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Increased Dp71 in ischemia-reperfusion injured rat heart exerts anti-apoptotic role via enhancing Bcl-2. Tissue Cell 2022; 79:101951. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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da Costa RM, Rodrigues D, Pereira CA, Silva JF, Alves JV, Lobato NS, Tostes RC. Nrf2 as a Potential Mediator of Cardiovascular Risk in Metabolic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:382. [PMID: 31031630 PMCID: PMC6473049 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radicals act as secondary messengers, modulating a number of important biological processes, including gene expression, ion mobilization in transport systems, protein interactions and enzymatic functions, cell growth, cell cycle, redox homeostasis, among others. In the cardiovascular system, the physiological generation of free radicals ensures the integrity and function of cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and adjacent smooth muscle cells. In physiological conditions, there is a balance between free radicals generation and the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. Redox imbalance, caused by increased free radical's production and/or reduced antioxidant defense, plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases, contributing to cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, endothelial dysfunction, hypertrophy and hypercontractility of vascular smooth muscle. Excessive production of oxidizing agents in detriment of antioxidant defenses in the cardiovascular system has been described in obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. The transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), a major regulator of antioxidant and cellular protective genes, is primarily activated in response to oxidative stress. Under physiological conditions, Nrf2 is constitutively expressed in the cytoplasm of cells and is usually associated with Keap-1, a repressor protein. This association maintains low levels of free Nrf2. Stressors, such as free radicals, favor the translocation of Nrf2 to the cell nucleus. The accumulation of nuclear Nrf2 allows the binding of this protein to the antioxidant response element of genes that code antioxidant proteins. Although little information on the role of Nrf2 in the cardiovascular system is available, growing evidence indicates that decreased Nrf2 activity contributes to oxidative stress, favoring the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disorders found in obesity, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis. The present mini-review will provide a comprehensive overview of the role of Nrf2 as a contributing factor to cardiovascular risk in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M da Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Special Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Jataí, Brazil
| | - Daniel Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila A Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josiane F Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano V Alves
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Núbia S Lobato
- Special Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Jataí, Brazil
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Melatonin effects on myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury: Impact on the outcome in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Int J Cardiol 2016; 221:977-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Investigation ofin vitroparameters and fertility of mouse ovary after storage at an optimal temperature and duration for transportation. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:774-81. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Yoshida T, Kumagai H, Kohsaka T, Ikegaya N. Relaxin protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1169-76. [PMID: 23946288 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00654.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Relaxin, a pregnancy hormone, has antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of relaxin on ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced acute kidney injury. Male rats underwent unilateral nephrectomy and contralateral renal IR (45 min of renal pedicle clamping). Rats were divided into three groups: 1) sham group, 2) IR group, and 3) IR-RLX group (rats treated with relaxin before ischemia). In this group, relaxin was infused at 500 ng/h via subcutaneous osmotic minipump for 24 h beginning 2 h before renal ischemia. At 24 h after reperfusion, renal function was assessed and kidneys were removed for analysis. There was no significant difference in blood pressure among the three groups. IR increased plasma levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen, and relaxin provided protection against the increases in these two parameters. Relaxin significantly decreased plasma TNF-α levels and renal TNF receptor 1 mRNA expression, compared with the IR group. Semiquantitative assessment of the histological lesions showed marked structural damage in IR rats compared with the IR-RLX rats. RLX significantly reduced apoptotic cell counts compared with the IR group. Overexpression of caspase-3 observed in the IR kidneys was reduced in the IR-RLX group. The results demonstrated that relaxin provided protection against IR-induced renal injury by reducing apoptosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yoshida
- Dept. of Medicine, Yaizu Municipal General Hospital, 1000, Dohbara, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-8505, Japan.
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Reactive oxygen species and the cardiovascular system. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:862423. [PMID: 23738043 PMCID: PMC3655680 DOI: 10.1155/2013/862423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of free radicals, many hypotheses on the deleterious actions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been proposed. However, increasing evidence advocates the necessity of ROS for cellular homeostasis. ROS are generated as inherent by-products of aerobic metabolism and are tightly controlled by antioxidants. Conversely, when produced in excess or when antioxidants are depleted, ROS can inflict damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. Such a state of oxidative stress is associated with many pathological conditions and closely correlated to oxygen consumption. Although the deleterious effects of ROS can potentially be reduced by restoring the imbalance between production and clearance of ROS through administration of antioxidants (AOs), the dosage and type of AOs should be tailored to the location and nature of oxidative stress. This paper describes several pathways of ROS signaling in cellular homeostasis. Further, we review the function of ROS in cardiovascular pathology and the effects of AOs on cardiovascular outcomes with emphasis on the so-called oxidative paradox.
