play a major role in tissue oxidative damage and dysfunction and provide protection against excessive tissue dysfunction through several mechanisms, including stimulation of opening of permeability transition pores. Until recently, the functional significance of ROS sources different from mitochondria has received lesser attention. However, the most recent data, besides confirming the mitochondrial role in tissue oxidative stress and protection, show interplay between mitochondria and other ROS cellular sources, so that activation of one can lead to activation of other sources. Thus, it is currently accepted that in various conditions all cellular sources of ROS provide significant contribution to processes that oxidatively damage tissues and assure their survival, through mechanisms such as autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Di Meo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Tanea T. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475, USA
| | - Paola Venditti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Victor Manuel Victor
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Dr. Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Alterations in Plasma Glucose and Cardiac Antioxidant Enzymes Activity in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats: Effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum Extract and Swimming Training. Can J Diabetes 2016; 40:135-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Arshadi S, Bakhtiyari S, Haghani K, Valizadeh A. Effects of Fenugreek Seed Extract and Swimming Endurance Training on Plasma Glucose and Cardiac Antioxidant Enzymes Activity in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2015; 6:87-93. [PMID: 25938017 PMCID: PMC4411350 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia condition resulting from defective insulin secretion or resistance insulin action, or both. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks swimming training and Trigonella foenum-graecum seed (fenugreek) extract, alone and in combination, on plasma glucose and cardiac antioxidant enzyme activity of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: diabetic control (DC, n = 8); healthy control (HC, n = 11); swimming training (S, n = 11); swimming training + fenugreek seed extract (1.74 g/kg body weight; SF1, n = 11); and swimming training + fenugreek seed extract (0.87 g/kg body weight; SF2, n = 9). Streptozotocin was used for the induction of diabetes. Results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey test. Results In comparison with the DC group, all groups exhibited a significant decrease in body weight (p < 0.05), except for the HC group. SF1 and HC groups showed significant decreases in plasma glucose levels compared with the DC group (p < 0.05). S, SF1, SF2, and HC groups showed significant elevations in cardiac antioxidant enzymes activity in comparison with the DC group. Conclusion The results indicated that the combination of endurance swimming training and fenugreek seed extract can significantly reduce the plasma glucose levels and increase cardiac antioxidant enzymes activity in diabetic rats. Our findings suggest that this combination could be useful for the treatment of hyperglycemia and cardiac oxidative stress induced by diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Arshadi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Bakhtiyari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Karimeh Haghani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Mahmood DFD, Abderrazak A, El Hadri K, Simmet T, Rouis M. The thioredoxin system as a therapeutic target in human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1266-303. [PMID: 23244617 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The thioredoxin (Trx) system comprises Trx, truncated Trx (Trx-80), Trx reductase, and NADPH, besides a natural Trx inhibitor, the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP). This system is essential for maintaining the balance of the cellular redox status, and it is involved in the regulation of redox signaling. It is also pivotal for growth promotion, neuroprotection, inflammatory modulation, antiapoptosis, immune function, and atherosclerosis. As an ubiquitous and multifunctional protein, Trx is expressed in all forms of life, executing its function through its antioxidative, protein-reducing, and signal-transducing activities. In this review, the biological properties of the Trx system are highlighted, and its implications in several human diseases are discussed, including cardiovascular diseases, heart failure, stroke, inflammation, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, arthritis, and cancer. The last chapter addresses the emerging therapeutic approaches targeting the Trx system in human diseases.
