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Mohammadi-Aragh MK, Linhoss JE, Evans JD. Effects of various disinfectants on the bacterial load and microbiome of broiler hatching eggs using electrostatic spray. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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2
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Saito S, Wang F, Obenland D, Xiao CL. Effects of Peroxyacetic Acid on Postharvest Diseases and Quality of Blueberries. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3231-3237. [PMID: 33487017 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-20-2310-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Postharvest diseases are a limiting factor in the storage of fresh blueberries. Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria rot caused by Alternaria spp. are important postharvest diseases in blueberries grown in California. Control of these fungal pathogens is generally dependent on preharvest sprays of synthetic fungicides, but in California multiple fungicide resistance has already developed in those pathogens, leading to the failure of disease control. Therefore, alternatives to synthetic fungicides are needed for the control of postharvest diseases. Peroxyacetic acid (PAA) is a disinfectant agent that poses low risk to human health. In this study, we evaluated the effects of postharvest use of PAA at 24 µl liter-1 and 85 µl liter-1 on fruit decay caused by fungal pathogens and quality of stored blueberry fruit. PAA treatment was applied to four cultivars over three seasons using two methods, dipping or spraying. Dipping blueberries compared with spraying them with PAA and its application at 85 µl liter-1 were the most effective treatments. For example, when applied to 'Snowchaser' blueberries, this combination reduced naturally occurring decay after 4 weeks of storage at 0 to 1°C from 14.3% among water-treated controls to 2.7% in 2018, and from 25.7% among water-treated controls to 8.6% in 2020. In general, PAA did not adversely affect fruit quality or sensory quality of blueberries. Postharvest use of PAA appears to be a promising means to reduce postharvest decay of blueberries. To reliably obtain an acceptable level of disease control, the best use of PAA may be in combination with other practices rather than using it alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Saito
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648-9757
| | - Fei Wang
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648-9757
| | - David Obenland
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648-9757
| | - Chang-Lin Xiao
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648-9757
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Joshi SS, D'Souza DH. Grape seed extract against Aichi virus infectivity in model foods and contact surfaces. Food Microbiol 2021; 98:103784. [PMID: 33875212 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aichi virus (AiV) is an enteric virus that affects humans and is prevalent in sewage waters. Effective strategies to control its spread need to be explored. This study evaluated grape seed extract (GSE) for: a) antiviral potential towards AiV infectivity at 37 °C and room temperature (RT); b) antiviral behavior in model foods (apple juice (AJ) and 2% fat milk) and also simulated gastric environments; and c) potential application as a wash solution on stainless steel surfaces. GSE at 0.5 mg/mL decreased AiV suspensions containing ~4.75 log PFU/mL to titer levels that were not detected after 30 s at both 37 °C and RT. Infectious AiV titers were not detected after 5 min treatment with 1 mg/mL GSE at 37 °C in AJ. GSE at 2 mg/mL and 4 mg/mL in 2% fat milk decreased AiV after 24 h by 1.18 and 1.57 log PFU/mL (4.75 log PFU/mL to 2.86 and 3.25 log PFU/mL), respectively. As a surface wash, GSE at 1 mg/mL after 30 s decreased AiV to undetectable levels under clean conditions. With organic load (mimicking unclean conditions), 2 and 4 mg/mL GSE reduced AiV after 5 min by 1.13 and 1.71 log PFU/mL, respectively. Overall, GSE seems to be a promising antiviral agent against AiV at low concentrations and short contact times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal S Joshi
- The University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Department of Food Science, 2600 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Doris H D'Souza