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Bcl-2 Protects Tubular Epithelial Cells From Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Dual Mechanisms. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:52-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vidavalur R, Penumathsa SV, Thirunavukkarasu M, Zhan L, Krueger W, Maulik N. Sildenafil augments early protective transcriptional changes after ischemia in mouse myocardium. Gene 2008; 430:30-7. [PMID: 19013509 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, targeting cyclic-GMP specific phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) has attracted much interest in several cardiopulmonary diseases, in particular myocardial ischemia (MI). Although multiple mechanisms were postulated for these beneficial effects at cellular level, early transcriptional changes were unknown. The aim of present study was to examine gene expression profiles in response to MI after 24 h of ischemia in murine model and compare transcriptional modulation by sildenafil, a popular phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor. Mice were divided into four groups: Control sham (C), Sildenafil sham (S), Control MI (CMI) and Sildenafil MI (SMI). Sildenafil was given at a dose of 0.7 mg/kg intraperitoneally 30 min before LAD occlusion. cDNA microarray analysis of peri-infarct tissue was done using a custom cloneset and employing a looped dye swap design. Replicate signals were median averaged and normalized using LOWESS algorithm. R/MAANOVA analysis was used and false discovery rate corrected permutation p-values <0.005 were employed as significance thresholds. 156 genes were identified as significantly regulated demonstrating fold difference >1.5 in at least one of the four groups. 52 genes were significantly upregulated in SMI compared to CMI. For a randomly chosen subset of genes (9), microarray data were confirmed through real time RT-PCR. The differentially expressed genes could be classified into following groups based on their function: phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, apoptosis, differentiation, ATP binding. Our results suggest that sildenafil treatment might regulate early genetic reprogramming strategy for preservation of the ischemic myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Vidavalur
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center; 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1110, USA
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Suzuki C, Isaka Y, Shimizu S, Tsujimoto Y, Takabatake Y, Ito T, Takahara S, Imai E. Bcl-2 protects tubular epithelial cells from ischemia reperfusion injury by inhibiting apoptosis. Cell Transplant 2008; 17:223-9. [PMID: 18468253 DOI: 10.3727/000000008783907053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia followed by reperfusion leads to severe organ injury and dysfunction. Inflammation is considered to be the most important cause of graft dysfunction in kidney transplantation subjected to ischemia. The mechanism that triggers inflammation and renal injury after ischemia remains to be elucidated; however, cellular stress may induce apoptosis during the first hours and days after transplantation, which might play a crucial role in early graft dysfunction. Bcl-2 is known to inhibit apoptosis induced by the etiological factors promoting ischemia and reperfusion injury. Accordingly, we hypothesized that an augmentation of the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-2 may thus protect tubular epithelial cells by inhibiting apoptosis, thereby ameliorating the subsequent tubulointerstitial injury. We examined the effects of Bcl-2 overexpression on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury using Bcl-2 transgenic mice (Bcl-2 TG) and their wild-type littermates (WT). To investigate the effects of I/R injury, the left renal artery and vein were clamped for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 0-96 h. Bcl-2 TG exhibited decreased active caspase protein in the tubular cells, which led to a reduction in TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells. Consequently, interstitial fibrosis and phenotypic changes were ameliorated in Bcl-2 TG. In conclusion, Bcl-2 augmentation protected renal tubular epithelial cells from I/R, and subsequent interstitial injury by inhibiting tubular apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chigure Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Li HZ, Han LP, Jiang CM, Li H, Zhao YJ, Gao J, Lin Y, Ma SX, Tian Y, Yang BF, Xu CQ. Effect of Dopamine Receptor 1 on Apoptosis of Cultured Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes in Simulated Ischaemia/Reperfusion. