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Afonso-Oramas D, Santana-Cordón L, Lemus-Mesa A, Teixidó-Trujillo S, Rodríguez-Rodríguez AE, Cruz-Muros I, González-Gómez M, Barroso-Chinea P. Drastic decline in vasoactive intestinal peptide expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in obese mice on a long-term high-fat diet. Brain Res Bull 2023; 202:110756. [PMID: 37678442 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the main region for the regulation of circadian rhythms. Although the SCN contains a heterogeneous neurochemical phenotype with a wide variety of neuropeptides, a key role has been suggested for the vasoactive intestinal neuropeptide (VIP) as a modulator circadian, reproductive, and seasonal rhythms. VIP is a 28-amino acid polypeptide hormone that belongs to the secretin-glucagon peptide superfamily and shares 68 % homology with the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). VIP acts as an endogenous appetite inhibitor in the central nervous system, where it participates in the control of appetite and energy homeostasis. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to better understand the role of VIP in the regulation of appetite/satiety and energy balance. This study aimed to elucidate the long-term effect of an obesogenic diet on the distribution and expression pattern of VIP in the SCN and nucleus accumbens (NAc) of C57BL/6 mice. A total of 15 female C57BL/6J mice were used in this study. Female mice were fed ad libitum with water and, either a standard diet (SD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity. There were 7 female mice on the SD and 8 on the HFD. The duration of the experiment was 365 days. The morphological study was performed using immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence techniques to study the neurochemical profile of VIP neurons of the SCN of C57BL/6 mice. Our data show that HFD-fed mice gained weight and showed reduced VIP expression in neurons of the SCN and also in fibres located in the NAc. Moreover, we observed a loss of neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression in fibres surrounding the SCN. Our findings on VIP may contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying obesity in regions associated with uncontrolled intake of high-fat foods and the reward system, thus facilitating the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Afonso-Oramas
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Neurociencias. Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Laura Santana-Cordón
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lemus-Mesa
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Teixidó-Trujillo
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Dermatología y Psiquiatría. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Cruz-Muros
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Miriam González-Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Neurociencias. Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Pedro Barroso-Chinea
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Neurociencias. Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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Atas U, Erin N, Tazegul G, Elpek GO, Yildirim B. Changes in ghrelin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide levels in the gastroduodenal mucosa of patients with morbid obesity. Neuropeptides 2021; 89:102164. [PMID: 34146741 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to assess changes in levels of substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and ghrelin in the gastroduodenal mucosa of obese individuals, which has not been studied before. METHODS Forty-six patients with a body mass index (BMI) of >40 kg/m2 and 20 patients with a BMI of 18-25 kg/m2 were included in the study. VIP and SP levels in the fundus, antrum and duodenal mucosa were measured in freshly frozen tissues using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fasting levels of ghrelin in blood were also measured with ELISA. Tissue levels of ghrelin were assessed by immunohistochemical staining, and immunoreactivity scores were used for ghrelin evaluation in tissues. RESULTS Antrum SP levels were higher in the obese group than in the control group. A significant number of obese patients had low VIP levels in the fundus and antrum. Intense ghrelin staining was observed in a limited number of cells in the mucosal area of the gastric fundus that was similar in the control and patient groups. In the antrum and duodenum, ghrelin staining was low in all the samples examined. CONCLUSION Here, we found that SP levels are increased, while VIP levels are decreased in the antrum of morbidly obese individuals. Previous studies show that SP increases gastroduodenal motility, that VIP slows it down, and that the gastric emptying rate is higher in obese individuals, preventing negative feedback mechanisms upon food intake. Therefore, increases in SP and decreases in VIP levels in the antrum may contribute to obesity by accelerating gastric emptying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unal Atas
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Nuray Erin
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Immunopharmacology and Immunooncology Unit, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Gokhan Tazegul
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Gulsum Ozlem Elpek
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Bulent Yildirim
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Antalya, Turkey.
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Waybright TJ, Xu X, Faupel-Badger JM, Xiao Z. Preparation of human serum for prolactin measurement by multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1002:195-203. [PMID: 23625405 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-360-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of the protein hormone prolactin (PRL) in biological samples has developed over the years into a routine clinical assay aiding the diagnosis of multiple medical conditions. PRL is known to exist in multiple isoforms circulating throughout the body. Current methodologies for measuring the PRL levels typically involve a variety of immunoassays. However, most of these tests are not capable of distinguishing between the different isoforms. To address this need, we have developed a highly specialized method employing multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) capable of monitoring seven distinct peptides from two of the most common prolactin isoforms (the 23 kDa PRL and its 16 kDa N-terminal cleavage product). Since serum is the main source of clinical specimen for the measurement of prolactin isoforms, the method described in this chapter is focused on the approach to processing whole serum samples for prolactin analysis via reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and MRM-MS.
