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Kühl B, Beyerbach M, Baumgärtner W, Gerhauser I. Characterization of microglia/macrophage phenotypes in the spinal cord following intervertebral disc herniation. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:942967. [PMID: 36262531 PMCID: PMC9574228 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.942967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs frequently suffer from traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Most cases of SCI have a favorable prognosis but 40-50% of dogs with paraplegia and absence of nociception do not regain ambulatory abilities, eventually leading to euthanasia. Microglia and infiltrating macrophages play a crucial role in inflammatory process after SCI. However, little is known about microglia/macrophage phenotypes representing a potential target for future therapeutic strategies. In the present study, the microglia/macrophage phenotype was characterized by immunohistochemistry in the morphologically unaltered canine spinal cord (10 control dogs) and during acute and subacute SCI (1-4 and 5-10 days post injury, 9 and 8 dogs, respectively) using antibodies directed against IBA1, MAC387, MHC-II, lysozyme, EGR2, myeloperoxidase, CD18, CD204 and lectin from Griffonia simplicifolia (BS-1). The expression of these markers was also analyzed in the spleen as reference for the phenotype of histiocytic cells. Histological lesions were absent in controls. In acute SCI, 4 dogs showed mild to moderate hemorrhages, 2 dogs bilateral gray matter necrosis and 6 dogs mild multifocal axonal swellings and myelin sheath dilation. One dog with acute SCI did not show histological alterations except for few dilated myelin sheaths. In subacute SCI, variable numbers of gitter cells, axonal changes and dilated myelin sheaths were present in all dogs and large areas of tissue necrosis in 2 dogs. Neuronal chromatolysis was found in 3 dogs with acute and subacute SCI, respectively. In control dogs, microglia/macrophage constitutively expressed IBA1 and rarely other markers. In acute SCI, a similar marker expression was found except for an increase in MAC387-positive cells in the spinal cord white matter due to an infiltration of few blood-borne macrophages. In subacute SCI, increased numbers of microglia/macrophages expressed CD18, CD204 and MHC-II in the gray matter SCI indicating enhanced antigen recognition, processing and presentation as well as cell migration and phagocytosis during this stage. Interestingly, only CD204-positive cells were upregulated in the white matter, which might be related to gray-white matter heterogeneity of microglia as previously described in humans. The present findings contribute to the understanding of the immunological processes during SCI in a large animal model for human SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Kühl
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Beyerbach
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany,*Correspondence: Wolfgang Baumgärtner
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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2
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Zhang L, López-Picón FR, Jia Y, Chen Y, Li J, Han C, Zhuang X, Xia H. Longitudinal [ 18F]FDG and [ 13N]NH 3 PET/CT imaging of brain and spinal cord in a canine hemisection spinal cord injury model. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 31:102692. [PMID: 33992987 PMCID: PMC8134064 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To further understand the neurological changes induced by spinal cord injury (SCI) in its acute and subacute stages, we evaluated longitudinal changes in glucose and glutamate metabolism in the spinal cord and brain regions of a canine hemisection SCI model. [18F]FDG and [13N]NH3 positron-emission tomography (PET) with computed tomography (CT) was performed before SCI and at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after SCI. Spinal cord [18F]FDG uptake increased and peaked at 3 days post SCI. Similar changes were observed in the brain regions but were not statistically significant. Compared to the acute phase of SCI, [13N]NH3 uptake increased in the subacute stage and peaked at 7 days post SCI in all analyzed brain regions. But in spinal cord, no [13N]NH3 uptake was detected before SCI when the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) was intact, then gradually increased when the BSCB was damaged after SCI. [13N]NH3 uptake was significantly correlated with plasma levels of the BSCB disruption marker, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Overall, we showed that SCI induced in vivo changes in glucose uptake in both the spinal cord and the examined brain regions, and changes in glutamine synthetase activity in the latter. Moreover, our results suggest that [13N]NH3 PET may serve as a potential method for assessing BSCB permeability in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Francisco R López-Picón
- Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Yingqin Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Chunlei Han
- Clinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Xiaoqing Zhuang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
| | - Hechun Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
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3
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Armando F, Fayyad A, Arms S, Barthel Y, Schaudien D, Rohn K, Gambini M, Lombardo MS, Beineke A, Baumgärtner W, Puff C. Intratumoral Canine Distemper Virus Infection Inhibits Tumor Growth by Modulation of the Tumor Microenvironment in a Murine Xenograft Model of Canine Histiocytic Sarcoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073578. [PMID: 33808256 PMCID: PMC8037597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Histiocytic sarcomas refer to highly aggressive tumors with a poor prognosis that respond poorly to conventional treatment approaches. Oncolytic viruses, which have gained significant traction as a cancer therapy in recent decades, represent a promising option for treating histiocytic sarcomas through their replication and/or by modulating the tumor microenvironment. The live attenuated canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccine strain Onderstepoort represents an attractive candidate for oncolytic viral therapy. In the present study, oncolytic virotherapy with CDV was used to investigate the impact of this virus infection on tumor cell growth through direct oncolytic effects or by virus-mediated modulation of the tumor microenvironment with special emphasis on angiogenesis, expression of selected MMPs and TIMP-1 and tumor-associated macrophages in a murine xenograft model of canine histiocytic sarcoma. Treatment of mice with xenotransplanted canine histiocytic sarcomas using CDV induced overt retardation in tumor progression accompanied by necrosis of neoplastic cells, increased numbers of intratumoral macrophages, reduced angiogenesis and modulation of the expression of MMPs and TIMP-1. The present data suggest that CDV inhibits tumor growth in a multifactorial way, including direct cell lysis and reduction of angiogenesis and modulation of MMPs and their inhibitor TIMP-1, providing further support for the concept of its role in oncolytic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Armando
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (A.F.); (S.A.); (Y.B.); (M.G.); or (M.S.L.); (A.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Adnan Fayyad
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (A.F.); (S.A.); (Y.B.); (M.G.); or (M.S.L.); (A.B.); (C.P.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus 9720061, Palestine
| | - Stefanie Arms
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (A.F.); (S.A.); (Y.B.); (M.G.); or (M.S.L.); (A.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Yvonne Barthel
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (A.F.); (S.A.); (Y.B.); (M.G.); or (M.S.L.); (A.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Karl Rohn
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Matteo Gambini
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (A.F.); (S.A.); (Y.B.); (M.G.); or (M.S.L.); (A.B.); (C.P.)
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Mara Sophie Lombardo
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (A.F.); (S.A.); (Y.B.); (M.G.); or (M.S.L.); (A.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (A.F.); (S.A.); (Y.B.); (M.G.); or (M.S.L.); (A.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (A.F.); (S.A.); (Y.B.); (M.G.); or (M.S.L.); (A.B.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-953-8620
| | - Christina Puff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (A.F.); (S.A.); (Y.B.); (M.G.); or (M.S.L.); (A.B.); (C.P.)
