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Huang W, Wu Z, Tian H, Li X, Zhang Y. Arabidopsis CALMODULIN-BINDING PROTEIN 60b plays dual roles in plant immunity. Plant Commun 2021; 2:100213. [PMID: 34778745 PMCID: PMC8577148 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE DEFICIENT 1 (SARD1) and CALMODULIN-BINDING PROTEIN 60g (CBP60g) are two master transcription factors that regulate many defense-related genes in plant immunity. They are required for immunity downstream of the receptor-like protein SUPPRESSOR OF NPR1-1, CONSTITUTIVE 2 (SNC2). Constitutive defense responses in the gain-of-function autoimmune snc2-1D mutant are modestly affected in either sard1 or cbp60g single mutants but completely suppressed in the sard1 cbp60g double mutant. Here we report that CBP60b, another member of the CBP60 family, also functions as a positive regulator of SNC2-mediated immunity. Loss-of-function mutations of CBP60b suppress the constitutive expression of SARD1 and enhanced disease resistance in cbp60g-1 snc2-1D, whereas overexpression of CBP60b leads to elevated SARD1 expression and constitutive defense responses. In addition, transient expression of CBP60b in Nicotiana benthamiana activates the expression of the pSARD1::luciferase reporter gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays further showed that CBP60b is recruited to the promoter region of SARD1, suggesting that it directly regulates SARD1 expression. Interestingly, knocking out CBP60b in the wild-type background leads to ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1)-dependent autoimmunity, suggesting that CBP60b is required for the expression of a guardee/decoy or a negative regulator of immunity mediated by receptors carrying an N-terminal Toll-interleukin-1 receptor-like domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Huang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Zhongshou Wu
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hainan Tian
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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You H, Dang G, Lu B, Zhang S, Li C, Wang L, Hu Y, Chen H, Zhang J, He W. Serum Sp17 Autoantibody Serves as a Potential Specific Biomarker in Patients with SAPHO Syndrome. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:565-575. [PMID: 33392854 PMCID: PMC7921076 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00937-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
SAPHO (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis) syndrome shows a wide variability in musculoskeletal and cutaneous manifestations, and it is therefore underrecognized and misdiagnosed in the clinic due to a lack of specific markers. In this study, we aimed to identify specific biomarkers by screening serum autoantibodies in SAPHO patients with a 17K human whole-proteome microarray. The serum anti-Sp17 autoantibody was identified and verified to be a specific biomarker in patients with SAPHO syndrome. Indeed, the level of the anti-Sp17 autoantibody was significantly increased in patients with active SAPHO compared to patients with an inactive disease and healthy controls (P < 0.05). Additionally, serum anti-Sp17 autoantibody levels correlated with those of serum hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and β-crosslaps (β-CTx) in patients with active SAPHO disease. Moreover, anti-Sp17 autoantibody levels were markedly decreased after anti-inflammatory treatment with pamidronate disodium, which downregulated levels of hsCRP and ESR in patients with active SAPHO. Thus, serum levels of the anti-Sp17 autoantibody might serve as a specific biomarker for the diagnosis of SAPHO syndrome or for monitoring the disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqin You
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of T Cell Mediated Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Immunotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guanglei Dang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of T Cell Mediated Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bichao Lu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of T Cell Mediated Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Siya Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of T Cell Mediated Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lun Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of T Cell Mediated Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of T Cell Mediated Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of T Cell Mediated Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of T Cell Mediated Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Yaguchi H, Yabe I, Takahashi H, Watanabe M, Nomura T, Kano T, Watanabe M, Hatakeyama S. Anti-Sez6l2 antibody detected in a patient with immune-mediated cerebellar ataxia inhibits complex formation of GluR1 and Sez6l2. J Neurol 2018; 265:962-965. [PMID: 29423613 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8785-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
- Department of Neurology, Brain Science Center, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Yabe
- Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masashi Watanabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taichi Nomura
- Department of Neurology, Brain Science Center, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kano
- Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shigetsugu Hatakeyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Guffroy A, Dima A, Nespola B, Poindron V, Sibilia J, Herbrecht R, De Sèze J, Habersetzer F, Andres E, Quoix E, Ohlmann P, Cribier B, Langer B, Martin T, Pasquali JL, Goetz J, Korganow AS. Anti-pseudo-PCNA type 1 (anti-SG2NA) pattern: Track down Cancer, not SLE. Joint Bone Spine 2015; 83:330-4. [PMID: 26433710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Describe the clinical significance of anti-SG2NA antibodies also called anti-pseudo-PCNA type 1 (proliferating cell nuclear antigen auto-antibodies) which are rare antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) staining distinctly S/G2 proliferative HEp-2 cells by indirect immunofluorescence. By analogy with anti-PCNA antibodies, they have been suspected to be associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), cancers or viral diseases. METHODS From May 2006 to February 2013, 16,827 patients were tested positive for ANAs in the Laboratory of Immunology, Strasbourg, France. We retrospectively analyzed clinical and biological data from 126 patients with anti-pseudo-PCNA type 1 antibodies. RESULTS There was a 0.75% prevalence of anti-pseudo-PCNA type 1 Abs among ANAs(+) patients. Median age was 56.9 years (standard deviation [SD] 13.4 years) with a sex ratio female/male of 1.9. Compared to ANAs(+) patients, many more patients have been hospitalized in the Oncology and Hematology Department (23% vs. 6.3%, P < 0.05). Indeed, anti-pseudo-PCNA type 1 Abs were detected in 33 patients suffering from solid and hematological cancers (26%). Another group of patients presented various auto-immune diseases but surprisingly none of our patients was affected with SLE when 5 out of 8 patients in anti-PCNAs(+) Abs group (P < 5.10(-6)) were. Finally, the presence of anti-pseudo-PCNA type 1 Abs was associated in 30 cases with other auto-Abs reflecting a more general breakdown of B cell tolerance against other self-antigens. CONCLUSION Considering our results, explorations for tumors should be at least recommended for patients with anti-pseudo-PCNA type 1 Abs. Lupus disease is not associated with these autoAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Guffroy
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Strasbourg Hospital and University, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg, France; Department of Rheumatology, National Reference Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Strasbourg Hospital and University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alina Dima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 72202 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Benoit Nespola
- Laboratory of Immunology, Strasbourg Hospital and University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Poindron
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Strasbourg Hospital and University, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean Sibilia
- Department of Rheumatology, National Reference Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Strasbourg Hospital and University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Raoul Herbrecht
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Strasbourg Hospital and University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jerome De Sèze
- Department of Neurology, Strasbourg Hospital and University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - François Habersetzer
- Department of Gastro-Enterology, Strasbourg Hospital and University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Emmanuel Andres
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Strasbourg Hospital and University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elisabeth Quoix
- Department of Pneumology, Strasbourg Hospital and University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick Ohlmann
- Department of Cardiology, Strasbourg Hospital and University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Cribier
- Department of Dermatology, Strasbourg Hospital and University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruno Langer
- Maternity Ward, Strasbourg Hospital and University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Martin
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Strasbourg Hospital and University, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Louis Pasquali
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Strasbourg Hospital and University, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Joëlle Goetz
- Laboratory of Immunology, Strasbourg Hospital and University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Korganow
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Strasbourg Hospital and University, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg, France.
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Liu HP, Chen RY, Zhang QX, Peng H, Wang KJ. Differential gene expression profile from haematopoietic tissue stem cells of red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, in response to WSSV infection. Dev Comp Immunol 2011; 35:716-724. [PMID: 21396955 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the most important viral pathogens in crustaceans. During WSSV infection, multiple cell signaling cascades are activated, leading to the generation of antiviral molecules and initiation of programmed cell death of the virus infected cells. To gain novel insight into cell signaling mechanisms employed in WSSV infection, we have used suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) to elucidate the cellular response to WSSV challenge at the gene level in red claw crayfish haematopoietic tissue (Hpt) stem cell cultures. Red claw crayfish Hpt cells were infected with WSSV for 1h (L1 library) and 12h (L12 library), respectively, after which the cell RNA was prepared for SSH using uninfected cells as drivers. By screening the L1 and L12 forward libraries, we have isolated the differentially expressed genes of crayfish Hpt cells upon WSSV infection. Among these genes, the level of many key molecules showed clearly up-regulated expression, including the genes involved in immune responses, cytoskeletal system, signal transduction molecules, stress, metabolism and homestasis related genes, and unknown genes in both L1 and L12 libraries. Importantly, of the 2123 clones screened, 176 novel genes were found the first time to be up-regulated in WSSV infection in crustaceans. To further confirm the up-regulation of differentially expressed genes, the semi-quantitative RT-PCR were performed to test twenty randomly selected genes, in which eight of the selected genes exhibited clear up-regulation upon WSSV infection in red claw crayfish Hpt cells, including DNA helicase B-like, multiprotein bridging factor 1, apoptosis-linked gene 2 and an unknown gene-L1635 from L1 library; coatomer gamma subunit, gabarap protein gene, tripartite motif-containing 32 and an unknown gene-L12-254 from L2 library, respectively. Taken together, as well as in immune and stress responses are regulated during WSSV infection of crayfish Hpt cells, our results also light the significance of cytoskeletal system, signal transduction and other unknown genes in the regulation of antiviral signals during WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, PR China.
