1
|
Saadi F, Chakravarty D, Kumar S, Kamble M, Saha B, Shindler KS, Das Sarma J. CD40L protects against mouse hepatitis virus-induced neuroinflammatory demyelination. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010059. [PMID: 34898656 PMCID: PMC8699621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-A59/RSA59) infection in mice induces acute neuroinflammation due to direct neural cell dystrophy, which proceeds with demyelination with or without axonal loss, the pathological hallmarks of human neurological disease, Multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent studies in the RSA59-induced neuroinflammation model of MS showed a protective role of CNS-infiltrating CD4+ T cells compared to their pathogenic role in the autoimmune model. The current study further investigated the molecular nexus between CD4+ T cell-expressed CD40Ligand and microglia/macrophage-expressed CD40 using CD40L-/- mice. Results demonstrate CD40L expression in the CNS is modulated upon RSA59 infection. We show evidence that CD40L-/- mice are more susceptible to RSA59 induced disease due to reduced microglia/macrophage activation and significantly dampened effector CD4+ T recruitment to the CNS on day 10 p.i. Additionally, CD40L-/- mice exhibited severe demyelination mediated by phagocytic microglia/macrophages, axonal loss, and persistent poliomyelitis during chronic infection, indicating CD40-CD40L as host-protective against RSA59-induced demyelination. This suggests a novel target in designing prophylaxis for virus-induced demyelination and axonal degeneration, in contrast to immunosuppression which holds only for autoimmune mechanisms of inflammatory demyelination. MS is primarily considered an autoimmune CNS disease, but its potential viral etiology cannot be ignored. Myelin-specific CD40L+CD4+ T cells migration into the CNS and resultant neuroinflammation is considered pathogenic in autoimmune MS. In contrast, CD40L+CD4+ T infiltration into the MHV-induced inflamed CNS and their interaction with CD40+ microglia/macrophages are shown to be protective in our study. Considering differential etiology but comparable demyelination and axonal loss, immunosuppressive treatments may not necessarily ameliorate MS in all patients. MHV-induced demyelination in this study indicates that the interaction between CD40L on CD4+T cells and CD40 on microglia/macrophage plays an important protective role against MHV-induced chronic progressive demyelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fareeha Saadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Debanjana Chakravarty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Mithila Kamble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Kenneth S. Shindler
- Departments of Ophthalmology and
- Neurology University of Pennsylvania Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
- Departments of Ophthalmology and
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Haber M, James J, Kim J, Sangobowale M, Irizarry R, Ho J, Nikulina E, Grin'kina NM, Ramadani A, Hartman I, Bergold PJ. Minocycline plus N-acteylcysteine induces remyelination, synergistically protects oligodendrocytes and modifies neuroinflammation in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1312-1326. [PMID: 28685618 PMCID: PMC6092769 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17718106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury afflicts over 2 million people annually and little can be done for the underlying injury. The Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs Minocycline plus N-acetylcysteine (MINO plus NAC) synergistically improved cognition and memory in a rat mild controlled cortical impact (mCCI) model of traumatic brain injury.3 The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of the drug combination are unknown. This study addressed the effect of the drug combination on white matter damage and neuroinflammation after mCCI. Brain tissue from mCCI rats given either sham-injury, saline, MINO alone, NAC alone, or MINO plus NAC was investigated via histology and qPCR at four time points (2, 4, 7, and 14 days post-injury) for markers of white matter damage and neuroinflammation. MINO plus NAC synergistically protected resident oligodendrocytes and decreased the number of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Activation of microglia/macrophages (MP/MG) was synergistically increased in white matter two days post-injury after MINO plus NAC treatment. Patterns of M1 and M2 MP/MG were also altered after treatment. The modulation of neuroinflammation is a potential mechanism to promote remyelination and improve cognition and memory. These data also provide new and important insights into how drug treatments can induce repair after traumatic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margalit Haber
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Jessica James
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Justine Kim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Michael Sangobowale
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Irizarry
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Johnson Ho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Elena Nikulina
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Natalia M Grin'kina
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Albana Ramadani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Isabella Hartman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Peter J Bergold