- The University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Department of Food Science, 2600 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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Lara G, Yakoubi S, Villacorta CM, Uemura K, Kobayashi I, Takahashi C, Nakajima M, Neves MA. Spray technology applications of xanthan gum-based edible coatings for fresh-cut lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera). Food Res Int 2020; 137:109723. [PMID: 33233292 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of spraying method as an application technique for xanthan gum-based edible coatings was investigated, based on its barrier and microbial properties on fresh-cut lotus root. Xanthan gum solutions (0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%) were prepared and incorporated with 2% (w/w) citric acid as an anti-browning agent and 1% (w/w) glycerol as plasticizer. The coatings were then sprayed using a pilot spray system to 5 mm-thick slices of fresh-cut lotus root for 20 s, packed in polyethylene bags, stored for 16 d at 5 °C and analyzed for color, pH, morphology and microbial counts. It was found that spray-coated fresh-cut lotus root samples had significant reduction in the total color changes as compared to non-coated samples. The experimental results suggested that the spray coating treatments were effective in decreasing the enzymatic browning of fresh-cut lotus root during storage which could potentially increase its shelf-life in the market. In addition, we have also found that the xanthan gum-based spray coated treatments were also effective against inhibiting the growth of Bacillus subtilis during 24 h of incubation which were indicated by the lower microbial counts recorded as compared to non-coated fresh-cut lotus root samples. In this part of the work, the author highlighted the spray coating technique of xanthan gum-based edible coatings as a promising strategy in improving the storage stability of fresh-cut lotus root during post-harvest storage. Overall, the application of edible coatings is a promising strategy in extending the shelf life of fresh-cut lotus root. In the future, the author aims to widen the scope of the application of these coatings to other agricultural products which are prone to degradation during storage in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Lara
- Tsukuba Life Science Innovation Program (T-LSI), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Food Research Institute, NARO, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Sana Yakoubi
- University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Science of Tunis, Department of Biology, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Cherry Mae Villacorta
- College of Agrobiological Resources Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Uemura
- Tsukuba Life Science Innovation Program (T-LSI), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Food Research Institute, NARO, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Isao Kobayashi
- Tsukuba Life Science Innovation Program (T-LSI), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Food Research Institute, NARO, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Chieko Takahashi
- Food Research Institute, NARO, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakajima
- Tsukuba Life Science Innovation Program (T-LSI), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Marcos A Neves
- Tsukuba Life Science Innovation Program (T-LSI), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
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Li S, Zhilyaev S, Gallagher D, Subbiah J, Dvorak B. Sustainability of safe foods: Joint environmental, economic and microbial load reduction assessment of antimicrobial systems in U.S. beef processing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:252-262. [PMID: 31323571 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Various antimicrobial interventions are applied sequentially in the beef processing industry to reduce microbial load on beef products by using intensive inputs (e.g., chemicals, energy), high strength wastewater, and potentially result in meat discoloration. This study serves as the first analysis to jointly evaluate environmental and economic assessment with its microbial load reduction of proposed antimicrobial systems in the U.S. beef processing industry to identify relatively sustainable systems that minimize environmental and economic impacts while providing microbial safe meat. Specifically, forty potential sequential antimicrobial systems were proposed and evaluated from three perspectives: microbial load reduction, environmental, and economic impacts, by meta-analysis, life cycle assessment, and operational cost analysis orderly. The results show that the antimicrobial systems applying steam pasteurization during the main intervention offer high microbial load reduction (>4.2 log CFU/cm2 reduction from a hypothetical initial contamination at 5.0 log CFU/cm2). Human health impact (31.0 to 65.6%) and ecosystem toxicity (3.6 to 12.5%), eutrophication (11.9 to 15.5%) and global warming (6.4 to 22.2%) are the main contributors to the overall environmental single score among the forty antimicrobial systems. Antimicrobial chemicals (up to 82.8%), wastewater treatment (up to 12.7%), and natural gas (up to 10.7%) are the three major drivers of operational cost for sanitizing 1000 kg hot standard carcass weight (HSCW). Devalued (discolored) meat due to contact with heat from steam pasteurization or hot water wash has a considerable increase in economic ($4.5/1000 HSCW) and environmental (especially at farm stage) impacts. Certain antimicrobial systems (e.g., water wash followed by steam pasteurization) were found to be more promising with satisfactory effectiveness, better environmental and cost performance under uncertainty (1000 Monte Carlo simulations). Results from this study can guide the U.S. beef processing industry to advance sustainability while protecting human health from foodborne illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Samson Zhilyaev