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 102:329-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rentsch M, Kienle K, Mueller T, Vogel M, Jauch KW, Püllmann K, Obed A, Schlitt HJ, Beham A. Adenoviral bcl-2 transfer improves survival and early graft function after ischemia and reperfusion in rat liver transplantation. Transplantation 2006; 80:1461-7. [PMID: 16340792 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000178293.65311.8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary graft dysfunction due to ischemia and reperfusion injury represents a major problem in liver transplantation. The related cell stress may induce apoptosis, which can be suppressed by bcl-2. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of adenoviral bcl-2 gene transfer on early graft function and survival in rat liver transplantation. METHODS An adenoviral construct that transfers bcl-2 under the control of a tetracycline inducible promoter was generated (advTetOn bcl-2) and used with a second adenovirus that transfers the repressor protein (advCMV Rep). Forty-eight hours before explantation, donor rats were treated with advTetOn bcl-2/ advCMV Rep (n=7) and doxycyclin, with the control adenoviral construct advCMV GFP (n=8) or with doxycyclin alone (n=8). Liver transplantation was performed following 16 hours of cold storage (UW). Bcl-2 expression and intrahepatic apoptosis was assessed. Bile flow was monitored 90 min posttransplantation. The endpoint for survival was 7 days. RESULTS Bcl-2 was expressed in hepatocytes and sinusoidal lining cells. This was associated with a significant reduction of apoptotic sinusoidal lining cells and hepatocytes after 24 hours and 7 days. Bile production was significantly higher following bcl-2 pretreatment. Furthermore, bcl-2 transfer resulted in significantly improved survival (100% vs. 50% both control groups). CONCLUSIONS Adenoviral bcl-2 transfer results in protein expression in hepatocytes and sinusoidal lining cells resulting in early graft function and survival enhancement after prolonged ischemia and reperfusion injury. The inhibition of apoptosis in the context of liver transplantation might be a reasonable approach in the treatment of graft dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rentsch
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Kienle K, Rentsch M, Müller T, Engelhard N, Vogel M, Jauch KW, Beham A. Expression of BCL-2 in liver grafts after adenoviral transfer improves survival following prolonged ischemia and reperfusion in rat liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2005; 37:439-41. [PMID: 15808669 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.12.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Apoptosis represents a crucial mechanism of ischemia-reperfusion injury after liver transplantation. Bcl-2 may inhibit apoptosis. This study investigates the effect on ischemia/reperfusion injury and survival after rat liver transplantation of adenoviral bcl-2 transfer into donor livers. METHODS A nonreplicative adenovirus, expressing bcl-2 under control of a tetracyclin-inducible promoter (adv TetOn bcl-2) was used to treat male Lewis rats in combination with a second adenovirus transferring the TetOn repressor protein under control of a cytomegalovirus promoter (advCMVRep). Virus induction was achieved by addition of doxycyclin to the drinking water. Controls were pretreated with a control adenovirus (advCMV GFP) or with doxycycline. Liver transplantations were performed after 16-hour graft storage. Bcl-2 expression was evaluated by Western blot and immunohistology. Survival was monitored for 7 days, and tissue specimens were collected at 24 hours and 7 days post reperfusion. RESULTS After pretreatment with advTetOn bcl-2/adv CMVRep, intrahepatic bcl-2 expression was evident at 24 hours and 7 days but was absent among controls. Bcl-2 expression was detected in hepatocytes and, to a high degree, in sinusoidal lining cells. TUNEL-positive sinusoidal lining cells were strikingly reduced after bcl-2 transfer (0.1 +/- 0.3 cells/hpf, mean +/- SD) compared to control virus (4.8 +/- 2.3) or doxycyclin-treated grafts (1.3 +/- 0.2); P < .05. After bcl-2 treatment, survival after transplantation was 100%, whereas it was 50% in both control groups (P = .035). CONCLUSION The study shows the feasibility of transient, doxycyclin-controlled adenoviral gene transfer in a transplantation model. Bcl-2 expression increased survival after ischemia/reperfusion in rat liver transplantation, potentially through protection of sinusoidal lining cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kienle
- Department of Surgery, University of Regensburg, Munich, Germany