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Jenko-Pražnikar Z, Petelin A, Jurdana M, Žiberna L. Serum bilirubin levels are lower in overweight asymptomatic middle-aged adults: an early indicator of metabolic syndrome? Metabolism 2013; 62:976-85. [PMID: 23414908 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low levels of bilirubin have recently been associated with obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Here, we hypothesized that serum bilirubin levels might be already altered in overweight asymptomatic middle-aged individuals before full development of the metabolic syndrome. METHODS Healthy nonsmoking adults aged 25-49 (64 women and 32 men) participated in this cross-sectional study. All participants who reported stable weight within the last three months underwent standard anthropomorphological measurements of body composition, blood pressure measurements, aerobic and anaerobic capabilities assessment, dietary intake evaluation, and fasting serological measurements of total and direct bilirubin, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and C-reactive protein. Participants were divided into normal-weight and overweight groups. Linear correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to examine the association of serum bilirubin levels with all metabolic syndrome risk factor changes. RESULTS Serum bilirubin levels were lower in overweight healthy individuals of both sexes, and were negatively associated with abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, fasting triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and C-reactive protein levels but positively associated with aerobic body capabilities. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that serum bilirubin levels have the potential to be employed as an early biomarker for indicating asymptomatic individuals at increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zala Jenko-Pražnikar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
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Kraljevic J, Marinovic J, Pravdic D, Zubin P, Dujic Z, Wisloff U, Ljubkovic M. Aerobic interval training attenuates remodelling and mitochondrial dysfunction in the post-infarction failing rat heart. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 99:55-64. [PMID: 23554460 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Following a large myocardial infarction (MI), remaining viable muscle often undergoes pathological remodelling and progresses towards chronic heart failure. Mitochondria may also be affected by this process and, due to their functional importance, likely contribute to the progression of the disease. Aerobic interval training (AIT) has been shown effective in diminishing pathological myocardial transformation, but the effects of AIT on mitochondrial function in hearts undergoing remodelling are not known. METHODS AND RESULTS Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to either 8 weeks of aerobic interval treadmill running (5 days/week), which started 4 weeks after left coronary artery ligation (MI-Trained), or a sedentary group (MI-Sedentary). Echocardiography was performed before and after the 8-week period, at which point the left ventricles (LVs) were also harvested. Twelve weeks after surgery, MI-Sedentary rats had significantly lower LV fractional shortening compared with MI-Trained rats. Complex I-dependent respiration assessed in isolated LV mitochondria was decreased by ∼37% in MI-Sedentary and 17% in MI-Trained animals (group differences P < 0.05), compared with sham-operated animals. This was paralleled with diminished ATP production and increased degree of protein oxidation in MI-Sedentary rats. The enzymatic activity of complex I was also decreased to a greater extent in MI-Sedentary than in MI-Trained animals, with no evidence of its reduced expression. When complex II substrate was used, no differences among the three groups were observed. CONCLUSION Exercise reduces LV contractile deterioration in post-infarction heart failure and alleviates the extent of mitochondrial dysfunction, which is paralleled with preserved complex I activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasenka Kraljevic
- Department of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, Split 21000, Croatia
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Effects of acute exercise on atherogenic lipids in untreated mild hypertensive patients. VOJNOSANIT PREGL 2009; 66:313-8. [PMID: 19432298 DOI: 10.2298/vsp0904313c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Exercise can positively influence risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms by which exercise reduces atherogenic risk remain unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of acute exercise (cardiopulmonary exercise cycle ergometer test) on atherogenic lipids in untreated mild hypertensive patients with or without hypercholesterolemia. This testing allows determination of exercise capacity, peak heart rate, and ventilation per minute (VE), peak oxygen uptake (pVO2) and exercise time (ET). METHODS The study group included 85 untreated mild hypertensive patients (according to VII Joint National Committee--JNC 7) divided into two subgroups: hypertensive hypercholesterolemic and hypertensive normocholesterolemic. The control grouip included 35 normotensive subjects divided into two subgroups: normotensive hypercholesterolemic and normotensive normocholesterolemic. Lipid profiles to determine were oxidized LDL (OxLDL)--a marker of oxidative stress, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol, which were measured at rest and 30 minutes after the acute bout of cardiopulmonary exercise cycle ergometer test. Lipids profiles were measured by enzymatic methods. Oxidized LDL was determined by a commercially available sandwich ELISA (Mercodia AB, Uppsala, Sweden). C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured using chemiluminiscent methods (Immulite-DPC). RESULTS In our study OxLDL was significantly higher in hypertensive patients with atherogenic lipid profiles in basal condition, compared to the hypertensive patients without atherogenic lipid profiles and controls. There was a significant difference in CRP (p < 0.001) between hypercholesterolemics (hypertensive and normotensive) and normocholesterolemics (hypertensive and normotensive). We found increased OxLDL after exercise in both groups (hypertensive patients and normotensive), but only in the hypertensive hypercholesterolemic patients the difference was statistically significant (90.47 +/- 15.31 vs. 105.94 +/- 14.17 IU/L, p < 0.001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly higher during exercise only in the hypertensive patients. There were significantly lower values of pVO2 only in hypertensive hypercholesterolemic patients. There were no significant differences between hypertensive and normotensive ones for ET and VE. In hypertensive ones we found after exercise a negative correlation between pVO2 and OxLDL (r = -0.473; p < 0.05), and pVO2 and CRP (r = -0.478; p < 0.05). We also found in normotensive normocholesterolemic patients a positive correlation between VE and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.420; p < 0.05), a negative correlation between VE and OxLDL (r= -0.421; p < 0.05), and VE and CRP (r = -0.561; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study showed that acute exercise induces and increases oxidative stress only in untreated mild hypertensive patients with atherogenic lipid profiles. These results imply the need to normalize atherogenic lipid profile in untreated patients with mild hypertension in order to prevent an increased lipid peroxidation under acute exercise.
