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Chaubey AH, Sojka SE, Onukwufor JO, Ezak MJ, Vandermeulen MD, Bowitch A, Vodičková A, Wojtovich AP, Ferkey DM. The Caenorhabditis elegans innexin INX-20 regulates nociceptive behavioral sensitivity. Genetics 2023; 223:iyad017. [PMID: 36753530 PMCID: PMC10319955 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms rely on chemical cues in their environment to indicate the presence or absence of food, reproductive partners, predators, or other harmful stimuli. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the bilaterally symmetric pair of ASH sensory neurons serves as the primary nociceptors. ASH activation by aversive stimuli leads to backward locomotion and stimulus avoidance. We previously reported a role for guanylyl cyclases in dampening nociceptive sensitivity that requires an innexin-based gap junction network to pass cGMP between neurons. Here, we report that animals lacking function of the gap junction component INX-20 are hypersensitive in their behavioral response to both soluble and volatile chemical stimuli that signal through G protein-coupled receptor pathways in ASH. We find that expressing inx-20 in the ADL and AFD sensory neurons is sufficient to dampen ASH sensitivity, which is supported by new expression analysis of endogenous INX-20 tagged with mCherry via the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Although ADL does not form gap junctions directly with ASH, it does so via gap junctions with the interneuron RMG and the sensory neuron ASK. Ablating either ADL or RMG and ASK also resulted in nociceptive hypersensitivity, suggesting an important role for RMG/ASK downstream of ADL in the ASH modulatory circuit. This work adds to our growing understanding of the repertoire of ways by which ASH activity is regulated via its connectivity to other neurons and identifies a previously unknown role for ADL and RMG in the modulation of aversive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi H Chaubey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Savannah E Sojka
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - John O Onukwufor
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Meredith J Ezak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Matthew D Vandermeulen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Alexander Bowitch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Anežka Vodičková
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Andrew P Wojtovich
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Denise M Ferkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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2
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Curia MC, Pignatelli P, D’Antonio DL, D’Ardes D, Olmastroni E, Scorpiglione L, Cipollone F, Catapano AL, Piattelli A, Bucci M, Magni P. Oral Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum Abundance in Subjects in Primary and Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention, with or without Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092144. [PMID: 36140246 PMCID: PMC9496065 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Low-grade chronic inflammation, promoted by dysbiosis of the gut and oral microbiota, has been shown to contribute to individual susceptibility to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). High oral Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and lower Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) concentrations have been associated with clinical and experimental atherosclerosis. We assessed oral Pg and Fn abundance in very high-risk patients with previously diagnosed ASCVD, with or without heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH), in subjects with HeFH in primary prevention and in healthy subjects. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 40 patients with previously diagnosed ASCVD (10 with genetically proven HeFH, and 30 without FH), 26 subjects with HeFH in primary prevention, and 31 healthy subjects were selected to quantify oral Pg and Fn abundance by qPCR and assess oral health status. Results: Compared to healthy subjects, patients with previously diagnosed ASCVD showed greater Pg abundance (1101.3 vs. 192.4, p = 0.03), but similar Fn abundance. HeFH patients with ASCVD had an even greater Pg abundance than did non-HeFH patients and healthy subjects (1770.6 vs. 758.4 vs. 192.4, respectively; p = 0.048). No differences were found in the levels of Pg and Fn abundance in HeFH subjects in primary prevention, as compared to healthy subjects. Conclusions: Greater oral Pg abundance is present in very high-risk patients with previously diagnosed ASCVD, with or without FH, suggesting a potential relationship with CV events. Future studies will assess the predictive value of Pg abundance measurement in ASCVD risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Curia
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.C.); (M.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Pamela Pignatelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenica Lucia D’Antonio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Damiano D’Ardes
- Regional Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Dyslipidemia, “SS Annunziata” Hospital—ASL, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- C.A.S.T., Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Elena Olmastroni
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Service (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Scorpiglione
- Regional Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Dyslipidemia, “SS Annunziata” Hospital—ASL, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- C.A.S.T., Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Cipollone
- Regional Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Dyslipidemia, “SS Annunziata” Hospital—ASL, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- C.A.S.T., Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alberico Luigi Catapano
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Service (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto S. Giovanni, 20099 Milan, Italy
| | - Adriano Piattelli
- Master Course in Microsurgery in Odontostomatology, Saint Camillus International University for Health Sciences (Unicamillus), 00131 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Villaserena per la Ricerca, 65013 Città Sant’Angelo, Pescara, Italy
- Casa di Cura Villa Serena, 65013 Città Sant’Angelo, Pescara, Italy
| | - Marco Bucci
- Regional Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Dyslipidemia, “SS Annunziata” Hospital—ASL, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- C.A.S.T., Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.C.); (M.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Paolo Magni
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Service (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto S. Giovanni, 20099 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.C.); (M.B.); (P.M.)
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3
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Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet: Impact of Geographical Location of the Observations. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102040. [PMID: 35631181 PMCID: PMC9144454 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet has emerged as a comprehensive lifestyle, including specific foods and meal composition and a set of behavioural and social features. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet has been shown to promote health and reduce the prevalence of chronic diseases. The actual implementation of the Mediterranean diet is affected by several sociocultural factors as well as geographical components. Indeed, the geographical location, such as a specific country or different areas in a country and specific latitude and climate, appears to be an important factor that may strongly affect the implementation of the Mediterranean diet or some of its principles as well as the adherence to it. Another dynamic component affecting personal nutritional choices, also regarding adherence to the Mediterranean diet and its principles, is the individual life-long trajectory of food preference and nutrition habits and awareness. In this review, we discuss the current evidence on the impact of geographical location on adherence to the Mediterranean diet.
