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Patel DC, Swift N, Tewari BP, Browning JL, Prim C, Chaunsali L, Kimbrough IF, Olsen ML, Sontheimer H. Increased expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in dentate gyrus and amygdala causes postinfectious seizures. Brain 2024; 147:1856-1870. [PMID: 38146224 PMCID: PMC11068111 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the extracellular matrix are common in patients with epilepsy and animal models of epilepsy, yet whether they are the cause or consequence of seizures and epilepsy development is unknown. Using Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection-induced model of acquired epilepsy, we found de novo expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), a major extracellular matrix component, in dentate gyrus (DG) and amygdala exclusively in mice with acute seizures. Preventing the synthesis of CSPGs specifically in DG and amygdala by deletion of the major CSPG aggrecan reduced seizure burden. Patch-clamp recordings from dentate granule cells revealed enhanced intrinsic and synaptic excitability in seizing mice that was significantly ameliorated by aggrecan deletion. In situ experiments suggested that dentate granule cell hyperexcitability results from negatively charged CSPGs increasing stationary cations on the membrane, thereby depolarizing neurons, increasing their intrinsic and synaptic excitability. These results show increased expression of CSPGs in the DG and amygdala as one of the causal factors for TMEV-induced acute seizures. We also show identical changes in CSPGs in pilocarpine-induced epilepsy, suggesting that enhanced CSPGs in the DG and amygdala may be a common ictogenic factor and potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipan C Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Nathaniel Swift
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Bhanu P Tewari
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Jack L Browning
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Courtney Prim
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Lata Chaunsali
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Ian F Kimbrough
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Michelle L Olsen
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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2
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Woo AM, Sontheimer H. Interactions between astrocytes and extracellular matrix structures contribute to neuroinflammation-associated epilepsy pathology. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2023; 3:1198021. [PMID: 39086689 PMCID: PMC11285605 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2023.1198021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Often considered the "housekeeping" cells of the brain, astrocytes have of late been rising to the forefront of neurodegenerative disorder research. Identified as crucial components of a healthy brain, it is undeniable that when astrocytes are dysfunctional, the entire brain is thrown into disarray. We offer epilepsy as a well-studied neurological disorder in which there is clear evidence of astrocyte contribution to diseases as evidenced across several different disease models, including mouse models of hippocampal sclerosis, trauma associated epilepsy, glioma-associated epilepsy, and beta-1 integrin knockout astrogliosis. In this review we suggest that astrocyte-driven neuroinflammation, which plays a large role in the pathology of epilepsy, is at least partially modulated by interactions with perineuronal nets (PNNs), highly structured formations of the extracellular matrix (ECM). These matrix structures affect synaptic placement, but also intrinsic neuronal properties such as membrane capacitance, as well as ion buffering in their immediate milieu all of which alters neuronal excitability. We propose that the interactions between PNNs and astrocytes contribute to the disease progression of epilepsy vis a vis neuroinflammation. Further investigation and alteration of these interactions to reduce the resultant neuroinflammation may serve as a potential therapeutic target that provides an alternative to the standard anti-seizure medications from which patients are so frequently unable to benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- AnnaLin M. Woo
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Neuroscience Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Neuroscience Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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3
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Patel DC, Swift N, Tewari BP, Browning JL, Prim C, Chaunsali L, Kimbrough I, Olsen ML, Sontheimer H. Infection-induced epilepsy is caused by increased expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in hippocampus and amygdala. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.16.541066. [PMID: 37292901 PMCID: PMC10245664 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.16.541066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the extracellular matrix (ECM) are common in epilepsy, yet whether they are cause or consequence of disease is unknow. Using Theiler's virus infection model of acquired epilepsy we find de novo expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), a major ECM component, in dentate gyrus (DG) and amygdala exclusively in mice with seizures. Preventing synthesis of CSPGs specifically in DG and amygdala by deletion of major CSPG aggrecan reduced seizure burden. Patch-clamp recordings from dentate granule cells (DGCs) revealed enhanced intrinsic and synaptic excitability in seizing mice that was normalized by aggrecan deletion. In situ experiments suggest that DGCs hyperexcitability results from negatively charged CSPGs increasing stationary cations (K+, Ca2+) on the membrane thereby depolarizing neurons, increasing their intrinsic and synaptic excitability. We show similar changes in CSPGs in pilocarpine-induced epilepsy suggesting enhanced CSPGs in the DG and amygdala may be a common ictogenic factor and novel therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipan C Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Nathaniel Swift
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Bhanu P Tewari
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Jack L Browning
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Courtney Prim
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Lata Chaunsali
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Ian Kimbrough
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Michelle L Olsen
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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4
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Weier A, Enders M, Kirchner P, Ekici A, Bigaud M, Kapitza C, Wörl J, Kuerten S. Impact of Siponimod on Enteric and Central Nervous System Pathology in Late-Stage Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214209. [PMID: 36430692 PMCID: PMC9695324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although immune modulation and suppression are effective during relapsing-remitting MS, secondary progressive MS (SPMS) requires neuroregenerative therapeutic options that act on the CNS. The sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator siponimod is the only approved drug for SPMS. In the pivotal trial, siponimod reduced disease progression and brain atrophy compared with placebo. The enteric nervous system (ENS) was recently identified as an additional autoimmune target in MS. We investigated the effects of siponimod on the ENS and CNS in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of MS. Mice with late-stage disease were treated with siponimod, fingolimod, or sham. The clinical disease was monitored daily, and treatment success was verified using mass spectrometry and flow cytometry, which revealed peripheral lymphopenia in siponimod- and fingolimod-treated mice. We evaluated the mRNA expression, ultrastructure, and histopathology of the ENS and CNS. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed an upregulation of proinflammatory genes in spinal cord astrocytes and ependymal cells in siponimod-treated mice. However, differences in CNS and ENS histopathology and ultrastructural pathology between the treatment groups were absent. Thus, our data suggest that siponimod and fingolimod act on the peripheral immune system and do not have pronounced direct neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Weier
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Enders
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arif Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Clinic Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marc Bigaud
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Kapitza
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wörl
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-228-73-2642
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Intact Type I Interferon Receptor Signaling Prevents Hepatocellular Necrosis but Not Encephalitis in a Dose-Dependent Manner in Rift Valley Fever Virus Infected Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012492. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic and emerging disease, caused by the RVF virus (RVFV). In ruminants, it leads to “abortion storms” and enhanced mortality rates in young animals, whereas in humans it can cause symptoms like severe hemorrhagic fever or encephalitis. The role of the innate and adaptive immune response in disease initiation and progression is still poorly defined. The present study used the attenuated RVFV strain clone 13 to investigate viral spread, tissue tropism, and histopathological lesions after intranasal infection in C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and type I interferon (IFN-I) receptor I knockout (IFNAR−/−) mice. In WT mice, 104 PFU RVFV (high dose) resulted in a fatal encephalitis, but no hepatitis 7–11 days post infection (dpi), whereas 103 PFU RVFV (low dose) did not cause clinical disease or significant histopathological lesions in liver and the central nervous system (CNS). In contrast, IFNAR−/− mice infected with 103 PFU RVFV developed hepatocellular necrosis resulting in death at 2–5 dpi and lacked encephalitis. These results show that IFNAR signaling prevents systemic spread of the attenuated RVFV strain clone 13, but not the dissemination to the CNS and subsequent fatal disease. Consequently, neurotropic viruses may be able to evade antiviral IFN-I signaling pathways by using the transneuronal instead of the hematogenous route.