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4
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Zhang LJ, Chen Y, Wang LX, Zhuang XQ, Xia HC. Identification of potential oxidative stress biomarkers for spinal cord injury in erythrocytes using mass spectrometry. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1294-1301. [PMID: 33318408 PMCID: PMC8284302 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.301487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a hallmark of secondary injury associated with spinal cord injury. Identifying stable and specific oxidative biomarkers is of important significance for studying spinal cord injury-associated secondary injury. Mature erythrocytes do not contain nuclei and mitochondria and cannot be transcribed and translated. Therefore, mature erythrocytes are highly sensitive to oxidative stress and may become a valuable biomarker. In the present study, we revealed the proteome dynamics of protein expression in erythrocytes of beagle dogs in the acute and subacute phases of spinal cord injury using mass spectrometry-based approaches. We found 26 proteins that were differentially expressed in the acute (0-3 days) and subacute (7-21 days) phases of spinal cord injury. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these differentially expressed proteins were involved in glutathione metabolism, lipid metabolism, and pentose phosphate and other oxidative stress pathways. Western blot assays validated the differential expression of glutathione synthetase, transaldolase, and myeloperoxidase. This result was consistent with mass spectrometry results, suggesting that erythrocytes can be used as a novel sample source of biological markers of oxidative stress in spinal cord injury. Glutathione synthetase, transaldolase, and myeloperoxidase sourced from erythrocytes are potential biomarkers of oxidative stress after spinal cord injury. This study was approved by the Experimental Animal Centre of Ningxia Medical University, China (approval No. 2017-073) on February 13, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jian Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University; Department of Neurosurgery; Ningxia Human Stem Cell Research Institute, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University; Department of Neurosurgery; Ningxia Human Stem Cell Research Institute, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lu-Xuan Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhuang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - He-Chun Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery; Ningxia Human Stem Cell Research Institute, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
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5
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Spitzbarth I, Moore SA, Stein VM, Levine JM, Kühl B, Gerhauser I, Baumgärtner W. Current Insights Into the Pathology of Canine Intervertebral Disc Extrusion-Induced Spinal Cord Injury. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:595796. [PMID: 33195632 PMCID: PMC7653192 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.595796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) in dogs is commonly attributed to intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE). Over the last years substantial progress was made in the elucidation of factors contributing to the pathogenesis of this common canine disease. A detailed understanding of the underlying histopathological and molecular alterations in the lesioned spinal cord represents a prerequisite to translate knowledge on the time course of secondary injury processes into the clinical setting. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the underlying pathology of canine IVDE-related SCI. Pathological alterations in the spinal cord of dogs affected by IVDE-related SCI include early and persisting axonal damage and glial responses, dominated by phagocytic microglia/macrophages. These processes are paralleled by a pro-inflammatory microenvironment with dysregulation of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases within the spinal cord. These data mirror findings from a clinical and therapeutic perspective and can be used to identify biomarkers that are able to more precisely predict the clinical outcome. The pathogenesis of progressive myelomalacia, a devastating complication of SCI in dogs, is not understood in detail so far; however, a fulminant and exaggerating secondary injury response with massive reactive oxygen species formation seems to be involved in this unique neuropathological entity. There are substantial gaps in the knowledge of pathological changes in IVDE with respect to more advanced and chronic lesions and the potential involvement of demyelination. Moreover, the role of microglia/macrophage polarization in IVDE-related SCI still remains to be investigated. A close collaboration of clinical neurologists and veterinary pathologists will help to facilitate an integrative approach to a more detailed understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of canine IVDE and thus to identify therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Spitzbarth
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah A Moore
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Veronika M Stein
- Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan M Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Bianca Kühl
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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6
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Delfi IRTA, Wood CR, Johnson LDV, Snow MD, Innes JF, Myint P, Johnson WEB. An In Vitro Comparison of the Neurotrophic and Angiogenic Activity of Human and Canine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs): Translating MSC-Based Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091301. [PMID: 32916959 PMCID: PMC7563337 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of research into the effects of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplants on spinal cord injury (SCI) is performed in rodent models, which may help inform on mechanisms of action, but does not represent the scale and wound heterogeneity seen in human SCI. In contrast, SCI in dogs occurs naturally, is more akin to human SCI, and can be used to help address important aspects of the development of human MSC-based therapies. To enable translation to the clinic and comparison across species, we have examined the paracrine, regenerative capacity of human and canine adipose-derived MSCs in vitro. MSCs were initially phenotyped according to tissue culture plastic adherence, cluster of differentiation (CD) immunoprofiling and tri-lineage differentiation potential. Conditioned medium (CM) from MSC cultures was then assessed for its neurotrophic and angiogenic activity using established cell-based assays. MSC CM significantly increased neuronal cell proliferation, neurite outgrowth, and βIII tubulin immunopositivity. In addition, MSC CM significantly increased endothelial cell migration, cell proliferation and the formation of tubule-like structures in Matrigel assays. There were no marked or significant differences in the capacity of human or canine MSC CM to stimulate neuronal cell or endothelial cell activity. Hence, this study supports the use of MSC transplants for canine SCI; furthermore, it increases understanding of how this may subsequently provide useful information and translate to MSC transplants for human SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chelsea R. Wood
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Life Sciences, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester, Cheshire CH1 4BJ, UK; (C.R.W.); (L.D.V.J.)
| | - Louis D. V. Johnson
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Life Sciences, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester, Cheshire CH1 4BJ, UK; (C.R.W.); (L.D.V.J.)
| | | | - John F. Innes
- Veterinary Tissue Bank, Chirk L14 5ND, UK; (J.F.I.); (P.M.)
| | - Peter Myint
- Veterinary Tissue Bank, Chirk L14 5ND, UK; (J.F.I.); (P.M.)
| | - William E. B. Johnson
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Life Sciences, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester, Cheshire CH1 4BJ, UK; (C.R.W.); (L.D.V.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)1244-51100
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7
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Protein Degradome of Spinal Cord Injury: Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2702-2726. [PMID: 32328876 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01916-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Degradomics is a proteomics sub-discipline whose goal is to identify and characterize protease-substrate repertoires. With the aim of deciphering and characterizing key signature breakdown products, degradomics emerged to define encryptic biomarker neoproteins specific to certain disease processes. Remarkable improvements in structural and analytical experimental methodologies as evident in research investigating cellular behavior in neuroscience and cancer have allowed the identification of specific degradomes, increasing our knowledge about proteases and their regulators and substrates along with their implications in health and disease. A physiologic balance between protein synthesis and degradation is sought with the activation of proteolytic enzymes such as calpains, caspases, cathepsins, and matrix metalloproteinases. Proteolysis is essential for development, growth, and regeneration; however, inappropriate and uncontrolled activation of the proteolytic system renders the diseased tissue susceptible to further neurotoxic processes. In this article, we aim to review the protease-substrate repertoires as well as emerging therapeutic interventions in spinal cord injury at the degradomic level. Several protease substrates and their breakdown products, essential for the neuronal structural integrity and functional capacity, have been characterized in neurotrauma including cytoskeletal proteins, neuronal extracellular matrix glycoproteins, cell junction proteins, and ion channels. Therefore, targeting exaggerated protease activity provides a potentially effective therapeutic approach in the management of protease-mediated neurotoxicity in reducing the extent of damage secondary to spinal cord injury.