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Haddad JJ. On the antioxidant mechanisms of Bcl-2: a retrospective of NF-kappaB signaling and oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 322:355-63. [PMID: 15325238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant and prooxidant signaling pathways are emanating as major players in, and regulators of, cell death and apoptosis. Redox conception of the critical role of oxidative stress in determining cell fate is being established-a foundation that craves deeper than the basic understanding of physiochemical interactions to extend beyond that into the realms of deciphering the molecular codes implicated with apoptosis. The proto-oncogene Bcl-2 is no stranger being a major player and decoder in controlling apoptosis, ostensibly via the regulation of redox equilibrium and disequilibrium. One of those potential mechanisms exhibited by Bcl-2 is its ability to counteract the detrimental effects of cell damage caused by free radicals, thereby gaining its well-known property of being an antioxidant. But the question is: what are the molecular mechanisms involved with the antioxidant role of Bcl-2 in the face of cell damage and apoptosis? Currently, a stance is being upheld in that the Bcl-2 antioxidant efficacy should be weighed against its ability to manipulate transcriptional control, through the regulation of specific transcription factors. NF-kappaB is no doubt one of the best candidates when it comes to the arena of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Therein, current themes in the burgeoning antioxidant role of Bcl-2 are exposed within the context of transcriptional control of NF-kappaB, thereby holding potential avenues for alleviating therapeutic approaches in the regulation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Severinghaus-Radiometer Research Laboratories, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Lakshmikuttyamma A, Selvakumar P, Kakkar R, Kanthan R, Wang R, Sharma RK. Activation of calcineurin expression in ischemia-reperfused rat heart and in human ischemic myocardium. J Cell Biochem 2003; 90:987-97. [PMID: 14624458 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin (CaN) has been reported as a critical mediator for cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac myocyte apoptosis. In the present study, we investigated the activity and expression of CaN and the effect of calpain in rat heart after ischemia and reperfusion. Rat ischemic heart showed significant increase in CaN activity. Western blot analysis of normal rat heart extract with a polyclonal antibody raised against bovine CaN indicated a prominent immunoreactive band of 60 kDa (CaN A). In ischemic-reperfused hearts, the expression of CaN A was significantly low and immunoreactivity was observed in proteolytic bands of 46 kDa. This may be due to the proteolytic degradation of CaN A in ischemic tissues by m-calpain. We also noticed in vitro proteolysis of bovine cardiac CaN A by m-calpain. Immunohistochemical studies showed strong staining of immunoreactivity in rat hearts that had gone under 30 min ischemia followed by 30 min reperfusion similar to that found in human ischemic heart. Ischemia is associated with multiple alterations in the extracellular and intracellular signaling of cardiomyocytes and may act as an inducer of apoptosis. The increase in CaN activity and strong immunostaining observed in ischemic/perfused rat heart may be due to the calpain-mediated proteolysis of this phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashakumary Lakshmikuttyamma
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Cancer Research Unit, Health Research Division, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 4H4
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Zeng H, Liu X, Zhao H. Effects of carvedilol on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and gene expression in vivo after ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Curr Med Sci 2003; 23:127-30. [PMID: 12973927 DOI: 10.1007/bf02859934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2003] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The effects of carvedilol on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and expression of bcl-2, bax genes following ischemia (0.5 h) and reperfusion (48 h) in vivo and the possible biological mechanism of carvedilol inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis were studied. The left anterior descending artery in Wistar rats were ligated to establish ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) models. The model animals were divided into two groups: I/R group, the model rats not subject to other treatments except ischemia-reperfusion (n = 8); carvedilol-treated group (n = 8), I/R model rats treated with carvedilol. Eight rats in the sham-operated group were subjected to only experimental open operation. The number of apoptotic cardiomyocyte was determined by TUNEL staining. