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Karlsson JKG, Laude A, Hall MJ, Harriman A. Photo-isomerization of the Cyanine Dye Alexa-Fluor 647 (AF-647) in the Context of dSTORM Super-Resolution Microscopy. Chemistry 2019; 25:14983-14998. [PMID: 31515919 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyanine dyes, as used in super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, undergo light-induced "blinking", enabling localization of fluorophores with spatial resolution beyond the optical diffraction limit. Despite a plethora of studies, the molecular origins of this blinking are not well understood. Here, we examine the photophysical properties of a bio-conjugate cyanine dye (AF-647), used extensively in dSTORM imaging. In the absence of a potent sacrificial reductant, light-induced electron transfer and intermediates formed via the metastable, triplet excited state are considered unlikely to play a significant role in the blinking events. Instead, it is found that, under conditions appropriate to dSTORM microscopy, AF-647 undergoes reversible photo-induced isomerization to at least two long-lived dark species. These photo-isomers are characterized spectroscopically and their interconversion probed by computational means. The first-formed isomer is light sensitive and transforms to a longer-lived species in modest yield that could be involved in dSTORM related blinking. Permanent photobleaching of AF-647 occurs with very low quantum yield and is partially suppressed by the anaerobic redox buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K G Karlsson
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, SNES, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Alex Laude
- Bio-Imaging Unit, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Michael J Hall
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Anthony Harriman
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, SNES, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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Yao QC, Wu DE, Xia M. Synthesis, crystal structure, property research, and DFT calculation of 2,3-diphenylfuro[3,2-b]quinoxaline. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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3
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Mitra P, Banerjee M, Biswas S, Basu S. Protein interactions of Merocyanine 540: Spectroscopic and crystallographic studies with lysozyme as a model protein. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 121:46-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Gai W, Yang Q, Xiang J, Sun H, Shang Q, Li Q, Jiang W, Guan A, Zhang H, Tang Y, Xu G. Roles of flanking sequences in the binding between unimolecular parallel-stranded G-quadruplexes and ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5639-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zhang Y, Görner H. Photoprocesses of merocyanine 540 bound to serum albumin and lysozyme. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Benniston AC, Copley G. Lighting the way ahead with boron dipyrromethene (Bodipy) dyes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:4124-31. [DOI: 10.1039/b901383k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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7
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Yang Q, Xiang J, Li Q, Yan W, Zhou Q, Tang Y, Xu G. Chiral Transformation of Cyanine Dye Aggregates Induced by Small Peptides. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:8783-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp803076d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianfan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Center for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry for Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Center for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry for Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Center for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry for Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenpeng Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Center for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry for Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuju Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Center for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry for Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yalin Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Center for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry for Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhi Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Center for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry for Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
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8
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Benniston AC, Harriman A, McCulloch IE, Mehrabi M, Rostron SA, Sams CA. Photophysical properties of an extended bis-oxonol dye. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(03)00433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Benniston AC, Matousek P, McCulloch IE, Parker AW, Towrie M. Detailed Picosecond Kerr-Gated Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy and Time-Resolved Emission Studies of Merocyanine 540 in Various Solvents. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027343z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Benniston
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), Bedson Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K., and Central Laser Facility, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Pavel Matousek
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), Bedson Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K., and Central Laser Facility, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Iain E. McCulloch
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), Bedson Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K., and Central Laser Facility, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Anthony W. Parker
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), Bedson Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K., and Central Laser Facility, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Michael Towrie
