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Chen W, Wright L, Li S, Cosloy SD, Russell CS, Lee S. Expression of glutamyl-tRNA reductase in Escherichia coli. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1309:109-21. [PMID: 8950186 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(96)00117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the hemes, chlorophylls, corrins and other tetrapyrroles begins with the synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). The pathway is highly conserved except for the synthesis of ALA which is derived from glycine and succinyl CoA (C4) in most eukaryotes and from glutamate (C5) in most bacteria and in green plants. In C5, glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (GTS) converts glutamate to glutamyl-tRNA (glu-tRNA), which is reduced by glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GTR) to glutamyl-1-semialdehyde (GSA), which is converted by aminotransferase (GSA-AT) to ALA. Since GTS is also involved in protein synthesis and GSA can be converted to ALA non-enzymatically, it is highly probable that control of ALA synthesis and thus of the whole pathway resides in the GTR step. In Escherichia coli, GTR is the gene product of hemA. BL21(DE3), a protease-deficient strain which contains the T7 RNA polymerase gene in front of a lac promoter, was transformed with a pET14b-based vector, pWC01, harboring hemA in front of a T7 promoter and ORF1 which is transcribed in the opposite direction. The transformed strain, WC1201, secreted ALA and porphyrins into the medium. Induction of expression of hemA by WC1201 was optimized for concentration of inducer (IPTG, 5 mM), temperature (37 degrees C), presence of betaine and sorbitol (no change) and time of induction (2h). GTR was observable as a 46 kDa band by Brilliant blue G staining of SDS-PAGE gels. Sonicates of the induction mixture exhibited strong ALA synthesis activity which was enhanced by tRNAglu. Most of the activity was in the supernatant of the sonicate indicating that GTR is a soluble enzyme. The induced strain had more GTS activity than the uninduced strain which had more GTS activity than its parent wild-type strain. Autoradiography on native gradient PAGE showed that GTR expressed in vivo by induction of WC1201 had a molecular weight of approx. 117 kDa. Gel filtration of the induced sonicate showed a peak of enzymatic activity at about 126 kDa. When pET14b- or pUC19-based plasmids harboring hemA and ORF1, or importantly, a pUC19-based plasmid harboring only hemA and not ORF1, were expressed in an in vitro transcription-translation system, native gradient PAGE showed a product with a molecular weight of approximately 175 kDA. This expression was higher in the presence of tRNAglu. When the 117 kDa and 175 kDa proteins were excised from their native gels respectively, and run on SDS PAGE, autoradiography showed bands at 46 kDa. We conclude that GTR is present in both high molecular weight species. Since overexpression of hemA from pET14b-based plasmids is associated with increased glutamyl-tRNA synthetase activity, the 175 kDa species may represent different complexes of GTR, GTS and glutamyl-tRNA as observed in Chlamydomonas and the 117-126 kDa species may be an dimer of GTR associated with glu-tRNA or a complex of GTR, GTS and glu-tRNA. These possibilities are being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Chen
- Department of Biology, City College of New York, City University of New York, NY 10031, USA
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McKinney CE, Ades IZ. Production of delta-aminolevulinic acid: characterization of murine liver 4,5-dioxovaleric acid: L-alanine aminotransferase. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 23:803-10. [PMID: 1773884 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(91)90063-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. We report on the kinetic properties of murine liver 4,5-dioxovaleric acid:L-alanine aminotransferase (DOVA transaminase). 2. The transamination of 4,5-dioxovaleric acid (DOVA) led to the production of delta-aminolevulinic acid. 3. L-Alanine was the preferred amino group donor among the common 20 amino acids. 4. The optimum pH of the reaction was 7-8. 5. A Km of 220 microM for DOVA and a Km of 970 microM for L-alanine were obtained. 6. The reaction was inhibited by each of the following: glyoxylate, beta-chloroalanine, methylglyoxal, delta-aminolevulinate, pyruvate, heme, and gabaculine. 7. None of several xenobiotic inducers of microsomal mixed function oxidases tested had a significant effect on DOVA transaminase activity in studies performed with murine primary hepatocyte cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E McKinney
- Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