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6
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The Role of Decorin in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:1283383. [PMID: 36033387 PMCID: PMC9402370 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1283383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Decorin is an extracellular matrix protein that belongs to the family of small leucine-rich proteoglycans. As a matrix protein, the first discovered role of decorin is participating in collagen fibril formation. Many other functions of decorin in various biological processes have been subsequently identified. Decorin is involved in an extensive signaling network and can interact with other extracellular matrix components, growth factors, receptor tyrosine kinases, and various proteases. Decorin has been shown to be involved in wound repair, cell cycle, angiogenesis, tumor metastasis, and autophagy. Recent evidence indicates that it also plays a role in immune regulation and inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes the characteristics of decorin in immune and inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Sjögren's syndrome (SS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), IgA nephropathy, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondyloarthritis (SpA), osteoarthritis, multiple sclerosis (MS), idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), and systemic sclerosis (SSc) and discusses the potential role in these disorders.
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Allnoch L, Leitzen E, Zdora I, Baumgärtner W, Hansmann F. Astrocyte depletion alters extracellular matrix composition in the demyelinating phase of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270239. [PMID: 35714111 PMCID: PMC9205503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes produce extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins contributing to the blood-brain barrier and regulating the immune response in the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of astrocyte depletion upon the clinical outcome and the composition of ECM glycoproteins in a virus-induced animal model of demyelination. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-thymidine-kinase transgenic SJL (GFAP-knockout) and wildtype mice were infected with Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). Astrocyte depletion was induced during the progressive, demyelinating disease phase by ganciclovir administration once daily between 56 and 77 days post infection (dpi). At 77 dpi GFAP-knockout mice showed a significant deterioration of clinical signs associated with a reduction of azan and picrosirius red stained ECM-molecules in the thoracic spinal cord. Basement-membrane-associated ECM-molecules including laminin, entactin/nidogen-1 and Kir4.1 as well as non-basement membrane-associated ECM-molecules like collagen I, decorin, tenascin-R and CD44 were significantly reduced in the spinal cord of GFAP-knockout mice. The reduction of the investigated ECM-molecules demonstrates that astrocytes play a key role in the production of ECM-molecules. The present findings indicate that the detected loss of Kir4.1 and CD44 as well as the disruption of the integrity of perineuronal nets led to the deterioration of clinical signs in GFAP-knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Allnoch
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Leitzen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabel Zdora
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Xu L, Yao Y. Central Nervous System Fibroblast-Like Cells in Stroke and Other Neurological Disorders. Stroke 2021; 52:2456-2464. [PMID: 33940953 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.033431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are the most common cell type of connective tissues. In the central nervous system (CNS), fibroblast-like cells are mainly located in the meninges and perivascular Virchow-Robin space. The origins of these fibroblast-like cells and their functions in both CNS development and pathological conditions remain largely unknown. In this review, we first introduce the anatomic location and molecular markers of CNS fibroblast-like cells. Next, the functions of fibroblast-like cells in CNS development and neurological disorders, including stroke, CNS traumatic injuries, and other neurological diseases, are discussed. Third, current challenges and future directions in the field are summarized. We hope to provide a synthetic review that stimulates future research on CNS fibroblast-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens
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9
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Ulbrich P, Khoshneviszadeh M, Jandke S, Schreiber S, Dityatev A. Interplay between perivascular and perineuronal extracellular matrix remodelling in neurological and psychiatric diseases. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:3811-3830. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ulbrich
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg Germany
- Department of Neurology Otto‐von‐Guericke University Magdeburg Germany
| | - Mahsima Khoshneviszadeh
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg Germany
- Department of Neurology Otto‐von‐Guericke University Magdeburg Germany
| | - Solveig Jandke
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg Germany
- Department of Neurology Otto‐von‐Guericke University Magdeburg Germany
| | - Stefanie Schreiber
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg Germany
- Department of Neurology Otto‐von‐Guericke University Magdeburg Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS) Magdeburg Germany
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS) Magdeburg Germany
- Medical Faculty Otto‐von‐Guericke University Magdeburg Germany
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Traiffort E, Kassoussi A, Zahaf A, Laouarem Y. Astrocytes and Microglia as Major Players of Myelin Production in Normal and Pathological Conditions. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:79. [PMID: 32317939 PMCID: PMC7155218 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelination is an essential process that consists of the ensheathment of axons by myelin. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin is synthesized by oligodendrocytes. The proliferation, migration, and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells constitute a prerequisite before mature oligodendrocytes extend their processes around the axons and progressively generate a multilamellar lipidic sheath. Although myelination is predominately driven by oligodendrocytes, the other glial cells including astrocytes and microglia, also contribute to this process. The present review is an update of the most recent emerging mechanisms involving astrocyte and microglia in myelin production. The contribution of these cells will be first described during developmental myelination that occurs in the early postnatal period and is critical for the proper development of cognition and behavior. Then, we will report the novel findings regarding the beneficial or deleterious effects of astroglia and microglia, which respectively promote or impair the endogenous capacity of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to induce spontaneous remyelination after myelin loss. Acute delineation of astrocyte and microglia activities and cross-talk should uncover the way towards novel therapeutic perspectives aimed at recovering proper myelination during development or at breaking down the barriers impeding the regeneration of the damaged myelin that occurs in CNS demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amina Zahaf
- U1195 Inserm, University Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Yousra Laouarem
- U1195 Inserm, University Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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11