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), Bedson Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K., and Central Laser Facility, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K
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Abstract
The reactive nature of species derived from oxygen, such as singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, has been exploited in the clinical setting for targeting bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells by photodynamic excitation of a variety of chromophores. This modality, termed photodynamic therapy (PDT), is currently being used to treat some forms of cancer. However, the applicability of conventional PDT is limited due to the absolute dependence on simultaneous exposure of the target to the photoactive compound and light. In 1990, we demonstrated that the need for simultaneous exposure of the biological target to light and photosensitizer could be circumvented by prior exposure (activation) of the sensitizer molecule to light and its subsequent use as any other anti-cancer or anti-viral drug. By dint of the nature of the protocol, this process was termed preactivation. Since then, the generation of biologically active molecules in vitro by preactivation has been validated using a variety of chromophores, such as merocyanine 540, Photofrin II, and naphthalimide. Here we briefly review the role of reactive oxygen species in the photodynamic effect, and provide an explanation for the mechanism of preactivation. We propose that photo-oxidation not only provides a novel means for the generation of biologically active molecules, but could also explain, at least in part the mechanism of conventional PDT. It is likely that the light-dependent breakdown of the chromophore to generate novel active compounds, in addition to reactive oxygen species, also contributes to the photodynamic damage observed on simultaneous exposure of the chromophore and target tissue to light during PDT.-Pervaiz, S. Reactive oxygen-dependent production of novel photochemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Sharman
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebéc, Canada
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Mishra A, Behera RK, Behera PK, Mishra BK, Behera GB. Cyanines during the 1990s: A Review. Chem Rev 2000; 100:1973-2012. [PMID: 11749281 DOI: 10.1021/cr990402t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 954] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Mishra
- Centre of Studies in Surface Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar 768 019, Orissa, India
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15
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Bilski P, McDevitt T, Chignell CF. Merocyanine 540 Solubilized as an Ion Pair with Cationic Surfactant in Nonpolar Solvents: Spectral and Photochemical Properties. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb03344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Lydaki E, Dimitriou H, Papazoglou T, Liu WQ, Kalmanti M. Merocyanine 540 mediated photolysis of normal bone marrow, committed hemopoietic progenitors and neoplastic cells. implications for bone marrow purging. Leuk Res 1997; 21:641-50. [PMID: 9301685 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(97)00023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of merocyanine 540 (Mc 540) mediated photoirradiation on both neoplastic and normal hemopoietic progenitor cells was studied. Bone marrow (BM) cells from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) at initial diagnosis, ALL in remission, neuroblastoma and normal children as well as cells of Reh-6 and HL-60 cell lines were incubated with Mc 540 in the presence of human albumin (HA) and exposed to different argon laser 514 nm doses. Cell survival was estimated using Trypan Blue supravital stain following a 24-h incubation and leukemic cell lines were studied in continuous cell cultures of 4 weeks duration. Our results showed that HA protects normal BM cells from Mc 540 mediated phototoxicity. A 99.9999% inhibition of Reh-6 and HL-60 was noted at irradiation doses where the corresponding mean survival of normal BM cells was 77.4 +/- 12 and 70.3 +/- 10%, respectively. BM leukemic cells from children with ALL and AML were also very sensitive to Mc 540 photoirradiation in contrast to neuroblastoma cells where only a three-fold reduction was observed. Finally, the survival of normal BM progenitors was 38% for colony forming unit erythroid CFU-E, 37% for burst forming unit erythroid BFU-E, 55% for CFU-GM and 29% for CFU-GEMM. In conclusion it seems that Mc 540 mediated photoirradiation in neoplastic cells exerts selective cytotoxicity and can be used in ex vivo purging of malignant cells in BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lydaki
- Department of Ped Hematology-Oncology, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklio, Greece
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Fiedorowicz M, Pituch-Noworolska A, Zembala M. The photodynamic effect of Victoria blue BO on peripheral blood mononuclear and leukemic cells. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 65:855-61. [PMID: 9155257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb01934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The photodynamic effect of Victoria blue BO (VB-BO) and photoirradiation on peripheral blood mononuclear cells was studied. The cells were preincubated with VB-BO followed by photoirradiation and overnight culture. The highest percentage of dead cells (propidium iodide assay in flow cytometry) was seen in the monocyte population. The lymphocytes showed a lower sensitivity to VB-BO photodynamic action than the monocytes (12% vs 80% of PI-positive cells). The effect of VB-BO and phototreatment on lymphocyte function was studied using a mitogen-induced proliferation assay. A decrease of mitogen response was observed. The VB-BO and photoirradiation were also used on leukemic cells. The leukemic cells from acute myeloid leukemia and B precursors leukemia were sensitive to VB-BO photodynamic action. The high VB-BO sensitivity of monocytes and leukemic cells (myeloid and lymphoid B derived) suggests possible application of VB-BO for selective depletion of monocytes or sensitive leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fiedorowicz
- Department of Chemistry, Hugo Kołłatay University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland.