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) were used to detect the expression of bcl-2 and bax genes. Image processing system was used to quantitatively dispose the positive metric substances of both immunohistochemistry and ISHH through the average optical density (OD) value. The results showed that the number of the apoptotic cells were 36.18 +/- 9 (I/R group), 0-1 (sham-operated group) and 9.5 +/- 3 (carvedilol-treated group) in each visual field respectively with the difference being very significant among the groups (P < 0.001). The OD values of bcl-2 protein in sham-operated group, I/R group and carvedilol-treated group were 0.14 +/- 0.01, 0.08 +/- 0.02 and 0.15 +/- 0.03, respectively. The OD values of bcl-2 mRNA in sham-operated group, I/R group and carvedilol-treated group were 0.08 +/- 0.01, 0.06 +/- 0.01 and 0.09 +/- 0.01, respectively. There was no significant difference between carvedilol-treated group and I/R group (P > 0.05). The OD values of bax protein in I/R group, sham-operated and carvedilol-treated-treated group were 0.13 +/- 0.02, 0.07 +/- 0.01, 0.06 +/- 0.01, respectively. There was very significant difference between carvedilol-treated group and I/R group (P < 0.01). Bcl-2/bax ratio was 1.07 +/- 0.14 (I/R group), 1.28 +/- 0.16 (sham-operated group), 2.5 +/- 0.26 (carvedilol-treated group) respectively with the difference being very significant between carvedilol-treated group and I/R group (P < 0.05). It was indicated that carvedilol could inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis following ischemia and reperfusion, which was related to the increased bcl-2/bax ratio due to inhibition of bax gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesong Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030
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Yang J, Ritchie TC, Engelhardt JF. Model system for developing gene therapy approaches for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods Enzymol 2002; 353:321-36. [PMID: 12078506 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(02)53058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jusan Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Abstract
The role of apoptosis in cardiac disease remains controversial. Much of the apoptosis detected, by chemical or molecular means, reflects inflammatory reaction and responding blood cells rather than myocytes, though their apoptosis in situ may exacerbate a bad situation, and their direct action against myocytes has not been excluded definitely. Myocyte apoptosis may reflect end-stage cardiac failure rather than causing it. If this is the case, then preventing apoptosis so that the cells can undergo necrosis does not accomplish much. Apoptosis is a consistent and important finding in many forms of cardiovascular disease. As determined by ultra-structure, apoptosis is common in cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells in cardiovascular disease of many origins. (62) Even though smooth muscle cells in atheromatous plaques appear to be necrotic,l it is likely that this is an evolved situation of apoptotic cells that were not removed. Given the prevalence of apoptotic processes in diseased heart and the very limited capacity of this organ to repair itself, (56) it is appropriate and justified to continue to explore the significance of apoptosis in cardiac disease and, above all, to explore the use of antiapoptotic agents in acute situations. Researchers must pay explicit attention to how they document cell death and in what tissues or cells it occurs. Otherwise, clinicians risk being deluded by preservation of morphology in nonfunctional cells and by confusion of what happened and where death occurred in the sequence of causality. Cell death in the heart is a matter of substantial theoretical and practical concern. A major problem in analyzing it is that, although apoptosis may be demonstrated easily in myocytes, particularly embryonic myocytes, under conditions of culture, interpretation is much more complex in an intact organ. The first issue is one of timing. In situations of severe, acute loss of cells, such as in an infarct, apoptotic cells may not be cleared rapidly and may progress to a more oncotic or necrotic morphology. Second, in situations of inflammation, biochemical or molecular techniques may confound apoptosis of inflammatory cells with apoptosis of myocytes. Third, priorities in the sequence of apoptosis differ between large, generally nonmitotic cells with massive cytoplasm (as differentiated myocytes) and small mitotic cells in culture, which usually are studied. The appearance and many markers of physiological cell death may differ from the most widely recognized forms of apoptosis, including late collapse of the nucleus and primacy of lysosomal or other proteases as opposed to caspases. Investigators should always strive to establish multiple criteria for apoptosis, with good documentation of timing and cell type. When these factors are taken into consideration, it seems that aggressive action against apoptosis may be of value in acute situations, such as infarct, in which buying short increments of time may reduce damage. In more chronic situations, much of the apoptosis detected derives from invading lymphocytes, mast cells, or other cells relating to inflammation. The apoptosis of these cells may exacerbate an already difficult situation, and intervention may prove of value. Otherwise, apoptosis of myocytes is more typically an end-stage situation, and it is more fruitful to alleviate the problem before this stage is reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Lockshin
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Jamaica, New York 11439, USA.