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de Jong JM, Wang P, Oomkens M, Baron W. Remodeling of the interstitial extracellular matrix in white matter multiple sclerosis lesions: Implications for remyelination (failure). J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1370-1397. [PMID: 31965607 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides protection, rigidity, and structure toward cells. It consists, among others, of a wide variety of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which act together to produce a complex and dynamic environment, most relevant in transmembrane events. In the brain, the ECM occupies a notable proportion of its volume and maintains the homeostasis of central nervous system (CNS). In addition, remodeling of the ECM, that is transient changes in ECM proteins regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), is an important process that modulates cell behavior upon injury, thereby facilitating recovery. Failure of ECM remodeling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), a neurodegenerative demyelinating disease of the CNS with an inflammatory response against protective myelin sheaths that surround axons. Remyelination of denuded axons improves the neuropathological conditions of MS, but this regeneration process fails over time, leading to chronic disease progression. In this review, we uncover abnormal ECM remodeling in MS lesions by discussing ECM remodeling in experimental demyelination models, that is when remyelination is successful, and compare alterations in ECM components to the ECM composition and MMP expression in the parenchyma of demyelinated MS lesions, that is when remyelination fails. Inter- and intralesional differences in ECM remodeling in the distinct white matter MS lesions are discussed in terms of consequences for oligodendrocyte behavior and remyelination (failure). Hence, the review will aid to understand how abnormal ECM remodeling contributes to remyelination failure in MS lesions and assists in developing therapeutic strategies to promote remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody M de Jong
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peng Wang
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle Oomkens
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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12
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Yahn SL, Li J, Goo I, Gao H, Brambilla R, Lee JK. Fibrotic scar after experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis inhibits oligodendrocyte differentiation. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 134:104674. [PMID: 31731043 PMCID: PMC7547849 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Remyelination failure is a crucial component of disease progression in the autoimmune demyelinating disease Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The regenerative capacity of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to replace myelinating oligodendrocytes is likely influenced by many aspects of the lesion environment including inflammatory signaling and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. These features of MS lesions are typically attributed to infiltrating leukocytes and reactive astrocytes. Here we demonstrate that fibroblasts also contribute to the inhibitory environment in the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Using Col1α1GFP transgenic mice, we show that perivascular fibroblasts are activated in the spinal cord at EAE onset, and infiltrate the parenchyma by the peak of behavioral deficits where they are closely associated with areas of demyelination, myeloid cell accumulation, and ECM deposition. We further show that both fibroblast conditioned media and fibroblast ECM inhibit the differentiation of OPCs into mature oligodendrocytes. Taken together, our results indicate that the fibrotic scar is a major component of EAE pathology that leads to an inhibitory environment for remyelination, thus raising the possibility that anti-fibrotic mechanisms may serve as novel therapeutic targets for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Yahn
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Jiajun Li
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Irene Goo
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Han Gao
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Jae K Lee
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America.
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13
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Allnoch L, Baumgärtner W, Hansmann F. Impact of Astrocyte Depletion upon Inflammation and Demyelination in a Murine Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163922. [PMID: 31409036 PMCID: PMC6719128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play a key role in demyelinating diseases, like multiple sclerosis (MS), although many of their functions remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of astrocyte depletion upon de- and remyelination, inflammation, axonal damage, and virus distribution in Theiler`s murine encephalomyelitis (TME). Groups of two to six glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-thymidine-kinase transgenic SJL mice and SJL wildtype mice were infected with TME virus (TMEV) or mock (vehicle only). Astrocyte depletion was induced by the intraperitoneal administration of ganciclovir during the early and late phase of TME. The animals were clinically investigated while using a scoring system and a rotarod performance test. Necropsies were performed at 46 and 77 days post infection. Cervical and thoracic spinal cord segments were investigated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), luxol fast blue-cresyl violet (LFB), immunohistochemistry targeting Amigo2, aquaporin 4, CD3, CD34, GFAP, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), myelin basic protein (MBP), non-phosphorylated neurofilaments (np-NF), periaxin, S100A10, TMEV, and immunoelectron microscopy. The astrocyte depleted mice showed a deterioration of clinical signs, a downregulation and disorganization of aquaporin 4 in perivascular astrocytes accompanied by vascular leakage. Furthermore, astrocyte depleted mice showed reduced inflammation and lower numbers of TMEV positive cells in the spinal cord. The present study indicates that astrocyte depletion in virus triggered CNS diseases contributes to a deterioration of clinical signs that are mediated by a dysfunction of perivascular astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Allnoch
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Delayed Astrogliosis Associated with Reduced M1 Microglia Activation in Matrix Metalloproteinase 12 Knockout Mice during Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071702. [PMID: 30959793 PMCID: PMC6480673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis (TME) represents a versatile animal model for studying the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Hallmarks of TME are demyelination, astrogliosis, as well as inflammation. Previous studies showed that matrix metalloproteinase 12 knockout (Mmp12−/−) mice display an ameliorated clinical course associated with reduced demyelination. The present study aims to elucidate the impact of MMP12 deficiency in TME with special emphasis on astrogliosis, macrophages infiltrating the central nervous system (CNS), and the phenotype of microglia/macrophages (M1 or M2). SJL wild-type and Mmp12−/− mice were infected with TME virus (TMEV) or vehicle (mock) and euthanized at 28 and 98 days post infection (dpi). Immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence of cervical and thoracic spinal cord for detecting glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), CD107b, CD16/32, and arginase I was performed and quantitatively evaluated. Statistical analyses included the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Mann–Whitney U post hoc tests. TMEV-infected Mmp12−/− mice showed transiently reduced astrogliosis in association with a strong trend (p = 0.051) for a reduced density of activated/reactive microglia/macrophages compared with wild-type mice at 28 dpi. As astrocytes are an important source of cytokine production, including proinflammatory cytokines triggering or activating phagocytes, the origin of intralesional microglia/macrophages as well as their phenotype were determined. Only few phagocytes in wild-type and Mmp12−/− mice expressed CCR2, indicating that the majority of phagocytes are represented by microglia. In parallel to the reduced density of activated/reactive microglia at 98 dpi, TMEV-infected Mmp12−/− showed a trend (p = 0.073) for a reduced density of M1 (CD16/32- and CD107b-positive) microglia, while no difference regarding the density of M2 (arginase I- and CD107b-positive) cells was observed. However, a dominance of M1 cells was detected in the spinal cord of TMEV-infected mice at all time points. Reduced astrogliosis in Mmp12−/− mice was associated with a reduced density of activated/reactive microglia and a trend for a reduced density of M1 cells. This indicates that MMP12 plays an important role in microglia activation, polarization, and migration as well as astrogliosis and microglia/astrocyte interaction.