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Mignini F, Tomassoni D, Traini E, Streccioni V. Antioxidant endogenous defense in a human model of physical stress. Clin Exp Hypertens 2009; 30:776-84. [PMID: 19021027 DOI: 10.1080/07420520802572341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present work has used controlled conditions to study how physical activity and stress affect oxidant and anti-oxidant systems in a human model. Stress test consisting of one hour exercise at a cycloergometer with intensity over the 75% of the maximal cardiac frequency was followed by non-significant changes of malonyldialdehyde, assayed as a marker of lipid peroxidation, and by an increase of erythrocyte catalase and plasma and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase after the test. These findings suggest that antioxidant response is broadly versatile and adaptable, and that physical activity may prevent extended cellular damage with consequent flogosis. Hence, controlled physical exercise may contribute to protect target organs, including cardiovascular systems, against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenzo Mignini
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
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Karolkiewicz J, Michalak E, Pospieszna B, Deskur-Smielecka E, Nowak A, Pilaczyńska-Szcześniak Ł. Response of oxidative stress markers and antioxidant parameters to an 8-week aerobic physical activity program in healthy, postmenopausal women. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2008; 49:e67-71. [PMID: 18990458 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the influence of an 8-week aerobic physical activity program on oxidative stress markers, antioxidant parameters, and selected metabolic parameters in healthy, postmenopausal women. The study was carried out in a group of 41 healthy women (mean age 65 years) participating in an 8-week cycle ergometer physical workout of moderate intensity. Before and after completing the training program, the following parameters were assessed: total antioxidant status (TAS) and concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in plasma, serum levels of antibodies against oxidatively modified low-density lipoproteins (LDL) (oLAB), serum concentrations of glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), insulin, and reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations in red blood cells (RBC). Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and insulin resistance index (HOMA(IR)) were calculated. The 8-week aerobic physical activity program resulted in significant decrease (p<0.01) in serum glucose and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, plasma TBARS concentrations (p<0.05), and in significant decrease of HOMA(IR) (p<0.01). TAS of plasma and GSH concentrations in RBC increased significantly (p<0.01) over the study period. The results show that an 8-week aerobic training enhanced insulin sensitivity, and improved the balance between oxidants and antioxidants in healthy, postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Karolkiewicz
- University School of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi str. 27/39, 61-871 Poznań, Poland.
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Chicco AJ, McCune SA, Emter CA, Sparagna GC, Rees ML, Bolden DA, Marshall KD, Murphy RC, Moore RL. Low-intensity exercise training delays heart failure and improves survival in female hypertensive heart failure rats. Hypertension 2008; 51:1096-102. [PMID: 18259016 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.107078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training improves functional capacity and quality of life in patients with heart failure. However, the long-term effects of exercise on mortality associated with hypertensive heart disease have not been well defined. In the present study, we investigated the effect of low-intensity exercise training on disease progression and survival in female spontaneously hypertensive heart failure rats. Animals with severe hypertension (16 months old) were treadmill trained (14.5 m/min, 45 min/d, 3 d/wk) until they developed terminal heart failure or were euthanized because of age-related complications. Exercise delayed mortality resulting from heart failure (P<0.001) and all causes (P<0.05) and transiently attenuated the systolic hypertension and contractile dysfunction observed in the sedentary animals but had no effect on cardiac morphology or contractile function in end-stage heart failure. Training had no effect on terminal myocardial protein expression of antioxidant enzymes, calcium handling proteins, or myosin heavy chain isoforms but was associated with higher cytochrome oxidase activity in cardiac mitochondria (P<0.05) and a greater mitochondrial content of cardiolipin, a phospholipid that is essential for optimal mitochondrial energy metabolism. In conclusion, low-intensity exercise training significantly delays the onset of heart failure and improves survival in female hypertensive heart failure rats without eliciting sustained improvements in blood pressure, cardiac function, or expression of several myocardial proteins associated with the cardiovascular benefits of exercise. The effects of exercise on cytochrome oxidase and cardiolipin provide novel evidence that training may improve prognosis in hypertensive heart disease by preserving mitochondrial energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Chicco
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.
