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Activity control of pH-responsive photosensitizer bis(6-quinolinoxy)P(V)tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)porphyrin through intramolecular electron transfer. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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2
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Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of intraepithelial neoplasia of the cervix, vulva and vagina. BIOMEDICAL PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.24931/2413-9432-2020-9-4-31-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present review the authors analyzed the effectiveness of treatment of intraepithelial neoplasia I-II-III of the cervix (CIN), vulva (VIN) and vagina (VaIN) using photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT is a method based on exposure to light after preliminary introduction of a photosensitizer into the body with the formation of singlet oxygen, which has a cytotoxic effect. The results of research on the use of PDT with various photosensitizers in the complex of therapeutic measures in patients with CIN, VIN, VaIN are presented. These data on the effectiveness and safety of PDT, ease of use allow this medical technology to be attributed to one of the most promising areas in the treatment of pathological intraepithelial changes of the cervix, vulva and vagina. The presented information allows focusing the attention on the PDT method and informing doctors and researchers about the broad prospects for applying this treatment method in clinical practice.
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Soe TH, Watanabe K, Ohtsuki T. Photoinduced Endosomal Escape Mechanism: A View from Photochemical Internalization Mediated by CPP-Photosensitizer Conjugates. Molecules 2020; 26:E36. [PMID: 33374732 PMCID: PMC7793540 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal escape in cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-based drug/macromolecule delivery systems is frequently insufficient. The CPP-fused molecules tend to remain trapped inside endosomes and end up being degraded rather than delivered into the cytosol. One of the methods for endosomal escape of CPP-fused molecules is photochemical internalization (PCI), which is based on the use of light and a photosensitizer and relies on photoinduced endosomal membrane destabilization to release the cargo molecule. Currently, it remains unclear how this delivery strategy behaves after photostimulation. Recent findings, including our studies using CPP-cargo-photosensitizer conjugates, have shed light on the photoinduced endosomal escape mechanism. In this review, we discuss the structural design of CPP-photosensitizer and CPP-cargo-photosensitizer conjugates, and the PCI mechanism underlying their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tet Htut Soe
- Department of Biotechnology, Mandalay Technological University, Patheingyi, Mandalay 05072, Myanmar;
| | - Kazunori Watanabe
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
| | - Takashi Ohtsuki
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
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Turubanova VD, Balalaeva IV, Mishchenko TA, Catanzaro E, Alzeibak R, Peskova NN, Efimova I, Bachert C, Mitroshina EV, Krysko O, Vedunova MV, Krysko DV. Immunogenic cell death induced by a new photodynamic therapy based on photosens and photodithazine. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:350. [PMID: 31842994 PMCID: PMC6916435 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-cancer therapy is more successful when it can also induce an immunogenic form of cancer cell death (ICD). Therefore, when developing new treatment strategies, it is extremely important to choose methods that induce ICD and thereby activate anti-tumor immune response leading to the most effective destruction of tumor cells. The aim of this work was to analyze whether the clinically widely used photosensitizers, photosens (PS) and photodithazine (PD), can induce ICD when used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Methods Cell death in murine glioma GL261 or fibrosarcoma MCA205 cells was induced by PS- or PD-PDT and cell death was analyzed by MTT or flow cytometry. Intracellular distribution of PS and PD was studied by using the laser scanning microscope. Calreticulin exposure and HMGB1 and ATP release were detected by flow cytometry, ELISA and luminescence assay, respectively. Immunogenicity in vitro was analyzed by co-culturing of dying cancer cells with bone-marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and rate of phagocytosis and maturation (CD11c+CD86+, CD11c+CD40+) of BMDCs and production of IL-6 in the supernatant were measured. In vivo immunogenicity was analyzed in mouse tumor prophylactic vaccination model. Results We determined the optimal concentrations of the photosensitizers and found that at a light dose of 20 J/cm2 (λex 615–635 nm) both PS and PD efficiently induced cell death in glioma GL261 and fibrosarcoma MCA205 cells. We demonstrate that PS localized predominantly in the lysosomes and that the cell death induced by PS-PDT was inhibited by zVAD-fmk (apoptosis inhibitor) and by ferrostatin-1 and DFO (ferroptosis inhibitors), but not by the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 s. By contrast, PD accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and the cell death induced by PD-PDT was inhibited only by z-VAD-fmk. Dying cancer cells induced by PS-PDT or PD-PDT emit calreticulin, HMGB1 and ATP and they were efficiently engulfed by BMDCs, which then matured, became activated and produced IL-6. Using dying cancer cells induced by PS-PDT or PD-PDT, we demonstrate the efficient vaccination potential of ICD in vivo. Conclusions Altogether, these results identify PS and PD as novel ICD inducers that could be effectively combined with PDT in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria D Turubanova