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Gerhauser I, Hansmann F, Ciurkiewicz M, Löscher W, Beineke A. Facets of Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus-Induced Diseases: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020448. [PMID: 30669615 PMCID: PMC6358740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), a naturally occurring, enteric pathogen of mice is a Cardiovirus of the Picornaviridae family. Low neurovirulent TMEV strains such as BeAn cause a severe demyelinating disease in susceptible SJL mice following intracerebral infection. Furthermore, TMEV infections of C57BL/6 mice cause acute polioencephalitis initiating a process of epileptogenesis that results in spontaneous recurrent epileptic seizures in approximately 50% of affected mice. Moreover, C3H mice develop cardiac lesions after an intraperitoneal high-dose application of TMEV. Consequently, TMEV-induced diseases are widely used as animal models for multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and myocarditis. The present review summarizes morphological lesions and pathogenic mechanisms triggered by TMEV with a special focus on the development of hippocampal degeneration and seizures in C57BL/6 mice as well as demyelination in the spinal cord in SJL mice. Furthermore, a detailed description of innate and adaptive immune responses is given. TMEV studies provide novel insights into the complexity of organ- and mouse strain-specific immunopathology and help to identify factors critical for virus persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for System Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for System Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Center for System Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for System Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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16
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The extracellular matrix: Focus on oligodendrocyte biology and targeting CSPGs for remyelination therapies. Glia 2018; 66:1809-1825. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Dias DO, Göritz C. Fibrotic scarring following lesions to the central nervous system. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:561-570. [PMID: 29428230 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Following lesions to the central nervous system, scar tissue forms at the lesion site. Injury often severs axons and scar tissue is thought to block axonal regeneration, resulting in permanent functional deficits. While scar-forming astrocytes have been extensively studied, much less attention has been given to the fibrotic, non-glial component of the scar. We here review recent progress in understanding fibrotic scar formation following different lesions to the brain and spinal cord. We specifically highlight recent evidence for pericyte-derived fibrotic scar tissue formation, discussing the origin, recruitment, function and therapeutic relevance of fibrotic scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Oliveira Dias
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Göritz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Heindryckx F, Li JP. Role of proteoglycans in neuro-inflammation and central nervous system fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:589-601. [PMID: 29382609 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is defined as the thickening and scarring of connective tissue, usually as a consequence of tissue damage. The central nervous system (CNS) is special in the sense that fibrogenic cells are restricted to vascular and meningeal areas. Inflammation and the disruption of the blood-brain barrier can lead to the infiltration of fibroblasts and trigger fibrotic response. While the initial function of the fibrotic tissue is to restore the blood-brain barrier and to limit the site of injury, it also demolishes the structure of extracellular matrix and impedes the healing process by producing inhibitory molecules and forming a physical and biochemical barrier that prevents axon regeneration. As a major constituent in the extracellular matrix, proteoglycans participate in the neuro-inflammation, modulating the fibrotic process. In this review, we will discuss the pathophysiology of fibrosis during acute injuries of the CNS, as well as during chronic neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and age-related neurodegeneration with focus on the functional roles of proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Heindryckx
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology/SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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19
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2-Arachidonoylglycerol Reduces Proteoglycans and Enhances Remyelination in a Progressive Model of Demyelination. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8385-8398. [PMID: 28751457 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2900-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The failure to undergo remyelination is a critical impediment to recovery in multiple sclerosis. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) accumulate at demyelinating lesions creating a nonpermissive environment that impairs axon regeneration and remyelination. Here, we reveal a new role for 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), the major CNS endocannabinoid, in the modulation of CSPGs deposition in a progressive model of multiple sclerosis, the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. Treatment with a potent reversible inhibitor of the enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase, which accounts for 85% of the 2-AG degradation in the mouse CNS, modulates neuroinflammation and reduces CSPGs accumulation and astrogliosis around demyelinated lesions in the spinal cord of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-infected mice. Inhibition of 2-AG hydrolysis augments the number of mature oligodendrocytes and increases MBP, leading to remyelination and functional recovery of mice. Our findings establish a mechanism for 2-AG promotion of remyelination with implications in axonal repair in CNS demyelinating pathologies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The deposition of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans contributes to the failure in remyelination associated with multiple sclerosis. Here we unveil a new role for 2-arachidonoylglycerol, the major CNS endocannabinoid, in the modulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan accumulation in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. The treatment during the chronic phase with a potent reversible inhibitor of the enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase, which accounts for 85% of the 2-arachidonoylglycerol degradation in the mouse CNS, modulates neuroinflammation and reduces chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan deposition around demyelinated lesions in the spinal cord of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-infected mice. The increased 2-arachidonoylglycerol tone promotes remyelination in a model of progressive multiple sclerosis ameliorating motor dysfunction.
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20
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Raddatz BB, Spitzbarth I, Matheis KA, Kalkuhl A, Deschl U, Baumgärtner W, Ulrich R. Microarray-Based Gene Expression Analysis for Veterinary Pathologists: A Review. Vet Pathol 2017. [PMID: 28641485 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817709887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput, genome-wide transcriptome analysis is now commonly used in all fields of life science research and is on the cusp of medical and veterinary diagnostic application. Transcriptomic methods such as microarrays and next-generation sequencing generate enormous amounts of data. The pathogenetic expertise acquired from understanding of general pathology provides veterinary pathologists with a profound background, which is essential in translating transcriptomic data into meaningful biological knowledge, thereby leading to a better understanding of underlying disease mechanisms. The scientific literature concerning high-throughput data-mining techniques usually addresses mathematicians or computer scientists as the target audience. In contrast, the present review provides the reader with a clear and systematic basis from a veterinary pathologist's perspective. Therefore, the aims are (1) to introduce the reader to the necessary methodological background; (2) to introduce the sequential steps commonly performed in a microarray analysis including quality control, annotation, normalization, selection of differentially expressed genes, clustering, gene ontology and pathway analysis, analysis of manually selected genes, and biomarker discovery; and (3) to provide references to publically available and user-friendly software suites. In summary, the data analysis methods presented within this review will enable veterinary pathologists to analyze high-throughput transcriptome data obtained from their own experiments, supplemental data that accompany scientific publications, or public repositories in order to obtain a more in-depth insight into underlying disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B Raddatz
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katja A Matheis
- 3 Department of Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach (Riß), Germany
| | - Arno Kalkuhl
- 3 Department of Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach (Riß), Germany
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- 3 Department of Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach (Riß), Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,4 Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald, Germany
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21
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Zhang Z, Li Z, Deng W, He Q, Wang Q, Shi W, Chen Q, Yang W, Spector M, Gong A, Yu J, Xu X. Ectoderm mesenchymal stem cells promote differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:727-733. [PMID: 27983986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many neurological diseases are closely associated with demyelination caused by pathological changes of oligodendrocytes. Although intrinsic remyelination occurs after injury, the regeneration efficiency of myelinating oligodendrocytes remains to be improved. Herein, we reported an initiative finding of employing a valuable cell source, namely neural crest-derived ectoderm mesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs), for promoting oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation by co-culturing oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) with the EMSCs. The results demonstrated that the OPCs/EMSCs co-culture could remarkably increase the number and length of oligodendrocyte processes in comparison with the mono-cultured OPCs and non-contact OPCs/EMSCs transwell culture. Furthermore, the inhibition experiments revealed that the EMSCs-produced soluble factor Sonic hedgehog, gap junction protein connexin 43 and extracellular matrix molecule laminin accounted for the promoted OPC differentiation since inhibiting the function of anyone of the three proteins led to substantial retraction of processes and detachment of oligodendrocytes. Altogether, OPCs/EMSCs co-culture system could be a paradigmatic approach for promoting differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocytes, and EMSCs will be a promising cell source for the treatment of neurological diseases caused by oligodendrocyte death and demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Zhengnan Li
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Wenwen Deng
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Qinghua He
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Wentao Shi
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Myron Spector
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aihua Gong
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Jiangnan Yu
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China.