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Pfeifle C, Reinhardt K, Heins S, Burdach S, Staege MS. Development and characterization of HAT-sensitive Ewing tumour cells for immunotherapy. Anticancer Res 2009; 29:4489-4496. [PMID: 20032396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite improvements in the treatment of patients with Ewing family tumours (EFT) during the past decades, the prognosis for patients with advanced disease is still unsatisfying. New treatment strategies have to be developed. MATERIALS AND METHODS A hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine (HAT)-sensitive EFT cell line was developed by repetitive treatment of the EFT cell line SK-N-MC with 8'-azaguanine (8AG). By using DNA microarrays, the gene expression profile of this cell line was characterized. Immunostimulatory activity was assessed by mixed lymphocyte/tumour cell culture (MLTC). Artificial fusion of tumour cells and dendritic cells was visualized by flow cytometry. RESULTS After selection of 8AG-resistant cells, a cell line with high sensitivity for treatment with HAT was obtained. Expression of the X chromosome inactivation specific transcript XIST was higher in HAT-sensitive cells. Nevertheless, HAT-sensitive cells retained the EFT-associated gene expression profile. Moreover, in the presence of HAT, it was possible to use these cells without irradiation as stimulatory cells in MLTC or as fusion partner for dendritic cells. CONCLUSION HAT-sensitive EFT cells might be an interesting tool for the development of new immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of EFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pfeifle
- Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Klinikum der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst Grube Str. 40, D-06097 Halle, Germany
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Koo SC, Choi MS, Chun HJ, Shin DB, Park BS, Kim YH, Park HM, Seo HS, Song JT, Kang KY, Yun DJ, Chung WS, Cho MJ, Kim MC. The calmodulin-binding transcription factor OsCBT suppresses defense responses to pathogens in rice. Mol Cells 2009; 27:563-70. [PMID: 19466605 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously isolated the OsCBT gene, which encodes a calmodulin (CaM)-binding protein, from a rice expression library constructed from fungal elicitor-treated rice suspension cells. In order to understand the function of OsCBT in rice, we isolated and characterized a T-DNA insertion mutant allele named oscbt-1. The oscbt-1 mutant exhibits reduced levels of OsCBT transcripts and no significant morphological changes compared to wild-type plant although the growth of the mutant is stunted. However, oscbt-1 mutants showed significant resistance to two major rice pathogens. The growth of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea, as well as the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae was significantly suppressed in oscbt-1 plants. Histochemical analysis indicated that the hypersensitive-response was induced in the oscbt-1 mutant in response to compatible strains of fungal pathogens. OsCBT expression was induced upon challenge with fungal elicitor. We also observed significant increase in the level of pathogenesis-related genes in the oscbt-1 mutant even under pathogen-free condition. Taken together, the results support an idea that OsCBT might act as a negative regulator on plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Cheol Koo
- Division of Applied Life Science (Brain Korea 21 program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center and Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
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Romeo S, Eyden B, Prins FA, Briaire-de Bruijn IH, Taminiau AHM, Hogendoorn PCW. TGF-beta1 drives partial myofibroblastic differentiation in chondromyxoid fibroma of bone. J Pathol 2006; 208:26-34. [PMID: 16278817 DOI: 10.1002/path.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chondromyxoid fibroma (CMF) is a rare benign cartilaginous bone tumour with a lobular architecture containing stellate and myofibroblast-like spindle cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence, spatial distribution, and extent of myoid differentiation in CMF and to evaluate a possible causative role for TGF-beta1 signalling, which is known to promote smooth muscle actin (SMA) expression. Twenty cases were studied for immunoreactivity for muscle-specific actin (MSA), SMA, desmin, h-caldesmon, calponin, TGF-beta1, and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1). The extent of myofibroblastic differentiation was further investigated ultrastructurally, including immuno-electron microscopy using antibodies against MSA and SMA, focusing upon the different cell types in CMF. The expression of potential genes driving this process was quantified by Q-RT-PCR (TGF-beta1, fibronectin, its EDA splice variant, and PAI-1). Tumour cells, especially those with a spindled morphology, showed diffuse immunoreactivity for MSA, SMA, TGF-beta1, and PAI-1, while desmin, h-caldesmon, and calponin were absent. Ultrastructurally, neoplastic cells showed the presence of myofilaments and rare dense bodies, which were more prominent in spindle cells and less so in chondroblast-like cells. Immuno-electron microscopy confirmed the actin nature of these myofilaments. No fibronexus was identified. The functional activity of TGF-beta1 was demonstrated by the identification of PAI-1, a related downstream molecule both immunohistochemically as well as by Q-RT-PCR. There was a linear correlation between TGF-beta1 and PAI-1 expression. Fibronectin-EDA levels were low. We have therefore substantiated the presence of morphological, immunohistochemical, and immuno-electron microscopic partial myofibroblastic differentiation in CMF, driven by TGF-beta1 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Romeo
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Nakayama H, Enzan H, Yamamoto M, Miyazaki E, Yasui W. High molecular weight caldesmon positive stromal cells in the capsule of hepatocellular carcinomas. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:776-7. [PMID: 15220377 PMCID: PMC1770372 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2004.016279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the smooth muscle nature of the stromal cells in the capsule of hepatocellular carcinomas. METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis using monoclonal antibody to high molecular weight caldesmon (HCD), a highly specific marker for smooth muscle cells, was performed in 33 encapsulated hepatocellular carcinomas and adjacent hepatic tissues. RESULTS HCD positive stromal cells were detected in the capsule of 21 of the 33 hepatocellular carcinomas examined. CONCLUSIONS The capsule of hepatocellular carcinomas contains smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
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Abstract
We have used synthetic filaments of unphosphorylated chicken gizzard myosin with a compact, highly ordered structure under relaxing conditions (in the absence of Ca2+ and in the presence of ATP) to visualize the mode of caldesmon binding to myosin filaments by negative staining and immunogold electron microscopy. We demonstrate that the addition of caldesmon to preformed myosin filaments leads to the appearance of numerous smooth projections curving out from the filament surface. The addition of caldesmon or its N-terminal fragment resulted in the partial masking of myosin filament periodicity. However, it did not change the inner structure of the filaments. It is demonstrated that most caldesmon molecules bind to myosin filaments through the N-terminal part, while the C-terminal parts protrude from the filament surface, as confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy visualization. Together with the available biochemical data on caldesmon binding to both actin and myosin and electron microscopic observations on the mode of caldesmon attachment to actin filaments with the C-termini of the molecules curving out from the filaments, the visualization of caldesmon attachment to myosin filaments completes the scenario of actin to myosin tethering by caldesmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kulikova
- Department of Muscle Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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Ding CB, Mao GH, Sun DY. [Immunohistochemical analysis and immuno-gold localization of ECBP21 in Angelica dahurica]. Shi Yan Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2004; 37:22-8. [PMID: 15133894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
ECBP21 is a calmodulin binding protein (CaMBP) purified from extracellular extracts of suspension-cultured cells of Angelica dahurica, and it is the first reported extracellular CaMBP in plant kingdom. We have recently cloned the full-length cDNA for ECBP21. In this work, using recombinant ECBP21 we prepared rabbit antiserum with high specificity and high titer against ECBP21, and investigated the organ-specific distribution of ECBP21 in Angelica dahurica. ECBP21 was found in all organs examined, particularly abundant in the leaves flowers, and raches, and less in the roots. It was also found in all cells examined, and particularly enriched in the cell wall. These data support the notion that ECBP21 is specifically localized extracellularly, and imply that it may be involved in plant growth and development. In addition, using immunogold transmission electron microscopy method, we studied the subcellular localization of ECBP21 in rachis cells of Angelica dahurica. The results indicated that the ECBP21 was mainly localized in cell wall; this provided a direct evidence of the extracellular existence of ECBP21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun Bao Ding
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016
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Gagola M, Kłopocka W, Greebecki A, Makuch R. Immunodetection and intracellular localization of caldesmon-like proteins in Amoeba proteus. Protoplasma 2003; 222:75-83. [PMID: 14513313 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-003-0002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Caldesmon immunoanalogues were detected in Amoeba proteus cell homogenates by the Western blot technique. Three immunoreactive bands were recognized by polyclonal antibodies against the whole molecule of chicken gizzard caldesmon as well as by a monoclonal antibody against its C-terminal domain: one major and two minor bands corresponding to proteins with apparent molecular masses of 150, 69, and 60 kDa. The presence of caldesmon-like protein(s) in amoebae was revealed as well in single cells after their fixation, staining with the same antibodies, and recording their total fluorescence in a confocal laser scanning microscope. Proteins recognized by the antibodies bind to filamentous actin. This was established by a cosedimentation assay in cell homogenates and by colocalization of the caldesmon-related immunofluorescence with the fluorescence of filamentous actin stained with rhodamine-labelled phalloidin, demonstrated in optical sections of single cells in a confocal microscope. Caldesmon is colocalized with filamentous actin in the withdrawn cell regions where the cortical actomyosin network contracts and actin is depolymerized, in the frontal zone where actin is polymerized again and the cortical cytoskeleton is reconstructed, inside the nucleus and in the perinuclear cytoskeleton, and probably at the cell-to-substratum adhesion sites. The regulatory role of caldesmon in these functionally different regions of locomoting amoebae is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gagola