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Redmond RW, Kochevar IE, Krieg M, Smith G, McGimpsey WG. Excited State Relaxation in Cyanine Dyes: A Remarkably Efficient Reverse Intersystem Crossing from Upper Triplet Levels. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp963001f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Redmond
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Pediatrics Department, MACC Fund Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
| | - Irene E. Kochevar
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Pediatrics Department, MACC Fund Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
| | - Marianne Krieg
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Pediatrics Department, MACC Fund Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
| | - Glenn Smith
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Pediatrics Department, MACC Fund Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
| | - W. Grant McGimpsey
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Pediatrics Department, MACC Fund Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
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Lydaki E, Dimitriou H, Papazoglou T, Bolonaki E, Kalmanti M. Merocyanine 540 mediated photoirradiation of leukemic cells. In vitro inference on cell survival. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1996; 32:27-32. [PMID: 8725050 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(95)07210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the selective killing of merocyanine 540 (MC 540) mediated photoirradiation in neoplastic cells, bone narrow cells from children with leukaemia or neuroblastoma and normal children as well as peripheral blood cells and Reh-6 and HL-60 cell lines were studied. Cell suspensions were incubated with MC 540 and exposed to various argon laser 514 nm doses. Cell survival was estimated with trypan blue supravital stain following a 24 h incubation and has been followed in continuous cell cultures of 4 weeks duration. Our results showed that the inhibition of survival of neoplastic haemopoietic cells by laser in the presence of MC 540 is proportional to the MC 540 and photoirradiation doses. A 99.9999% inhibition of Reh-6 and HL-60 was noted at irradiation doses where the corresponding mean survival of normal bone narrow cells was (33.6 +/- 15.5)% and (50.6 +/- 10.7)% respectively. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were not sensitive to MC 540 mediated photoirradiation. The inhibition of survival of bone marrow metastatic neuroblastoma cells was (69.9 +/- 4.1)%. In conclusion, it seems that MC 540 mediated photoirradiation in neoplastic cells exerts selective cytotoxicity and can be used in ex vivo purging of malignant cells in the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lydaki
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Crete Medical School, Greece
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Šikurová L, Čunderlíková B, Turisová J, Waczulíková I. Interaction of merocyanine 540 with cations of physiological solutions. Anal Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(94)00390-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kochevar IE, Bouvier J, Lynch M, Lin CW. Influence of dye and protein location on photosensitization of the plasma membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1196:172-80. [PMID: 7841181 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(94)00236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two membrane-photosensitizing dyes were used to investigate whether selected sites in the plasma membrane vary in their sensitivity to damage by singlet oxygen (1O2*) and, if so, what factors are responsible for the variation. The relative ability of Rose bengal (RB) and merocyanine 540 (MC540), both of which localize in the plasma membrane and produce 1O2*, to photosensitize five plasma membrane functions in P388D1 cells was evaluated. The five membrane functions assessed were: plasma membrane potential, proline transport, facilitated glucose diffusion, 5'-nucleotidase activity, and dye exclusion. Photosensitization efficiency by RB varied by a factor of 188 for these membrane functions, whereas for MC540 a range of only 24 was found. RB was a more efficient photosensitizer than MC540 but the relative efficiencies varied with the membrane function. The wide range of P50 values for RB suggests that it binds selectively to membrane sites where it causes damage with high efficiency; possibly a non-1O2* mechanism is involved. In contrast, MC540 photosensitized the three membrane functions involving integral membrane proteins about equally suggesting that differences are due to small variations in the distribution of MC540 in the plasma membrane and/or variations in the inherent reactivity of the membrane targets with 1O2*. The results indicate that the lability of membrane sites to photosensitization depends both on their inherent reactivity with 1O2* and the relative location of specific protein and dye molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Kochevar
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114