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22
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Seehusen F, Al-Azreg SA, Raddatz BB, Haist V, Puff C, Spitzbarth I, Ulrich R, Baumgärtner W. Accumulation of Extracellular Matrix in Advanced Lesions of Canine Distemper Demyelinating Encephalitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159752. [PMID: 27441688 PMCID: PMC4956304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In demyelinating diseases, changes in the quality and quantity of the extracellular matrix (ECM) may contribute to demyelination and failure of myelin repair and axonal sprouting, especially in chronic lesions. To characterize changes in the ECM in canine distemper demyelinating leukoencephalitis (DL), histochemical and immunohistochemical investigations of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cerebella using azan, picrosirius red and Gomori`s silver stain as well as antibodies directed against aggrecan, type I and IV collagen, fibronectin, laminin and phosphacan showed alterations of the ECM in CDV-infected dogs. A significantly increased amount of aggrecan was detected in early and late white matter lesions. In addition, the positive signal for collagens I and IV as well as fibronectin was significantly increased in late lesions. Conversely, the expression of phosphacan was significantly decreased in early and more pronounced in late lesions compared to controls. Furthermore, a set of genes involved in ECM was extracted from a publically available microarray data set and was analyzed for differential gene expression. Gene expression of ECM molecules, their biosynthesis pathways, and pro-fibrotic factors was mildly up-regulated whereas expression of matrix remodeling enzymes was up-regulated to a relatively higher extent. Summarized, the observed findings indicate that changes in the quality and content of ECM molecules represent important, mainly post-transcriptional features in advanced canine distemper lesions. Considering the insufficiency of morphological regeneration in chronic distemper lesions, the accumulated ECM seems to play a crucial role upon regenerative processes and may explain the relatively small regenerative potential in late stages of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Seehusen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Seham A. Al-Azreg
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Barbara B. Raddatz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Haist
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co. KG, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Puff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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23
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High-throughput proteomics reveal alarmins as amplifiers of tissue pathology and inflammation after spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21607. [PMID: 26899371 PMCID: PMC4761922 DOI: 10.1038/srep21607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is characterized by acute cellular and axonal damage followed by aggressive inflammation and pathological tissue remodelling. The biological mediators underlying these processes are still largely unknown. Here we apply an innovative proteomics approach targeting the enriched extracellular proteome after spinal cord injury for the first time. Proteomics revealed multiple matrix proteins not previously associated with injured spinal tissue, including small proteoglycans involved in cell-matrix adhesion and collagen fibrillogenesis. Network analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics datasets uncovered persistent overexpression of extracellular alarmins that can trigger inflammation via pattern recognition receptors. In mechanistic experiments, inhibition of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) revealed the involvement of alarmins in inflammatory gene expression, which was found to be dominated by IL1 and NFκΒ signalling. Extracellular high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) was identified as the likely endogenous regulator of IL1 expression after injury. These data reveal a novel tissue remodelling signature and identify endogenous alarmins as amplifiers of the inflammatory response that promotes tissue pathology and impedes neuronal repair after spinal cord injury.
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24
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Li L, Ulrich R, Baumgärtner W, Gerhauser I. Interferon-stimulated genes-essential antiviral effectors implicated in resistance to Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:242. [PMID: 26703877 PMCID: PMC4690264 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental infection of mice with Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is used as an animal model of human multiple sclerosis. TMEV persists in susceptible mouse strains and causes a biphasic disease consisting of acute polioencephalomyelitis and chronic demyelinating leukomyelitis. In contrast, resistant mice eliminate the virus within 2 to 4 weeks, which seems to be based on a strong antiviral innate immune response including the activation of the type I interferon (IFN) pathway. Several interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) such as IFN-stimulated protein of 15 kDa (ISG15), protein kinase R (PKR), and 2′5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) function as antiviral effectors and might contribute to virus elimination. Nevertheless, detailed investigations of the type I IFN pathway during TMEV-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) are lacking. Methods The present study evaluated microarray data of the spinal cord obtained from susceptible SJL/J mice after TMEV infection focusing on IFN-related genes. Moreover, ISG gene and protein expression was determined in mock- and TMEV-infected SJL/J mice and compared to its expression in resistant C57BL/6 mice using real- time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Results Interestingly, despite of increased ISG gene expression during TMEV-IDD, ISG protein expression was impaired in SJL/J mice and mainly restricted to demyelinated lesions. In contrast, high ISG protein levels were found in spinal cord gray and white matter of C57BL/6 compared to SJL/J mice in the acute and chronic phase of TMEV-IDD. In both mouse strains, ISG15 was mainly found in astrocytes and endothelial cells, whereas PKR was predominantly expressed by microglia/macrophages, oligodendrocytes, and neurons. Only few cells were immunopositive for OAS proteins. Conclusions High levels of antiviral ISG15 and PKR proteins in the spinal cord of C57BL/6 mice might block virus replication and play an important role in the resistance to TMEV-IDD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0462-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Center of Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Center of Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Center of Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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25
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Harlow DE, Honce JM, Miravalle AA. Remyelination Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2015; 6:257. [PMID: 26696956 PMCID: PMC4674562 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system that results in destruction of the myelin sheath that surrounds axons and eventual neurodegeneration. Current treatments approved for the treatment of relapsing forms of MS target the aberrant immune response and successfully reduce the severity of attacks and frequency of relapses. Therapies are still needed that can repair damage particularly for the treatment of progressive forms of MS for which current therapies are relatively ineffective. Remyelination can restore neuronal function and prevent further neuronal loss and clinical disability. Recent advancements in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating myelination, as well as the development of high-throughput screens to identify agents that enhance myelination, have lead to the identification of many potential remyelination therapies currently in preclinical and early clinical development. One problem that has plagued the development of treatments to promote remyelination is the difficulty in assessing remyelination in patients with current imaging techniques. Powerful new imaging technologies are making it easier to discern remyelination in patients, which is critical for the assessment of these new therapeutic strategies during clinical trials. This review will summarize what is currently known about remyelination failure in MS, strategies to overcome this failure, new therapeutic treatments in the pipeline for promoting remyelination in MS patients, and new imaging technologies for measuring remyelination in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Harlow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Justin M Honce