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Netto Jr. J, Braile DM, Cecchini R, Cicogna AC, Guarnier FA, Pastre CM, Oliveira Jr. SAD, Sugisaki M, Pastre EC. Comportamento da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio em miocárdio de ratos submetidos a treinamento de baixa intensidade em diferentes temperaturas. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922007000600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: A prática de exercício físico proporciona aumento da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) resultantes do metabolismo aeróbio e, gera uma quantidade significativa de calor, em conseqüência da produção de energia, resultando em sobrecarga orgânica. A associação entre ERO e exercício, e entre exercício e variações da temperatura ambiente têm sido estudadas, contudo, há escassez de informações que considere a associação entre produção de radicais livres no miocárdio e atividade física em temperatura elevada. OBJETIVO: Comparar a produção de ERO em miocárdio de ratos submetidos ao treinamento de baixa intensidade em diferentes temperaturas. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 20 ratos Wistar, machos, jovens, peso (250 a 280g), divididos em quatro grupos: G1 (n = 5) expostos ao treinamento e calor (39º ± 1C); G2 (n = 5) expostos somente ao calor durante o mesmo período de G1, sem treinamento; G3 (n = 5) expostos ao treinamento em temperatura ambiente (22º ± 1C); G4 (n = 5) expostos à temperatura ambiente sem treinamento. O treinamento foi realizado em esteira rolante climatizada por cinco semanas, evoluindo 5 minutos a cada duas sessões finalizando em 60 minutos em baixa intensidade 8m/min. O ambiente foi controlado entre 39 ± 1ºC e 22 ± 1ºC e entre 40 e 60 % de umidade relativa. A lipoperoxidação foi avaliada por Quimiluminescência (QL). A análise dos dados foi realizada a partir do teste Two Way ANOVA para análise da QL e t de student para a Capacidade Antioxidante Total (TRAP). RESULTADOS: A análise da QL revelou uma curva de emissão de luz significantemente mais baixa para o grupo exposto ao exercício em normotermia comparado aos sedentários mantidos no calor. A análise da TRAP mostrou diminuição em todos os grupos experimentais em relação ao G4. CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que houve níveis menores de produção de ERO nos grupos submetidos somente ao calor ou somente ao exercício.
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Ozmen I, Naziroğlu M, Alici HA, Sahin F, Cengiz M, Eren I. Spinal Morphine Administration Reduces the Fatty Acid Contents in Spinal Cord and Brain by Increasing Oxidative Stress. Neurochem Res 2006; 32:19-25. [PMID: 17151918 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that oxidative stress damages biomolecules such as DNA and lipids. No study is available on the morphine-induced oxidative damage and fatty acids changes in brain and spinal tissues. The aim of this work was to determine the effects of morphine on the concentrations and compositions of fatty acid in spinal cord segments and brain tissues in rabbits as well as lipid peroxidation (LP) and glutathione (GSH) levels in cortex brain. Twelve New Zealand albino rabbits were used and they were randomly assigned to two groups of 6 rabbits each. First group used as control although morphine administrated to rats in second group. Cortex brain and (cervical, thoracic, lumbar) samples were taken. The fatty acids between n:18.0 and 21.0 were present in spinal cord sections and n:10 fatty acids in control animals were present in the brain tissues. Compared to n:20.0-24.0 fatty acids in spinal cord sections and 8.0 fatty acids in the brain tissues of drug administered animals. The concentration and composition of the fatty acid methyl esters in spinal cord and brain tissues was decreased by morphine treatments. LP levels in the cortex brain were increased although GSH levels were decreased by the morphine administration. In conclusion, unsaturated fatty acids contents in brain and spinal cord sections and GSH were reduced by administrating spinal morphine although oxidative stress as LP increased. The inhibition oxidative damage may be a useful strategy for the development of a new protection for morphine administration as well as opiate abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Ozmen
- Department of Chemistry, Art and Science Faculty, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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17
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Ascensão A, Ferreira R, Magalhães J. Exercise-induced cardioprotection--biochemical, morphological and functional evidence in whole tissue and isolated mitochondria. Int J Cardiol 2006; 117:16-30. [PMID: 16860886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial injury is a major contributor to the morbidity and mortality associated with coronary artery disease. Regular exercise has been confirmed as a pragmatic countermeasure to protect against cardiac injury. Specifically, endurance exercise has been proven to provide cardioprotection against cardiac insults in both young and old animals. Proposed mechanisms to explain the cardioprotective effects of exercise are mediated, at least partially, by redox changes and include the induction of myocardial heat shock proteins, improved cardiac antioxidant capacity, and/or elevation of other cardioprotective molecules. Understanding the molecular basis for exercise-induced cardioprotection is important in developing exercise strategies to protect the heart during and after insults. Data suggest that these positive modulator effects occur at different levels of cellular organization, being mitochondria fundamental organelles that are sensitive to disturbances imposed by exercise on basal homeostasis. At present, which of these protective mechanisms is essential for exercise-induced cardioprotection remains unclear. This review analyzes the biochemical, morphological and functional outcomes of acute and chronic exercise on the overall cardiac muscle tissue and in isolated mitochondria. Some redox-based mechanisms behind the cross-tolerance effects particularly induced by endurance training, against certain stressors responsible for the impairments in cardiac homeostasis caused by aging, diabetes, drug administration or ischemia-reperfusion are also outlined. Further work should be addressed in order to clarify the precise regulatory mechanisms by which physical exercise augments heart tolerance against many cardiotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Ascensão
- Department of Sports Biology, Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