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Redmond RW, Srichai MB, Bilitz JM, Schlomer DD, Krieg M. Merocyanine dyes: effect of structural modifications on photophysical properties and biological activity. Photochem Photobiol 1994; 60:348-55. [PMID: 7527561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1994.tb05114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Merocyanine derivatives were prepared by structural alterations at the barbituric acid or chalcogenazole moieties. The photophysical properties of the dyes were markedly influenced by the presence of selenium rather than sulfur as a substituent at position 2 of the barbiturate. In methanol, quantum yields of both triplet state (phi T) and singlet oxygen sensitization (phi delta) were increased by over an order of magnitude, with a concomitant decrease in fluorescence, when selenium was present in the molecule. Photoisomerization, one of the dominant deactivation pathways in the sulfur- or oxygen-containing analogues, was completely absent in the selenium-containing derivatives. Efficient triplet state formation was observed for selenium-containing derivatives incorporated into L1210 cells by diffuse reflectance laser flash photolysis. Cytotoxicity studies, carried out using clonogenic assays on L1210 leukemia cells, showed a good correlation with phi T and phi delta, measured in solution. Experimental evidence provided by this paper supports a triplet state-, and probably singlet oxygen-, mediated phototoxic mechanism. Photoisomerization or singlet state mechanisms can be discounted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Redmond
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114
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Gulliya KS, Sharma RK, Matthews JL, Benniston AC, Harriman A, Nemunaitis JJ. In vitro and in vivo growth suppression of MCF-7 human breast cancer by novel photoproducts and tamoxifen. Cancer 1994; 74:1725-32. [PMID: 8082074 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19940915)74:6<1725::aid-cncr2820740614>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preactivation is a novel photochemical method for the production of chemotherapeutic compounds that exert their biologic effects independent of light. The compounds that are produced, preactivated merocyanine 540 (pMC540) and merodantoin, are cytotoxic to cultured human breast cancer cells but are only minimally cytotoxic toward normal cells. Their effects against breast cancer have not been studied in vivo. METHODS Estrogen-stimulated human MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells were grown as solid tumors in athymic carrier mice. Animals bearing defined sizes of subcutaneously transplanted solid breast tumors received injections of pMC540 (250 mg/kg) with or without concurrent treatment with tamoxifen. Growth inhibitory effects of merodantoin (N,N'-dibutyl-2-thio-4,5-imidazolidion) on the breast tumor growth were determined. RESULTS Direct injection of established tumors with eight doses of pMC540 (250 mg/kg) administered on alternate days resulted in significant tumor regression (P = 0.002). In three of seven animals, palpable tumors could not be detected after this treatment (16 days). Treatment through intramuscular injections (20 doses) with pMC540 (250 mg/kg) also caused a significant suppression of tumor area (P = 0.004; P = 0.0882; P = 0.0903) and a marginally significant suppression of tumor weight and volume, respectively. Combined treatment with tamoxifen and pMC540 (100 mg/kg) caused a 67% suppression of breast tumor growth. Treatment with 20 doses of merodantoin (75 mg/kg) suppressed the growth of breast tumors by 98%. CONCLUSION To the authors' knowledge, these results show for the first time that photochemically generated novel compounds in pMC540 alone and in combination with tamoxifen are effective in suppressing in vivo growth of xenografted human MCF-7 breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Gulliya
- Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75226
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Onganer Y, Quitevis EL. Dynamics of merocyanine 540 in model biomembranes: photoisomerization studies in small unilamellar vesicles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1192:27-34. [PMID: 8204647 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(94)90139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescence lifetime, tau f, of merocyanine 540 (MC540) in small unilamellar vesicles was measured as a function of temperature and cholesterol content by using phase modulation fluorometry. These vesicles were formed by probe sonication of aqueous suspensions of egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cholesterol. The fluorescence lifetime of MC540 in these vesicles decreased with increasing temperature, but was independent of cholesterol. The decrease in tau f with temperature is attributed to trans-cis photoisomerization. At low temperatures, the inverse of tau f, or the fluorescence rate constant, kf, approaches a constant value of 0.45 +/- 0.02 ns-1, which corresponds to the value of the radiative rate constant, kr, of the dye. The photoisomerization rate constant, kiso, was obtained by subtracting kr from kf. The temperature dependence of kiso is well described by an Arrhenius equation, with an activation energy of 31.5 +/- 0.9 kJ mol-1. This Arrhenius behavior is rationalized in terms of the Smoluchowski limit for the Kramers theory for activated barrier crossing. The electronic spectra and kiso for MC540 in these vesicles are consistent with the dye being located in the polar headgroup region of the lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Onganer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