- Department of Muscle Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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Mao Y, Ootaka T, Saito T, Sato H, Sato T, Ito S. The involvement of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) in renal injury of diabetic glomerulosclerosis: association with phenotypic change in renal cells and infiltration of immune cells. Clin Exp Nephrol 2003; 7:201-9. [PMID: 14586716 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-003-0245-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2002] [Accepted: 06/22/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycation of proteins is regarded as one of the major causes of the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and of the phenotypic changes in glomerular mesangial cells (MC) and the cellular infiltration that occurs in MC from DN. It thus is very important to study the interrelationships and interaction between these causes. METHODS The localization of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), cytoskeletal proteins, and immune cell infiltration was evaluated by immunohistochemical study in patients with DN. RESULTS N(Epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), Alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA), and low-molecular-weight caldesmon (L-CLD) were localized in the mesangial area in DN. The intensity of mesangial SMA and L-CLD expression was significantly correlated with the index of diabetic glomerulosclerosis (IDGS), while the expression of pentosidine was correlated with the IDGS and with 24-h urinary protein. Pentosidine was localized in glomerular basement membrane (GBM) only in DN and had a significant correlation with the mesangial expression of SMA and L-CLD. Pyrraline deposition on the tubular basement membrane, and the expression of SMA and L-CLD, and the infiltration of immune cells were observed in interstitial areas in DN. The intensity of L-CLD expression had a close relationship with pyrraline deposition and immune cell infiltration. The expression of SMA and L-CLD in interstitial areas was significantly correlated with the percent interstitial volume. CONCLUSIONS AGEs are involved in renal injury in DN, and their effect is, at least in part, exercised via phenotypic changes in intrinsic renal cells and by the infiltration of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Mao
- Department of Nephrology of Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
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14
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Meyer-Rochow VB, Fraile B, Paniagua R, Royuela M. First immunocytochemical study of echinoderm smooth muscle: the Antarctic cushionstar Odontaster validus Koehler (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). Protoplasma 2003; 220:227-32. [PMID: 12664287 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-002-0048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Our immunocytochemical observations reveal that the muscle present in the tips of the arms of the Antarctic cushionstar Odontaster validus contains caldesmon and calponin but not troponin. Thus, the muscle clearly belongs to the smooth muscle category. Distributions of contractile proteins such as actin, myosin (the latter a typical vertebrate muscle filament protein), paramyosin, and miniparamyosin (the latter two being characteristic of thick invertebrate muscle filaments) were also determined immunocytochemically. The results suggest that the thin filaments of the starfish smooth muscle are similar to those of the vertebrate muscle, but that the thick filaments differ from those of vertebrates and possess traits that are also seen in the muscle organization of invertebrates. The absence from the O. validus muscle of titin and nebulin, proteins so far known almost exclusively from the striated vertebrate muscle, comes as no surprise, but immunoreactivity to mini-titin (a protein of the same family as titin and its replacement in invertebrates) was strong and unambiguously recognizable between filaments. Odontaster validus' histochemical characteristics may be a reflection of the phylogenetic position of the echinoderms as deuterostome invertebrates or they may express an adaptation of the muscle to the harsh environmental conditions under which it has to function in the Antarctic water.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Meyer-Rochow
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, International University Bremen, Bremen, Federal Republic of Germany
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15
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Mabuchi K, Li Y, Carlos A, Wang CL, Graceffa P. Caldesmon exhibits a clustered distribution along individual chicken gizzard native thin filaments. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2002; 22:77-90. [PMID: 11563552 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010392322503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Our earlier immuno-gold electron microscopic study indicated that the distribution of caldesmon (CaD) on actin filaments is not uniform and is restricted to the vicinity of the myosin filaments (Mabuchi K, Li Y, Tao T, Wang CLA (1996) J Muscle Res Cell Motil 17: 243). This suggested that CaD could effectively inhibit muscle contraction, if those actin filaments in the vicinity of myosin filaments were saturated with CaD. In the present study we further examined the distribution of CaD along isolated, crude and purified native thin filaments (NTF). Individual CaD molecules on purified NTF were visualized with the aid of a chemical crosslinker, 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), which efficiently crosslinks CaD to actin (Graceffa P, Adam LP, Lehman W (1993) Biochem J294: 63), and of a monoclonal anti-CaD antibody. The results indicated that individual NTF had alternating CaD-rich and CaD-deficient regions. Moreover, we found that the N-termini of all CaD molecules in a given cluster appeared on the same side of an actin filament. Electron microscopic images of crude NTF immunoprecipitated by a polyclonal antibody clearly indicated that the spacing between the CaD clusters is wide enough for myosin heads to interact with actin subunits. Similar clustering of CaD was also observed in plastic embedded tissue sections. These observations raise the possibility that CaD is not acting as a simple on/off switch, but more likely as a modulator, of smooth muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mabuchi
- Muscle and Motility Group, Boston Biomedical Research Institute, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
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16
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Abstract
We have reported an autoantibody response in ulcerative colitis (UC) against human tropomyosin isoform 5 (hTM5), the predominant colonic epithelial cell hTM isoform. In this report, we determined the number of IFN-gamma-secreting cells (spot-forming cells, SFC) against hTM5 by an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. Another cytoskeletal protein, caldesmon, CaD40, was used as a control antigen. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were separated by a Ficoll density gradient from 28 patients with UC, 13 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), and 9 healthy subjects (HS). The mean (+/-SEM) SFC values against hTM5 in UC, CD, and HS were 48.8 +/- 8.1, 18.6 +/- 4.6, and 20.8 +/- 8.6, respectively. The value in UC was significantly higher than those in CD (P < 0.005) and HS (P < 0.025). SFC values in CD did not differ from those in HS. None of the 50 samples (except 1 UC) reacted to the CaD40 antigen. This study demonstrates, for the first time, a defined colon epithelial cell antigen, hTM5, that is capable of inducing a significant T cell response in UC but not in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taniguchi
- Crohn's and Colitis Center of New Jersey, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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17
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Abstract
The motor properties of the two yeast class V myosins, Myo2p and Myo4p, were examined using in vitro motility assays. Both myosins are active motors with maximum velocities of 4.5 microm/s for Myo2p and 1.1 microm/s for Myo4p. Myo2p motility is Ca(2+) insensitive. Both myosins have properties of a nonprocessive motor, unlike chick myosin-Va (M5a), which behaves as a processive motor when assayed under identical conditions. Additional support for the idea that Myo2p is a nonprocessive motor comes from actin cosedimentation assays, which show that Myo2p has a low affinity for F-actin in the presence of ATP and Ca(2+), unlike chick brain M5a. These studies suggest that if Myo2p functions in organelle transport, at least five molecules of Myo2p must be present per organelle to promote directed movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara L. Reck-Peterson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | | | - Peter J. Novick
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Mark S. Mooseker
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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18