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Eikelberg D, Lehmbecker A, Brogden G, Tongtako W, Hahn K, Habierski A, Hennermann JB, Naim HY, Felmy F, Baumgärtner W, Gerhauser I. Axonopathy and Reduction of Membrane Resistance: Key Features in a New Murine Model of Human G M1-Gangliosidosis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041004. [PMID: 32252429 PMCID: PMC7230899 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GM1-gangliosidosis is caused by a reduced activity of β-galactosidase (Glb1), resulting in intralysosomal accumulations of GM1. The aim of this study was to reveal the pathogenic mechanisms of GM1-gangliosidosis in a new Glb1 knockout mouse model. Glb1−/− mice were analyzed clinically, histologically, immunohistochemically, electrophysiologically and biochemically. Morphological lesions in the central nervous system were already observed in two-month-old mice, whereas functional deficits, including ataxia and tremor, did not start before 3.5-months of age. This was most likely due to a reduced membrane resistance as a compensatory mechanism. Swollen neurons exhibited intralysosomal storage of lipids extending into axons and amyloid precursor protein positive spheroids. Additionally, axons showed a higher kinesin and lower dynein immunoreactivity compared to wildtype controls. Glb1−/− mice also demonstrated loss of phosphorylated neurofilament positive axons and a mild increase in non-phosphorylated neurofilament positive axons. Moreover, marked astrogliosis and microgliosis were found, but no demyelination. In addition to the main storage material GM1, GA1, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine were elevated in the brain. In summary, the current Glb1−/− mice exhibit a so far undescribed axonopathy and a reduced membrane resistance to compensate the functional effects of structural changes. They can be used for detailed examinations of axon–glial interactions and therapy trials of lysosomal storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Eikelberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
| | - Annika Lehmbecker
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
| | - Graham Brogden
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (G.B.); (H.Y.N.)
| | - Witchaya Tongtako
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
- c/o Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Sonkla University, 5 Karnjanavanich Rd., Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Kerstin Hahn
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
| | - Andre Habierski
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
| | - Julia B. Hennermann
- Villa Metabolica, University of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 2, D-55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Hassan Y. Naim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (G.B.); (H.Y.N.)
| | - Felix Felmy
- Department for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
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9
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Neurotrophic effects of G M1 ganglioside, NGF, and FGF2 on canine dorsal root ganglia neurons in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5380. [PMID: 32214122 PMCID: PMC7096396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61852-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs share many chronic morbidities with humans and thus represent a powerful model for translational research. In comparison to rodents, the canine ganglioside metabolism more closely resembles the human one. Gangliosides are components of the cell plasma membrane playing a role in neuronal development, intercellular communication and cellular differentiation. The present in vitro study aimed to characterize structural and functional changes induced by GM1 ganglioside (GM1) in canine dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and interactions of GM1 with nerve growth factor (NGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) using immunofluorescence for several cellular proteins including neurofilaments, synaptophysin, and cleaved caspase 3, transmission electron microscopy, and electrophysiology. GM1 supplementation resulted in increased neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival. This was also observed in DRG neurons challenged with hypoxia mimicking neurodegenerative conditions due to disruptions of energy homeostasis. Immunofluorescence indicated an impact of GM1 on neurofilament phosphorylation, axonal transport, and synaptogenesis. An increased number of multivesicular bodies in GM1 treated neurons suggested metabolic changes. Electrophysiological changes induced by GM1 indicated an increased neuronal excitability. Summarized, GM1 has neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects on canine DRG neurons and induces functional changes. However, further studies are needed to clarify the therapeutic value of gangliosides in neurodegenerative diseases.
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10
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Trivedi A, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Levine JM, Santucci AD, Reeves TM, Phillips LL. Matrix metalloproteinase signals following neurotrauma are right on cue. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3141-3156. [PMID: 31168660 PMCID: PMC11105352 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrauma, a term referencing both traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries, is unique to neurodegeneration in that onset is clearly defined. From the perspective of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), there is opportunity to define their temporal participation in injury and recovery beginning at the level of the synapse. Here we examine the diverse roles of MMPs in the context of targeted insults (optic nerve lesion and hippocampal and olfactory bulb deafferentation), and clinically relevant focal models of traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries. Time-specific MMP postinjury signaling is critical to synaptic recovery after focal axonal injuries; members of the MMP family exhibit a signature temporal profile corresponding to axonal degeneration and regrowth, where they direct postinjury reorganization and synaptic stabilization. In both traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries, MMPs mediate early secondary pathogenesis including disruption of the blood-brain barrier, creating an environment that may be hostile to recovery. They are also critical players in wound healing including angiogenesis and the formation of an inhibitory glial scar. Experimental strategies to reduce their activity in the acute phase result in long-term neurological recovery after neurotrauma and have led to the first clinical trial in spinal cord injured pet dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpa Trivedi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSE 760, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Departments of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, and Neurology, the Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jonathan M Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Alison D Santucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Thomas M Reeves
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Linda L Phillips
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
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11
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Becker K, Kegler K, von Altrock A, Kuchelmeister K, Baumgärtner W, Wohlsein P. Cutaneous Pigmented Neurofibroma in a Pig - Morphology and Immunohistochemical Profile. J Comp Pathol 2019; 168:25-29. [PMID: 31103055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve sheath tumours are rare in pigs. In the present case, a juvenile female hybrid pig showed a solitary, pigmented, cutaneous mass. Histologically, it consisted of clustered melanin-laden, epithelioid cells as well as spindle cells forming bundles and nodules. The latter were surrounded by perineurial-like cells. Single Wagner-Meissner-like corpuscles were present. Immunohistochemically, the epithelioid cells expressed S100 protein, melan A and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). The spindle cells expressed S100, sex determining region Y-box 2, p75NTR, Krox20, growth associated protein 43 and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Perineurial-like cells were positive for p75NTR, α-smooth muscle actin and cytokeratin. Taken together, the histological und immunohistochemical findings support the diagnosis of a cutaneous pigmented neurofibroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Becker
- Department of Pathology, Germany
| | - K Kegler
- Department of Pathology, Germany
| | - A von Altrock
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Kuchelmeister
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital, Medical School, Bonn, Germany
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12
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Wang-Leandro A, Hobert MK, Kramer S, Rohn K, Stein VM, Tipold A. The role of diffusion tensor imaging as an objective tool for the assessment of motor function recovery after paraplegia in a naturally-occurring large animal model of spinal cord injury. J Transl Med 2018; 16:258. [PMID: 30223849 PMCID: PMC6142343 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in sensory and motor function impairment and may cause a substantial social and economic burden. For the implementation of novel treatment strategies, parallel development of objective tools evaluating spinal cord (SC) integrity during motor function recovery (MFR) is needed. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) enables in vivo microstructural assessment of SCI. Methods In the current study, temporal evolvement of DTI metrics during MFR were examined; therefore, values of fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were measured in a population of 17 paraplegic dogs with naturally-occurring acute SCI showing MFR within 4 weeks after surgical decompression and compared to 6 control dogs. MRI scans were performed preoperatively and 12 weeks after MFR was observed. DTI metrics were obtained at the lesion epicentre and one SC segment cranially and caudally. Variance analyses were performed to compare values between evaluated localizations in affected dogs and controls and between time points. Correlations between DTI metrics and clinical scores at follow-up examinations were assessed. Results Before surgery, FA values at epicentres were higher than caudally (p = 0.0014) and control values (p = 0.0097); ADC values were lower in the epicentre compared to control values (p = 0.0035) and perilesional (p = 0.0448 cranially and p = 0.0433 caudally). In follow-up examinations, no significant differences could be found between DTI values from dogs showing MFR and control dogs. Lower ADC values at epicentres correlated with neurological deficits at follow-up examinations (r = − 0.705; p = 0.0023). Conclusions Findings suggest that a tendency to the return of DTI values to the physiological situation after surgical decompression accompanies MFR after SCI in paraplegic dogs. DTI may represent a useful and objective clinical tool for follow-up studies examining in vivo SC recovery in treatment studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1630-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Wang-Leandro