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Kakkar R, Wang X, Radhi JM, Rajala RV, Wang R, Sharma RK. Decreased expression of high-molecular-weight calmodulin-binding protein and its correlation with apoptosis in ischemia-reperfused rat heart. Cell Calcium 2001; 29:59-71. [PMID: 11133356 DOI: 10.1054/ceca.2000.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A cardiac high-molecular-weight calmodulin-binding protein (HMWCaMBP) was previously identified as a homologue of the calpain inhibitor, calpastatin. In the present study, we investigated the expression of HMWCaMBP and calpains in rat heart after ischemia and reperfusion. Western blot analysis of normal rat heart extract with a polyclonal antibody raised against bovine HMWCaMBP indicated a prominent immunoreactive band of 140kDa. Both the expression and the activity of HMWCaMBP were decreased by ischemia reperfusion. Immunohistochemical studies showed strong-to-moderate HMWCaMBP immunoreactivity in normal heart and poor immunoreactivity in ischemia-reperfused heart muscle. However, the expression of micro-calpain and m-calpain in ischemia-reperfused heart was increased as compared to normal heart. The calpain inhibitory activity of ischemia-reperfused heart tissues was significantly lower as compared to normal heart tissues. The pre-ischemic and post-ischemic perfusion of hearts with a cell-permeable calpain inhibitor suppressed the increase in calpain expression but increased the HMWCaMBP expression. In-vitro HMWCaMBP was proteolyzed by micro-calpain and m-calpain. We also measured apoptosis in normal and ischemia-reperfused tissues. An increase in the number of apoptotic bodies was observed with increased duration of ischemia and reperfusion. Bcl-2 expression did not change in any of the groups, whereas Bax expression increased with ischemia-reperfusion and correlated well with the degree of apoptosis. Our findings suggest that HMWCaMBP may sequester calpains from its substrates in the normal myocardium, but it is susceptible to proteolysis by calpains during ischemia-reperfusion. Thus, decreased expression of HMWCaMBP may play an important role in myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kakkar
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Abstract
Cells sense and respond to extracellular factors via receptors on the cell surface that trigger intracellular signaling pathways. The signals received by the receptors on hematopoietic cells often determine if the cell proliferates, survives or undergoes apoptosis. Apoptosis can be induced by almost any cytotoxic stimuli. These stimuli may be an absence of signals arising from cellular receptors, stimulation of specific ligand receptors on the cell surface, chemotherapeutic agents, and ionizing radiation or oxygen radicals, as well as a number of other factors. Cellular kinases and phosphatases participate in signaling cascades that influence this process. We review the ability of the calmodulin-dependent-kinases, I-kappaB kinases, PI3-kinases, Jakkinases, PKC, PKA, and MAP kinase signaling pathways (Erk, Jnk, and p38), to influence the apoptotic process. In addition, we discuss the cross-talk that exists between signaling cascades that are pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Franklin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Leo Jenkins Cancer Center, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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Brennan J. Reperfusion injury of cardiac myocytes: mechanisms, treatment, and implications for advanced practice nursing. AACN CLINICAL ISSUES 2000; 11:252-60. [PMID: 11235434 DOI: 10.1097/00044067-200005000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Reperfusion injury is a major complication associated with the restoration of blood flow to previously ischemic myocardium. The deleterious effects associated with reperfusion injury result from several complex pathologic mechanisms. The complexity of these mechanisms makes development of treatment protocols difficult. The purpose of this article is to review the pathophysiology of reperfusion injury and currently indicated therapies. Implications for advanced practice nursing and areas for further research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brennan
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Liu J, Ginis I, Spatz M, Hallenbeck JM. Hypoxic preconditioning protects cultured neurons against hypoxic stress via TNF-alpha and ceramide. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000; 278:C144-53. [PMID: 10644522 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2000.278.1.c144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brief "preconditioning" ischemia induces ischemic tolerance (IT) and protects the animal brain from subsequent otherwise lethal ischemia. Identification of the signaling steps most proximal to the development of the IT will allow induction of the resistance to ischemia shortly after the onset of stroke. Animal studies demonstrate a key role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in induction of IT. The sphingolipid ceramide is known as a second messenger in many of the multiple effects of TNF-alpha. We hypothesized that ceramide could mediate IT. We demonstrate that preconditioning of rat cortical neurons with mild hypoxia protects them from hypoxia and O(2)-glucose deprivation injury 24 h later (50% protection). TNF-alpha pretreatment could be substituted for hypoxic preconditioning (HP). HP was attenuated by TNF-alpha-neutralizing antibody. HP and TNF-alpha pretreatment cause a two- to threefold increase of intracellular ceramide levels, which coincides with the state of tolerance. Fumonisin B(1), an inhibitor of ceramide synthase, attenuated ceramide upregulation and HP. C-2 ceramide added to the cultures right before the hypoxic insult mimicked the effect of HP. Ceramide did not induce apoptosis. These results suggest that HP is mediated via ceramide synthesis triggered by TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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