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Daniel Gallagher
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jeyamkondan Subbiah
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Bruce Dvorak
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
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Evaluation of commercial antimicrobials against stress-adapted Campylobacter jejuni on broiler wings by using immersion and electrostatic spray and an economic feasibility analysis. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Famuyide IM, Aro AO, Fasina FO, Eloff JN, McGaw LJ. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of acetone leaf extracts of nine under-investigated south African Eugenia and Syzygium (Myrtaceae) species and their selectivity indices. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:141. [PMID: 31221162 PMCID: PMC6587284 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains an important global health issue but the gap between AMR and development of new antimicrobials is increasing. Plant extracts may have good activity per se or may be sources of effective antimicrobial compounds which can act against planktonic and/or biofilms of pathogens. We determined the antimicrobial efficacy and cytotoxicity of some under-investigated plants from the Myrtaceae family endemic to South Africa. The ability of the plant extracts to inhibit or destroy pre-formed bacterial biofilms was also determined. METHODS Based on previous preliminary in vitro screening and on chemotaxonomy, nine species from the Myrtaceae family were selected. The antimicrobial activity of the crude acetone leaf extracts was determined against six common nosocomial pathogens, namely: Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Typhimurium) using a two-fold serial microdilution assay with p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet as growth indicator. The number of antimicrobial compounds present in extracts was determined by bioautography. Cytotoxicity of extracts was determined against Vero kidney cells using a colorimetric tetrazolium-based assay. The total antibacterial activity (TAA) in ml/g and selectivity index (LC50/MIC) of the plant extracts were calculated. A modified crystal violet assay was used to determine the antibiofilm activity of the extracts. RESULTS Syzygium legatii, Syzygium masukuense, and Syzygium species A had the best activities against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (MIC) values ranging from 0.04-0.08 mg/ml. Eugenia erythrophylla had the best MIC (0.02 mg/ml) against Bacillus cereus. Many extracts had relatively low cytotoxicity (LC50 > 20 μg/ml) leading to reasonable selectivity indices. Three leaf extracts (Syzygium masukuense, Syzygium species A, and Eugenia natalitia) were moderately cytotoxic (20 μg/ml < LC50 < 100 μg/ml). The plant extracts had a good capacity to reduce biofilm formation and good to poor potential to destroy pre-formed biofilms. CONCLUSIONS The plant species examined in this study had varying degrees of antibacterial activity against bacterial planktonic and biofilm forms with some having good activity against both forms. Several of these selected species may be potential candidates for further investigation to isolate antimicrobial compounds and to determine the mechanism of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibukun M. Famuyide
- 0000 0001 2107 2298grid.49697.35Phytomedicine Programme, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
| | - Abimbola O. Aro
- 0000 0001 2107 2298grid.49697.35Phytomedicine Programme, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- 0000 0001 2107 2298grid.49697.35Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ECTAD-FAO), House H. Sida, Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road, Ada Estate, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jacobus N. Eloff
- 0000 0001 2107 2298grid.49697.35Phytomedicine Programme, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
| | - Lyndy J. McGaw
- 0000 0001 2107 2298grid.49697.35Phytomedicine Programme, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
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Kulawik P, Jamróz E, Zając M, Guzik P, Tkaczewska J. The effect of furcellaran-gelatin edible coatings with green and pu-erh tea extracts on the microbiological, physicochemical and sensory changes of salmon sushi stored at 4 °C. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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9