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de J. Guerrero-García J, Rojas-Mayorquín AE, Valle Y, Padilla-Gutiérrez JR, Castañeda-Moreno VA, Mireles-Ramírez MA, Muñoz-Valle JF, Ortuño-Sahagún D. Decreased serum levels of sCD40L and IL-31 correlate in treated patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Immunobiology 2018; 223:135-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
4
|
Aarts SABM, Seijkens TTP, Kusters PJH, van der Pol SMA, Zarzycka B, Heijnen PDAM, Beckers L, den Toom M, Gijbels MJJ, Boon L, Weber C, de Vries HE, Nicolaes GAF, Dijkstra CD, Kooij G, Lutgens E. Inhibition of CD40-TRAF6 interactions by the small molecule inhibitor 6877002 reduces neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:105. [PMID: 28494768 PMCID: PMC5427621 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0875-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influx of leukocytes into the central nervous system (CNS) is a key hallmark of the chronic neuro-inflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Strategies that aim to inhibit leukocyte migration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are therefore regarded as promising therapeutic approaches to combat MS. As the CD40L-CD40 dyad signals via TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) in myeloid cells to induce inflammation and leukocyte trafficking, we explored the hypothesis that specific inhibition of CD40-TRAF6 interactions can ameliorate neuro-inflammation. METHODS Human monocytes were treated with a small molecule inhibitor (SMI) of CD40-TRAF6 interactions (6877002), and migration capacity across human brain endothelial cells was measured. To test the therapeutic potential of the CD40-TRAF6-blocking SMI under neuro-inflammatory conditions in vivo, Lewis rats and C57BL/6J mice were subjected to acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and treated with SMI 6877002 for 6 days (rats) or 3 weeks (mice). RESULTS We here show that a SMI of CD40-TRAF6 interactions (6877002) strongly and dose-dependently reduces trans-endothelial migration of human monocytes. Moreover, upon SMI treatment, monocytes displayed a decreased production of ROS, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin (IL)-6, whereas the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was increased. Disease severity of EAE was reduced upon SMI treatment in rats, but not in mice. However, a significant reduction in monocyte-derived macrophages, but not in T cells, that had infiltrated the CNS was eminent in both models. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results indicate that SMI-mediated inhibition of the CD40-TRAF6 pathway skews human monocytes towards anti-inflammatory cells with reduced trans-endothelial migration capacity, and is able to reduce CNS-infiltrated monocyte-derived macrophages during neuro-inflammation, but minimally ameliorates EAE disease severity. We therefore conclude that SMI-mediated inhibition of the CD40-TRAF6 pathway may represent a beneficial treatment strategy to reduce monocyte recruitment and macrophage activation in the CNS and has the potential to be used as a co-treatment to combat MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A. B. M. Aarts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom T. P. Seijkens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal J. H. Kusters
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne M. A. van der Pol
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Zarzycka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Priscilla D. A. M. Heijnen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Beckers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Myrthe den Toom
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion J. J. Gijbels
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Boon
- Bioceros, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Pettenkoferstraße 9, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Helga E. de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerry A. F. Nicolaes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christine D. Dijkstra
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Kooij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Pettenkoferstraße 9, 80336 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guerreiro-Cacais AO, Laaksonen H, Flytzani S, N'diaye M, Olsson T, Jagodic M. Translational utility of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: recent developments. J Inflamm Res 2015; 8:211-25. [PMID: 26622189 PMCID: PMC4654535 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s76707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune condition with firmly established genetic and environmental components. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed a large number of genetic polymorphisms in the vicinity of, and within, genes that associate to disease. However, the significance of these single-nucleotide polymorphisms in disease and possible mechanisms of action remain, with a few exceptions, to be established. While the animal model for MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), has been instrumental in understanding immunity in general and mechanisms of MS disease in particular, much of the translational information gathered from the model in terms of treatment development (glatiramer acetate and natalizumab) has been extensively summarized. In this review, we would thus like to cover the work done in EAE from a GWAS perspective, highlighting the research that has addressed the role of different GWAS genes and their pathways in EAE pathogenesis. Understanding the contribution of these pathways to disease might allow for the stratification of disease subphenotypes in patients and in turn open the possibility for new and individualized treatment approaches in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Ortlieb Guerreiro-Cacais