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Krieg M, Bilitz JM, Srichai MB, Redmond RW. Effects of structural modifications on the photosensitizing properties of dialkylcarbocyanine dyes in homogeneous and heterogeneous solutions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1199:149-56. [PMID: 8123664 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(94)90110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The photophysical characterization of structurally modified symmetric dialkylthiacarbocyanine dyes in homogeneous and biomimetic media is reported. The aim of the two specific structural modifications was to increase singlet oxygen production, hence enhancing the photosensitizing properties of these cyanine dyes. Specifically, (1) the sulfur was exchanged with selenium in order to enhance intersystem crossing via an internal heavy atom effect and (2) substituents of differing size were introduced into the meso-position of the polymethine chain to reduce photoisomerization. The result of incorporation of an internal heavy atom (selenium) into the structure of the dye yields the expected effect: this modification results in a 22-fold increase in the rate of intersystem crossing, but does not change the remaining competing deactivation rates of the first excited singlet state. As a consequence, singlet oxygen quantum yields increase from 0.001 to 0.014 in ethanol and from 0.006 to 0.08 in unilamellar liposomes. In the case of the meso-substituted thiacarbocyanine dyes, a significant reduction in photoisomerization is indeed observed. However, this modification drastically enhances internal conversion which then becomes the main deactivation pathway of the first excited singlet state. As a result, very small fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields are obtained, e.g. 0.006 and 0.001, respectively, in ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krieg
- Pediatrics Department, MACC Fund Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226
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26
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Tarshis M, Katzenel A, Rottem S. Use of Merocyanine 540 and Hoechst 33258 for the selective killing of contaminating mycoplasmas in cell cultures. J Immunol Methods 1994; 168:245-52. [PMID: 7508483 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(94)90061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma infection can substantially affect the biological properties of cells in vitro. We have devised a method for the selective killing of mycoplasmas, e.g., A. laidlawii, M. fermentans, M. hyorhinis and M. arginini, from experimentally infected cell cultures. This approach is based on the differential binding of the lipophilic fluorescent probe Merocyanine 540 followed by illumination with visible light. The efficiency of the procedure depends on the Merocyanine 540 concentration, the intensity of illumination, and the presence of oxygen in the medium. When A. laidlawii contaminated corneal endothelial cell cultures were treated simultaneously with Merocyanine 540 and DNA-binding fluorochrome Hoechst 33258 and then illuminated, a significant degree of eradication was observed, even after one cycle of treatment. This combined treatment is therefore recommended as an effective method of purging mycoplasmas from contaminated cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tarshis
- Department of Membrane and Ultrastructure Research, Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
Because of promising clinical results obtained with photodynamic therapy, more and more photosensitizers continue to be isolated (from natural sources), synthesized and evaluated, the development of which is considered to be a key factor for the successful clinical application of photodynamic therapy. Porphyrins and their analogs (as classical types of phototherapeutic agents) have been extensively reviewed. In this review, we have attempted to summarize the phototherapeutic potential (in particular, anticancer and antiviral aspects) of nonporphyrin photosensitizers (as a new generation of phototherapeutic agents) in more detail, which have been relatively much less reviewed hitherto. They include anthraquinones, anthrapyrazoles, perylenequinones, xanthenes, cyanines, acridines, phenoxazines and phenothiazines. They have shown certain phototherapeutic advantages over the presently used porphyrins. Some anthraquinones, perylenequinones, cyanines, phenoxazines and phenothiazines exhibit strong light absorption in the 'phototherapeutic window' (600-1000 nm), high photosensitizing efficacy and low delayed skin photosensitivity. Some of the nonporphyrin photosensitizers (such as rhodamine 123, merocyanine 540 and some cyanine cationic dyes) demonstrate higher selectivity for tumor cells. They can also be explored in connection with selective carcinoma photolysis strategy based on mitochondrion-, lysosome- or DNA-directed localization mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Diwu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Krieg M, Srichai MB, Redmond RW. Photophysical properties of 3,3'-dialkylthiacarbocyanine dyes in organized media: unilamellar liposomes and thin polymer films. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1151:168-74. [PMID: 8373793 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(93)90101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
All symmetrical dialkylthiacarbocyanine dyes, with the exception of the diethyl derivatives, are incorporated into liposomes. Absorption and fluorescence data indicate a solubilization site close to the bilayer surface with the alkyl chains penetrating into the lipid bilayer. Incorporation into organized assemblies affects the photophysical parameters of these dyes. Photoisomerization occurring from the first excited state becomes more difficult as the restrictive effect of the solubilization site increases. As a consequence, competing deactivation processes, such as fluorescence and triplet formation, become more efficient with the result that fluorescence quantum yields, triplet yields and singlet oxygen quantum yields are larger in liposomes than in homogeneous solution. Dihexylthiacarbocyanine iodide has a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.27 and 0.10 (25 degrees C) in dimyristoylphosphatidyl-choline liposomes and ethanol, respectively, and the singlet oxygen yield increases by a factor three to 0.006 on going from ethanol to liposomes. The effect of a highly organized environment is even more pronounced in thin polymer films. In these systems, photoisomerization is completely inhibited and only triplet formation is observed in the transient absorption spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krieg