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Gul M, Demircan B, Taysi S, Oztasan N, Gumustekin K, Siktar E, Polat MF, Akar S, Akcay F, Dane S. Effects of endurance training and acute exhaustive exercise on antioxidant defense mechanisms in rat heart. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 143:239-45. [PMID: 16426880 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether 8-week treadmill training strengthens antioxidant enzymes and decreases lipid peroxidation in rat heart. The effects of acute exhaustive exercise were also investigated. Male rats (Rattus norvegicus, Sprague-Dawley strain) were divided into trained and untrained groups. Both groups were further divided equally into two groups where the rats were studied at rest and immediately after exhaustive exercise. Endurance training consisted of treadmill running 1.5 h day(-1), 5 days week(-1) for 8 weeks. For acute exhaustive exercise, graded treadmill running was conducted. Malondialdehyde level in heart tissue was not affected by acute exhaustive exercise in untrained and trained rats. The activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes decreased by both acute exercise and training. Glutathione S-transferase and catalase activities were not affected. Total and non-enzymatic superoxide scavenger activities were not affected either. Superoxide dismutase activity decreased by acute exercise in untrained rats; however, this decrease was not observed in trained rats. Our results suggested that rat heart has sufficient antioxidant enzyme capacity to cope with exercise-induced oxidative stress, and adaptive changes in antioxidant enzymes due to endurance training are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Gul
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
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20
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Judge S, Jang YM, Smith A, Selman C, Phillips T, Speakman JR, Hagen T, Leeuwenburgh C. Exercise by lifelong voluntary wheel running reduces subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide production in the heart. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289:R1564-72. [PMID: 16051717 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00396.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidant production, in association with an accumulation of oxidative damage, contribute to the aging process. Regular physical activity can delay the onset of morbidity, increase mean lifespan, and reduce the risk of developing several pathological states. No studies have examined age-related changes in oxidant production and oxidative stress in both subsarcolemmal (SSM) and interfibrillar (IFM) mitochondria in combination with lifelong exercise. Therefore, we investigated whether long-term voluntary wheel running in Fischer 344 rats altered hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, antioxidant defenses, and oxidative damage in cardiac SSM and IFM. At 10–11 wk of age, rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: sedentary and 8% food restriction (sedentary; n = 20) or wheel running and 8% food restriction (runners; n = 20); rats were killed at 24 mo of age. After the age of 6 mo, running activity was maintained at an average of 1,145 ± 248 m/day. Daily energy expenditure determined by doubly labeled water technique showed that runners expended on average ∼70% more energy per day than the sedentary rats. Long-term voluntary wheel running significantly reduced H2O2production from both SSM (−10.0%) and IFM (−9.6%) and increased daily energy expenditure (kJ/day) significantly in runners compared with sedentary controls. Additionally, MnSOD activity was significantly lowered in SSM and IFM from wheel runners, which may reflect a reduction in mitochondrial superoxide production. Activities of the other major antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and catalase) and glutathione levels were not altered by wheel running. Despite the reduction in mitochondrial oxidant production, no significant differences in oxidative stress levels (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified proteins, protein carbonyls, and malondialdehyde) were detected between the two groups. The health benefits of chronic exercise may be, at least partially, due to a reduction in mitochondrial oxidant production; however, we could not detect a significant reduction in several selected parameters of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Judge
- Univ. of Florida, College of Medicine, Dept. of Aging and Geriatric Research, Genomics and Biomarkers Core Institute on Aging, Biochemistry of Aging Laboratory, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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21
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Ascensão A, Magalhães J, Soares J, Ferreira R, Neuparth M, Marques F, Oliveira J, Duarte J. Endurance training attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiac oxidative damage in mice. Int J Cardiol 2005; 100:451-60. [PMID: 15837090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 10/28/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of studies reporting the influence of DOX treatment on chronically exercised animals. This study intended to determine the effect of endurance swimming training on cardiac muscle tolerance to in vivo DOX-induced damage, analyzing the levels of oxidative stress markers, the response of antioxidant system and the expression of 60 and 70 kDa heat shock proteins (HSP). METHODS Forty-four Charles River CD1 male mice were randomly assigned to either non-trained placebo (NT+P) and non-trained DOX (NT+DOX) or trained placebo (T+P) and trained DOX (T+DOX). Twenty-four hours after completion of a 14-week training, cardiac ventricles were extracted for biochemical assays of oxidative stress and damage markers, antioxidant enzymes and HSPs. RESULTS DOX treatment per se (single 20 mg kg(-1) dose), administrated 24 h after the last exercise bout, elevated (p<0.05) plasma cardiac troponin I (cTnI), HSP60, % oxidized glutathione, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and carbonyl groups and reduced -SH groups. However, training induced a significant increase (p<0.05) on total and reduced glutathione (GSH), HSP60 expression, and decreased the rise of plasma cTnI as well as cardiac carbonyl groups contents in DOX hearts, when compared to NT+DOX mice. Although catalase activity of T+DOX was significantly higher than T+P, no changes were observed in the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Neither DOX nor training induced significant variations in HSP70. CONCLUSION Training improved myocardial tolerance to DOX-induced damage. It is likely that the improvement in responses to DOX was related to training-induced increases in GSH and HSP60.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Ascensão