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Laury-Shaw A, Gragg SE, Echeverry A, Brashears MM. Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 after application of lactic acid bacteria. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:1548-1553. [PMID: 30144058 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishing novel preharvest intervention strategies for leafy green growers is of critical need with the rise in foodborne outbreaks associated with these products. Recent studies have shown that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are able to reduce the presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in various food matrices. Electrostatic application of organic acids has been shown to be effective as a postharvest safety intervention to reduce E.coli O157:H7 on leafy greens. The effect of LAB electrostatically applied and sprinkler irrigated once over a 4 week growth cycle was evaluated against E. coli O157:H7 on spinach. RESULTS The results indicated that E. coli O157:H7 when applied once during the 4 week growth cycle will survive in the soil and spinach leaves at harvest. LAB applied electrostatically and by sprinkler irrigation water on the soil and/or leaf surface within the first 4 weeks of the growing cycle resulted in a significant reduction (almost a 3 log10 reduction) of E. coli O157:H7 both on the leaf and in the soil at harvest, regardless of the application time (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION LAB surface treatments have the potential to improve the safety of leafy green plants as a preharvest food safety intervention when combined with good agricultural practices. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Laury-Shaw
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sara Elizabeth Gragg
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Olathe, KS, USA
| | - Alejandro Echeverry
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Mindy M Brashears
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Kulawik P, Jamróz E, Özogul F. Chitosan for Seafood Processing and Preservation. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 36 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16581-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Jiang W, Etienne X, Li K, Shen C. Comparison of the Efficacy of Electrostatic versus Conventional Sprayer with Commercial Antimicrobials To Inactivate Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter jejuni for Eggs and Economic Feasibility Analysis. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1864-1870. [PMID: 30325221 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of antimicrobials sprayed by electrostatic versus conventional sprayer for inactivation of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter jejuni on eggs and to determine the economic feasibility of these treatments. Eggs were dip inoculated with overnight cultures (18 h) of Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Tennessee, a two-strain mixture of L. monocytogenes, and a three-strain mixture of C. jejuni (microaerophilic condition). Inoculated eggs were then not sprayed or subjected to electrostatic and conventional spraying with peroxyacetic acid (PAA; 0.1%), lactic acid (5.0%), lactic and citric acid blend (2.5%), sodium hypochlorite (SH; 50 ppm), and SaniDate-5.0 (SD [a mixture of PAA and H2O2]; 0.25%) for 30 s (15 s each side). Surviving bacteria on eggshells were recovered on xylose lysine Tergitol 4 agar ( Salmonella), modified Oxford agar ( L. monocytogenes), or Brucella agar ( C. jejuni). Compared with conventional spraying, electrostatic spraying of PAA, SD, and SH achieved significant additional reductions ( P < 0.05) of Salmonella, L. monocytogenes, and C. jejuni of 0.96 to 3.18, 1.19 to 3.05, and 0.96 to 1.62 log CFU per egg, respectively. A simple cost comparison suggests that regardless of the antimicrobial agent used, the cost of using an electrostatic sprayer is 20 to 40% lower than that of a conventional sprayer for a small poultry farm that produces 1,500 eggs per day. Among the five antimicrobials, the total sanitizing cost was lowest for SH, followed by PAA and SD. The results indicated that electrostatic spraying of commercial antimicrobials can be considered an effective and economical approach to enhancing the microbial safety of eggs, especially for small poultry processors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Jiang
- 1 Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7741-7264 [C.S.])
| | - Xiaoli Etienne
- 2 Division of Resource Economics and Management, Davis College, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
| | - Kawang Li
- 1 Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7741-7264 [C.S.])
| | - Cangliang Shen
- 1 Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7741-7264 [C.S.])