- Pediatrics Department, MACC Fund Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226
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Fiedorowicz M, Galindo JR, Julliard M, Mannoni P, Chanon M. Efficient photodynamic action of Victoria blue BO against the human leukemic cell lines K-562 and TF-1. Photochem Photobiol 1993; 58:356-61. [PMID: 8234469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb09574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic induced cytotoxicity by Victoria blue BO (VB-BO), merocyanine 540 (MC540), Nile blue A (NB) and 4-tetrasulfonatophenyl-porphyrin (4-TSPP) has been studied on two human leukemic cell lines: K-562 and TF-1. Cells were incubated with dyes and irradiated with different doses of white light. Cell survival was assessed by propidium iodide (PI) staining using flow cytometry analysis. Concentrations of 5 x 10(-8) M VB-BO were found to kill 75% of cells, and a concentration of 1 x 10(-7) M induced more than 99% of cell killing. To obtain the same cytotoxic level, the presence of 2.6 x 10(-5) M of MC540 during irradiation was needed. Under the conditions used, NB was ineffective as a photosensitizer, although uptake studies showed that this dye was taken by the cells in much greater amounts than any other studied dye. Cell cycle distribution of TF-1 cells, surviving MC540 or VB-BO photosensitization has been studied by flow cytometry analysis after staining with Hoechst 33342 and PI. It was found that cells in G1 phase were slightly more resistant toward MC540- and VB-BO-mediated photosensitization than cells in other phases of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fiedorowicz
- Laboratoire d'Activation, Mécanime, Modélisation Moléculaire: AMP-URA CNRS 1411, Faculté des Sciences Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France
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Krieg M, Redmond RW. Photophysical properties of 3,3'-dialkylthiacarbocyanine dyes in homogeneous solution. Photochem Photobiol 1993; 57:472-9. [PMID: 8475181 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb02321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of 3,3'-dialkylthiacarbocyanine iodides and chlorides were measured in various solvents. It was found that photoisomerization and fluorescence are the major contributors to the deactivation of the excited singlet state; intersystem crossing occurs with only a very low efficiency. In ethanol, a triplet yield of 0.004 and a singlet oxygen quantum yield of 0.002 were determined. The photophysical parameters of these dyes are not substantially influenced by the length of the alkyl chain or the size of the halide counterion. The substitution of an ethyl with an octadecyl-chain only slightly hinders photoisomerization, and the replacement of the chloride with an iodide reduces only marginally the fluorescence lifetimes and fluorescence quantum yields in chloroform. A significant external heavy-atom effect is observed using dibromoethane as a solvent: triplet and singlet oxygen yields increase 7-10-fold, and the triplet lifetime decreases from 55 microseconds to 15 microseconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krieg
- Pediatrics Department, MACC Fund Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226
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Pervaiz S, Battaglino M, Matthews JL, Gulliya KS. Biodistribution and toxicity of photoproducts of merocyanine 540. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1993; 31:467-74. [PMID: 8453686 DOI: 10.1007/bf00685037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Light-activated merocyanine 540 (pMC540) has been shown in our earlier studies to be effective against certain types of tumor cells and viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). To test the potential extracorporeal and systemic use of pMC540, its toxicity was investigated in DBA/2 mice, pigs, and dogs. The lethal dose in DBA/2 mice after an i.p. injection was 370 mg/kg, and the 50% lethal dose (LD50) was 320 mg/kg; however, following i.v. administration, the lethal dose and the LD50 dose were 240 and 160 mg/kg, respectively. Tritium-labeled MC540 was used to study the biodistribution of pMC540 in DBA/2 mice. Almost 70% of the injected radioactivity was excreted within 6 h of injection. After 1 week, the pMC540 was almost completely cleared, with only 1.89% of the activity remaining, and had a plasma half-life of 23 h. Pigs injected with an accumulated dose of 10 mg/kg and followed for a period of 30 days did not show adverse signs of toxicity as monitored by SMAC-28 analysis, CBC profile, and blood-coagulation studies. A dog injected with a single dose of 20 mg/kg showed induction of the hepatic enzymes glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (AST); however, serum levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) remained unchanged. The data presented herein may serve to identify certain drug-dose limitations in the systemic use of pMC540.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pervaiz
- Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75226