- Department of Sport Biology, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
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22
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Ascensão A, Magalhães J, Soares JMC, Ferreira R, Neuparth MJ, Marques F, Oliveira PJ, Duarte JA. Moderate endurance training prevents doxorubicin-induced in vivo mitochondriopathy and reduces the development of cardiac apoptosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289:H722-31. [PMID: 15792986 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01249.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to test the hypothesis that endurance training may be protective against in vivo doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiomyopathy through mitochondria-mediated mechanisms. Forty adult (6-8 wk old) male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10/group): nontrained, nontrained + DOX treatment (20 mg/kg), trained (14 wk of endurance treadmill running, 60-90 min/day), and trained + DOX treatment. Mitochondrial respiration, calcium tolerance, oxidative damage, heat shock proteins (HSPs), antioxidant enzyme activity, and apoptosis markers were evaluated. DOX induces mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction, oxidative damage, and histopathological lesions and triggers apoptosis (P < 0.05, n = 10). However, training limited the decrease in state 3 respiration, respiratory control ratio (RCR), uncoupled respiration, aconitase activity, and protein sulfhydryl content caused by DOX treatment and prevented the increased sensitivity to calcium in nontrained + DOX-treated rats (P < 0.05, n = 10). Moreover, training inhibited the DOX-induced increase in mitochondrial protein carbonyl groups, malondialdehyde, Bax, Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio, and tissue caspase-3 activity (P < 0.05, n = 10). Training also increased by approximately 2-fold the expression of mitochondrial HSP-60 and tissue HSP-70 (P < 0.05, n = 10) and by approximately 1.5-fold the activity of mitochondrial and cytosolic forms of SOD (P < 0.05, n = 10). We conclude that endurance training protects heart mitochondrial respiratory function from the toxic effects of DOX, probably by improving mitochondrial and cell defense systems and reducing cell oxidative stress. In addition, endurance training limited the DOX-triggered apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Ascensão
- Department of Sport Biology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Univ. of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
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23
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Tatsuguchi M, Hiratsuka E, Machida S, Nishikawa T, Imamura SI, Shimizu S, Nishimura M, Komuro I, Furutani Y, Furutani M, Nagao H, Komatsu K, Kasanuki H, Matsuoka R. Swimming exercise in infancy has beneficial effect on the hearts in cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2004; 25:69-76. [PMID: 15160490 DOI: 10.1023/b:jure.0000021353.82449.9e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypic expression of cardiomyopathy is greatly influenced by extrinsic factors other than intrinsic genetic defects, such as environmental stress. Exercise is assumed to be an important extrinsic factor, since sudden death is sometimes seen during exercise in young patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, the long-term effects of mild exercise on phenotypic expression in cardiomyopathy remain unclear. To evaluate the effects of exercise performed during infancy or adolescence in cardiomyopathic patients, cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters (BIO14.6) were subjected to swimming. BIO14.6 and age-matched congenic normal hamsters (CN) as controls were divided into three groups: sedentary (Sed), and trained during infancy (Inf) and during adolescence (Ado). Histological and biochemical analysis of 41-week-old hamsters revealed that (1) the relative level of beta-myosin heavy chain mRNA was significantly lower in the Inf group than in the Sed and Ado groups of BIO14.6. The level in the Inf group of BIO14.6 was compatible with that in the age-matched Sed group of the CN strain; (2) in BIO14.6, degenerative mitochondrial change in the cardiomyocytes was not seen in the Inf group while it was common in the Sed and Ado groups; (3) calcineurin phosphatase activity in the swimming group in 10-week-old CN was significantly higher than that of the age-matched sedentary group, and was as much as that of the swimming and sedentary groups in 10- and 41-week-old BIO14.6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Tatsuguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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24
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Radák Z, Chung HY, Naito H, Takahashi R, Jung KJ, Kim HJ, Goto S. Age-associated increase in oxidative stress and nuclear factor kappaB activation are attenuated in rat liver by regular exercise. FASEB J 2004; 18:749-50. [PMID: 14766800 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0509fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The combined effects of aging and regular physical exercise was investigated on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, glutathione status, and the activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in rat liver. A group of 24 male F344 rats was divided into the following categories: adult control (18 months), adult exercised (18 months), and aged control (28 months) and aged exercised (28 months). The ROS formation increased as a function of age and exercise training decreased the rate of ROS formation in the two age groups. Significant positive correlation was found between ROS production and lipid peroxidation (LIPOX). The reduced glutathione (GSH) level was higher and the oxidized glutathione (GSSG) level lower in exercised groups compared with the sedentary controls (P<0.05). An age-associated increase in NF-kappaB activity was attenuated by the regular exercise. The content of p50 and p65 subunits of NF-kappaB increased with age and decreased with exercise training. The content of inhibitory factor-kappaB was inversely related to NF-kappaB activation. Regular exercise-induced adaptive responses, including attenuation of an increase in ROS production, LIPOX level, NF-kappaB activation, and reduced GSH/GSSG ratio, appear to be capable, even in old age, of reducing increases in inflammatory and other detrimental consequences that are often associated with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Radák