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4
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Strollo F, Gentile S, Pipicelli AMV, Mambro A, Monici M, Magni P. Space Flight-Promoted Insulin Resistance as a Possible Disruptor of Wound Healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:868999. [PMID: 35646861 PMCID: PMC9136162 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.868999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
During space flight, especially when prolonged, exposure to microgravity results in a number of pathophysiological changes such as bone loss, muscle atrophy, cardiovascular and metabolic changes and impaired wound healing, among others. Interestingly, chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance appear to be pivotal events linking many of them. Interestingly, real and experimental microgravity is also associated to altered wound repair, a process that is becoming increasingly important in view of prolonged space flights. The association of insulin resistance and wound healing impairment may be hypothesized from some dysmetabolic conditions, like the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus and abdominal/visceral obesity, where derangement of glucose and lipid metabolism, greater low-grade inflammation, altered adipokine secretion and adipocyte dysfunction converge to produce systemic effects that also negatively involve wound healing. Indeed, wound healing impairment after traumatic events and surgery in space remains a relevant concern for space agencies. Further studies are required to clarify the molecular connection between insulin resistance and wound healing during space flight, addressing the ability of physical, endocrine/metabolic, and pharmacological countermeasures, as well as nutritional strategies to prevent long-term detrimental effects on tissue repair linked to insulin resistance. Based on these considerations, this paper discusses the pathophysiological links between microgravity-associated insulin resistance and impaired wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Strollo
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: F. Strollo,
| | - S. Gentile
- Department of Internal Medicine, Campania University “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy and Nefrocenter Research Network, Naples, Italy
| | - A. M. V. Pipicelli
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, “A. Gemelli” Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Mambro
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Pertini General Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Monici
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, ASA Campus Joint Laboratory, ASA Res. Div, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - P. Magni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Multimedica Hospital, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
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5
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Vasyutina M, Alieva A, Reutova O, Bakaleiko V, Murashova L, Dyachuk V, Catapano AL, Baragetti A, Magni P. The zebrafish model system for dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis research: Focus on environmental/exposome factors and genetic mechanisms. Metabolism 2022; 129:155138. [PMID: 35051509 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemias and atherosclerosis play a pivotal role in cardiovascular risk and disease. Although some pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these conditions have been unveiled, several knowledge gaps still remain. Experimental models, both in vitro and in vivo, have been instrumental to our better understanding of such complex processes. The latter have often been based on rodent species, either wild-type or, in several instances, genetically modified. In this context, the zebrafish may represent an additional very useful in vivo experimental model for dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Interestingly, the lipid metabolism of zebrafish shares several features with that present in humans, recapitulating some molecular features and pathophysiological aspects in a better way than that of rodents. The zebrafish model may be of help to address questions related to exposome factors as well as to genetic features, aiming to dissect selected aspects of the more complex scenario observed in humans. Indeed, exposome-related dyslipidemia/atherosclerosis research in zebrafish may target different scientific questions, related to nutrition, microbiota, temperature, light exposure at the larval stage, exposure to chemicals and epigenetic consequences of such external factors. Addressing genetic features related to dyslipidemia/atherosclerosis using the zebrafish model is already a reality and active research is now ongoing in this promising area. Novel technologies (gene and genome editing) may help to identify new candidate genes involved in dyslipidemia and dyslipidemia-related diseases. Based on these considerations, the zebrafish experimental model appears highly suitable for the study of exposome factors, genes and molecules involved in the development of atherosclerosis-related disease as well as for the validation of novel potential treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vasyutina
- Almazov Federal Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Asiiat Alieva
- Almazov Federal Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Reutova
- Almazov Federal Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Lada Murashova
- Almazov Federal Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Alberico L Catapano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Baragetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Magni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy.