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany. .,Centre of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany. .,Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Services, Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Marc K Hobert
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Sabine Kramer
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Institute of Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Veronika M Stein
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany.,Division of Clinical Neurology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany.,Centre of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
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13
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Hansmann F, Jungwirth N, Zhang N, Skripuletz T, Stein VM, Tipold A, Stangel M, Baumgärtner W. Beneficial and detrimental impact of transplanted canine adipose-derived stem cells in a virus-induced demyelinating mouse model. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 202:130-140. [PMID: 30078587 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years stem cell therapies have been broadly applied in various disease models specifically immune mediated and degenerative diseases. Whether adipose-derived stem cells might represent a useful therapeutic option in virus-triggered central nervous system diseases has not been investigated so far. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis (TME) and canine distemper encephalitis are established, virus-mediated animal models sharing many similarities with multiple sclerosis (MS). Canine adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) were selected since dogs might serve as an important translational model for further therapeutic applications. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether canine ASC influence clinical signs, axonal damage, demyelination and inflammation during TME. ASC were transplanted intravenously (iv) or intra-cerebroventricularly (icv) at 7 (early) or 42 (late) days post infection (dpi) in TME virus (TMEV) infected mice. TMEV/ASC iv animals transplanted at 7dpi displayed a transient clinical deterioration in rotarod performance compared to TMEV/control animals. Worsening of clinical signs was associated with significantly increased numbers of microglia/macrophages and demyelination in the spinal cord. In contrast, late transplantation had no influence on clinical findings of TMEV-infected animals. However, late TMEV/ASC iv transplanted animals showed reduced axonal damage compared to TMEV/control animals. Screening of spinal cord and peripheral organs for transplanted ASC revealed no positive cells. Surprisingly, iv transplanted animals showed pulmonary follicular aggregates consisting of T- and B-lymphocytes. Thus, our data suggest that following intravenous application, the lung as priming organ for lymphocytes seems to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of TME. Consequences of T-lymphocyte priming in the lung depend on the disease phase and may be responsible for disease modifying effects of ASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Jungwirth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Veronika Maria Stein
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany; Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 128, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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14
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Development of an International Canine Spinal Cord Injury observational registry: a collaborative data-sharing network to optimize translational studies of SCI. Spinal Cord 2018; 56:656-665. [PMID: 29795173 PMCID: PMC6035082 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-018-0145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Study Design Prospective cross sectional cohort study Objectives The canine spontaneous model of spinal cord injury (SCI) is as an important pre-clinical platform as it recapitulates key facets of human injury in a naturally occurring context. The establishment of an observational canine SCI registry constitutes a key step in performing epidemiologic studies and assessing the impact of therapeutic strategies to enhance translational research. Further, accumulating information on dogs with SCI may contribute to current “big data” approaches to enhance understanding of the disease using heterogeneous multi-institutional, multi-species data sets from both pre-clinical and human studies. Setting Multiple veterinary academic institutions across the United States and Europe. Methods Common data elements recommended for experimental and human SCI studies were reviewed and adapted for use in a web-based registry, to which all dogs presenting to member veterinary tertiary care facilities were prospectively entered over approximately one year. Results Analysis of data accumulated during the first year of the registry suggests that 16% of dogs with SCI present with severe, sensorimotor complete, injury and that 15% of cases are seen by a tertiary care facility within 8 hours of injury. Similar to the human SCI population, 34% were either overweight or obese. Conclusions Severity of injury and timing of presentation suggests that neuroprotective studies using the canine clinical model could be conducted efficiently using a multi-institutional approach. Additionally, pet dogs with SCI experience similar comorbidities to people with SCI, in particular obesity, and could serve as an important model to evaluate the effects of this condition.
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15
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Canine dorsal root ganglia satellite glial cells represent an exceptional cell population with astrocytic and oligodendrocytic properties. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13915. [PMID: 29066783 PMCID: PMC5654978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs can be used as a translational animal model to close the gap between basic discoveries in rodents and clinical trials in humans. The present study compared the species-specific properties of satellite glial cells (SGCs) of canine and murine dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in situ and in vitro using light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunostainings. The in situ expression of CNPase, GFAP, and glutamine synthetase (GS) has also been investigated in simian SGCs. In situ, most canine SGCs (>80%) expressed the neural progenitor cell markers nestin and Sox2. CNPase and GFAP were found in most canine and simian but not murine SGCs. GS was detected in 94% of simian and 71% of murine SGCs, whereas only 44% of canine SGCs expressed GS. In vitro, most canine (>84%) and murine (>96%) SGCs expressed CNPase, whereas GFAP expression was differentially affected by culture conditions and varied between 10% and 40%. However, GFAP expression was induced by bone morphogenetic protein 4 in SGCs of both species. Interestingly, canine SGCs also stimulated neurite formation of DRG neurons. These findings indicate that SGCs represent an exceptional, intermediate glial cell population with phenotypical characteristics of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes and might possess intrinsic regenerative capabilities in vivo.
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16
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Steffensen N, Lehmbecker A, Gerhauser I, Wang Y, Carlson R, Tipold A, Baumgärtner W, Stein VM. Generation and characterization of highly purified canine Schwann cells from spinal nerve dorsal roots as potential new candidates for transplantation strategies. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e422-e437. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Steffensen
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
| | - Annika Lehmbecker
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience; Hannover Germany
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
| | - Yimin Wang
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience; Hannover Germany
| | - Regina Carlson
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience; Hannover Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience; Hannover Germany
| | - Veronika M. Stein
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
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17
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Heinrich F, Lehmbecker A, Raddatz BB, Kegler K, Tipold A, Stein VM, Kalkuhl A, Deschl U, Baumgärtner W, Ulrich R, Spitzbarth I. Morphologic, phenotypic, and transcriptomic characterization of classically and alternatively activated canine blood-derived macrophages in vitro. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183572. [PMID: 28817687 PMCID: PMC5560737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous cell population playing a pivotal role in tissue homeostasis and inflammation, and their phenotype strongly depends on the micromilieu. Despite its increasing importance as a translational animal model for human diseases, there is a considerable gap of knowledge with respect to macrophage polarization in dogs. The present study comprehensively investigated the morphologic, phenotypic, and transcriptomic characteristics of unstimulated (M0), M1- (GM-CSF, LPS, IFNγ-stimulated) and M2- (M-CSF, IL-4-stimulated)-polarized canine blood-derived macrophages in vitro. Scanning electron microscopy revealed distinct morphologies of polarized macrophages with formation of multinucleated cells in M2-macrophages, while immunofluorescence employing literature-based prototype-antibodies against CD16, CD32, iNOS, MHC class II (M1-markers), CD163, CD206, and arginase-1 (M2-markers) demonstrated that only CD206 was able to discriminate M2-macrophages from both other phenotypes, highlighting this molecule as a promising marker for canine M2-macrophages. Global microarray analysis revealed profound changes in the transcriptome of polarized canine macrophages. Functional analysis pointed out that M1-polarization was associated with biological processes such as "respiratory burst", whereas M2-polarization was associated with processes such as "mitosis". Literature-based marker gene selection revealed only minor overlaps in the gene sets of the dog compared to prototype markers of murine and human macrophages. Biomarker selection using supervised clustering suggested latexin (LXN) and membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 2 (MS4A2) to be the most powerful predicting biomarkers for canine M1- and M2-macrophages, respectively. Immunofluorescence for both markers demonstrated expression of both proteins by macrophages in vitro but failed to reveal differences between canine M1 and M2-macrophages. The present study provides a solid basis for future studies upon the role of macrophage polarization in spontaneous diseases of the dog, a species that has emerging importance for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Heinrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annika Lehmbecker