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Augusto A Miravalle
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
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26
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Raddatz BB, Sun W, Brogden G, Sun Y, Kammeyer P, Kalkuhl A, Colbatzky F, Deschl U, Naim HY, Baumgärtner W, Ulrich R. Central Nervous System Demyelination and Remyelination is Independent from Systemic Cholesterol Level in Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis. Brain Pathol 2015; 26:102-19. [PMID: 25959295 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High dietary fat and/or cholesterol intake is a risk factor for multiple diseases and has been debated for multiple sclerosis. However, cholesterol biosynthesis is a key pathway during myelination and disturbances are described in demyelinating diseases. To address the possible interaction of dyslipidemia and demyelination, cholesterol biosynthesis gene expression, composition of the body's major lipid repositories and Paigen diet-induced, systemic hypercholesterolemia were examined in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis (TME) using histology, immunohistochemistry, serum clinical chemistry, microarrays and high-performance thin layer chromatography. TME-virus (TMEV)-infected mice showed progressive loss of motor performance and demyelinating leukomyelitis. Gene expression associated with cholesterol biosynthesis was overall down-regulated in the spinal cord of TMEV-infected animals. Spinal cord levels of galactocerebroside and sphingomyelin were reduced on day 196 post TMEV infection. Paigen diet induced serum hypercholesterolemia and hepatic lipidosis. However, high dietary fat and cholesterol intake led to no significant differences in clinical course, inflammatory response, astrocytosis, and the amount of demyelination and remyelination in the spinal cord of TMEV-infected animals. The results suggest that down-regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis is a transcriptional marker for demyelination, quantitative loss of myelin-specific lipids, but not cholesterol occurs late in chronic demyelination, and serum hypercholesterolemia exhibited no significant effect on TMEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B Raddatz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wenhui Sun
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Graham Brogden
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yanyong Sun
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Patricia Kammeyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arno Kalkuhl
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach (Riß), Germany
| | - Florian Colbatzky
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach (Riß), Germany
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach (Riß), Germany
| | - Hassan Y Naim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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27
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Feliú A, Moreno-Martet M, Mecha M, Carrillo-Salinas FJ, de Lago E, Fernández-Ruiz J, Guaza C. A Sativex(®) -like combination of phytocannabinoids as a disease-modifying therapy in a viral model of multiple sclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3579-95. [PMID: 25857324 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Sativex(®) is an oromucosal spray, containing equivalent amounts of Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9) -THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)-botanical drug substance (BDS), which has been approved for the treatment of spasticity and pain associated to multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we investigated whether Sativex may also serve as a disease-modifying agent in the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease model of MS. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A Sativex-like combination of phytocannabinoids and each phytocannabinoid alone were administered to mice once they had established MS-like symptoms. Motor activity and the putative targets of these cannabinoids were assessed to evaluate therapeutic efficacy. The accumulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and astrogliosis were assessed in the spinal cord and the effect of Sativex on CSPGs production was evaluated in astrocyte cultures. KEY RESULTS Sativex improved motor activity - reduced CNS infiltrates, microglial activity, axonal damage - and restored myelin morphology. Similarly, we found weaker vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 staining and IL-1β gene expression but an up-regulation of arginase-1. The astrogliosis and accumulation of CSPGs in the spinal cord in vehicle-infected animals were decreased by Sativex, as was the synthesis and release of CSPGs by astrocytes in culture. We found that CBD-BDS alone alleviated motor deterioration to a similar extent as Sativex, acting through PPARγ receptors whereas Δ(9) -THC-BDS produced weaker effects, acting through CB2 and primarily CB1 receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The data support the therapeutic potential of Sativex to slow MS progression and its relevance in CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Feliú
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Moreno-Martet
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Mecha
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - F J Carrillo-Salinas
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - E de Lago
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Fernández-Ruiz
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Guaza
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Sun Y, Lehmbecker A, Kalkuhl A, Deschl U, Sun W, Rohn K, Tzvetanova ID, Nave KA, Baumgärtner W, Ulrich R. STAT3 represents a molecular switch possibly inducing astroglial instead of oligodendroglial differentiation of oligodendroglial progenitor cells in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:347-70. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyong Sun
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Annika Lehmbecker
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Arno Kalkuhl
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma; Biberach (Riß) Germany
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma; Biberach (Riß) Germany
| | - Wenhui Sun
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Iva D. Tzvetanova
- Department of Neurogenetics; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience Hannover; Hannover Germany
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29
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Herder V, Iskandar CD, Kegler K, Hansmann F, Elmarabet SA, Khan MA, Kalkuhl A, Deschl U, Baumgärtner W, Ulrich R, Beineke A. Dynamic Changes of Microglia/Macrophage M1 and M2 Polarization in Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis. Brain Pathol 2015; 25:712-23. [PMID: 25495532 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia and macrophages play a central role for demyelination in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis (TME) virus infection, a commonly used infectious model for chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis. In order to determine the dynamic changes of microglia/macrophage polarization in TME, the spinal cord of Swiss Jim Lambert (SJL) mice was investigated by gene expression profiling and immunofluorescence. Virus persistence and demyelinating leukomyelitis were confirmed by immunohistochemistry and histology. Electron microscopy revealed continuous myelin loss together with abortive myelin repair during the late chronic infection phase indicative of incomplete remyelination. A total of 59 genes out of 151 M1- and M2-related genes were differentially expressed in TME virus-infected mice over the study period. The onset of virus-induced demyelination was associated with a dominating M1 polarization, while mounting M2 polarization of macrophages/microglia together with sustained prominent M1-related gene expression was present during the chronic-progressive phase. Molecular results were confirmed by immunofluorescence, showing an increased spinal cord accumulation of CD16/32(+) M1-, arginase-1(+) M2- and Ym1(+) M2-type cells associated with progressive demyelination. The present study provides a comprehensive database of M1-/M2-related gene expression involved in the initiation and progression of demyelination supporting the hypothesis that perpetuating interaction between virus and macrophages/microglia induces a vicious circle with persistent inflammation and impaired myelin repair in TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cut Dahlia Iskandar