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Massey LM, Hettiarachchy NS, Horax R, Rayaprolu SJ, Kumar‐Phillips G, Martin EM, Ricke SC. Efficacy of organic acid electrostatic spray for decontaminating
Salmonella
on cantaloupe cubes and cherry tomatoes. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ronny Horax
- Department of Food Science University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas
| | | | | | - Elizabeth M. Martin
- Institute for Nanoscience & Engineering University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas
- Center for Food Safety University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas
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13
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Finten G, Agüero M, Jagus R. Citric acid as alternative to sodium hypochlorite for washing and disinfection of experimentally-infected spinach leaves. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Stella JM, Luchansky JB, Miller K, Shoyer BA, Shane LE, McGeary L, Osoria M, Stahler LJ, Sevart NJ, Phebus RK, Thippareddi H, Porto-Fett ACS. Use of an Electrostatic Spraying System or the Sprayed Lethality in Container Method To Deliver Antimicrobial Agents onto the Surface of Beef Subprimals To Control Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1393-1400. [PMID: 28726488 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of an electrostatic spraying system (ESS) and/or the sprayed lethality in container (SLIC) method to deliver antimicrobial agents onto the surface of beef subprimals to reduce levels of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) was evaluated. Beef subprimals were surface inoculated (lean side; ca. 5.8 log CFU per subprimal) with 2 mL of an eight-strain cocktail comprising single strains of rifampin-resistant (100 μg/mL) STEC (O26:H11, O45:H2, O103:H2, O104:H4, O111:H-, O121:H19, O145:NM, and O157:H7). Next, inoculated subprimals were surface treated with lauric arginate (LAE; 1%), peroxyacetic acid (PAA; 0.025%), or cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC; 0.4%) by passing each subprimal, with the inoculated lean side facing upward, through an ESS cabinet or via SLIC. Subprimals were then vacuum packaged and stored at 4°C. One set of subprimals was sampled after an additional 2 h, 3 days, or 7 days of refrigerated storage, whereas another set was retreated via SLIC after 3 days of storage with a different one of the three antimicrobial agents (e.g., a subprimal treated with LAE on day 0 was then treated with PAA or CPE on day 3). Retreated subprimals were sampled after 2 h or 4 days of additional storage at 4°C. A single initial application of LAE, PAA, or CPC via ESS or SLIC resulted in STEC reductions of ca. 0.3 to 1.3 log CFU per subprimal after 7 days of storage. However, when subprimals were initially treated with LAE, PAA, or CPC via ESS or SLIC and then separately retreated with a different one of these antimicrobial agents via SLIC on day 3, additional STEC reductions of 0.4 to 1.0 log CFU per subprimal were observed after an additional 4 days of storage. Application of LAE, PAA, or CPC, either alone or in combination, via ESS or SLIC is effective for reducing low levels (ca. 0.3 to 1.6 log CFU) of STEC that may be naturally present on the surface of beef subprimals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Max Stella
- 1 Delaware Valley University, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18901
| | - John B Luchansky
- 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038
| | | | - Bradley A Shoyer
- 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038
| | - Laura E Shane
- 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038
| | - Lianna McGeary
- 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038
| | - Manuela Osoria
- 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038
| | - Laura J Stahler
- 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038
| | - Nicholas J Sevart
- 4 Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506; and
| | - Randall K Phebus
- 4 Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506; and
| | - Harshavardhan Thippareddi
- 5 Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Anna C S Porto-Fett
- 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038
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15
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Jiang Y, Fan X, Li X, Gurtler JB, Mukhopadhyay S, Jin T. Inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium and quality preservation of cherry tomatoes by in-package aerosolization of antimicrobials. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jaroni D, Kakani R, Ravishankar S, Jadeja R. Efficacy of roselle ( Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyx formulations against Escherichia coli O157:H7 during flume-washing of organic leafy greens. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2015.0679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Jaroni
- Food and Agricultural Products Center and Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - R. Kakani
- Food and Agricultural Products Center and Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - S. Ravishankar