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6
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PASSARELLI A, LETTIERI A, DEMIRCI TN, MAGNI P. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-secreting neuron development and function: an update. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2022; 47:58-69. [DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.22.03683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Brojeni MS, Nasseri F, Haghparast A, Eliassi A. Paraventricular nucleus-microinjected glucose increases food intake in 18 h food-deprived rats: A central regulatory mechanism on serum ghrelin and leptin levels. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 876:173073. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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8
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Ryu L, Cheon Y, Huh YH, Pyo S, Chinta S, Choi H, Butcher RA, Kim K. Feeding state regulates pheromone-mediated avoidance behavior via the insulin signaling pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798402. [PMID: 29925517 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals change sensory responses and their eventual behaviors, depending on their internal metabolic status and external food availability. However, the mechanisms underlying feeding state-dependent behavioral changes remain undefined. Previous studies have shown that Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite exhibits avoidance behaviors to acute exposure of a pheromone, ascr#3 (asc-ΔC9, C9). Here, we show that the ascr#3 avoidance behavior is modulated by feeding state via the insulin signaling pathway. Starvation increases ascr#3 avoidance behavior, and loss-of-function mutations in daf-2 insulin-like receptor gene dampen this starvation-induced ascr#3 avoidance behavior. DAF-2 and its downstream signaling molecules, including the DAF-16 FOXO transcription factor, act in the ascr#3-sensing ADL neurons to regulate synaptic transmission to downstream target neurons, including the AVA command interneurons. Moreover, we found that starvation decreases the secretion of INS-18 insulin-like peptides from the intestine, which antagonizes DAF-2 function in the ADL neurons. Altogether, this study provides insights about the molecular communication between intestine and sensory neurons delivering hunger message to sensory neurons, which regulates avoidance behavior from pheromones to facilitate survival chance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leesun Ryu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | - YongJin Cheon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yang Hoon Huh
- Electron Microscopy Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Seondong Pyo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | - Satya Chinta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hongsoo Choi
- Robotics Engineering Department, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | - Rebecca A Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kyuhyung Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
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9
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Sihag J, Jones PJH. Dietary fatty acid composition impacts plasma fatty acid ethanolamide levels and body composition in golden Syrian hamsters. Food Funct 2018; 9:3351-3362. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00621k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid ethanolamides (FAEs) are a class of lipid amides that regulate numerous pathophysiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Sihag
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences
- University of Manitoba
- Winnipeg
- Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN)
| | - Peter J. H. Jones
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences
- University of Manitoba
- Winnipeg
- Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN)
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10
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Diegelmann S, Jansen A, Jois S, Kastenholz K, Velo Escarcena L, Strudthoff N, Scholz H. The CApillary FEeder Assay Measures Food Intake in Drosophila melanogaster. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28362419 DOI: 10.3791/55024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
For most animals, feeding is an essential behavior for securing survival, and it influences development, locomotion, health and reproduction. Ingestion of the right type and quantity of food therefore has a major influence on quality of life. Research on feeding behavior focuses on the underlying processes that ensure actual feeding and unravels the role of factors regulating internal energy homeostasis and the neuronal bases of decision-making. The model organism Drosophila melanogaster, with its great variety of genetically traceable tools for labeling and manipulating single neurons, allows mapping of neuronal networks and identification of molecular signaling cascades involved in the regulation of food intake. This report demonstrates the CApillary FEeder assay (CAFE) and shows how to measure food intake in a group of flies for time spans ranging from hours to days. This easy-to-use assay consists of glass capillaries filled with liquid food that flies can freely access and feed on. Food consumption in the assay is accurately determined using simple measurement tools. Herein we describe step-by-step the method from setup to successful execution of the CAFE assay, and provide practical examples to analyze the food intake of a group of flies under controlled conditions. The reader is guided through possible limitations of the assay, and advantages and disadvantages of the method compared to other feeding assays in D. melanogaster are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annika Jansen
- Institute of Zoology, Albertus-Magnus University of Cologne
| | - Shreyas Jois
- Institute of Zoology, Albertus-Magnus University of Cologne; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan
| | | | | | | | - Henrike Scholz
- Institute of Zoology, Albertus-Magnus University of Cologne;
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11
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Garland T, Zhao M, Saltzman W. Hormones and the Evolution of Complex Traits: Insights from Artificial Selection on Behavior. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:207-24. [PMID: 27252193 PMCID: PMC5964798 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although behavior may often be a fairly direct target of natural or sexual selection, it cannot evolve without changes in subordinate traits that cause or permit its expression. In principle, changes in endocrine function could be a common mechanism underlying behavioral evolution because they are well positioned to mediate integrated responses to behavioral selection. More specifically, hormones can influence both motivational (e.g., brain) and performance (e.g., muscles) components of behavior simultaneously and in a coordinated fashion. If the endocrine system is often "used" as a general mechanism to effect responses to selection, then correlated responses in other aspects of behavior, life history, and organismal performance (e.g., locomotor abilities) should commonly occur because any cell with appropriate receptors could be affected. Ways in which behavior coadapts with other aspects of the phenotype can be studied directly through artificial selection and experimental evolution. Several studies have targeted rodent behavior for selective breeding and reported changes in other aspects of behavior, life history, and lower-level effectors of these organismal traits, including endocrine function. One example involves selection for high levels of voluntary wheel running, one aspect of physical activity, in four replicate High Runner (HR) lines of mice. Circulating levels of several hormones (including insulin, testosterone, thyroxine, triiodothyronine) have been characterized, three of which-corticosterone, leptin, and adiponectin-differ between HR and control lines, depending on sex, age, and generation. Potential changes in circulating levels of other behaviorally and metabolically relevant hormones, as well as in other components of the endocrine system (e.g., receptors), have yet to be examined. Overall, results to date identify promising avenues for further studies on the endocrine basis of activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Garland
- *Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92506, USA
| | - Meng Zhao
- *Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92506, USA
| | - Wendy Saltzman
- *Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92506, USA
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12