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristel Kegler
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Muhammad Akram Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arno Kalkuhl
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach (Riss), Germany
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach (Riss), Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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30
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Kegler K, Imbschweiler I, Ulrich R, Kovermann P, Fahlke C, Deschl U, Kalkuhl A, Baumgärnter W, Wewetzer K. CNS Schwann cells display oligodendrocyte precursor-like potassium channel activation and antigenic expression in vitro. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:569-81. [PMID: 24487976 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injury triggers production of myelinating Schwann cells from endogenous oligodendrocyte precursors (OLPs). These CNS Schwann cells may be attractive candidates for novel therapeutic strategies aiming to promote endogenous CNS repair. However, CNS Schwann cells have been so far mainly characterized in situ regarding morphology and marker expression, and it has remained enigmatic whether they display functional properties distinct from peripheral nervous system (PNS) Schwann cells. Potassium channels (K+) have been implicated in progenitor and glial cell proliferation after injury and may, therefore, represent a suitable pharmacological target. In the present study, we focused on the function and expression of voltage-gated K+ channels Kv(1-12) and accessory β-subunits in purified adult canine CNS and PNS Schwann cell cultures using electrophysiology and microarray analysis and characterized their antigenic phenotype. We show here that K+ channels differed significantly in both cell types. While CNS Schwann cells displayed prominent K D-mediated K+ currents, PNS Schwann cells elicited K(D-) and K(A-type) K+ currents. Inhibition of K+ currents by TEA and Ba2+ was more effective in CNS Schwann cells. These functional differences were not paralleled by differential mRNA expression of Kv(1-12) and accessory β-subunits. However, O4/A2B5 and GFAP expressions were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in CNS than in PNS Schwann cells. Taken together, this is the first evidence that CNS Schwann cells display specific properties not shared by their peripheral counterpart. Both Kv currents and increased O4/A2B5 expression were reminiscent of OLPs suggesting that CNS Schwann cells retain OLP features during maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Kegler
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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31
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Clemente D, Ortega MC, Melero-Jerez C, de Castro F. The effect of glia-glia interactions on oligodendrocyte precursor cell biology during development and in demyelinating diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:268. [PMID: 24391545 PMCID: PMC3868919 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) originate in specific areas of the developing central nervous system (CNS). Once generated, they migrate towards their destinations where they differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes. In the adult, 5-8% of all cells in the CNS are OPCs, cells that retain the capacity to proliferate, migrate, and differentiate into oligodendrocytes. Indeed, these endogenous OPCs react to damage in demyelinating diseases, like multiple sclerosis (MS), representing a key element in spontaneous remyelination. In the present work, we review the specific interactions between OPCs and other glial cells (astrocytes, microglia) during CNS development and in the pathological scenario of MS. We focus on: (i) the role of astrocytes in maintaining the homeostasis and spatial distribution of different secreted cues that determine OPC proliferation, migration, and differentiation during CNS development; (ii) the role of microglia and astrocytes in the redistribution of iron, which is crucial for myelin synthesis during CNS development and for myelin repair in MS; (iii) how microglia secrete different molecules, e.g., growth factors, that favor the recruitment of OPCs in acute phases of MS lesions; and (iv) how astrocytes modify the extracellular matrix in MS lesions, affecting the ability of OPCs to attempt spontaneous remyelination. Together, these issues demonstrate how both astroglia and microglia influence OPCs in physiological and pathological situations, reinforcing the concept that both development and neural repair are complex and global phenomena. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control OPC survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation during development, as well as in the mature CNS, may open new opportunities in the search for reparative therapies in demyelinating diseases like MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos Toledo, Spain
| | - María Cristina Ortega
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos Toledo, Spain
| | - Carolina Melero-Jerez
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos Toledo, Spain
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32
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Harlow DE, Macklin WB. Inhibitors of myelination: ECM changes, CSPGs and PTPs. Exp Neurol 2013; 251:39-46. [PMID: 24200549 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
After inflammation-induced demyelination, such as in the disease multiple sclerosis, endogenous remyelination often fails. However, in animal models of demyelination induced with toxins, remyelination can be quite robust. A significant difference between inflammation-induced and toxin-induced demyelination is the response of local cells within the lesion, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia/macrophages, and NG2+ cells, which respond to inflammatory stimuli with increased extracellular matrix (ECM) protein and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) production and deposition. Here, we summarize current knowledge of ECM changes in demyelinating lesions, as well as oligodendrocyte responses to aberrant ECM proteins and CSPGs after various types of demyelinating insults. The discovery that CSPGs act through the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPσ) and the Rho-ROCK pathway to inhibit oligodendrocyte process extension and myelination, but not oligodendrocyte differentiation (Pendleton et al., Experimental Neurology (2013) vol. 247, pp. 113-121), highlights the need to better understand the ECM changes that accompany demyelination and their influence on oligodendrocytes and effective remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Harlow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Research Complex 1 South, Mail Stop 8108, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Center for NeuroScience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Research Complex 1 South, Mail Stop 8108, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Research Complex 1 South, Mail Stop 8108, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Center for NeuroScience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Research Complex 1 South, Mail Stop 8108, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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33
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Li Y, Ho D, Meng H, Chan TR, An B, Yu H, Brodsky B, Jun AS, Michael Yu S. Direct detection of collagenous proteins by fluorescently labeled collagen mimetic peptides. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:9-16. [PMID: 23253177 DOI: 10.1021/bc3005842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although fibrous collagens are major structural components of extracellular matrix in mammals, collagen overproduction is associated with many human diseases including cancers and fibrosis. Collagen is typically identified in biomedical research by Western blot and immunohistochemistry; however, anticollagen antibodies employed in these analyses are difficult to prepare and their affinities to collagen can diminish if collagen becomes denatured during analyses. Previously, we discovered that single-stranded collagen mimetic peptides [CMPs, sequence: (GlyProHyp)(9)] can bind to denatured collagen chains by triple helix hybridization. Here, we present collagen-specific staining methods using simple CMPs conjugated to common fluorophores (e.g., carboxyfluorescein), which allow direct detection of collagens and collagen-like proteins in SDS-PAGE and in various mammalian tissue sections. By directly staining SDS-PAGE gels with fluorescently labeled CMPs, both intact (type I, II, and IV) and MMP-1 cleaved collagen (type I) chains as well as complement factor C1q were detected. Collagen bands containing as little as 5 ng were optically visualized, while no staining was observed for fibronectin, laminin, and a collection of proteins from mammalian cell lysate. The CMP was unable to stain collagen-like bacterial protein, which contains numerous charged amino acids that are believed to stabilize triple helix in place of Hyp. We also show that fluorescently labeled CMPs can specifically visualize collagens in fixed tissue sections (e.g., skin, cornea, and bone) more effectively than anticollagen I antibody, and allow facile identification of pathologic conditions in fibrotic liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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34