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannes Laaksonen
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sevasti Flytzani
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie N'diaye
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hasegawa S, Imai K, Yoshida K, Okuno Y, Muramatsu H, Shiraishi Y, Chiba K, Tanaka H, Miyano S, Kojima S, Ogawa S, Morio T, Mizutani S, Takagi M. Whole-exome sequence analysis of ataxia telangiectasia-like phenotype. J Neurol Sci 2014; 340:86-90. [PMID: 24631270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A number of diseases exhibit neurodegeneration with/without additional symptoms such as immunodeficiency, increased cancer risk, and microcephalus. Ataxia telangiectasia and Nijmegen breakage syndrome, for example, develop as a result of mutations in genes involved in the DNA damage response. However, such diseases can be difficult to diagnose as they are only rarely encountered by physicians. To overcome this challenge, nine patients with symptoms that resemble those of ataxia telangiectasia, including neurodegeneration, hypogammaglobulinemia, telangiectasia, and/or elevated serum α-fetoprotein, were subjected to whole-exome sequencing (WES) to identify the causative mutations. Molecular diagnosis was achieved in two patients: one displayed CD40 ligand (CD40LG) deficiency, while a second showed a homozygous SIL1 mutation, which has been linked to Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome (MSS). Typical features of CD40LG deficiency and MSS are distinct from the symptoms usually seen in ataxia telangiectasia. These dissociations between phenotype and genotype make it difficult to achieve molecular diagnosis of orphan diseases. Whole-exome sequencing analyses will assist in the molecular diagnosis of such cases and allow the identification of genotypes that would not be expected from the phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Imai
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshida
- Cancer Genomics Project, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okuno
- Cancer Genomics Project, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Muramatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shiraishi
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Chiba
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tanaka
- Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Kojima
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Cancer Genomics Project, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuki Mizutani
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takagi
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jin YH, Mohindru M, Kang MH, Fuller AC, Kang B, Gallo D, Kim BS. Differential virus replication, cytokine production, and antigen-presenting function by microglia from susceptible and resistant mice infected with Theiler's virus. J Virol 2007; 81:11690-702. [PMID: 17715222 PMCID: PMC2168808 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01034-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) in the central nervous system (CNS) causes an immune system-mediated demyelinating disease similar to human multiple sclerosis in susceptible but not resistant strains of mice. To understand the underlying mechanisms of differential susceptibility, we analyzed viral replication, cytokine production, and costimulatory molecule expression levels in microglia and macrophages in the CNS of virus-infected resistant C57BL/6 (B6) and susceptible SJL/J (SJL) mice. Our results indicated that message levels of TMEV, tumor necrosis factor alpha, beta interferon, and interleukin-6 were consistently higher in microglia from virus-infected SJL mice than in those from B6 mice. However, the levels of costimulatory molecule expression, as well as the ability to stimulate allogeneic T cells, were significantly lower in TMEV-infected SJL mice than in B6 mice. In addition, microglia from uninfected naïve mice displayed differential viral replication, T-cell stimulation, and cytokine production, similar to those of microglia from infected mice. These results strongly suggest that different levels of intrinsic susceptibility to TMEV infection, cytokine production, and T-cell activation ability by microglia contribute to the levels of viral persistence and antiviral T-cell responses in the CNS, which are critical for the differential susceptibility to TMEV-induced demyelinating disease between SJL and B6 mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hee Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Drescher KM, Tracy S. Establishment of a model to examine the early events involved in the development of virus-induced demyelinating lesions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1103:152-6. [PMID: 17376832 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1394.