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, Hannover, Germany
| | - Barbara B. Raddatz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristel Kegler
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 2, Hannover, Germany
| | - Veronika M. Stein
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 128, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arno Kalkuhl
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Department of Non-clinical Drug Safety, Birkendorfer Str. 65, Biberach, Germany
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Department of Non-clinical Drug Safety, Birkendorfer Str. 65, Biberach, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, Germany
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Südufer 10, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, Hannover, Germany
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18
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Wang-Leandro A, Hobert MK, Alisauskaite N, Dziallas P, Rohn K, Stein VM, Tipold A. Spontaneous acute and chronic spinal cord injuries in paraplegic dogs: a comparative study of in vivo diffusion tensor imaging. Spinal Cord 2017; 55:1108-1116. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2017.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Wang-Leandro A, Siedenburg JS, Hobert MK, Dziallas P, Rohn K, Stein VM, Tipold A. Comparison of Preoperative Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Clinical Assessment of Deep Pain Perception as Prognostic Tools for Early Recovery of Motor Function in Paraplegic Dogs with Intervertebral Disk Herniations. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:842-848. [PMID: 28440586 PMCID: PMC5435037 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prognostic tools to predict early postoperative motor function recovery (MFR) after thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation (IVDH) in paraplegic dogs represent an opportunity to timely implement novel therapies that could shorten recovery times and diminish permanent neurological dysfunctions. Hypothesis Fractional anisotropy (FA) values obtained using diffusion tensor imaging have a higher prognostic value than a lesion extension ratio in T2‐weighted images (T2W‐LER) and clinical assessment of deep pain perception (DPP) for MFR. Animals Thirty‐five paraplegic dogs with diagnosis of acute or subacute thoracolumbar IVDH. Methods Prospective, descriptive observational study. At admission, absence or presence of DPP, T2W‐LER, and FA values was evaluated. MFR was assessed within 4 weeks after decompressive surgery. Values of T2W‐LER and FA of dogs with and without MFR were compared using t‐tests. All 3 methods were evaluated for their sensitivity and specificity as a prognostic factor. Results No differences were found between groups regarding T2W‐LER. FA values differed statistically when measured caudally of lesion epicenter being higher in dogs without MFR compared to dogs with MFR (P = .023). Logistic regression analysis revealed significance in FA values measured caudally of the lesion epicenter (P = .033, area under the curve = 0.72). Using a cutoff value of FA = 0.660, the technique had a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 55%. Evaluation of DPP had a sensitivity of 73.3% and specificity of 75% (P = .007). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Evaluation of DPP showed a similar sensitivity and a better specificity predicting early MFR than quantitative magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wang-Leandro
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Centre of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - J S Siedenburg
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - M K Hobert
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - P Dziallas
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Rohn
- Institute of Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - V M Stein
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Centre of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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20
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Moore SA, Granger N, Olby NJ, Spitzbarth I, Jeffery ND, Tipold A, Nout-Lomas YS, da Costa RC, Stein VM, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Blight AR, Grossman RG, Basso DM, Levine JM. Targeting Translational Successes through CANSORT-SCI: Using Pet Dogs To Identify Effective Treatments for Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2007-2018. [PMID: 28230415 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of therapeutic interventions for spinal cord injury (SCI) from laboratory to clinic has been historically challenging, highlighting the need for robust models of injury that more closely mirror the human condition. The high prevalence of acute, naturally occurring SCI in pet dogs provides a unique opportunity to evaluate expeditiously promising interventions in a population of animals that receive diagnoses and treatment clinically in a manner similar to persons with SCI, while adhering to National Institutes of Health guidelines for scientific rigor and transparent reporting. In addition, pet dogs with chronic paralysis are often maintained long-term by their owners, offering a similarly unique population for study of chronic SCI. Despite this, only a small number of studies have used the clinical dog model of SCI. The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI) was recently established by a group of veterinarians and basic science researchers to promote the value of the canine clinical model of SCI. The CANSORT-SCI group held an inaugural meeting November 20 and 21, 2015 to evaluate opportunities and challenges to the use of pet dogs in SCI research. Key challenges identified included lack of familiarity with the model among nonveterinary scientists and questions about how and where in the translational process the canine clinical model would be most valuable. In light of these, we review the natural history, outcome, and available assessment tools associated with canine clinical SCI with emphasis on their relevance to human SCI and the translational process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Moore
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine , Columbus Ohio.,2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI)
| | - Nicolas Granger
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,3 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol , Langford, North Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha J Olby
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,4 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina.,5 Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,6 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover, Germany .,7 Center for Systems Neuroscience , Hannover, Germany
| | - Nick D Jeffery
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,8 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Andrea Tipold
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,7 Center for Systems Neuroscience , Hannover, Germany.,9 Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover, Germany
| | - Yvette S Nout-Lomas
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,10 College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Ronaldo C da Costa
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine , Columbus Ohio.,2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI)
| | - Veronika M Stein
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,11 Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bern , Bern, Switzerland
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,12 Departments of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences and Neurological Surgery, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew R Blight
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,13 Acorda Therapeutics, Inc. Ardsley, New York
| | - Robert G Grossman
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,14 Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute , Houston, Texas
| | - D Michele Basso
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,15 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jonathan M Levine
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,8 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
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21