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Sport Science, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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25
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Abstract
Physical exercise may be associated with a 10- to 20-fold increase in whole body oxygen uptake. Oxygen flux in the active peripheral skeletal muscle fibres may increase by as much as 100- to 200-fold during exercise. Studies during the past 2 decades suggest that during strenuous exercise, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is elevated to a level that overwhelms tissue antioxidant defence systems. The result is oxidative stress. The magnitude of the stress depends on the ability of the tissues to detoxify ROS, that is, antioxidant defences. Antioxidants produced by the body act in concert with their exogenous, mainly dietary, counterparts to provide protection against the ravages of reactive oxygen as well as nitrogen species. Antioxidant supplementation is likely to provide beneficial effects against exercise-induced oxidative tissue damage. While universal recommendations specifying types and dosages of antioxidants are difficult to make, it would be prudent for competitive athletes routinely engaged in strenuous exercise to seek an estimate of individual requirement. A new dimension in oxidant biology has recently unfolded. Although excessive oxidants may cause damage to tissues, lower levels of oxidants in biological cells may act as messenger molecules enabling the function of numerous physiological processes. It is plausible that some exercise-induced beneficial effects are actually oxidant-mediated. Such developments call for an even more careful analysis of the overall significance of types and amounts of antioxidants in diet. While these complexities pose significant challenges, experts agree that if used prudently, oxidants and antioxidants may serve as potent therapeutic tools. Efforts to determine individual needs of athletes and a balanced diet rich in antioxidant supplements are highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Sen
- Department of Surgery and Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus 43210, USA.
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26
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Meilhac O, Ramachandran S, Chiang K, Santanam N, Parthasarathy S. Role of arterial wall antioxidant defense in beneficial effects of exercise on atherosclerosis in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:1681-8. [PMID: 11597945 DOI: 10.1161/hq1001.097106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism(s) by which exercise reduces atherogenic risk remains unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that sustained exercise-induced oxidative stress may increase antioxidant defense in the arterial wall. Acute exercise induced an increase in antibodies to oxidatively modified proteins and catalase in the aortic walls of normal mice compared with sedentary control mice. In male atherogenic diet-fed low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-deficient mice, exercise lowered plasma cholesterol (15%) and decreased atherosclerotic lesions by 40% compared with values in sedentary control mice, with a concomitant increase in arterial catalase and endothelial NO synthase. Because these mice lack the LDL receptor, the results indicate that the LDL receptor might not be responsible for the exercise-induced lowering of plasma cholesterol. Vitamin E supplementation to exercising LDL receptor-deficient mice did not reduce atherosclerotic lesion formation significantly as opposed to lesion formation in untreated exercised mice. Moreover, vitamin E counteracted the beneficial effects of exercise by preventing the induction of aortic catalase activity and endothelial NO synthase expression. These results might indicate that although vitamin E might have prevented the exercise-induced oxidative stress, its availability in the artery was insufficient to prevent the atherosclerotic process. These results indicate that exercise-induced plasma oxidative stress could be responsible for the prevention of atherosclerosis by stimulating arterial antioxidant response. Furthermore, vitamin E supplementation could be deleterious in exercisers by inhibiting antioxidant enzyme buildup in the arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Meilhac
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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27
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O'Sullivan SE, Bell C. The effects of exercise and training on human cardiovascular reflex control. JOURNAL OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 2000; 81:16-24. [PMID: 10869695 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1838(00)00148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During physical activity, there is a graded withdrawal of vagal cardiac tone and a graded increase in sympathetic cardiac and vasomotor tone, initiated through both central command from the somatic motor cortex and muscle chemoreceptive and mechanoreceptive inputs. In parallel, there is an upward resetting of the operating point of the arterial baroreflex, with preserved reflex sensitivity. In contrast to the traditional interpretation that blood flow through exercising muscle is independent of vasomotor neural influences because of the dominance of local dilator metabolites, recent evidence suggests that both constrictor and dilator sympathetic neural influences may be involved in determining absolute levels of perfusion. Post-exercise, there is a period of relative hypotension that is associated with decreased peripheral resistance. Some, but not all, evidence indicates a causal role for reduced sympathetic drive. Chronic exercise training appears to reduce resting sympathetic activity, with parallel changes in the gain of a variety of cardiovascular autonomic reflexes initiated from cardiovascular sites. These changes may be attributable at least partly to masking of arterial baroreflexes by the impact of elevated blood volume on low-pressure baroreceptors. The reductions in sympathetic drive that follow training are more pronounced in patients with essential hypertension than in normotensive individuals and are likely to underlie the anti-hypertensive effect of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E O'Sullivan
- Department of Physiology, Trinity College Dublin, 2, Dublin, Ireland.