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Beale SI, Weinstein JD. Chapter 5 Biochemistry and regulation of photosynthetic pigment formation in plants and algae. BIOSYNTHESIS OF TETRAPYRROLES 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Lombardo ME, Araujo LS, Juknat AA, Batlle AM. Glutamate:4,5-dioxovaleric acid transaminase from Euglena gracilis. Kinetic studies. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 182:657-60. [PMID: 2502394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic properties of the enzyme L-glutamate:4,5-dioxovaleric acid aminotransferase (Glu:DOVA transaminase) from Euglena gracilis have been studied. 5-Aminolevulinic acid formation was linear with time for at least 45 min at 37 degrees C and L-glutamate was the most effective amino-group donor. Lineweaver-Burk double-reciprocal plots suggested a ping-pong reaction mechanism, with Km values for L-glutamate and DOVA of 1.92 mM and 0.48 mM respectively. Competitive parabolic substrate inhibition by DOVA at concentrations greater than 3.5-4.5 mM was observed. Glyoxylate (4-10 mM) was found to be a competitive inhibitor with respect to DOVA, whereas at low concentrations (0-4 mM) noncompetitive plots were obtained. An analysis of the possible enzyme forms involved, was carried out. In more crude preparations most of the enzyme is found to be in the form of an enzyme-glutamate complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Lombardo
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias, Faculdad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
A hemA mutant of Escherichia coli containing a multicopy plasmid which complemented the mutation excreted 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) into the medium. [1-14C]glutamate was substantially incorporated into ALA by this strain, whereas [2-14C]glycine was not. Periodate degradation of labeled ALA showed that C-5 of ALA was derived from C-1 of glutamate. The synthesis of ALA by two sonicate fractions which had been processed by gel filtration and dialysis, respectively, was dependent on glutamate, ATP, NADPH, tRNA(Glu), and pyridoxal phosphate. tRNA(Glu) stimulated ALA synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment with RNase reduced this stimulation. The amino acid sequence of the cloned insert, derived from the nucleotide sequence (J.-M. Li, C. S. Russell, and S. D. Cosloy, J. Cell Biol. 107:617a, 1988), showed no homology with any ALA synthase sequenced to date. These results suggest that E. coli synthesizes ALA by the C5 pathway from the intact five-carbon chain of glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Li
- Department of Biochemistry, City College, City University of New York, New York 10031
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Lombardo ME, Araujo LS, Juknat AA, Del C. Batllet AM. Effect of illumination on growth, chlorophyll content and δ-aminolevulinic acid synthesis in Euglena gracilis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(88)90143-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kindle KL. Expression of a gene for a light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: effect of light and acetate. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1987; 9:547-563. [PMID: 24277192 DOI: 10.1007/bf00020532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/1987] [Accepted: 08/17/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins of photosystem II are encoded in the nucleus by a small family of genes. We have studied the expression of one gene, which we call cabII-1, in a green-in-the-dark strain, which can synthesize chlorophyll in the dark or light, and in a yellow-in-the-dark mutant strain, which is able to make chlorophyll only in the light. In light/dark synchronized cultures of both strains, cabII-1 mRNA abundance increases during the first 6 h of a 12-h light phase, remains high for several hours, then declines. A variety of illumination conditions have been used to analyze the cabII-1 mRNA increase: continuous or intermittent red, blue, or white light, with or without 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), an inhibitor of photosystem II. Our results suggest that light induces increased cabII-1 transcript abundance in two ways: 1) by virtue of its role in the light reactions of photosynthesis and 2) by a blue lightstimulated mechanism which is independent of photosynthesis.We have also examined the role of acetate in regulating cabII-1 mRNA levels in the dark. In both green- and yellow-in-the-dark strains, 15 mM Na-acetate, added to synchronized cells in the dark, induces an increase in cabII-1 mRNA abundance with a temporal accumulation pattern very similar to that induced by continuous white light. We suggest that by providing an energy source, acetate stimulates cellular growth, cell cycle progression, and increased cabII-1 mRNA abundance. Interestingly, in cells exposed to light, acetate inhibits the light-induced increase in cabII-1 mRNA abundance by a mechanism which is not yet understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Kindle