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Seehusen F, Kiel K, Jottini S, Wohlsein P, Habierski A, Seibel K, Vogel T, Urlaub H, Kollmar M, Baumgärtner W, Teichmann U. Axonopathy in the Central Nervous System Is the Hallmark of Mice with a Novel Intragenic Null Mutation of Dystonin. Genetics 2016; 204:191-203. [PMID: 27401753 PMCID: PMC5012385 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.186932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystonia musculorum is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the dystonin gene. It has been described in mice and humans where it is called hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy. Mutated mice show severe movement disorders and die at the age of 3-4 weeks. This study describes the discovery and molecular, clinical, as well as pathological characterization of a new spontaneously occurring mutation in the dystonin gene in C57BL/6N mice. The mutation represents a 40-kb intragenic deletion allele of the dystonin gene on chromosome 1 with exactly defined deletion borders. It was demonstrated by Western blot, mass spectrometry, and immunohistology that mice with a homozygous mutation were entirely devoid of the dystonin protein. Pathomorphological lesions were restricted to the brain stem and spinal cord and consisted of swollen, argyrophilic axons and dilated myelin sheaths in the white matter and, less frequently, total chromatolysis of neurons in the gray matter. Axonal damage was detected by amyloid precursor protein and nonphosphorylated neurofilament immunohistology. Axonopathy in the central nervous system (CNS) represents the hallmark of this disease. Mice with the dystonin mutation also showed suppurative inflammation in the respiratory tract, presumably due to brain stem lesion-associated food aspiration, whereas skeletal muscles showed no pathomorphological changes. This study describes a novel mutation in the dystonin gene in mice leading to axonopathy in the CNS. In further studies, this model may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and may elucidate the complex interactions of dystonin with various other cellular proteins especially in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Seehusen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Kiel
- Animal Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefano Jottini
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559 Hannover, Germany Department of Animal Health, Pathology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Parma, I-43100, Italy
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andre Habierski
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Seibel
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Vogel
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany Bioanalytics, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Martin Kollmar
- Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Research Group Systems Biology of Motor Proteins, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559 Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Teichmann
- Animal Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Spitzbarth I, Lempp C, Kegler K, Ulrich R, Kalkuhl A, Deschl U, Baumgärtner W, Seehusen F. Immunohistochemical and transcriptome analyses indicate complex breakdown of axonal transport mechanisms in canine distemper leukoencephalitis. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00472. [PMID: 27247850 PMCID: PMC4864272 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CDV-DL (Canine distemper virus-induced demyelinating leukoencephalitis) represents a spontaneously occurring animal model for demyelinating disorders. Axonopathy represents a key pathomechanism in this disease; however, its underlying pathogenesis has not been addressed in detail so far. This study aimed at the characterization of axonal cytoskeletal, transport, and potential regenerative changes with a parallel focus upon Schwann cell remyelination. METHODS Immunohistochemistry of canine cerebellar tissue as well as a comparative analysis of genes from an independent microarray study were performed. RESULTS Increased axonal immunoreactivity for nonphosphorylated neurofilament was followed by loss of cytoskeletal and motor proteins. Interestingly, a subset of genes encoding for neurofilament subunits and motor proteins was up-regulated in the chronic stage compared to dogs with subacute CDV-DL. However, immunohistochemically, hints for axonal regeneration were restricted to up-regulated axonal positivity of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, while growth-associated protein 43, erythropoietin and its receptor were not or even down-regulated. Periaxin-positive structures, indicative of Schwann cell remyelination, were only detected within few advanced lesions. CONCLUSIONS The present findings demonstrate a complex sequence of axonal cytoskeletal breakdown mechanisms. Moreover, though sparse, this is the first report of Schwann cell remyelination in CDV-DL. Facilitation of these very limited endogenous regenerative responses represents an important topic for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Spitzbarth
- Department of Pathology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation Bünteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience Bünteweg 2 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Charlotte Lempp
- Department of Pathology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation Bünteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Kristel Kegler
- Department of Pathology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation Bünteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience Bünteweg 2 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Pathology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation Bünteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience Bünteweg 2 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Arno Kalkuhl
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG Biberach (Riß) Germany
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG Biberach (Riß) Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation Bünteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience Bünteweg 2 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Frauke Seehusen
- Department of Pathology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation Bünteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany
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23
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Russell RL, Levine JM, Jeffery ND, Young C, Mondragon A, Lee B, Boudreau CE, Welsh CJ, Levine GJ. Arachidonic acid pathway alterations in cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with naturally occurring spinal cord injury. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:31. [PMID: 27287721 PMCID: PMC4901514 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine intervertebral disc πherniation causes a naturally-occurring spinal cord injury (SCI) that bears critical similarities to human SCI with respect to both injury pathomechanisms and treatment. As such, it has tremendous potential to enhance our understanding of injury biology and the preclinical evaluation of novel therapies. Currently, there is limited understanding of the role of arachidonic acid metabolites in canine SCI. Results The CSF concentrations of PLA2 and PGE2 were higher in SCI dogs compared to control dogs (p = 0.0370 and 0.0273, respectively), but CSF LCT4 concentration in SCI dogs was significantly lower than that in control dogs (p < 0.0001). Prostaglandin E2 concentration in the CSF was significantly and positively associated with increased severity of SCI at the time of sampling (p = 0.041) and recovery 42 days post-injury (p = 0.006), as measured by ordinal behavioral scores. Conclusion Arachidonic acid metabolism is altered in dogs with SCI, and these data suggest that these AA metabolites reflect injury severity and recovery, paralleling data from other model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae L Russell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jonathan M Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Nick D Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1720 Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Colin Young
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Armando Mondragon
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Bryan Lee
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - C Elizabeth Boudreau
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - C Jane Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Gwendolyn J Levine
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4467, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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24
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Nadeem M, Spitzbarth I, Haist V, Rohn K, Tauscher K, Rohn K, Bossers A, Langeveld J, Papasavva-Stylianou P, Groschup MH, Baumgärtner W, Gerhauser I, Fast C. Immunolabelling of non-phosphorylated neurofilament indicates damage of spinal cord axons in TSE-infected goats. Vet Rec 2016; 178:141. [PMID: 26795219 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - I Spitzbarth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - V Haist
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Rohn
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Tauscher
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - K Rohn
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Bossers
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - J Langeveld
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - M H Groschup
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - W Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - I Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - C Fast
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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25
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Stem cells in canine spinal cord injury--promise for regenerative therapy in a large animal model of human disease. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015; 11:180-93. [PMID: 25173879 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of cell transplantation for spinal cord injury is a rapidly evolving field in regenerative medicine. Numerous animal models are currently being used. However, translation to human patients is still a challenging step. Dogs are of increasing importance as a translational model for human disease since there is a greater awareness of the need to increase the quality of preclinical data. The use of dogs ultimately brings benefit to both human and veterinary medicine. In this review we analyze experimental and clinical studies using cell transplantation for canine spinal cord injury. Overall, in experimental studies, transplantation groups showed improvement over control groups. Improvements were measured at the functional, electrophysiological, histological, RNA and protein levels. Most clinical studies support beneficial effects of cell transplantation despite the fact that methodological limitations preclude definitive conclusions. However, the mechanisms of action and underlying the behavior of transplanted cells in the injured spinal cord remain unclear. Overall, we conclude here that stem cell interventions are a promising avenue for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Canines are a promising model that may help bridge the gap between translational research and human clinical trials.