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 8572, USA
| | - R. Jadeja
- Food and Agricultural Products Center and Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Electrostatic and Conventional Spraying of Alginate-Based Edible Coating with Natural Antimicrobials for Preserving Fresh Strawberry Quality. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-016-1808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Almasoud A, Hettiarachchy N, Rayaprolu S, Babu D, Kwon YM, Mauromoustakos A. Inhibitory effects of lactic and malic organic acids on autoinducer type 2 (AI-2) quorum sensing of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Almasoud A, Hettiarachchy N, Rayaprolu S, Horax R, Eswaranandam S. Electrostatic spraying of organic acids on biofilms formed by E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium on fresh produce. Food Res Int 2015; 78:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Zhang M, Oh JK, Huang SY, Lin YR, Liu Y, Mannan MS, Cisneros-Zevallos L, Akbulut M. Priming with nano-aerosolized water and sequential dip-washing with hydrogen peroxide: An efficient sanitization method to inactivate Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 on spinach. J FOOD ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Calo JR, Crandall PG, O'Bryan CA, Ricke SC. Essential oils as antimicrobials in food systems – A review. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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22
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Cálix-Lara TF, Rajendran M, Talcott ST, Smith SB, Miller RK, Castillo A, Sturino JM, Taylor TM. Inhibition of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica on spinach and identification of antimicrobial substances produced by a commercial Lactic Acid Bacteria food safety intervention. Food Microbiol 2014; 38:192-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Brighenti FL, Salvador MJ, Delbem ACB, Delbem ÁCB, Oliveira MAC, Soares CP, Freitas LSF, Koga-Ito CY. Systematic screening of plant extracts from the Brazilian Pantanal with antimicrobial activity against bacteria with cariogenic relevance. Caries Res 2014; 48:353-60. [PMID: 24603299 DOI: 10.1159/000357225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study proposes a bioprospection methodology regarding the antimicrobial potential of plant extracts against bacteria with cariogenic relevance. Sixty extracts were obtained from ten plants--(1) Jatropha weddelliana, (2) Attalea phalerata, (3) Buchenavia tomentosa, (4) Croton doctoris, (5) Mouriri elliptica, (6) Mascagnia benthamiana, (7) Senna aculeata, (8) Unonopsis guatterioides, (9) Allagoptera leucocalyx and (10) Bactris glaucescens--using different extraction methods - (A) 70° ethanol 72 h/25°C, (B) water 5 min/100°C, (C) water 1 h/55°C, (D) water 72 h/25°C, (E) hexane 72 h/25°C and (F) 90° ethanol 72 h/25°C. The plants were screened for antibacterial activity at 50 mg/ml using the agar well diffusion test against Actinomyces naeslundii ATCC 19039, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356, Streptococcus gordonii ATCC 10558, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 35688, Streptococcus sanguinis ATCC 10556, Streptococcus sobrinus ATCC 33478 and Streptococcus mitis ATCC 9811. The active extracts were tested to determine their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), cytotoxicity and chemical characterization. Forty-seven extracts (78%) were active against at least one microorganism. Extract 4A demonstrated the lowest MIC and MBC for all microorganisms except S. gordonii and the extract at MIC concentration was non-cytotoxic. The concentrated extracts were slightly cytotoxic. Electrospray ionization with tandem mass spectrometry analyses demonstrated that the extract constituents coincided with the mass of the terpenoids and phenolics. Overall, the best results were obtained for extraction methods A, B and C. The present work proved the antimicrobial activity of several plants. Particularly, extracts from C. doctoris were the most active against bacteria involved in dental caries disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Brighenti
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
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Van Haute S, Uyttendaele M, Sampers I. Organic acid based sanitizers and free chlorine to improve the microbial quality and shelf-life of sugar snaps. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 167:161-9. [PMID: 24135672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A screening in a sugar snap packaging company showed a converged build-up of aerobic psychrotrophic plate count (APC) (ca. 6.5 log CFU/100mL), yeasts and molds (Y&M), and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (both ca. 4.5 log CFU/100mL) in the wash water in the absence of water sanitizer, and a low build-up of chemical oxygen demand (30 ± 5 mg O2/L) and turbidity (5.2 ± 1.1 NTU). Decontamination experiments were performed in the lab with Purac FCC 80® (80% L(+) lactic acid), two other commercial water sanitizers based on organic acids (NATRApHASe-ABAV®, and NATRApHASe-FVS®) and chlorine to evaluate their performance in reduction of the sugar snap microbial load as well as their functionality as disinfectant of the wash water to avoid cross-contamination. An additional 1 log reduction of APC on the sugar snaps was achieved with lactic acid in the range 0.8 to 1.6%, ABAV 0.5%, and free chlorine 200mg/L when compared to a water wash, while no significant difference in the numbers of Y&M was obtained when washing in sanitizer compared to water. There was no significant influence of the studied concentration and contact time on decontamination efficiency. Treatment with lactic acid 0.8% resulted in a lower APC contamination on the sugar snaps than on the untreated and water washed samples for 10 days. Chlorine 200mg/L was the only treatment able to maintain the Y&M load lower than the untreated samples throughout the entire storage duration. The use of water sanitizers could not extend the sensorial shelf-life. Microbial loads were not indicative/predictive of visual microbial spoilage (shelf-life limiting factor), whereas maturity and amount of damage at the calyx end of the pods were. The APC wash water contamination (5.2 log CFU/100mL) was reduced significantly by chlorine 20 to 200mg/L (to 1.4 log CFU/100mL), ABAV 0.5 to 1.5% (to 2.7 log CFU/100mL), FVS 0.5% (to 2.7 log CFU/100mL) and lactic acid 0.8 to 1.6% (to 3.4 log CFU/100mL). Only the use of chlorine enabled the reduction of the Y&M wash water contamination significantly (from 3.4 to 1.4 log CFU/100mL). The low physicochemical build-up of the sugar snap wash water during the industrial washing process makes free chlorine attractive as a water disinfectant to prevent bacterial and fungal cross-contamination, whereas the sanitizers based on organic acids are not, due to their weak water disinfection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Van Haute
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Industrial Biological Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
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25
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Goodburn C, Wallace CA. The microbiological efficacy of decontamination methodologies for fresh produce: A review. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Massey LM, Hettiarachchy NS, Martin EM, Ricke SC. Electrostatic Spray of Food-Grade Organic Acids and Plant Extract to Reduce Escherichia coli
O157:H7 on Fresh-Cut Cantaloupe Cubes. J Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leighanna M. Massey
- Department of Food Science and Institute of Food Engineering; University of Arkansas; 2650 N. Young Avenue Fayetteville AR 72704
| | - Navam S. Hettiarachchy
- Department of Food Science and Institute of Food Engineering; University of Arkansas; 2650 N. Young Avenue Fayetteville AR 72704
| | - Elizabeth M. Martin
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR 72701
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science and Institute of Food Engineering; University of Arkansas; 2650 N. Young Avenue Fayetteville AR 72704
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Perumalla AVS, Hettiarachchy NS, Over K, Ricke SC, Slavik MF, Gbur E, Davis B, Acosta S. Effect of partial replacement of potassium lactate and sodium diacetate by natural green tea and grape seed extracts and postpackaging thermal treatment on the growth ofListeria monocytogenesin hotdog model system. Int J Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael F. Slavik
- Department of Poultry Science; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville; AR; 72701; USA
| | - Edward Gbur
- Agricultural Statistics Laboratory; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville; AR; 72701; USA
| | - Brad Davis
- Tyson Foods, Inc.; Springdale; AR; 72764; USA
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Vadlamudi S, Taylor TM, Blankenburg C, Castillo A. Effect of chemical sanitizers on Salmonella enterica serovar Poona on the surface of cantaloupe and pathogen contamination of internal tissues as a function of cutting procedure. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1766-73. [PMID: 23043824 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Survival of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Poona on surface and stem scar portions of inoculated cantaloupe following sanitizer application, transfer of pathogen from the rind to the flesh during cutting, and growth of Salmonella Poona on cantaloupe cubes over 15 days of refrigerated storage were investigated. Cantaloupes inoculated with a rifampin-resistant strain of Salmonella Poona (10(7) CFU/ml) for 3 min and dried for 12 h were washed with chlorine (200 mg free chlorine per liter, 3 min), lactic acid (2%, 2 min), or ozone (30 mg/liter, 5 min). Fresh-cut cantaloupe cubes were prepared by (i) cutting the cantaloupe and then removing the rind or by (ii) peeling the rind and then cutting the flesh into pieces. The numbers of Salmonella bacteria recovered were higher in the stem scar portion (6.3 ± 0.3 log CFU/cm(2)) than the surface (4.8 ± 0.2 log CFU/cm(2)). Surface treatment with tap