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Stuewe SR, Gwirtz PA, Agarwal N, Mallet RT. Exercise training enhances glycolytic and oxidative enzymes in canine ventricular myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2000; 32:903-13. [PMID: 10888245 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.2000.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise training evokes adaptations in the myocardial contractile machinery that enhance cardiac functional capacity; in comparison, the effects of training on the myocardium's energy generating pathways are less well characterized. This study tested the hypothesis that aerobic exercise training can increase the capacities of the major pathways of intermediary metabolism in canine myocardium. Mongrel dogs were conditioned by a 9-week treadmill running program or cage rested for 4 weeks. Exercise conditioning was evidenced by 26% and 22% decreases (P<0.05) in respective heart rates at rest and during submaximal exercise and by a 40% increase (P<0.05) in citrate synthase (CS) activity of the vastus lateralis. Glycolytic, TCA cycle, and beta-oxidative enzymes were assayed in myocardial extracts at 37 degrees C. Relative to sedentary controls, training increased glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity by 49% in left and 33% in right ventricle, and pyruvate kinase, CS, and 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HADH) activities by 74%, 91%, and 77%, respectively, in left ventricle (P<0.05). Immunoblotting further confirmed that training increased left ventricular contents of CS and GAPDH. Other measured enzymes (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase) were not altered by training in either ventricle. Kinetic analyses revealed increased maximum rates but unaltered substrate affinities of GAPDH, CS and HADH following training. Thus, aerobic exercise training augments the intermediary metabolic capacity of canine myocardium by selectively increasing the concentrations of regulatory enzymes of glycolysis and oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Stuewe
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 76107-2699, USA
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Abstract
This review summarizes evidence that most of cell protein degradation is maintained by pathways transferring energy from glucose to reduction of enzymic and nonenzymic proteins (redox-responsive). In contrast, a major subcomponent of proteolysis is simultaneously independent of the cell redox network (redox-unresponsive). Thus far, direct and indirect redox-responsive proteolytic effector mechanisms characterized by various investigators include: several classes of proteases, some peptide protease inhibitors, substrate conjugation systems, substrate redox and folding status, cytoskeletal-membrane kinesis, metal homeostasis, and others. The present focus involves redox control of sulfhydryl proteases and proteolytic pathways of mammalian muscle; however, other mechanisms, cell types, and species are also surveyed. The diversity of redox-responsive catabolic mechanisms reveals that the machinery of protein turnover evolved with fundamental dependencies upon the cell redox network, as observed in many species. The net redox status of a reversible proteolytic effector mechanism represents the balance between combined oxidative inactivating influences versus reductive activating influences. Similar to other proteins, redox-responsive proteolytic effectors appear to be oxidized by mixed disulfide formation, nitrosation, reactive oxygen species, and associations or reactions with metal ions and various pro-oxidative metabolites. Systems reducing the proteolytic machinery include major redox enzyme chains, such as thioredoxins or glutaredoxins, and perhaps various reductive metabolites, including glutathione and dihydrolipoic acid. Much of mammalian intracellular protein degradation is reversibly responsive to noninjurious experimental intervention in the reductive energy supply-demand balance. Proteolysis is reversibly inhibited by diamide or dehydroascorbic acid; and such antiproteolytic actions are strongly dependent on the cell glucose supply. However, gross redox-responsive proteolysis is not accompanied by ATP depletion or vice versa. Redox-responsive proteolysis includes Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum degradation, lysosomal degradation, and some amount of extravesicular degradation, all comprising more than half of total cell proteolysis. Speculatively, redox-dependent proteolysis exhibits features expected of a controlling influence coordinating distinct proteolytic processes under some intracellular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Lockwood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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