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26
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McMahill BG, Spriet M, Sisó S, Manzer MD, Mitchell G, McGee J, Garcia TC, Borjesson DL, Sieber-Blum M, Nolta JA, Sturges BK. Feasibility Study of Canine Epidermal Neural Crest Stem Cell Transplantation in the Spinal Cords of Dogs. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1173-86. [PMID: 26273065 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED This pilot feasibility study aimed to determine the outcome of canine epidermal neural crest stem cell (cEPI-NCSC) grafts in the normal spinal cords of healthy bred-for-research dogs. This included developing novel protocols for (a) the ex vivo expansion of cEPI-NCSCs, (b) the delivery of cEPI-NCSCs into the spinal cord, and (c) the labeling of the cells and subsequent tracing of the graft in the live animal by magnetic resonance imaging. A total of four million cEPI-NCSCs were injected into the spinal cord divided in two locations. Differences in locomotion at baseline and post-treatment were evaluated by gait analysis and compared with neurological outcome and behavioral exams. Histopathological analyses of the spinal cords and cEPI-NCSC grafts were performed at 3 weeks post-transplantation. Neurological and gait parameters were minimally affected by the stem cell injection. cEPI-NCSCs survived in the canine spinal cord for the entire period of investigation and did not migrate or proliferate. Subsets of cEPI-NCSCs expressed the neural crest stem cell marker Sox10. There was no detectable expression of markers for glial cells or neurons. The tissue reaction to the cell graft was predominantly vascular in addition to a degree of reactive astrogliosis and microglial activation. In the present study, we demonstrated that cEPI-NCSC grafts survive in the spinal cords of healthy dogs without major adverse effects. They persist locally in the normal spinal cord, may promote angiogenesis and tissue remodeling, and elicit a tissue response that may be beneficial in patients with spinal cord injury. SIGNIFICANCE It has been established that mouse and human epidermal neural crest stem cells are somatic multipotent stem cells with proved innovative potential in a mouse model of spinal cord injury (SCI) offering promise of a valid treatment for SCI. Traumatic SCI is a common neurological problem in dogs with marked similarities, clinically and pathologically, to the syndrome in people. For this reason, dogs provide a readily accessible, clinically realistic, spontaneous model for evaluation of epidermal neural crest stem cells therapeutic intervention. The results of this study are expected to give the baseline data for a future clinical trial in dogs with traumatic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G McMahill
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Spriet
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sílvia Sisó
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Manzer
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gaela Mitchell
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jeannine McGee
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya C Garcia
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Dori L Borjesson
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Maya Sieber-Blum
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jan A Nolta
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Beverly K Sturges
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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27
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Xie JB, Zhang X, Li QH, Xu ZJ. Inhibition of inflammatory cytokines after early decompression may mediate recovery of neurological function in rats with spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:219-24. [PMID: 25883619 PMCID: PMC4392668 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.152374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of inflammatory cytokines are involved in spinal cord injury and influence the recovery of neuronal function. In the present study, we established a rat model of acute spinal cord injury by cerclage. The cerclage suture was released 8 or 72 hours later, to simulate decompression surgery. Neurological function was evaluated behaviorally for 3 weeks after surgery, and tumor necrosis factor α immunoreactivity and apoptosis were quantified in the region of injury. Rats that underwent decompression surgery had significantly weaker immunoreactivity of tumor necrosis factor α and significantly fewer apoptotic cells, and showed faster improvement of locomotor function than animals in which decompression surgery was not performed. Decompression at 8 hours resulted in significantly faster recovery than that at 72 hours. These data indicate that early decompression may improve neurological function after spinal cord injury by inhibiting the expression of tumor necrosis factor α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Bing Xie
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Yijishan Hospital Affiliated to Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Yijishan Hospital Affiliated to Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Quan-Hui Li
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Yijishan Hospital Affiliated to Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Xu
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Yijishan Hospital Affiliated to Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
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28
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Spitzbarth I, Cana A, Hahn K, Hansmann F, Baumgärtner W. Associated occurrence of p75 neurotrophin receptor expressing aldynoglia and microglia/macrophages in long term organotypic murine brain slice cultures. Brain Res 2014; 1595:29-42. [PMID: 25446435 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Growth-promoting aldynoglia, characterized by the expression of the prototype immature Schwann cell marker p75 neurotrophin receptor (NTR) have been shown to occur in some demyelinating diseases. However, the mechanisms determining the emergence and fate of such cells are largely unknown. This study aimed at the identification of such cells and potential triggering factors using an in vitro slice culture approach. Organotypic cerebrum and brain stem slices of adult mice were cultivated for up to 18 days in vitro. Immunohistochemistry for the detection of p75(NTR), CD107b, periaxin, growth associated protein (GAP)-43, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was performed. The results for p75(NTR) were substantiated by the use of in situ hybridization. Cultivation was associated with a progressively increasing spontaneous occurrence of bi- to multipolar p75(NTR)-positive, but periaxin-negative glia, indicative of aldynoglial Schwann cell like cells. Similar cells stained intensely positive for GAP-43, a marker for non-myelinating Schwann cells. The number of p75(NTR) positive glia did not correlate with GFAP expression, but showed a strong correlation with a remarkable spontaneous response of CD107b positive phagocytic microglia/macrophages. Moreover, aldynoglial p75(NTR) immunoreactivity negatively correlated to neuronal p75(NTR) expression, which was lost during culturing. The present results demonstrate that the cultivation of organotypic murine brain slices is accompanied by a spontaneous response of both microglia/macrophages and p75(NTR) positive cells, suggestive of Schwann cell like aldynoglia. The findings highlights the role of microglia/macrophages, which seem to be an important triggering factor, facilitating the occurrence of this unique type of macroglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Spitzbarth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - A Cana
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Hahn
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - F Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - W Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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29
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Yin F, Meng C, Lu R, Li L, Zhang Y, Chen H, Qin Y, Guo L. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells repair spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting axonal growth and anti-autophagy. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1665-71. [PMID: 25374587 PMCID: PMC4211186 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.141801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into neurons and astrocytes after transplantation in the spinal cord of rats with ischemia/reperfusion injury. Although bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are known to protect against spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury through anti-apoptotic effects, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were cultured and proliferated, then transplanted into rats with ischemia/reperfusion injury via retro-orbital injection. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence with subsequent quantification revealed that the expression of the axonal regeneration marker, growth associated protein-43, and the neuronal marker, microtubule-associated protein 2, significantly increased in rats with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation compared with those in rats with spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury. Furthermore, the expression of the autophagy marker, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B, and Beclin 1, was significantly reduced in rats with the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation compared with those in rats with spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of growth associated protein-43 and neurofilament-H increased but light chain 3B and Beclin 1 decreased in rats with the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Our results therefore suggest that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation promotes neurite growth and regeneration and prevents autophagy. These responses may likely be mechanisms underlying the protective effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells against spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chunyang Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rifeng Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yonggang Qin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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30
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Granger N, Carwardine D. Acute spinal cord injury: tetraplegia and paraplegia in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2014; 44:1131-56. [PMID: 25441629 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a common problem in animals for which definitive treatment is lacking, and information gained from its study has benefit for both companion animals and humans in developing new therapeutic approaches. This review provides an overview of the main concepts that are useful for clinicians in assessing companion animals with severe acute SCI. Current available advanced ancillary tests and those in development are reviewed. In addition, the current standard of care for companion animals following SCI and recent advances in the development of new therapies are presented, and new predictors of recovery discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Granger
- The School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset BS40 5HU, UK.