water or chlorine did not reduce Salmonella numbers, while treatment with lactic acid or ozone reduced Salmonella by 2.5 or 2.3 log CFU/cm(2), respectively. The use of lactic acid to sanitize the cantaloupes resulted in less Salmonella transfer to flesh during cutting; Salmonella numbers decreased to below detectable levels over 9 days of refrigerated (4°C) storage. Cutting cantaloupes after peeling the rind was more effective at reducing transfer of Salmonella to the internal tissue than cutting of cantaloupes prior to rind removal. These data suggest that treatment of cantaloupe rinds with lactic acid or ozone may be effective at reducing Salmonella numbers, while lactic acid application resulted in reduction of Salmonella transfer to cantaloupe flesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasi Vadlamudi
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
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Ganesh V, Hettiarachchy NS, Griffis CL, Martin EM, Ricke SC. Electrostatic spraying of food-grade organic and inorganic acids and plant extracts to decontaminate Escherichia coli O157:H7 on spinach and iceberg lettuce. J Food Sci 2012; 77:M391-6. [PMID: 22757712 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The prevalence of foodborne illnesses is continually on rise. In the U.S.A., Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli) has been associated with several outbreaks in minimally processed foods. Spinach and lettuce pose higher food safety risks and recurring food recalls suggest the insufficiency of current disinfection strategies. We aimed at offering a natural antimicrobial alternative using organic acids (malic, tartaric, and lactic acids [MA, TA, and LA, respectively]) and grape seed extract (GSE) and a novel application method using electrostatic spraying to evenly distribute the antimicrobials onto produce. Spinach and lettuce samples were washed, sanitized with sodium hypochlorite solution (6.25 mL/L), dip inoculated in water containing E. coli (7.0 log CFU/mL) for 24 h, and rewashed with sterile water to remove nonadhered pathogens. The samples were sprayed electrostatically with MA, LA, and GSE alone and in combinations and for comparison, with phosphoric acid (PA) and pH controls with deionized water adjusted to 1.5/2.3/3.6 and stored at 4 °C. When combined with LA (3%), MA (3%) showed 2.1 to 4.0 log CFU/g reduction of E. coli between the days 1 and 14 on spinach and 1.1 to 2.5 log CFU/g reduction on lettuce. Treatment with PA (1.5%) and PA (1.5%)-GSE (2%) exhibited 1.1 to 2.1 log CFU/g inhibition of E. coli on spinach during the 14-d storage. Our findings demonstrated the efficacy of electrostatic spraying of MA, LA, and GSE on fresh produce to improve the safety and lower the public health burden linked to produce contamination. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Electrostatic spraying is an emerging technique that can be adopted to improve the distribution and application of antimicrobials during fresh produce sanitation. Relatively simple and quick, the process can access most/all parts of produce surface and offer protection from food pathogens. The use of malic and lactic acids with or without grape seed extract can serve as effective antimicrobials when sprayed electrostatically, lowering the risk from postcontamination issues with spinach and iceberg lettuce. This application technology can be extended to improve the commercial food safety of other produce, fruits, poultry, and meat.
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Neal JA, Marquez-Gonzalez M, Cabrera-Diaz E, Lucia LM, O'Bryan CA, Crandall PG, Ricke SC, Castillo A. Comparison of multiple chemical sanitizers for reducing Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Faith NG, Waldron T, Czuprynski CJ. Reduction in resident microflora, and experimentally inoculated Salmonella enterica, on spinach leaves treated with vinegar and canola oil. J Food Prot 2012; 75:567-72. [PMID: 22828283 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we explored the use of vinegar, or vinegar and canola oil as a salad dressing, to reduce bacterial levels on spinach leaves. We found that incubation of spinach leaves with various types of vinegar substantially reduced the predominantly gram-negative microflora. A similar response was observed when spinach leaves were incubated with white vinegar mixed in various proportions with canola oil, as used in salad dressing. We assessed the effects of vinegar, or vinegar and oil, on spinach leaves that had been experimentally inoculated with a cocktail of Salmonella enterica strains. Allowing the mixture to sit at room temperature for at least 20 min resulted in a substantial reduction (up to 2.0 log CFU) in numbers of S. enterica. Vinegar and oil caused a limited reduction in CFU (0.5 log) for spinach leaves experimentally inoculated with a cocktail of Listeria monocytogenes strains. These findings suggest that mixing spinach leaves with vinegar and oil as a salad dressing can reduce the bacterial load associated with the spinach leaves, including Salmonella if it is present.
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