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Báez-Ruiz A, Luna-Moreno D, Carmona-Castro A, Cárdenas-Vázquez R, Díaz-Muñoz M, Carmona-Alcocer V, Fuentes-Granados C, Manuel MA. Hypothalamic expression of anorexigenic and orexigenic hormone receptors in obese femalesNeotomodon alstoni:Effect of fasting. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 17:31-6. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830513y.0000000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Méquinion M, Langlet F, Zgheib S, Dickson S, Dehouck B, Chauveau C, Viltart O. Ghrelin: central and peripheral implications in anorexia nervosa. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:15. [PMID: 23549309 PMCID: PMC3581855 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing clinical and therapeutic interest in the neurobiology of eating disorders reflects their dramatic impact on health. Chronic food restriction resulting in severe weight loss is a major symptom described in restrictive anorexia nervosa (AN) patients, and they also suffer from metabolic disturbances, infertility, osteopenia, and osteoporosis. Restrictive AN, mostly observed in young women, is the third largest cause of chronic illness in teenagers of industrialized countries. From a neurobiological perspective, AN-linked behaviors can be considered an adaptation that permits the endurance of reduced energy supply, involving central and/or peripheral reprograming. The severe weight loss observed in AN patients is accompanied by significant changes in hormones involved in energy balance, feeding behavior, and bone formation, all of which can be replicated in animals models. Increasing evidence suggests that AN could be an addictive behavior disorder, potentially linking defects in the reward mechanism with suppressed food intake, heightened physical activity, and mood disorder. Surprisingly, the plasma levels of ghrelin, an orexigenic hormone that drives food-motivated behavior, are increased. This increase in plasma ghrelin levels seems paradoxical in light of the restrained eating adopted by AN patients, and may rather result from an adaptation to the disease. The aim of this review is to describe the role played by ghrelin in AN focusing on its central vs. peripheral actions. In AN patients and in rodent AN models, chronic food restriction induces profound alterations in the « ghrelin » signaling that leads to the development of inappropriate behaviors like hyperactivity or addiction to food starvation and therefore a greater depletion in energy reserves. The question of a transient insensitivity to ghrelin and/or a potential metabolic reprograming is discussed in regard of new clinical treatments currently investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Méquinion
- UMR INSERM 837, Development and Plasticity of Postnatal BrainLille, France
| | - Fanny Langlet
- UMR INSERM 837, Development and Plasticity of Postnatal BrainLille, France
| | - Sara Zgheib
- Pathophysiology of inflammatory of bone diseases, Université Lille Nord de France-ULCO – Lille 2Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Suzanne Dickson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bénédicte Dehouck
- UMR INSERM 837, Development and Plasticity of Postnatal BrainLille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France – Université d’ArtoisLiévin, France
| | - Christophe Chauveau
- Pathophysiology of inflammatory of bone diseases, Université Lille Nord de France-ULCO – Lille 2Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- UMR INSERM 837, Development and Plasticity of Postnatal BrainLille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France-USTL (Lille 1)Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
- *Correspondence: Odile Viltart, Development and Plasticity of the Postnatal Brain, Team 2, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, UMR INSERM 837, Bât Biserte, 1 place de Verdun, 59,045 Lille cedex, France. e-mail:
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Igarashi H, Fujimori N, Ito T, Nakamura T, Oono T, Nakamura K, Suzuki K, Jensen RT, Takayanagi R. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and VIP Receptors-Elucidation of Structure and Function for Therapeutic Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ijcm.2011.24084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Scacchi M, Pincelli AI, Cavagnini F. Nutritional status in the neuroendocrine control of growth hormone secretion: the model of anorexia nervosa. Front Neuroendocrinol 2003; 24:200-24. [PMID: 14596812 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3022(03)00014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) plays a key role not only in the promotion of linear growth but also in the regulation of intermediary metabolism, body composition, and energy expenditure. On the whole, the hormone appears to direct fuel metabolism towards the preferential oxidation of lipids instead of glucose and proteins, and to convey the energy derived from metabolic processes towards the synthesis of proteins. On the other hand, body energy stores and circulating energetic substrates take an important part in the regulation of somatotropin release. Finally, central and peripheral peptides participating in the control of food intake and energy expenditure (neuropeptide Y, leptin, and ghrelin) are also involved in the regulation of GH secretion. Altogether, nutritional status has to be regarded as a major determinant in the regulation of the somatotropin-somatomedin axis in animals and humans. In these latter, overweight is associated with marked impairment of spontaneous and stimulated GH release, while acute dietary restriction and chronic undernutrition induce an amplification of spontaneous secretion together with a clear-cut decrease in insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) plasma levels. Thus, over- and undernutrition represent two conditions connoted by GH hypersensitivity and GH resistance, respectively. Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by peculiar changes of the GH-IGF-I axis. In these patients, low circulating IGF-I levels are associated with enhanced GH production rate, highly disordered mode of somatotropin release, and variability of GH responsiveness to different pharmacological challenges. These abnormalities are likely due not only to the lack of negative IGF-I feedback, but also to a primary hypothalamic alteration with increased frequency of growth hormone releasing hormone discharges and decreased somatostatinergic tone. Given the reversal of the above alterations following weight recovery, these abnormalities can be seen as secondary, and possibly adaptive, to nutritional deprivation. The model of AN may provide important insights into the pathophysiology of GH secretion, in particular as regards the mechanisms whereby nutritional status effects its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Scacchi
- Chair of Endocrinology, University of Milan, Ospedale San Luca IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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