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Krzyzanowski MC, Woldemariam S, Wood JF, Chaubey AH, Brueggemann C, Bowitch A, Bethke M, L’Etoile ND, Ferkey DM. Aversive Behavior in the Nematode C. elegans Is Modulated by cGMP and a Neuronal Gap Junction Network. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006153. [PMID: 27459302 PMCID: PMC4961389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
All animals rely on their ability to sense and respond to their environment to survive. However, the suitability of a behavioral response is context-dependent, and must reflect both an animal's life history and its present internal state. Based on the integration of these variables, an animal's needs can be prioritized to optimize survival strategies. Nociceptive sensory systems detect harmful stimuli and allow for the initiation of protective behavioral responses. The polymodal ASH sensory neurons are the primary nociceptors in C. elegans. We show here that the guanylyl cyclase ODR-1 functions non-cell-autonomously to downregulate ASH-mediated aversive behaviors and that ectopic cGMP generation in ASH is sufficient to dampen ASH sensitivity. We define a gap junction neural network that regulates nociception and propose that decentralized regulation of ASH signaling can allow for rapid correlation between an animal's internal state and its behavioral output, lending modulatory flexibility to this hard-wired nociceptive neural circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Krzyzanowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah Woldemariam
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jordan F. Wood
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Aditi H. Chaubey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Chantal Brueggemann
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander Bowitch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Mary Bethke
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Noelle D. L’Etoile
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Denise M. Ferkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
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13
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Vaanholt LM, Mitchell SE, Sinclair RE, Speakman JR. Mice that are resistant to diet-induced weight loss have greater food anticipatory activity and altered melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) and dopamine receptor 2 (D2) gene expression. Horm Behav 2015; 73:83-93. [PMID: 26122292 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Diet-induced weight loss varies considerably between individuals, but the mechanisms driving these individual differences remain largely unknown. Here we investigated whether key neuropeptides involved in the regulation of energy balance or reward systems were differentially expressed in mice that were prone or resistant to caloric restriction (CR) induced weight loss. Mice (n=30 males and n=34 females) were fed 70% of their own baseline ad libitum intake for 25days, after which their brains were collected and expression of various neuropeptides were investigated and compared between the 10 male and 10 female mice that showed the greatest (high weight loss, HWL) or lowest weight loss (LWL) (n=40 in total). HWL mice showed a differential neuropeptide profile to LWL in both sexes, characterised by increased expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), leptin receptor (ObRb), and melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) in the arcuate nucleus. No changes in the expression of fat mass and obesity related gene (FTO) or suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (Socs3) were observed. Levels of dopamine D2 receptor were decreased in the nucleus accumbens in HWL compared to LWL mice. HWL mice showed a stronger increase in food anticipatory activity (FAA) in response to CR than LWL mice. These results indicate that the mice prone to diet-induced weight loss experienced greater hunger, potentially driving their elevated FAA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anticipation, Psychological/physiology
- Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Caloric Restriction
- Diet, Reducing
- Energy Metabolism/genetics
- Female
- Food
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Obese
- Neuropeptide Y/genetics
- Neuropeptide Y/metabolism
- Obesity/diet therapy
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, Leptin/genetics
- Receptors, Leptin/metabolism
- Treatment Failure
- Weight Loss/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Lobke M Vaanholt
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Sharon E Mitchell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rachel E Sinclair
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Elizondo-Vega R, Cortes-Campos C, Barahona MJ, Oyarce KA, Carril CA, García-Robles MA. The role of tanycytes in hypothalamic glucosensing. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1471-82. [PMID: 26081217 PMCID: PMC4511346 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanycytes are elongated hypothalamic glial cells that cover the basal walls of the third ventricle; their apical regions contact the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and their processes reach hypothalamic neuronal nuclei that control the energy status of an organism. These nuclei maintain the balance between energy expenditure and intake, integrating several peripheral signals and triggering cellular responses that modify the feeding behaviour and peripheral glucose homeostasis. One of the most important and well-studied signals that control this process is glucose; however, the mechanism by which this molecule is sensed remains unknown. We along with others have proposed that tanycytes play a key role in this process, transducing changes in CSF glucose concentration to the neurons that control energy status. Recent studies have demonstrated the expression and function of monocarboxylate transporters and canonical pancreatic β cell glucose sensing molecules, including glucose transporter 2 and glucokinase, in tanycytes. These and other data, which will be discussed in this review, suggest that hypothalamic glucosensing is mediated through a metabolic interaction between tanycytes and neurons through lactate. This article will summarize the recent evidence that supports the importance of tanycytes in hypothalamic glucosensing, and discuss the possible mechanisms involved in this process. Finally, it is important to highlight that a detailed analysis of this mechanism could represent an opportunity to understand the evolution of associated pathologies, including diabetes and obesity, and identify new candidates for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Elizondo-Vega
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Maria J Barahona
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Karina A Oyarce
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Claudio A Carril
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Maria A García-Robles
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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15
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Experimental Study of the Efficiency of Dietressa Preparation on Body Weight Reduction in Mice Feeding High-Fat Ration. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 157:37-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Synchronization by food access modifies the daily variations in expression and activity of liver GABA transaminase. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:590581. [PMID: 24809054 PMCID: PMC3997914 DOI: 10.1155/2014/590581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Daytime restricted feeding (DRF) is an experimental protocol that influences the circadian timing system and underlies the expression of a biological clock known as the food entrained oscillator (FEO). Liver is the organ that reacts most rapidly to food restriction by adjusting the functional relationship between the molecular circadian clock and the metabolic networks. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a signaling molecule in the liver, and able to modulate the cell cycle and apoptosis. This study was aimed at characterizing the expression and activity of the mostly mitochondrial enzyme GABA transaminase (GABA-T) during DRF/FEO expression. We found that DRF promotes a sustained increase of GABA-T in the liver homogenate and mitochondrial fraction throughout the entire day-night cycle. The higher amount of GABA-T promoted by DRF was not associated to changes in GABA-T mRNA or GABA-T activity. The GABA-T activity in the mitochondrial fraction even tended to decrease during the light period. We concluded that DRF influences the daily variations of GABA-T mRNA levels, stability, and catalytic activity of GABA-T. These data suggest that the liver GABAergic system responds to a metabolic challenge such as DRF and the concomitant appearance of the FEO.