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Rush DS, Tan J, Baergen RN, Soslow RA. h-Caldesmon, a novel smooth muscle-specific antibody, distinguishes between cellular leiomyoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2001; 25:253-8. [PMID: 11176075 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-200102000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The difficulty in distinguishing between smooth muscle and endometrial stromal-derived neoplasms of the uterine corpus is a notorious and clinically relevant problem in pathology of the female genital tract. Immunohistochemistry offers some aid in resolving this difficulty, because the expression of smooth muscle markers is reputed to indicate smooth muscle derivation. This expression, however, is not entirely specific, and difficult cases may still present in which immunohistochemistry is of little help. To explore this problem, the authors evaluated the expression of traditional muscle markers and high-molecular-weight caldesmon (h-cal), an actin and tropomyosin binding protein that has recently been described as a useful muscle marker, in uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS), cellular leiomyomata (CL), and endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS). Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections from nine LMSs, 11 CLs, and 12 ESSs were evaluated with commercially available monoclonal antibodies against smooth muscle actin (SMA), desmin, and h-cal. Established morphologic criteria were used to classify the neoplasms. We found that there was, as expected, a significant difference in the expression of traditional smooth muscle markers (SMA and desmin) between tumors derived from smooth muscle and those derived from endometrial stroma (p = 0.005 for LMS and 0.013 for CL). We further found that h-cal was most useful in distinguishing between CL and ESS (p = 0.01). A significant difference between h-cal expression in LMS versus ESS was not found. Of note, one ESS expressed both SMA and desmin but lacked h-cal expression. Our findings confirm the most useful immunohistochemical data to date; smooth muscle neoplasms are generally distinguishable from endometrial stromal tumors by the expression of conventional muscle markers. We also report here that h-cal is useful more specifically in the differentiation of CL from ESS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Rush
- Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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19
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Kakkar R, Wang X, Radhi JM, Rajala RV, Wang R, Sharma RK. Decreased expression of high-molecular-weight calmodulin-binding protein and its correlation with apoptosis in ischemia-reperfused rat heart. Cell Calcium 2001; 29:59-71. [PMID: 11133356 DOI: 10.1054/ceca.2000.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A cardiac high-molecular-weight calmodulin-binding protein (HMWCaMBP) was previously identified as a homologue of the calpain inhibitor, calpastatin. In the present study, we investigated the expression of HMWCaMBP and calpains in rat heart after ischemia and reperfusion. Western blot analysis of normal rat heart extract with a polyclonal antibody raised against bovine HMWCaMBP indicated a prominent immunoreactive band of 140kDa. Both the expression and the activity of HMWCaMBP were decreased by ischemia reperfusion. Immunohistochemical studies showed strong-to-moderate HMWCaMBP immunoreactivity in normal heart and poor immunoreactivity in ischemia-reperfused heart muscle. However, the expression of micro-calpain and m-calpain in ischemia-reperfused heart was increased as compared to normal heart. The calpain inhibitory activity of ischemia-reperfused heart tissues was significantly lower as compared to normal heart tissues. The pre-ischemic and post-ischemic perfusion of hearts with a cell-permeable calpain inhibitor suppressed the increase in calpain expression but increased the HMWCaMBP expression. In-vitro HMWCaMBP was proteolyzed by micro-calpain and m-calpain. We also measured apoptosis in normal and ischemia-reperfused tissues. An increase in the number of apoptotic bodies was observed with increased duration of ischemia and reperfusion. Bcl-2 expression did not change in any of the groups, whereas Bax expression increased with ischemia-reperfusion and correlated well with the degree of apoptosis. Our findings suggest that HMWCaMBP may sequester calpains from its substrates in the normal myocardium, but it is susceptible to proteolysis by calpains during ischemia-reperfusion. Thus, decreased expression of HMWCaMBP may play an important role in myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kakkar
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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20
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Abstract
Our results demonstrate that open reading frame (ORF) YHR076w on chromosome VIII of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that was previously described as a hypothetical gene is expressed. This ORF is transcribed as an mRNA of approximately 1,100 nucleotides. A 41.2-kDa polypeptide and three others predicted to be modified forms of Yhr076wp are detected by Western blot with a Yhr076wp-specific antibody. Promoter activity assays indicate that YHR076w transcription is regulated by carbon source and primarily by ethanol. Consistent with this observation, we have identified two potential ADR1 regulatory elements in the YHR076w upstream DNA region. Potential YAP1 and HSP elements are also identified in this region, suggesting other forms of regulation. YHR076w knockout strains do not exhibit any measurable growth or morphological phenotype under any conditions tested. However, increased YHR076w gene dosage confers a growth advantage to both wild-type and YHR076w knockout strains on 2% ethanol or 2% galactose medium in a low O2 growth environment. The fluorescence emitted by a Yhr076wp protein fusion to A. aquorin GFP colocalizes with the mitochondria in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Ramos
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, San Juan 00936-5067, USA
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21
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Abstract
A high-molecular-weight calmodulin-binding protein (HMWCaMBP) was previously identified and purified from the cytosolic fraction of bovine heart. Based on the sequence homology, amino acid analysis, antibody reactivity, and calpain inhibition, HMWCaMBP has been identified as a homologue of the calpain inhibitor calpastatin. In the present study the expression of HMWCaMBP was investigated in normal and ischaemic human myocardium. Western blot analysis of normal human cardiac muscle extract with the polyclonal antibody raised against bovine HMWCaMBP indicated a prominent immunoreactive band with a molecular mass of 140 kD. HMWCaMBP was localized in the cytoplasm and myofilaments of cardiac myocytes. Furthermore, Western blot analysis of normal and ischaemic cardiac tissues indicated a decrease in the expression of HMWCaMBP in ischaemic tissues. These studies were further substantiated by immunohistochemical studies, indicating strong to moderate HMWCaMBP immunoreactivity in normal cardiac muscle and poor to negative immunoreactivity in ischaemic muscle. The results obtained from the rat ischaemic model suggested that the expression of cardiac HMWCaMBP was significantly decreased during ischaemia/reperfusion. In addition, micro-calpain and m-calpain expression was higher in ischaemic cardiac tissue samples than in normal controls. The calpain inhibitory activity of ischaemic cardiac tissues was significantly lower than normal cardiac tissue samples. In some cases of cardiac ischaemia, HMWCaMBP highlighted the contraction band necrosis seen at the margins of a myocardial infarct. In vitro, HMWCaMBP was proteolysed by micro-calpain and m-calpain. These results indicate that HMWCaMBP could be susceptible to proteolysis by calpains during ischaemia or reperfusion and may play a contributory role in myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kakkar
- Department of Pathology and Saskatoon Cancer Centre, College of Medicine, Royal University Hospital, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
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22
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Abstract
We studied 65 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). Clinical, neurophysiological, immunological, and histological findings suggested the coexistence of a presumed autoimmune myopathy. The clinical features were persistent pyridostigmine-resistant weakness and atrophy of striated muscles. The myopathy was found more often in patients with late-onset MG than in those with early-onset (37% vs 13%). Patients with myopathy were also prone to have other immune disorders (47% vs 13%). Elevated titres of antibodies against titin were detected more often in patients with electromyography (EMG) evidence of myopathy than in the sera of those without, and only in late-onset MG cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Somnier
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, National Hospital (Rigshospitalet), 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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23
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Nakamura A, Isoyama S, Goto K. Vessel size-dependent expression of intermediate-sized filaments, calponin, and h-caldesmon in smooth muscle cells of human coronary arteries. Heart Vessels 1999; 14:253-61. [PMID: 10830922 DOI: 10.1007/bf01747855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The arterial media is composed of a heterogeneous population of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Recently, the properties of SMCs were observed to be heterogeneous not only among individual cells but also among arteries of the same vascular bed. To test the hypothesis that a site-specific heterogeneity exists in the SMCs of human coronary arteries, we examined the expression of desmin, vimentin, calponin, and high-molecular-weight (h-) caldesmon in arteries of various sizes. Specimens of arteries were obtained at autopsy from 12 patients: 6 adults (67 +/- 4 years old); 3 younger adults (26 +/- 2 years old); and 3 neonates. The size of the arteries was estimated by the number of SMC layers of the media. The expression was compared in SMCs of large arteries (>10 layers in adults, >5 layers in neonates), medium-sized arteries (5-10 layers in adults, 3-5 SMC layers in neonates), and small arteries (<3 layers). In adults, the percentage of arteries positive for desmin was lower in the small (17% +/- 3%) and medium-sized arteries (44% +/- 12%) than in the large arteries (94% +/- 6%) (P < 0.01). The percentage of arteries positive for calponin was also lower in the small (18% +/- 2%) and medium-sized arteries (66% +/- 5%) than in the large arteries (100%) (P < 0.01). The percentage for vimentin and h-caldesmon did not differ among large, medium-sized, and small arteries. These observations in adults were similar to those in younger adults or neonates. The phenotypes of medial SMCs are vessel size-dependent in human coronary arteries. This finding should be important for understanding the site-specific characteristics of vascular function in the regulation of myocardial perfusion or those of vascular responses to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nakamura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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24
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Abstract