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Jejunal Pseudodiverticulosis in a Swamp Wallaby (Wallabia bicolor). J Comp Pathol 2012; 147:570-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Astrogliosis during acute and chronic cuprizone demyelination and implications for remyelination. ASN Neuro 2012; 4:393-408. [PMID: 23025787 PMCID: PMC3483617 DOI: 10.1042/an20120062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis, microglia/macrophage activation and astrocyte reactivity are important components of the lesion environment that can impact remyelination. The current study characterizes these glial populations relative to expression of candidate regulatory molecules in cuprizone demyelinated corpus callosum. Importantly, periods of recovery after acute or chronic cuprizone demyelination are examined to compare conditions of efficient versus limited remyelination, respectively. Microglial activation attenuates after early demyelination. In contrast, astrocyte reactivity persists throughout demyelination and a 6-week recovery period following either acute or chronic demyelination. This astrocyte reaction is characterized by (a) early proliferation, (b) increased expression of GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein), Vim (vimentin), Fn1 (fibronectin) and CSPGs (chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans) and (c) elaboration of a dense network of processes. Glial processes elongated in the axonal plane persist throughout lesion areas during both the robust remyelination that follows acute demyelination and the partial remyelination that follows chronic demyelination. However, prolonged astrocyte reactivity with chronic cuprizone treatment does not progress to barrier formation, i.e. dense compaction of astrocyte processes to wall off the lesion area. Multiple candidate growth factors and inflammatory signals in the lesion environment show strong correlations with GFAP across the acute cuprizone demyelination and recovery time course, yet there is more divergence across the progression of chronic cuprizone demyelination and recovery. However, differential glial scar formation does not appear to be responsible for differential remyelination during recovery in the cuprizone model. The astrocyte phenotype and lesion characteristics in this demyelination model inform studies to identify triggers of non-remyelinating sclerosis in chronic multiple sclerosis lesions.
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36
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Abstract
Demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis are chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases with a heterogeneous clinical presentation and course. Both the adaptive and the innate immune systems have been suggested to contribute to their pathogenesis and recovery. In this review, we discuss the role of the innate immune system in mediating demyelinating diseases. In particular, we provide an overview of the anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory functions of dendritic cells, mast cells, natural killer (NK) cells, NK-T cells, γδ T cells, microglial cells, and astrocytes. We emphasize the interaction of astroctyes with the immune system and how this interaction relates to the demyelinating pathologies. Given the pivotal role of the innate immune system, it is possible that targeting these cells may provide an effective therapeutic approach for demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Mayo
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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37
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Granja AG, Carrillo-Salinas F, Pagani A, Gómez-Cañas M, Negri R, Navarrete C, Mecha M, Mestre L, Fiebich BL, Cantarero I, Calzado MA, Bellido ML, Fernandez-Ruiz J, Appendino G, Guaza C, Muñoz E. A cannabigerol quinone alleviates neuroinflammation in a chronic model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 7:1002-16. [PMID: 22971837 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids like ∆(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) show a beneficial effect on neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes through cell membrane cannabinoid receptor (CBr)-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Natural and synthetic cannabinoids also target the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), an attractive molecular target for the treatment of neuroinflammation. As part of a study on the SAR of phytocannabinoids, we have investigated the effect of the oxidation modification in the resorcinol moiety of cannabigerol (CBG) on CB(1), CB(2) and PPARγ binding affinities, identifying cannabigerol quinone (VCE-003) as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. VCE-003 protected neuronal cells from excitotoxicity, activated PPARγ transcriptional activity and inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated microglial cells. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) model of multiple sclerosis (MS) was used to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of this compound in vivo. Motor function performance was evaluated and the neuroinflammatory response and gene expression pattern in brain and spinal cord were studied by immunostaining and qRT-PCR. We found that VCE-003 ameliorated the symptoms associated to TMEV infection, decreased microglia reactivity and modulated the expression of genes involved in MS pathophysiology. These data lead us to consider VCE-003 to have high potential for drug development against MS and perhaps other neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor G Granja
- Vivacell Biotechnology España S.L. Parque Científico Tecnológico Rabanales 21, c/Cecilia Payne, Parcela ID 8.1, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
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38
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Hansmann F, Herder V, Kalkuhl A, Haist V, Zhang N, Schaudien D, Deschl U, Baumgärtner W, Ulrich R. Matrix metalloproteinase-12 deficiency ameliorates the clinical course and demyelination in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 124:127-42. [PMID: 22271152 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-0942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of extracellular proteases involved in the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether MMPs induce direct myelin degradation, leukocyte infiltration, disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and/or extracellular matrix remodeling in the pathogenesis of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis (TME), a virus-induced model of MS. During the demyelinating phase of TME, the highest transcriptional upregulation was detected for Mmp12, followed by Mmp3. Mmp12 (-/-) mice showed reduced demyelination, macrophage infiltration, and motor deficits compared with wild-type- and Mmp3 knock-out mice. However, BBB remained unaltered, and the amount of extracellular matrix deposition was similar in knock-out mice and wild-type mice. Furthermore, stereotaxic injection of activated MMP-3, -9, and -12 into the caudal cerebellar peduncle of adult mice induced a focally extensive primary demyelination prior to infiltration of inflammatory cells, as well as a reduction in the number of oligodendrocytes and a leakage of BBB. All these results demonstrate that MMP-12 plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of TME, most likely due to its primary myelin- or oligodendrocyte-toxic potential and its role in macrophage extravasation, whereas there was no sign of BBB damage or alterations to extracellular matrix remodeling/deposition. Thus, interrupting the MMP-12 cascade may be a relevant therapeutic approach for preventing chronic progressive demyelination.
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