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17
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Pérez Maceira JJ, Mancebo MJ, Aldegunde M. The involvement of 5-HT-like receptors in the regulation of food intake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 161:1-6. [PMID: 24365333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It is known that in fish the serotonergic system is part of the neural network that controls feeding and that a pharmacologically induced increase in the brain 5-HT inhibits food intake. However, nothing is known about the 5-HT receptors involved in this inhibitory effect. In this study, we investigated the effects of several 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptor agonists on food intake in rainbow trout. In the first experiment, fish were injected i.p. or i.c.v. with two 5-HT1B receptor agonists, anpirtoline (2mg/kg, i.p.) and CP93129 (100 and 200μg/kg, i.c.v.). Neither of these treatments significantly altered food intake. In a second set of experiments, different groups of fish were injected i.p. (1mg/kg) or i.c.v. (30μg/kg) with the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT. In both cases, administration of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist inhibited food intake. In a third set of experiments, we explored the effects of different 5-HT2 receptor agonists. Different groups of fish were injected i.p. or i.c.v. with the mixed 5-HT2B/2C agonist m-CPP (5mg/kg, i.p.), 5-HT2C agonist MK212 (60μg/kg, i.c.v.) and 5-HT2B agonist BW723C86 (50 and 100μg/kg, i.c.v.). Administration of the 5-HT2B/2C and 5HT2C receptor agonists significantly inhibited food intake. Administration of the lowest dose of the 5-HT2B receptor agonist did not have any significant effect, while administration of the highest dose induced a significant increase in food intake. Activation of the 5-HT1A-like (food intake inhibition) and 5-HT1B-like (no effect on food intake) receptors in the rainbow trout induced different effects on food intake from those observed in mammals. We conclude that in rainbow trout the anorexigenic actions of 5-HT are probably mediated by activation of 5-HT1A and 5-H2C-like receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J Pérez Maceira
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal (Instituto de Acuicultura), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María J Mancebo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal (Instituto de Acuicultura), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Aldegunde
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal (Instituto de Acuicultura), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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18
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Bays HE. Lorcaserin and adiposopathy: 5-HT2c agonism as a treatment for ‘sick fat’ and metabolic disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 7:1429-45. [DOI: 10.1586/erc.09.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Abstract
The eating disorders anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are severe psychiatric disorders with high mortality. Our knowledge about the neurobiology of eating disorders is very limited, and the question remains whether alterations in brain structure or function in eating disorders are state related, remnants of the illness or premorbid traits. The brain reward system is a relatively well-characterized brain circuitry that plays a central role in the drive to eat and individuals with current or past eating disorders showed alterations in those pathways compared to controls. Here we propose that structural and functional alterations in the insula and frontal cortex, including orbitofrontal and cingulate regions, areas that contribute to reward and anxiety processing, could predispose to developing an eating disorder and that adaptive changes in those circuits in response to malnutrition or repeated binge eating and purging could further promote illness behavior, hinder recovery and contribute to relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido K W Frank
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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20
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Mancebo MJ, Ceballos FC, Pérez-Maceira J, Aldegunde M. Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene expression is not affected by central serotonin in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 166:186-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Migraine A, Nicklaus S, Parnet P, Lange C, Monnery-Patris S, Des Robert C, Darmaun D, Flamant C, Amarger V, Rozé JC. Effect of preterm birth and birth weight on eating behavior at 2 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:1270-7. [PMID: 23615831 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.051151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm infants frequently present eating difficulties in early childhood. Determinants of these difficulties are not known. OBJECTIVE We assessed the influence of neonatal and maternal characteristics on eating behaviors at 2 y of age. DESIGN The following 2 cohorts were compared: 234 preterm children born <33 wk of gestational age from the POLYmorphisme génétique, Nutrition et Comportement Alimentaire cohort and 245 term children from the Observation des Préférences ALImentaires du Nourrisson et de l'Enfant cohort. Eating behaviors were assessed by using the validated Children's Eating Difficulties Questionnaire, which assesses the following 2 dimensions: a low drive to eat and narrow food repertoire. Each dimension was graded from 2 to 10 with more severe difficulties reflected by a higher score. Children in the upper quintile were classified as having eating disorders. RESULTS Compared with term children, preterm children had a worse drive-to-eat score (4.3 ± 1.6 compared with 3.6 ± 1.5, respectively; P = 0.001) and a marginally lower food-repertoire score (5.0 ± 1.5 compared with 4.8 ± 1.6, respectively; P = 0.05). In a multilevel logistic regression model, female sex [adjusted OR (aOR): 1.76; 95% CI: 1.08, 2.88; P = 0.025] and birth weight less than -1 z score (aOR: 2.88; 95% CI: 1.47, 5.67; P = 0.002) but not gestational age were associated with a worse drive to eat. A maternal level of education beyond high school was associated with lower risk of a poor food-repertoire score (aOR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.90; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Preterm children have more eating difficulties than term children do, but after adjustment for maternal and neonatal characteristics, gestational age is not associated with impaired eating behaviors at the age of 2 y. Female sex, a low maternal level of education, and less than -1 SD intrauterine growth are associated with eating difficulties at 2 y of age. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT 00663572.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Migraine
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire of Nantes, Nantes, France.