- Section of Biochemistry, Molecular, and Cell Biology, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Weinstein JD, Beale SI. Separate physiological roles and subcellular compartments for two tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathways in Euglena gracilis. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)32293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Meller E, Gassman M. Biosynthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid: Two pathways in higher plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(82)90038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Brumm PJ, Thomas GA, Friedmann HC. The role of 4,5-dioxovaleric acid in porphyrin and vitamin B12 formation by clostridia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982; 104:814-22. [PMID: 7073718 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(82)90710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Sandmann G, Böger P. Influence of light on plastocyanin formation in the alga Scenedesmus acutus. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1981; 2:281-289. [PMID: 24470247 DOI: 10.1007/bf00056265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/1981] [Revised: 10/29/1981] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Scenedesmus acutus, pregrown autotrophically, forms high levels of plastocyanin during an initiation period of 24 hr in the light, after cupric ions have been added to depleted cells. In the dark, no plastocyanin formation is observed. This is in contrast to heterotrophic cells which, over the same period and under identical conditions, yield about half the plastocyanin level regardless of whether they are incubated in the dark or in the light. The ATP level is high in all cases when substantial formation of plastocyanin takes place, while the (35)S-sulfolipid level, the marker of thylakoid formation, is at variance. After the 24-hr plastocyanin formation period, the (35)S-sulfolipid level is high in illuminated autotrophic cells as well as in dark-incubated heterotrophic ones, but low in illuminated heterotrophic cells, all of them having substantial plastocyanin contents. Additional experiments on light dependence of copper uptake, influence of light quality, occurrence of apoplastocyanins, provide a set of data to assume that the role of light in plastocyanin formation is primarily through photophosphorylation, the ATP presumably being necessary for processing of plastocyanin precursors to holoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sandmann
- Lehrstuhi für Physiologie und Biochemie der Pflanzen, Universität Konstanz, D-7750, Konstanz, Germany
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Kato K, Shimizu S. Metabolism of Chlorophyll in Higher Plants V. Chlorophyll Biosynthesis in Nicotiana Callus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(81)80103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Klein O, Dörnemann D, Senger H. Two biosynthetic pathways to 5-aminolevulinic acid in algae. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 12:725-8. [PMID: 6778722 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(80)90152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Senger H, Klein O, Dörnemann D, Porra RJ. The Action of Blue Light on 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Formation. THE BLUE LIGHT SYNDROME 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67648-2_49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Senger H, Rühl D. The influence of pentachlorophenol on the biosynthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid and chlorophyll. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 12:1045-8. [PMID: 6778721 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(80)90209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Meisch HU, Bellmann I. Light Dependence of the Vanadium Induced Formation of Chlorophyll and δ-Aminolevulinic Acid in Chlorella. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(80)80052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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The Effect of Light Quality and the Mode of Illumination on Chloroplast Development in Etiolated Bean Leaves. THE BLUE LIGHT SYNDROME 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67648-2_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Troxler RF, Offner GD. delta-Aminolevulinic acid synthesis in a Cyanidium caldarium mutant unable to make chlorophyll a and phycobiliproteins. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 195:53-65. [PMID: 475388 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Porra RJ, Grimme LH. Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in algae and higher plants: a discussion of the importance of the 5-aminolaevulinate synthase and the dioxovalerate transaminase pathways in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 9:883-6. [PMID: 744290 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(78)90064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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