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The ability to study the immediate, early events in the demyelinating process has been difficult on account of the lack of model systems that address this phase of lesion development. The vast majority of animal models used to study multiple sclerosis (MS) focuses on the later events of myelin destruction. To address this deficiency, we have modified the currently used Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced model of demyelination to precisely identify the area where virus-induced demyelination first occurs. Following surgical exposure of the spinal cord, we directly injected TMEV into the spinal cord of female SJL/J mice. Characterization of the events in the spinal cord in the days following injection of virus support the use of this model to dissect the pathways triggered in the host in the early phases of demyelination. A complete understanding of the genesis of the sclerotic plaque may provide insights into enhanced treatment for patients with central nervous system (CNS) demyelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Drescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Criss II, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Drescher KM, Tracy SM. Injection of the sciatic nerve with TMEV: a new model for peripheral nerve demyelination. Virology 2006; 359:233-42. [PMID: 17028060 PMCID: PMC1847644 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Demyelination of the human peripheral nervous system (PNS) can be caused by diverse mechanisms including viral infection. Despite association of several viruses with the development of peripheral demyelination, animal models of the condition have been limited to disease that is either autoimmune or genetic in origin. We describe here a model of PNS demyelination based on direct injection of sciatic nerves of mice with the cardiovirus, Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). Sciatic nerves of FVB mice develop inflammatory cell infiltration following TMEV injection. Schwann cells and macrophages are infected with TMEV. Viral replication is observed initially in the sciatic nerves and subsequently the spinal cord. Sciatic nerves are demyelinated by day 5 post-inoculation (p.i.). Injecting sciatic nerves of scid mice resulted in increased levels of virus recovered from the sciatic nerve and spinal cord relative to FVB mice. Demyelination also occurred in scid mice and by 12 days p.i., hindlimbs were paralyzed. This new model of virus-induced peripheral demyelination may be used to dissect processes involved in protection of the PNS from viral insult and to study the early phases of lesion development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Drescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500 California Plaza, Criss II, Room 424, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The CD154-CD40 ligand pair interaction plays a central role in both induction of the immune response and in immune effector functions. Indeed, many animal disease models and human autoimmune diseases have demonstrated a central role for CD154 expression. The expression of CD154 is very tightly regulated by the immune system through a number of non-redundant overlapping mechanisms that ensure its limited initial induction, along with its temporal maintenance and rapid elimination from the cell surface, and its functional neutralization by the release of soluble CD40. In this review, we discuss the current state of understanding of CD154 regulation during the activation of the immune system and describe numerous strategic mechanisms by which modulation of CD154-CD40 interactions may be applied to treat autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence M Howard
- Department of Microbiology--Immunology, Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Howard LM, Neville KL, Haynes LM, Dal Canto MC, Miller SD. CD154 blockade results in transient reduction in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. J Virol 2003; 77:2247-50. [PMID: 12525660 PMCID: PMC140904 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.3.2247-2250.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient CD154 blockade at the onset of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease ameliorated disease progression for 80 days, reduced immune cell infiltration, and transiently increased viral loads in the central nervous system. Peripheral antiviral and autoimmune T-cell responses were normal, and disease severity returned to control levels by day 120.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence M Howard
- Departments of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Drescher KM, Zoecklein LJ, Rodriguez M. ICAM-1 is crucial for protection from TMEV-induced neuronal damage but not demyelination. J Neurovirol 2002; 8:452-8. [PMID: 12402172 DOI: 10.1080/13550280260422767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has suggested that the factors protecting mice from Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced spinal cord demyelination are distinct from those involved in protection of the brain during the acute encephalitic phase. In this study, we examined the requirement for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in both of these processes. During the acute phase of infection (days 7 to 10 after intracerebral infection with TMEV), no differences in brain or spinal cord pathology or virus burdens were observed between ICAM-1-knockout mice and the infected immunocompetent control mice of a similar background. Examination of brain pathology later in infection (that is, day 45 post infection [p.i.]) revealed that ICAM-1-deficient mice experienced increased levels of pathology in gray matter regions of the brain. We observed an increase in striatal damage and meningeal inflammation in the brains of TMEV-infected ICAM-1-knockout mice compared to C57BL/6J mice. Despite the increase in brain pathology, no immunoreactivity to viral antigens was detected, suggesting that the virus had been cleared by this time. Resistance to demyelination was similar in both groups, indicating that the resulting immune response was sufficient for protection of the spinal cord white matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Drescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|