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22
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Raasmaja A, Lecklin A, Li XM, Zou J, Zhu GG, Laakso I, Hiltunen R. A water-alcohol extract of Citrus grandis whole fruits has beneficial metabolic effects in the obese Zucker rats fed with high fat/high cholesterol diet. Food Chem 2012; 138:1392-9. [PMID: 23411259 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that citrus fruits and compounds such as flavonoids, limonoids and pectins have health promoting effects. Our aim was to study the effects of Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck var. tomentosa hort. fruit extract on the energy metabolism. A whole fruit powder from dry water and alcohol extracts of C. grandis containing 19% naringin flavonoid was prepared. The effects of the citrus extract were followed in the obese Zucker rats fed with the HFD. The circulatory levels of GLP-1 decreased significantly by the extract in comparison to the HFD group, whereas the decreased ghrelin levels were reversed. The levels of PYY were decreased in all HFD groups. The leptin amounts decreased but not significantly whereas insulin and amylin were unchanged. The cholesterol and glucose levels were somewhat but not systematically improved in the HFD fed rats. Further studies are needed to identify the active compounds and their mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atso Raasmaja
- Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FIN-00014, Finland.
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23
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Sengupta P. The belly rules the nose: feeding state-dependent modulation of peripheral chemosensory responses. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012; 23:68-75. [PMID: 22939570 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Feeding history and the presence of food dramatically alter chemosensory behaviors. Recent results indicate that internal nutritional state can gate peripheral gustatory and olfactory sensory responses to affect behavior. Focusing primarily on recent work in C. elegans and Drosophila, I describe the neuromodulatory mechanisms that translate feeding state information into changes in chemosensory neuron response properties and behavioral output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology and the National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, United States.
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24
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Kheyfets IA, Bugaeva LI, Vorob'eva TM, Dugina JL, Lebedeva SA, Petrov VI, Sergeeva SA, Epstein OI. Experimental study of the effects of Dietressa, a new weight-reducing drug. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 152:321-4. [PMID: 22803076 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of a new drug containing ultra-low doses of antibodies to cannabinoid receptor type 1 (Dietressa) to reduce body weight gain in mice on a high-calorie diet was evaluated, possible mechanisms of drug action were analyzed, and its safety (abuse potential in the reaction of self-stimulation) was evaluated. Dietressa was not inferior to sibutramine in reducing body weight gain in mice and exhibited no abuse potential.
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25
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Regulación del apetito: bases neuroendocrinas e implicaciones clínicas. Med Clin (Barc) 2012; 139:70-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2011.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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26
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Frank GKW. Advances in the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa using brain imaging. EXPERT OPINION ON MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS 2012; 6:235-244. [PMID: 22936952 PMCID: PMC3427937 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2012.673583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Anorexia and bulimia nervosa are severe psychiatric disorders and the availability of brain imaging techniques hold promise that those techniques will be useful in clinical practice. AREAS COVERED: In this review I describe currently available brain imaging techniques and focus on the brain imaging methods functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). Those techniques have helped describe alterations in brain circuitry in AN and BN that related to anxiety and reward processing. Novel computational models help further define brain function in relation to particular neurotransmitters. EXPERT OPINION: Brain imaging techniques are exciting methods to learn about brain function and progress has been made to identify in healthy populations brain circuits that code behaviors. These techniques have been used in AN and BN over the past decade and have improved our understanding of brain function in those disorders. Still, human brain imaging is not at a point yet where it could be used diagnostically. However, with the refinement of imaging hardware as well as improved models that describe brain function we will get closer to our aims to not only better understand the neurobiology of those disorders, but predict illness development, treatment response and long term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido K W Frank
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado, Gary Pavilion A036/B-130, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, Tel.: 720-777-1909
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27
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Abstract
Most animals are endowed with an olfactory system that is essential for finding foods, avoiding predators, and locating mating partners. The olfactory system must encode the identity and intensity of behaviorally relevant stimuli in a dynamic environmental landscape. How is olfactory information represented? How is a large dynamic range of odor concentrations represented in the olfactory system? How is this representation modulated to meet the demands of different internal physiological states? Recent studies have found that sensory terminals are important targets for neuromodulation. The emerging evidence suggests that presynaptic inhibition scales with sensory input and thus provides a mechanism to increase dynamic range of odor representation. In addition, presynaptic facilitation could be a mechanism to alter behavioral responses in hungry animals. This review will focus on the GABA(B) (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition, and neuropeptide-mediated presynaptic modulation in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing W Wang
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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28
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Savino F, Lupica MM, Liguori SA, Fissore MF, Silvestro L. Ghrelin and feeding behaviour in preterm infants. Early Hum Dev 2012; 88 Suppl 1:S51-5. [PMID: 22285781 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The importance of early life events in the development of metabolic diseases is well recognized. Early postnatal environment, including nutrition, is key to future health, and this is particularly true for preterm infants. It is important that these infants receive sufficient nutrients to prevent growth restriction and promote neurodevelopment, while minimizing predisposition to metabolic diseases later in life. Feeding habits are the fundamental elements of nutrition and are influenced by many factors, including personal and familial habits, socioeconomic status, and cultural environment. In the last decades, there has been an important scientific interest toward the comprehension of the molecular and neural mechanisms regulating appetite. In these networks, act many peptide hormones produced in brain or gut, among which ghrelin is important because of its action in the short-term regulation of food intake and the long-term regulation of body weight. Ghrelin stimulates appetite and plays a role in regulating feeding behaviour. Ghrelin levels vary from fetal life through to early adulthood, with the highest levels observed in the very early years. Cord ghrelin levels have been evaluated in term and preterm newborns and high ghrelin levels have been observed in small-for-gestational age newborns and in newborns with intrauterine growth restriction. Moreover, ghrelin has been detected in term and preterm human breast milk, suggesting that it may play a role in the development of neuroendocrine pathways regulating appetite and energy homeostasis in early life. However, more research is required to better define ghrelin's role in breast milk and on feeding behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Savino
- Department of Paediatrics, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Italy.