Caldesmon has been detected in smooth muscle and in a number of non-muscle cells. It binds both actin and myosin and may act as a regulator of contraction or a structural element in smooth muscle. The presence of caldesmon in striated muscle has not been well established. To address this issue, polyclonal antibodies and a panel of monoclonal antibodies were raised against chicken gizzard smooth muscle caldesmon and used to demonstrate that caldesmon is present in adult cardiac muscle of a variety of mammalian species. Western-blot analysis revealed the presence of caldesmon in ventricular myocytes isolated from rat heart. The epitopes for the individual monoclonal antibodies were mapped to the caldesmon primary structure using chymotryptic and 2-nitro-5-thiocyanatobenzoic acid fragments. Bovine and rat cardiac caldesmons were recognized only by a subset of these monoclonal antibodies, indicating primary sequence differences from the chicken smooth muscle protein. Immunofluorescence labelling of isolated myocytes from rat, rabbit and guinea pig cardiac muscle revealed a striated pattern of fluorescence labelling. Dual labelling of caldesmon and myosin or caldesmon and alpha-actinin demonstrated that caldesmon was present at the centre of the I-band rather than in the A-band, as might have been expected from the myosin binding properties of the smooth muscle protein. These results suggest a structural role for caldesmon in cardiac muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Scott-Woo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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25
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Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is mediated by autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptor at the muscle endplate. Some MG patients have in addition antibodies (Ab) to the skeletal muscle proteins ryanodine receptor (RyR) and titin. We have examined GM and KM allotypes, RyR and titin Ab in 44 MG patients (37 thymoma patients and 7 non-thymoma, late-onset patients) and 292 non-MG controls to see if GM/KM allotypes associate with differences in autoantibody production. All patients had titin Ab, and 15 thymoma patients had also RyR Ab. The phenotype GM 1, 2, 3 23 5, 21 was significantly increased in the patients with titin Ab compared with the non-MG controls (chi2 = 4.93, p < 0.05). Thymoma patients with RyR Ab had a higher frequency of the GM 3 23 5 phenotype compared with RyR Ab negative patients and controls (chi2 = 7.1, p < 0.05). KM allotypes did not differ between RyR Ab positive or titin Ab positive patients and controls. GM phenotypes may thus be associated with an autoimmune response against the muscle proteins titin and RyR in MG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G O Skeie
- Department of Neurology, University of Bergen, Norway
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26
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Abstract
Lupus anticoagulants comprise a heterogenous group of circulating immunoglobulins that are associated with an increased risk of thrombosis. It was believed earlier that these antibodies were directed against anionic phospholipids. Recent findings, however, establish that the autoantibodies in lupus anticoagulants are not directed against "native" anionic phospholipids but rather to modified phospholipids, lipid-protein adducts, and certain phospholipid binding proteins. Despite a marked increase in the number of citations in recent years on laboratory and clinical manifestations of lupus anticoagulants, the pathogenetic mechanisms involved remain unknown. This review focuses on antigen specificities of autoantibodies in lupus anticoagulants and the mechanisms by which these antibodies contribute to an increased thrombotic risk in patients with lupus anticoagulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Center at Tyler 75710, USA
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27
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Neuner-Jehle M, Denizot JP, Mallet J. Neurogranin is locally concentrated in rat cortical and hippocampal neurons. Brain Res 1996; 733:149-54. [PMID: 8891262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The rat protein kinase C substrate neurogranin has a granular distribution in cortical and hippocampal neurons. We demonstrate that in these cells, granular labelling corresponds to a local concentration of neurogranin-immunoreactivity at both the membranes of mitochondria and trans-Golgi vesicles and soma-proximal dendritic shaft and spinal head structures. Our findings suggest that the function of neurogranin could be affected by protein assembly at these cellular sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Neuner-Jehle
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, C.N.R.S. Bât. CERVI, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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28
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Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying directed motility of growth cones have not been determined. The role of myosin-V, an unconventional myosin, in growth cone dynamics was examined by chromophore-assisted laser inactivation (CALI). CALI of purified chick brain myosin-V absorbed onto nitrocellulose-coated cover slips inhibited the ability of myosin-V to translocate actin filaments. CALI of myosin-V in growth cones of chick dorsal root ganglion neurons resulted in rapid filopodial retraction. The rate of filopodial extension was significantly decreased, whereas the rate of filopodial retraction was not affected, which suggests a specific role for myosin-V in filopodial extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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29
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Dammann H, Hellstern S, Husain Q, Mutzel R. Primary structure, expression and developmental regulation of a Dictyostelium calcineurin A homologue. Eur J Biochem 1996; 238:391-9. [PMID: 8681950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0391z.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
cDNA clones for the catalytic subunit of Ca2+/calmodulin(CaM)-dependent protein phosphatase (calcineurin A, protein phosphatase 2B) from Dictyostelium discoideum were isolated by functional screening of a lambda gt11 lysogen expression library with labeled Dictyostelium CaM. A complete cDNA of 2146 bp predicts a protein of 623 amino acids with homology to calcineurin A from other organisms and a similar molecular architecture. However, the Dictyostelium protein contains N-terminal and C-terminal extra domains causing a significantly higher molecular mass than found in any of its known counterparts. Recombinant Dictyostelium calcineurin A was purified from Escherichia coli cells and shown to display similar enzymatic properties as the enzyme from other sources. On Western blots specific antibodies against the protein recognized a band of approximately 80 kDa that migrated with an endogenous CaM-binding activity. Both the mRNA for calcineurin A and the protein are expressed during the growth phase. During early development the abundance of the protein is reduced and then increases to peak after 10 h of starvation, when tight aggregates have formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dammann
- Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Germany
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30
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Abstract
Adducin is a cytoskeletal protein that can function in vitro to bundle F-actin and to control the assembly of the F-actin/spectrin cytoskeletal network. The Drosophila Adducin-like (Add) locus (also referred to as hu-li tai shao (hts)) encodes a family of proteins of which several are homologous to mammalian adducin (Ding et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 2512-16, 1993; Yue & Spradling, Genes Dev. 6, 2443-54, 1992). We report the identification of two novel adducin isoforms: a 95 x 10(3) Mr form (ADD-95) and an 87 x 10(3) Mr form (ADD-87). We present a detailed analysis of the distribution patterns of ADD-95 and ADD-87 during oogenesis and embryogenesis. The isoforms are co-expressed in several cell- and tissue-types; however, only ADD-87 is present in mid- to late-stage oocytes. ADD-87 is present throughout the oocyte cortex at stages 9 and 10 of oogenesis but is detectable only at the anterior pole from stage 11 onward, correlated with localisation of Add-hts mRNA first to the cortex and then to the anterior pole of the oocyte. ADD-87 co-localises with F-actin and spectrin in the cortex of the oocyte through stage 10 of oogenesis, consistent with a possible role in cytoskeletal assembly or function predicted by mammalian studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zaccai
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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31
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Lamb NJ, Fernandez A, Mezgueldi M, Labbé JP, Kassab R, Fattoum A. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton in living nonmuscle cells by microinjection of antibodies to domain-3 of caldesmon. Eur J Cell Biol 1996; 69:36-44. [PMID: 8825022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two classes of affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies directed against the four different domains of gizzard caldesmon were prepared and their specificity was verified by immunochemical assays. One set of antibodies recognized exclusively domain-3 spanning residues 483-578 and the other one included IgG reactive toward the remaining domains-1, -2 and -4 corresponding to residues 1-482 and 581-756. Microinjection into cultured fibroblasts of each antibody preparation was employed to probe the functional importance of the interaction between caldesmon and tropomyosin within living nonmuscle cells. Low concentrations of the antibody to domain-3 caused a rapid, severe and reversible disassembly of the microfilament network. In contrast, the antibodies to domains-1, -2 and -4 were ineffective. The effects of the anti-domain-3 IgG were observed not only with the purified antibody but also when present in the whole caldesmon antiserum serving for its isolation. The microfilament disintegrating activity of this antibody was completely abolished upon preincubation with native caldesmon or a proteolytic caldesmon fragment encompassing amino acids 483-578. In enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay competition experiments, tropomyosin, but not F-actin, significantly decreased the binding of the domain-3 antibody to caldesmon. Consistent with recent mutational studies pinpointing to the contribution of domain-3 in the in vitro binding of cellular caldesmon to tropomyosin, the findings suggest that the microinjected domain-3 antibody selectively disrupts the association of tropomyosin with caldesmon domain-3, thereby destabilizing the protein complex and alleviating its known protective action against F-actin severing in the cell. Thus, our data further highlight the in vivo involvement of this particular domain in the attachment of non-muscle caldesmon to tropomyosin as well as the direct participation of the caldesmon-tropomyosin complex in the cytoskeletal organization of the microfilaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Lamb
- Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoléculaire du CNRS, INSERM U 249, Université de Montpellier I, France
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32
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Dong L, Chapline C, Mousseau B, Fowler L, Ramsay K, Stevens JL, Jaken S. 35H, a sequence isolated as a protein kinase C binding protein, is a novel member of the adducin family. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:25534-40. [PMID: 7592723 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.43.25534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently cloned a partial cDNA (35H) for a protein kinase C (PKC) binding protein from a rat kidney cDNA library and demonstrated that it is a PKC substrate in vitro (Chapline, C., Ramsay, K., Klauck, T., and Jaken, S. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 6858-6861). Additional library screening and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends were used to obtain the complete open reading frame. Amino acid sequence analysis, DNA sequence analysis, and Northern analysis indicate that 35H is a unique cDNA related to alpha-and beta-adducins. Antisera prepared to the 35H bacterial fusion protein recognized two polypeptides of 80 and 90 kDa on immunoblots of kidney homogenates and cultured renal proximal tubule epithelial cell extracts. The 35H-related proteins were similar to alpha- and beta-adducins in that they were preferentially recovered in the Triton X-100-insoluble (cytoskeletal, CSK) fraction of cell extracts and were predominantly localized to cell borders. Phorbol esters stimulated phosphorylation of CSK 35H proteins, thus emphasizing that sequences isolated according to PKC binding activity in vitro are also PKC substrates in vivo. The phosphorylated forms of the 35H proteins were preferentially recovered in the soluble fraction, thus demonstrating that phosphorylation regulates their CSK association and, thereby, their function in regulating cytoskeletal assemblies. We have isolated another PKC binding protein partial cDNA (clone 45) from a rat fibroblast library with substantial homology to alpha-adducin. Antisera raised against this expressed sequence recognized a protein of 120 kDa, the reported size of alpha-adducin, on immunoblots of renal proximal tubule epithelial cell extracts. A 120-kDa protein that cross-reacts with the clone 45 (alpha-adducin) antisera coprecipitated with 35H immunecomplexes, indicating that alpha-adducin associates with 35H proteins in vivo. Taken together, these results indicate that 35H is a new, widely expressed form of adducin capable of forming heterodimers with alpha-adducin. We propose naming this adducin homologue gamma-adducin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dong
- W. Alton Jones Cell Science Center, Inc., Lake Placid, New York 12946-1099, USA
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33
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Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) patients with thymoma have antibodies against ryanodine receptor (RyR) of skeletal and heart muscle. In this study, thymomas were examined for reactivity with a panel of polyclonal rabbit antibodies against various short peptides of RyR. An antibody against peptide C2 in the transmembrane region of RyR stained thymoma epithelial cells in cryosections of 17/23 thymomas, and detected a 40-kDa peptide in Western blotting of a thymoma membrane fraction. The other RyR antibodies did not react with thymoma tissue. The anti-C2 RyR antibody did not react with normal thymus, tonsil or carcinoma of colon. The results strongly indicate that epithelial thymoma cells express an epitope shared by the transmembrane region of skeletal and cardiac muscle RyR.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mygland
- Department of Neurology, University of Bergen, Norway
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34
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Moriya M, Fujinaga K, Yazawa M, Katagiri C. Immunohistochemical localization of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, calcineurin, in the mouse testis: its unique accumulation in spermatid nuclei. Cell Tissue Res 1995; 281:273-81. [PMID: 7648621 DOI: 10.1007/bf00583396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical localization of a calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, calcineurin, was studied in the mouse testis in relation to previous observations showing that calmodulin is unusually rich in spermatogenic stages from mid-pachytene spermatocytes to elongating spermatids. The antibodies raised against calcineurin from scallop testis reacted with subunit B, but not subunit A, of calcineurin isoforms from mouse brain and testis. Indirect immunofluorescence using these antibodies on the mouse testis revealed positive reactions only in the nuclei of round or elongating spermatids: calcineurin started to accumulate in nuclei from the acrosomal cap phase, peaked at the initial stage of nuclear elongation, and decreased thereafter. There was almost no signal in the cytoplasm; spermatogenic cells at other stages, including spermatogonia, spermatocytes, mature sperm, and other somatic cells in the seminiferous tubules were totally negative. Immuno-electron microscopy gave the same result, on the basis of measuring the density of immunogold particles. These results suggest a role for calcineurin in remodeling of the nuclear chromatin in metamorphosing spermatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moriya
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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35
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Zhao Y, Tozawa Y, Iseki R, Mukai M, Iwata M. Calcineurin activation protects T cells from glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. J Immunol 1995; 154:6346-54. [PMID: 7539018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In T cell hybridomas, TCR/CD3 complex-mediated stimulation induces apoptosis but inhibits that induced by glucocorticoids. A combination of ionomycin (IM), a calcium ionophore, and PMA, a protein kinase C activator, mimics the effects of the TCR/CD3-mediated stimulation. Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis is, however, markedly inhibited by IM alone, and less markedly by PMA alone. The immunosuppressant FK506 canceled the inhibition by IM but not that by PMA. As calcineurin (CN) is one of the target molecules of FK506, we examined whether CN activation might have an anti-apoptotic effect. BOG8, a T cell hybridoma, was stably transfected with a mutant CN catalytic subunit with Ca2+/calmodulin-independent, constitutive but FK506-sensitive phosphatase activity. The transfectant clones were fairly resistant to glucocorticoid-induced death. Their resistance, however, was hardly affected by FK506 when added simultaneously with glucocorticoid, but was lost after a prolonged preincubation with FK506. In the parent BOG8 cells, FK506 failed to cancel the inhibitory effect of IM on glucocorticoid-induced death when the addition of FK506 was delayed for 1 h or more. These results suggest that CN activation is required for the resistance only as an early event. The transfectant clones produced IL-2 but failed to undergo apoptosis upon stimulation with PMA alone, whereas apoptosis was induced by a combination of IM and PMA. These results suggest that activation-induced cell death may require a higher level of CN activity than IL-2 production or may require another Ca(2+)-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhao
- Project Research Center, Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Fedorov NB, Pasinelli P, Oestreicher AB, DeGraan PN, Reymann KG. Antibodies to postsynaptic PKC substrate neurogranin prevent long-term potentiation in hippocampal CA1 neurons. Eur J Neurosci 1995; 7:819-22. [PMID: 7620629 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Both pre- and postsynaptic protein kinase C have been implicated in long-term potentiation. Neurogranin (also known as BICKs and RC3) is a neuronal postsynaptic protein kinase C substrate. In the present study we injected monoclonal IgGs that recognize the protein kinase C phosphorylation site in neurogranin and B-50 (GAP-43), and that have been shown to inhibit protein kinase C-mediated B-50 phosphorylation, through a whole-cell clamp pipette into CA1 pyramidal neurons in rat hippocampal slices. Injection of neurogranin IgGs, but not of control IgGs, prevented the induction of tetanus-induced long-term potentiation without affecting post-tetanic potentiation. Our results suggest that neurogranin is involved in mechanisms of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Fedorov
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
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37
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Laquerre S, Lagacé L, Chafouleas JG. Evaluation of the expression and intracellular localization of a 44-kDa calmodulin binding protein during exponential growth and quiescence (G0). Biochem Cell Biol 1995; 73:91-104. [PMID: 7662320 DOI: 10.1139/o95-011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that changes in calmodulin (CaM) levels are associated with G1/S transition of the cell cycle and entry into and release from quiescence (G0). CaM mediates its regulation through the specific interaction with different intracellular proteins called calmodulin binding proteins (CaMBPs). This study was designed to evaluate the expression of the CaMBPs during the cell cycle. Mouse C127 cells were synchronized in quiescence (G0) by serum deprivation. Analysis of the CaMBPs by the 125I-labeled CaM ([125I]CaM) overlay procedure on one- and two-dimensional gels revealed many proteins that bind to CaM at any given time during the cell cycle. However, specific expression of a 44-kiloDalton CaMBP (44CaMBP) was observed. As cells entered quiescence (G0) phase, there was a decrease in the CaM binding to the 44CaMBP. During release into the cell cycle from G0 phase, the binding to CaM was maintained at the low level, but reappeared as the cells entered S phase. CaM binding to the 44CaMBP was intense during S phase and decreased as the cells progressed into G2/M. Antibody directed against the 44CaMBP was produced in rabbit. Quantitation of the 44CaMBP by Western blot analysis revealed a similar pattern to that observed by the [125I]CaM overlay procedure during the course of G0 entry and release. The anti-44CaMBP antibody was used to evaluate the intracellular localization of the 44CaMBP by indirect immunofluorescence. A distinctive punctate nuclear staining, Mwas observed. This punctate nuclear staining, observed in all cells during exponential growth, disappeared as the cells entered G0. The nuclear staining remained absent in cells released from G0 until the cells approached and entered the S phase, at which time the punctate nuclear staining reappeared. This staining pattern was then maintained through G2/M progression. Following M phase and entry into G1 phase, the punctate nuclear staining was observed in all G1 cells. Similar analysis for cells synchronized at the G1/S boundary by the double thymidine block procedure revealed that the punctate nuclear staining was present in all cells throughout the entire course of the cell cycle. The immunofluorescence staining pattern for the 44CaMBP was sensitive to the anti-CaM drug W13 at a dose that is known to reversibly block cells at G1/S. No effect was observed by the inactive analog W12. The punctate nuclear staining of the 44CaMBP would appear to be present during all phases of the cell cycle when cells are committed to be in the cell cycle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Laquerre