| | - Darren Carwardine
- The School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset BS40 5HU, UK
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Lehmbecker A, Liebing J, Barthel Y, Habierski A, Cavalleri J, Puff C, Rademacher B, Lumpe S, Beineke A. Neurolymphomatosis in Three Horses with Multicentric T-cell-rich B-cell Lymphoma. J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:181-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Taylor AR, Welsh CJ, Young C, Spoor E, Kerwin SC, Griffin JF, Levine GJ, Cohen ND, Levine JM. Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in naturally occurring canine spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:1561-9. [PMID: 24786364 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine intervertebral disk herniation (IVDH) is a common, naturally occurring form of spinal cord injury (SCI) that is increasingly being used in pre-clinical evaluation of therapies. Although IVDH bears critical similarities to human SCI with respect to lesion morphology, imaging features, and post-SCI treatment, limited data are available concerning secondary injury mechanisms. Here, we characterized cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokines, and chemokines in dogs with acute, surgically treated, thoracolumbar IVDH (n=39) and healthy control dogs (n=21) to investigate early inflammatory events after SCI. A bioplex system was used to measure interleukin (IL)-2, -6, -7, -8, -10, -15, and -18, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC)-like protein, IFN-γ-inducible protein-10, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Cytokine and chemokine concentrations in the CSF of healthy and SCI dogs were compared and, in SCI dogs, were correlated to the duration of SCI, behavioral measures of injury severity at the time of sampling, and neurological outcome 42 days post-SCI as determined by a validated ordinal score. IL-8 concentration was significantly higher in SCI cases than healthy controls (p=0.0013) and was negatively correlated with the duration of SCI (p=0.042). CSF MCP-1 and KC-like protein were positively correlated with CSF microprotein concentration in dogs with SCI (p<0.0001 and p=0.004). CSF MCP-1 concentration was negatively associated with 42-day postinjury outcome (p<0.0001). Taken together, these data indicate that cytokines and chemokines present after SCI in humans and rodent models are associated with SCI pathogenesis in canine IVDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Taylor
- 1 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
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New aspects of the pathogenesis of canine distemper leukoencephalitis. Viruses 2014; 6:2571-601. [PMID: 24992230 PMCID: PMC4113784 DOI: 10.3390/v6072571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a member of the genus morbillivirus, which is known to cause a variety of disorders in dogs including demyelinating leukoencephalitis (CDV-DL). In recent years, substantial progress in understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of CDV-DL has been made. In vivo and in vitro investigations provided new insights into its pathogenesis with special emphasis on axon-myelin-glia interaction, potential endogenous mechanisms of regeneration, and astroglial plasticity. CDV-DL is characterized by lesions with a variable degree of demyelination and mononuclear inflammation accompanied by a dysregulated orchestration of cytokines as well as matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors. Despite decades of research, several new aspects of the neuropathogenesis of CDV-DL have been described only recently. Early axonal damage seems to represent an initial and progressive lesion in CDV-DL, which interestingly precedes demyelination. Axonopathy may, thus, function as a potential trigger for subsequent disturbed axon-myelin-glia interactions. In particular, the detection of early axonal damage suggests that demyelination is at least in part a secondary event in CDV-DL, thus challenging the dogma of CDV as a purely primary demyelinating disease. Another unexpected finding refers to the appearance of p75 neurotrophin (NTR)-positive bipolar cells during CDV-DL. As p75NTR is a prototype marker for immature Schwann cells, this finding suggests that Schwann cell remyelination might represent a so far underestimated endogenous mechanism of regeneration, though this hypothesis still remains to be proven. Although it is well known that astrocytes represent the major target of CDV infection in CDV-DL, the detection of infected vimentin-positive astrocytes in chronic lesions indicates a crucial role of this cell population in nervous distemper. While glial fibrillary acidic protein represents the characteristic intermediate filament of mature astrocytes, expression of vimentin is generally restricted to immature or reactive astrocytes. Thus, vimentin-positive astrocytes might constitute an important cell population for CDV persistence and spread, as well as lesion progression. In vitro models, such as dissociated glial cell cultures, as well as organotypic brain slice cultures have contributed to a better insight into mechanisms of infection and certain morphological and molecular aspects of CDV-DL. Summarized, recent in vivo and in vitro studies revealed remarkable new aspects of nervous distemper. These new perceptions substantially improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of CDV-DL and might represent new starting points to develop novel treatment strategies.
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Transcriptional profiling predicts overwhelming homology of schwann cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, and schwann cell-like glia. Glia 2014; 62:1559-81. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Levine JM, Cohen ND, Heller M, Fajt VR, Levine GJ, Kerwin SC, Trivedi AA, Fandel TM, Werb Z, Modestino A, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Efficacy of a metalloproteinase inhibitor in spinal cord injured dogs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96408. [PMID: 24788791 PMCID: PMC4006832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is elevated within the acutely injured murine spinal cord and blockade of this early proteolytic activity with GM6001, a broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, results in improved recovery after spinal cord injury. As matrix metalloproteinase-9 is likewise acutely elevated in dogs with naturally occurring spinal cord injuries, we evaluated efficacy of GM6001 solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide in this second species. Safety and pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in naïve dogs. After confirming safety, subsequent pharmacokinetic analyses demonstrated that a 100 mg/kg subcutaneous dose of GM6001 resulted in plasma concentrations that peaked shortly after administration and were sustained for at least 4 days at levels that produced robust in vitro inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9. A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled study was then conducted to assess efficacy of GM6001 given within 48 hours of spinal cord injury. Dogs were enrolled in 3 groups: GM6001 dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (n = 35), dimethyl sulfoxide (n = 37), or saline (n = 41). Matrix metalloproteinase activity was increased in the serum of injured dogs and GM6001 reduced this serum protease activity compared to the other two groups. To assess recovery, dogs were a priori stratified into a severely injured group and a mild-to-moderate injured group, using a Modified Frankel Scale. The Texas Spinal Cord Injury Score was then used to assess long-term motor/sensory function. In dogs with severe spinal cord injuries, those treated with saline had a mean motor score of 2 (95% CI 0–4.0) that was significantly (P<0.05; generalized linear model) less than the estimated mean motor score for dogs receiving dimethyl sulfoxide (mean, 5; 95% CI 2.0–8.0) or GM6001 (mean, 5; 95% CI 2.0–8.0). As there was no independent effect of GM6001, we attribute improved neurological outcomes to dimethyl sulfoxide, a pleotropic agent that may target diverse secondary pathogenic events that emerge in the acutely injured cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Noah D. Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael Heller
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Virginia R. Fajt
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gwendolyn J. Levine
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sharon C. Kerwin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alpa A. Trivedi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Fandel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Augusta Modestino
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Linda J. Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Gericota B, Anderson JS, Mitchell G, Borjesson DL, Sturges BK, Nolta JA, Sieber-Blum M. Canine epidermal neural crest stem cells: characterization and potential as therapy candidate for a large animal model of spinal cord injury. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:334-45. [PMID: 24443004 PMCID: PMC3952930 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of multipotent neural crest-derived stem cells, named epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSC), that persist postnatally in an easy-to-access location-the bulge of hair follicles-opens a spectrum of novel opportunities for patient-specific therapies. We present a detailed characterization of canine EPI-NCSC (cEPI-NCSC) from multiple dog breeds and protocols for their isolation and ex vivo expansion. Furthermore, we provide novel tools for research in canines, which currently are still scarce. In analogy to human and mouse EPI-NCSC, the neural crest origin of cEPI-NCSC is shown by their expression of the neural crest stem cell molecular signature and other neural crest-characteristic genes. Similar to human EPI-NCSC, cEPI-NCSC also expressed pluripotency genes. We demonstrated that cEPI-NCSC can generate all major neural crest derivatives. In vitro clonal analyses established multipotency and self-renewal ability of cEPI-NCSC, establishing cEPI-NCSC as multipotent somatic stem cells. A critical analysis of the literature on canine spinal cord injury (SCI) showed the need for novel treatments and suggested that cEPI-NCSC represent viable candidates for cell-based therapies in dog SCI, particularly for chondrodystrophic dogs. This notion is supported by the close ontological relationship between neural crest stem cells and spinal cord stem cells. Thus, cEPI-NCSC promise to offer not only a potential treatment for canines but also an attractive and realistic large animal model for human SCI. Taken together, we provide the groundwork for the development of a novel cell-based therapy for a condition with extremely poor prognosis and no available effective treatment.
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Jeffery N, Levine J, Olby N, Stein V. Intervertebral Disk Degeneration in Dogs: Consequences, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Directions. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1318-33. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N.D. Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA
| | - J.M. Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX
| | - N.J. Olby
- College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC
| | - V.M. Stein
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
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