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29
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Fukami T, Sun X, Li T, Desai M, Ross MG. Mechanism of programmed obesity in intrauterine fetal growth restricted offspring: paradoxically enhanced appetite stimulation in fed and fasting states. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:423-30. [PMID: 22344733 DOI: 10.1177/1933719111424448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that intrauterine fetal growth restriction (IUGR) newborn rats exhibit hyperphagia, reduced satiety, and adult obesity. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a principal metabolic regulator that specifically regulates appetite in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC). In response to fasting, upregulated AMPK activity increases the expression of orexigenic (neuropeptide Y [NPY] and agouti-related protein [AgRP]) and decreases anorexigenic (proopiomelanocortin [POMC]) peptides. We hypothesized that IUGR offspring would exhibit upregulated hypothalamic AMPK, contributing to hyperphagia and obesity. We determined AMPK activity and appetite-modulating peptides (NPY and POMC) during fasting and fed conditions in the ARC of adult IUGR and control females. Pregnant rats were fed ad libitum diet (control) or were 50% food restricted from gestation day 10 to 21 to produce IUGR newborns. At 10 months of age, hypothalamic ARC was dissected from fasted (48 hours) and fed control and IUGR females. Arcuate nucleus messenger RNA ([mRNA] NPY, AgRP, and POMC) and protein expression (total and phosphorylated AMPK, Akt) was determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western Blot, respectively. In the fed state, IUGR adult females demonstrated evidence of persistent appetite stimulation with significantly upregulated phospho (Thr(172))-AMPKα/AMPK (1.3-fold), NPY/AgRP (2.3/1.8-fold) and decreased pAkt/Akt (0.6-fold) and POMC (0.7-fold) as compared to fed controls. In controls though not IUGR adult females, fasting significantly increased pAMPK/AMPK, NPY, and AgRP and decreased pAkt/Akt and POMC. Despite obesity, fed IUGR adult females exhibit upregulated AMPK activity and appetite stimulatory factors, similar to that exhibited by fasting controls. These results suggest that an enhanced appetite drive in both fed and fasting states contributes to hyperphagia and obesity in IUGR offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Fukami
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
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30
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Frank GK, Reynolds JR, Shott ME, O’Reilly RC. Altered temporal difference learning in bulimia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:728-735. [PMID: 21718969 PMCID: PMC3186835 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurobiology of bulimia nervosa (BN) is poorly understood. Recent animal literature suggests that binge eating is associated with altered brain dopamine (DA) reward function. In this study, we wanted to investigate DA-related brain reward learning in BN. METHODS Ill BN (n = 20, age: mean = 25.2, SD = 5.3 years) and healthy control women (CW) (n = 23, age: mean = 27.2, SD = 6.4 years) underwent functional magnetic resonance brain imaging together with application of a DA-related reward learning paradigm, the temporal difference (TD) model. That task involves association learning between conditioned visual and unconditioned taste stimuli, as well as unexpected violation of those learned associations. Study participants also completed the Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment Questionnaire. RESULTS Bulimia nervosa individuals showed reduced brain response compared with CW for unexpected receipt and omission of taste stimuli, as well as reduced brain regression response to the TD computer model generated reward values, in insula, ventral putamen, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex. Those results were qualitatively similar in BN individuals who were nondepressed and unmedicated. Binge/purge frequency in BN inversely predicted reduced TD model response. Bulimia nervosa individuals showed significantly higher Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment compared with CW. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study that relates reduced brain DA responses in BN to the altered learning of associations between arbitrary visual stimuli and taste rewards. This attenuated response is related to frequency of binge/purge episodes in BN. The brain DA neurotransmitter system could be an important treatment target for BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido K.W. Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, The Children’s Hospital, Aurora, CO80045, USA, Department of Neuroscience, University of Colorado Denver; Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Megan E. Shott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, The Children’s Hospital, Aurora, CO80045, USA
| | - Randall C. O’Reilly
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Abstract
Understanding why we eat and the motivational factors driving food choices is important for addressing the epidemics of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Eating behavior is a complex interplay of physiological, psychological, social, and genetic factors that influence meal timing, quantity of food intake, and food preference. Reviewed here is the current and emerging knowledge of the genetic influences on eating behavior and how these relate to obesity; particular emphasis is placed on the genetics of taste, meal size, and selection, and the emerging use of functional magnetic resonance imaging to study neural reactions in response to food stimuli in normal, overweight, and obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor R Grimm
- Department of Medicine and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Panzica GC, Bo E, Martini MA, Miceli D, Mura E, Viglietti-Panzica C, Gotti S. Neuropeptides and enzymes are targets for the action of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the vertebrate brain. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2011; 14:449-72. [PMID: 21790321 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.578562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) are molecules that interfere with endocrine signaling pathways and produce adverse consequences on animal and human physiology, such as infertility or behavioral alterations. Some EDC act through binding to androgen or/and estrogen receptors primarily operating through a genomic mechanism regulating gene expression. This mechanism of action may induce profound developmental adverse effects, and the major targets of the EDC action are the gene products, i.e., mRNAs inducing the synthesis of various peptidic molecules, which include neuropeptides and enzymes related to neurotransmitters syntheses. Available immunohistochemical data on some of the systems that are affected by EDC in lower and higher vertebrates are detailed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Panzica