- Bio-Méga/Boehringer Ingelheim Research Inc., Laval, Canada
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38
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Buelt MK, Glidden BJ, Storm DR. Regulation of p68 RNA helicase by calmodulin and protein kinase C. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:29367-70. [PMID: 7525583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human p68 RNA helicase is a nuclear RNA-dependent ATPase that belongs to a family of putative helicases known as the DEAD box proteins. These proteins have been implicated in aspects of RNA function including translation initiation, splicing, and ribosome assembly in a variety of organisms ranging from Escherichia coli to humans. While members of this family are believed to function in the manipulation of RNA secondary structure, little is known about the regulation of these enzymes. By immunological methods and sequence comparison, we have found that p68 possesses a region of sequence similarity to the conserved protein kinase C phosphorylation site and calmodulin binding domain (also known as the IQ domain) of the neural-specific proteins neuromodulin (GAP-43) and neurogranin (RC3). We report that p68 is phosphorylated by protein kinase C in vitro and binds calmodulin in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Both phosphorylation and calmodulin binding inhibited p68 ATPase activity, suggesting that the RNA unwinding activity of p68 may be regulated by dual Ca2+ signal transduction pathways through its IQ domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Buelt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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39
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Abstract
Cell types in the inner ear of the fish Astronotus ocellatus were examined for the immunocytochemical reactivity to 31 commercial antibodies. Nine showed positive reactivity: vimentin, S-100, caldesmon, calbindin, MAP-1, MAP-2, parvalbumin, neurofilament, and GAP-43. The cell types examined were: hair cells, support cells, hair cell precursors, eighth nerve neurons, and neuronal precursors. The pattern of reactivities among these cell types lead to the following conclusions. First, hair cells and eighth nerve neurons have a striking immunocytochemical similarity. Second, the precursor cells for hair cells and neurons did not share immunoreactivity with these mature progeny. Third, the only antibody to react with supporting cells also reacted with the proliferating precursors that give rise to new hair cells and supporting cells. Taken with other available data, these finding suggest that in the oscar ear, hair cell precursors and supporting cells are closely related, if not the same cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Presson
- Department Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
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40
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Gerendasy DD, Herron SR, Wong KK, Watson JB, Sutcliffe JG. Rapid purification, site-directed mutagenesis, and initial characterization of recombinant RC3/neurogranin. J Mol Neurosci 1994; 5:133-48. [PMID: 7654517 DOI: 10.1007/bf02736729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
RC3/Neurogranin is a postnatal-onset, forebrain-specific, thyroid hormone-regulated, protein kinase C (PKC) substrate that binds calmodulin (CaM) and accumulates in dendritic spines. We bacterially expressed and purified RC3 and, for comparison, GAP-43/neuromodulin to near homogeneity using relatively simple procedures. We then raised antisera against recombinant RC3 that does not crossreact with GAP-43 and is suitable for immunohistochemical analysis of brain slices. We also constructed over 30 RC3 sequence variants by PCR-mediated, site-directed mutagenesis, and purified four of these to near homogeneity. The elution profiles displayed by RC3 and sequence variants during purification on CaM-Sepharose columns suggest that two different affinity forms of the RC3.CaM complex coexist when Ca2+ is absent and that GAP-43.CaM interactions are far more sensitive to salt than those that occur between recombinant RC3 and CaM. Variant proteins in which serine 36 was changed failed to serve as a substrate for PKC, implicating this as the target residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Gerendasy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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41
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Yanagihara N, Toyohira Y, Yamamoto H, Ohta Y, Tsutsui M, Miyamoto E, Izumi F. Occurrence and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and its endogenous substrates in bovine adrenal medullary cells. Mol Pharmacol 1994; 46:423-30. [PMID: 7935321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the presence of and the endogenous substrates for Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells. By a series of chromatographic steps using DEAE-cellulose, calmodulin affinity, and Sephacryl S-300 columns, we partially purified two CaM kinases (peaks I and III) and one calmodulin-binding protein (peak II). Both of the kinases (peaks I and III) showed broad substrate specificities. Peak I, but not peak III, was immunoprecipitated with an antibody against rat brain CaM kinase II, suggesting that peak I is CaM kinase II or a closely associated CaM kinase. Although the anticaldesmon antibody recognized a 77-kDa protein (low molecular mass caldesmon) in crude preparations from the cells, the protein in peak II was not immunoblotted with the antibody. The peak II protein was phosphorylated by the CaM kinase in peak I but not by the CaM kinase in peak III. Peak I kinase also phosphorylated purified tyrosine hydroxylase and several proteins from chromaffin granule membranes. Stimulation of cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells with 56 mM K+ evoked rapid increases in 45Ca2+ influx and autonomous CaM kinase II activity, both of which were attenuated by the addition of 20 mM MgSO4, an inhibitor of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. These results suggest that an isozyme of CaM kinase II exists in adrenal medullary cells and is activated by cell depolarization. Furthermore, the peak II protein is apparently a novel endogenous substrate for CaM kinase II.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yanagihara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Kitakyushu, Japan
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42
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Bähler M, Kroschewski R, Stöffler HE, Behrmann T. Rat myr 4 defines a novel subclass of myosin I: identification, distribution, localization, and mapping of calmodulin-binding sites with differential calcium sensitivity. J Cell Biol 1994; 126:375-89. [PMID: 8034741 PMCID: PMC2200021 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.126.2.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the identification and characterization of myr 4 (myosin from rat), the first mammalian myosin I that is not closely related to brush border myosin I. Myr 4 contains a myosin head (motor) domain, a regulatory domain with light chain binding sites and a tail domain. Sequence analysis of myosin I head (motor) domains suggested that myr 4 defines a novel subclass of myosin I's. This subclass is clearly different from the vertebrate brush border myosin I subclass (which includes myr 1) and the myosin I subclass(es) identified from Acanthamoeba castellanii and Dictyostelium discoideum. In accordance with this notion, a detailed sequence analysis of all myosin I tail domains revealed that the myr 4 tail is unique, except for a newly identified myosin I tail homology motif detected in all myosin I tail sequences. The Ca(2+)-binding protein calmodulin was demonstrated to be associated with myr 4. Calmodulin binding activity of myr 4 was mapped by gel overlay assays to the two consecutive light chain binding motifs (IQ motifs) present in the regulatory domain. These two binding sites differed in their Ca2+ requirements for optimal calmodulin binding. The NH2-terminal IQ motif bound calmodulin in the absence of free Ca2+, whereas the COOH-terminal IQ motif bound calmodulin in the presence of free Ca2+. A further Ca(2+)-dependent calmodulin binding site was mapped to amino acids 776-874 in the myr 4 tail domain. These results demonstrate a differential Ca2+ sensitivity for calmodulin binding by IQ motifs, and they suggest that myr 4 activity might be regulated by Ca2+/calmodulin. Myr 4 was demonstrated to be expressed in many cell lines and rat tissues with the highest level of expression in adult brain tissue. Its expression was developmentally regulated during rat brain ontogeny, rising 2-3 wk postnatally, and being maximal in adult brain. Immunofluorescence localization demonstrated that myr 4 is expressed in subpopulations of neurons. In these neurons, prominent punctate staining was detected in cell bodies and apical dendrites. A punctate staining that did not obviously colocalize with the bulk of F-actin was also observed in C6 rat glioma cells. The observed punctate staining for myr 4 is reminiscent of a membranous localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bähler
- Friedrich-Miescher Laboratorium Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Tübingen, Germany
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43