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Gulliya KS, Chanh T, Harriman A, Aronoff BL, Matthews JL. Preactivation: a new concept for generation of photoproducts for potential therapeutic applications. SEMINARS IN SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 1992; 8:250-3. [PMID: 1386471 DOI: 10.1002/ssu.2980080411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Controlled exposure of photoactive compounds to light prior to their use in biological targets results in the formation of heretofore unknown photoproducts. This process of photoproduct generation, termed preactivation, renders the photoactive compound capable of systemic use without further dependence on light. We have demonstrated that preactivated Merocyanine and preactivated Photofrin-II possess significant antitumor and antiviral activity against certain tumor cells and viruses, while under identical conditions normal cells and tissues are minimally affected. Thus, the preactivation procedure may represent a promising therapeutic modality for controlling systemic malignancies and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Gulliya
- Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas 75226
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Affiliation(s)
- J Moan
- Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo
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Krieg M. Singlet oxygen production and fluorescence yields of merocyanine 540: a comparative study in solution and model membrane systems. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1105:333-5. [PMID: 1586670 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(92)90212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen and fluorescence quantum yields of merocyanine 540 were measured in solution (methanol, ethanol, n-heptanol) and in model membrane systems (cationic micelles, unilamellar dimyristoyl- and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles). Both singlet oxygen quantum yields and fluorescence quantum yields increase with increasing viscosity/rigidity of the surrounding medium: the yield of singlet oxygen production (24 degrees C) goes from 0.002 in methanol to 0.04 in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles, and fluorescence yields (25 degrees C) change from 0.14 to 0.61 in the same media. The data are consistent with previous findings that photoisomerization is in direct competition with intersystem crossing and radiative relaxation. Therefore, a singlet oxygen yield close to the maximum value of 0.11 can only be achieved after both photoisomerization and internal conversion are prevented by a highly viscous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krieg
- Department of Pediatrics, MACC Fund Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226
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Singh RJ, Feix JB, Kalyanaraman B. Photobleaching of merocyanine 540: involvement of singlet molecular oxygen. Photochem Photobiol 1992; 55:483-9. [PMID: 1620725 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb04268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the mechanism of merocyanine 540 (MC540) photobleaching in a liposomal system. Broad based visible irradiation of MC540 in unilamellar dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) vesicles resulted in dye bleaching that was strictly O2 dependent. The rate of self-sensitized photobleaching was enhanced in D2O and inhibited by both azide and histidine, consistent with 1O2 intermediacy (Type II chemistry). Supportive evidence for this mechanism was obtained by using a Type II sensitizer, aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (AlPcS lambda max = 678 nm). Irradiation of AlPcS and MC540 in DLPC with lambda greater than 630 nm (absorbed only by AlPcS) light resulted in rapid bleaching of MC540, which was stimulated by D2O and inhibited by azide. A rate constant of 10(7) M-1 s-1 was determined for the chemical quenching of 1O2 by MC540. The rate constant for physical quenching of 1O2 by MC540 was estimated to be ca 10(9) M-1 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Singh
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226
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Abstract
Exposure of certain photoactive dyes to light prior to their use in biological systems (preactivation) has been shown to result in formation of long-lived cytotoxic photoproducts. The cytotoxic species responsible for the biological activity of preactivated merocyanine 540 (pMC540) appears to be a hydroperoxide generated by oxidation of ground-state dye by singlet molecular oxygen, formed via energy transfer from triplet excited-state dye to oxygen. A positive correlation (r = .93) exists between the levels of hydroperoxides and percent of tumor cells killed upon exposure to pMC540. Exposure of bovine serum albumin (BSA) (0.5 mg/mL) to pMC540 (0.2 mg/mL-1 mg/mL) results in loss of tryptophan fluorescence and 345 nm emission, suggesting a probable role of either hydroxyl (.OH) or .OH + superoxide (O2-). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates fragmentation of treated BSA. Aggregation of pMC540-treated BSA is not detected. Bityrosine production is not observed. A dose-dependent decrease in BSA solubility is observed in treated samples, suggesting an increase in hydrophobicity. Amino acid analysis of BSA treated with pMC540 shows loss of some amino acids residues. The data presented here suggest that photoproducts of MC540 derived via the process of preactivation may mediate their effect (at least in part) by reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pervaiz
- Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75226
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Spikes
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112
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