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Forensic Medicine, Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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33
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Immunohistochemical localization of chemokine CXCL14 in rat hypothalamic neurons. Neurosci Lett 2011; 487:335-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wood JT, Williams JS, Pandarinathan L, Janero DR, Lammi-Keefe CJ, Makriyannis A. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid supplementation alters select physiological endocannabinoid-system metabolites in brain and plasma. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:1416-23. [PMID: 20071693 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m002436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid metabolome consists of a growing, (patho)physiologically important family of fatty-acid derived signaling lipids. Diet is a major source of fatty acid substrate for mammalian endocannabinoid biosynthesis. The principal long-chain PUFA found in mammalian brain, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), supports neurological function, retinal development, and overall health. The extent to which dietary DHA supplementation influences endocannabinoid-related metabolites in brain, within the context of the circulating endocannabinoid profile, is currently unknown. We report the first lipidomic analysis of acute 2-week DHA dietary supplementation effects on the physiological state of 15 fatty-acid, N-acylethanolamine, and glycerol-ester endocannabinoid metabolome constituents in murine plasma and brain. The DHA-rich diet markedly elevated DHA, eicosapentaenoic acid, 2-eicosapentanoylglycerol (EPG), and docosahexanoylethanolamine in both compartments. Dietary DHA enhancement generally affected the synthesis of the N-acyl-ethanolamine and glycerol-ester metabolites to favor the docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic vs. arachidonoyl and oleoyl homologs in both brain and plasma. The greater overall responsiveness of the endocannabinoid metabolome in plasma versus brain may reflect a more circumscribed homeostatic response range of brain lipids to dietary DHA supplementation. The ability of short-term DHA enhancement to modulate select constituents of the physiological brain and plasma endocannabinoid metabolomes carries metabolic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodianne T Wood
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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35
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Meyer RP, Pantazis G, Killer N, Bürck C, Schwab R, Brandt M, Knoth R, Gehlhaus M. Xenobiotics in the limbic system--affecting brain's network function. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2010; 82:87-106. [PMID: 20472134 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(10)82005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Xenobiotic compounds enter the brain through nutrition, environmentals, and drugs. In order to maintain intrinsic homeostasis, the brain has to adapt to xenobiotic influx. Among others, steroid hormones appear as crucial mediators in this process. However, especially in the therapy of neurological diseases or brain tumors, long-term application of neuroactive drugs is advised. Several clinically important malignancies based on hormonal dysbalance rise up after treatment with neuroactive drugs, for example, sexual and mental disorders or severe cognitive changes. A drug-hormone cross talk proceeding over drug-mediated cytochrome P450 induction predominantly in the limbic system and the blood-brain barrier, consequently altered steroid hormone metabolism, and P450-mediated change of steroid hormone receptor expression and signaling may serve as an explanation for such disorders. Especially, the interplay between the expression of AR and P450 at the blood-brain barrier and in structures of the limbic system is of considerable interest in understanding brain's reaction on xenobiotic treatment. This chapter summarizes present models and concepts on brain's reaction after xenobiotics crossing the blood-brain barrier and invading the limbic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf P Meyer
- Medizinische Fakultät der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 64, Freiburg, Germany
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Clarke IJ, Henry BA. Targeting energy expenditure in muscle as a means of combating obesity. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 37:121-4. [PMID: 19650796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1. To date, an effective therapeutic agent that induces weight loss in obese subjects remains elusive. In order to establish a successful means to combat obesity, it is imperative that we identify novel targets that regulate energy balance. 2. Exciting new data have created resurgence in interest in the role of thermogenesis in energy balance. Recently, it has been demonstrated that functional brown adipocytes are present in adult humans and that brown adipocytes and myocytes are derived from a similar cell lineage and are thus likely to have similar physiological functions. 3. Recent work in the sheep has demonstrated that diffuse fat beds and skeletal muscle exhibit thermogenic properties. Furthermore, in sheep, central administration of leptin markedly increases postprandial thermogenesis in both fat and muscle tissues. This demonstrates that thermogenic processes in skeletal muscle can be manipulated in a similar way to thermogenesis in brown fat. 4. Given that skeletal muscle comprises a significant portion of bodyweight, approximately 30-40% of total body mass, we predict that energy expended by this tissue is likely to have significant ramifications for the regulation of bodyweight. 5. We propose that manipulation of skeletal muscle thermogenesis may provide a novel avenue for the development of anti-obesity therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain J Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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