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Goto S, Yamada K, Inoue N, Nagahiro S, Ushio Y. Increased expression of growth-associated protein GAP-43/B-50 following cerebral hemitransection or striatal ischemic injury in the substantia nigra of adult rats. Brain Res 1994; 647:333-9. [PMID: 7922508 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The substantia nigra receives massive inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic inputs, deafferentation of which is supposed to lead to anterograde transsynaptic regression of the nigral neurons. An immunohistochemical technique was used to examine growth-associated protein GAP-43 expression following cerebral hemitransection or transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in the substantia nigra of adult rats. GAP-43 expression was transiently elevated in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) neurons, but not in the pars compacta neurons at 3 and 4 days post-hemitransection. Massive striatal ischemic injury produced by transient MCAO also caused an increase in GAP-43 synthesis in the SNr neurons at 3 and 4 days after operation. The present findings raise the possibility that deafferentation of the GABAergic inputs leading to transneuronal regression of the SNr neurons is responsible for the elevated expression of GAP-43 in the substantia nigra of adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Medical School, Japan
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44
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Yokoyama N, Ali Z, Wang JH. Immunological approach for the identification of isozymes of CAM-stimulated phosphatase. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1994; 32:681-9. [PMID: 7518720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are frequently used to identify protein isoforms. The present study documents certain artifacts in such applications and suggests methods for their testing. Two alpha subunit specific anti-calcineurin antibodies, VJ6 and VD3, reacted strongly with a brain isozyme, BPI, but not with the phosphatases from liver and spleen. Controlled proteolysis of BPI indicated that epitopes of both antibodies are localized to aminoterminal region, thus is suggesting that the lack of antibody reactivity could result from proteolytic artifacts. The occurrence of proteolysis during sample preparation can be monitored by including small quantity of BPI in the tissue extraction buffer. Rapid isolation procedure has been used to obtain liver and spleen isozymes reacting with VD3 but not VJ6 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yokoyama
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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45
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Abstract
On the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane of erythrocytes there is a dense protein filament matrix that maintains the shape of the cells. The main constituents of this system, actin and spectrin, which have also been detected in keratinocytes and fibroblasts, are known to be linked in erythrocytes in a network structure by additional proteins such as band 4.1 and adducin. The interaction between actin and spectrin, mediated by adducin, is regulated by calmodulin and protein kinase C. Because we have previously found adducin in cultured keratinocytes, we investigated epidermis by immunochemical techniques. We found adducin to be localized at cell-cell contact sites in epidermis using affinity-purified antibodies against human erythrocyte adducin. Immunofluorescence of epidermis revealed an intense fluorescence in the basal layer, whereas stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum showed moderate staining. There was intense staining at sites of cell-cell contact in cultured human keratinocytes. Immunoblot analysis indicated the presence of adducin polypeptides of 103 kd and 97 kd in epidermis, but in cultured keratinocytes only the higher molecular weight form could be detected. This study indicates adducin, a regulatory protein in erythrocytes, is also present in epidermis. Its localization suggests that it may be involved in the formation of the microfilament matrix of the membrane skeleton at cell-cell contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Kaiser
- Department of Dermatology, University Bonn, Germany
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46
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Bierer BE, Holländer G, Fruman D, Burakoff SJ. Cyclosporin A and FK506: molecular mechanisms of immunosuppression and probes for transplantation biology. Curr Opin Immunol 1993; 5:763-73. [PMID: 7694595 DOI: 10.1016/0952-7915(93)90135-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The microbial products cyclosporin A (CsA), FK506 and rapamycin are potent immunosuppressive agents. The introduction of CsA in the early 1970's significantly improved the outcome of organ and bone marrow allograft transplantation and advanced therapeutic options in autoimmune diseases. FK506 appears to have a higher therapeutic index than CsA, and has been used with encouraging results in clinical transplantation trials. FK506 and CsA, although structurally unrelated, appear to target similar signal transduction pathways in hematopoietic cells by inhibiting the action of calcineurin, a serine/threonine phosphatase. A structural analog of FK506, rapamycin, inhibits cellular function by a different molecular mechanism. These agents have advanced our understanding of signal transmission pathways in lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Bierer
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston
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47
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Porter RM, Holme TC, Newman EL, Hopwood D, Wilkinson JM, Cuschieri A. Monoclonal antibodies to cytoskeletal proteins: an immunohistochemical investigation of human colon cancer. J Pathol 1993; 170:435-40. [PMID: 8410492 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711700406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies raised to a number of microfilament-associated proteins were shown to recognize the appropriate proteins in extracts from human colon tissue. They were then used in an immunohistochemical study of normal colonic mucosa, adenomas, and adenocarcinomas. A strong reaction was seen in stromal cells within the tumours (both adenomas and adenocarcinomas) when frozen sections were stained with antibodies to filamin and caldesmon. In addition, a similar reaction was seen in the adenocarcinomas when stained with antibodies to talin and gelsolin. We believe that immunohistochemical staining with these antibodies reveals a tumour-induced process in the surrounding cells, possibly related to a host response to tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, U.K
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48
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Goto S, Nagahiro S, Korematsu K, Ushio Y. Striatonigral involvement following transient focal cerebral ischemia in the rats: an immunohistochemical study on a reversible ischemia model. Acta Neuropathol 1993; 85:515-20. [PMID: 8388149 DOI: 10.1007/bf00230491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A topographical and cellular immunohistochemical analysis was performed on the striatonigral system of rats with unilateral, reversible middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Antibodies to calcineurin (CaN), parvalbumin (PV), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were used in this study. Sixty days after the operation, the ipsilateral striatum showed a characteristic cell type-specific injury in the dorsolateral part of the nucleus (i.e., non-limbic striatum): a marked reduction in the number of medium-sized spinous neurons expressing CaN immunoreactivity and a selective sparing of PV- and ChAT-positive interneurons. There was also a marked depletion of striatonigral afferents visualized by CaN immunostaining in the lateral portion of the substantia nigra pars reticulata, which is considered to be implicated with motor function. In addition, it was noted that such striatonigral involvement was accompanied by marked gliosis showing strong GFAP immunolabeling. The present data suggest that rats with reversible MCA occlusion can be a useful animal model for studying cell type-specific ischemic injury and subdivisional involvement of the striatonigral pathway as a part of the cortico-subcortical loop subserving motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Medical School, Japan
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Yokoyama N, Ali Z, Wang JH. Isozyme-specific monoclonal antibodies of CaM-stimulated phosphatase: identification of an enzyme domain involved in metal ion activation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1993; 300:615-21. [PMID: 8382029 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1993.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bovine brain and lung extracts each contain three forms of CaM-stimulated phosphatase, designated BPI, BPII, and BPIII, and LPI, LPII, and LPIII, respectively. The different forms show uniform immunoreactivity toward one alpha subunit-specific monoclonal antibody, VD3, but differential reactivity toward another antibody, VJ6. Using the procedure of limited clostripain digestion, the binding sites for mAb VD3 and mAb VJ6 have been localized to the carboxylterminal region of about 40 amino acid residues and to the carboxylterminal one-third of the alpha subunit, respectively. The result has substantiated our previous suggestion that the isolated multiple forms of the brain and lung phosphatases represent isozymes rather than in vitro proteolysis artifacts. The effects of the two monoclonal antibodies on p-nitrophenylphosphatase activities of the bovine brain phosphatase isozymes have been examined. BPI and BPIII, the two VJ6 reactive brain isozymes, can be inhibited by VJ6 antibody in a metal ion and CaM-dependent manner; none of the isozymes are inhibited by mAb VD3. The inhibition of BPI by mAb VJ6 is most pronounced when the assay is carried out in the presence of CaM and Ni2+, whereas little or no effect is seen if Mg2+ plus Ca2+ are used as metal ion activators. Thus, VJ6 appears to identify an alpha-subunit domain important for the Ni(2+)-induced activation of CaM-stimulated phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yokoyama
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Abe M, Mizuno T, Nishida W, Hiwada K. Anti-caldesmon monoclonal antibody reverses the inhibition of actomyosin Mg(2+)-ATPase activity by caldesmon. Biochem Int 1992; 28:249-54. [PMID: 1280950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Five mouse monoclonal antibodies, CaD 1-5, against chicken gizzard caldesmon were prepared. One of them (CaD4) was characterized by means of immunoblotting and its effect on actomyosin Mg(2+)-ATPase activity. CaD4 recognized the tropomyosin-binding site of caldesmon. CaD4 reversed the caldesmon-induced inhibition of actomyosin Mg(2+)-ATPase activity in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the epitope recognized by CaD4 is an important domain for the function of caldesmon on the actinmyosin interaction in the smooth muscle contraction-relaxation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abe
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Ehime University School of Medicine, Japan
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