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Laboratory, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhni Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Irina V Balalaeva
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhni Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana A Mishchenko
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhni Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Catanzaro
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Laboratory, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Razan Alzeibak
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhni Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Nina N Peskova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhni Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Iuliia Efimova
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Laboratory, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elena V Mitroshina
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhni Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Krysko
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria V Vedunova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhni Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitri V Krysko
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Laboratory, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. .,Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhni Novgorod, Russian Federation. .,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
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Nath S, Saad MA, Pigula M, Swain JW, Hasan T. Photoimmunotherapy of Ovarian Cancer: A Unique Niche in the Management of Advanced Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1887. [PMID: 31783651 PMCID: PMC6966499 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is the leading cause of gynecological cancer-related deaths in the United States, with five-year survival rates of 15-20% for stage III cancers and 5% for stage IV cancers. The standard of care for advanced OvCa involves surgical debulking of disseminated disease in the peritoneum followed by chemotherapy. Despite advances in treatment efficacy, the prognosis for advanced stage OvCa patients remains poor and the emergence of chemoresistant disease localized to the peritoneum is the primary cause of death. Therefore, a complementary modality that is agnostic to typical chemo- and radio-resistance mechanisms is urgently needed. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a photochemistry-based process, is an ideal complement to standard treatments for residual disease. The confinement of the disease in the peritoneal cavity makes it amenable for regionally localized treatment with PDT. PDT involves photochemical generation of cytotoxic reactive molecular species (RMS) by non-toxic photosensitizers (PSs) following exposure to non-harmful visible light, leading to localized cell death. However, due to the complex topology of sensitive organs in the peritoneum, diffuse intra-abdominal PDT induces dose-limiting toxicities due to non-selective accumulation of PSs in both healthy and diseased tissue. In an effort to achieve selective damage to tumorous nodules, targeted PS formulations have shown promise to make PDT a feasible treatment modality in this setting. This targeted strategy involves chemical conjugation of PSs to antibodies, referred to as photoimmunoconjugates (PICs), to target OvCa specific molecular markers leading to enhanced therapeutic outcomes while reducing off-target toxicity. In light of promising results of pilot clinical studies and recent preclinical advances, this review provides the rationale and methodologies for PIC-based PDT, or photo-immunotherapy (PIT), in the context of OvCa management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.N.); (M.A.S.); (M.P.)
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Garcia-Sampedro A, Tabero A, Mahamed I, Acedo P. Multimodal use of the porphyrin TMPyP: From cancer therapy to antimicrobial applications. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cationic porphyrin meso-tetra(4-[Formula: see text]-methylpyridyl)porphine (TMPyP) has a high yield of singlet oxygen generation upon light activation and a strong affinity for DNA. These advantageous properties have turned it into a promising photosensitizer for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this review, we have summarized the current state-of-the-art applications of TMPyP for the treatment of cancer as well as its implementation in antimicrobial PDT. The most relevant studies reporting its pharmacokinetics, subcellular localization, mechanism of action, tissue biodistribution and dosimetry are discussed. Combination strategies using TMPyP-PDT together with other photosensitizers and chemotherapeutic agents to achieve synergistic anti-tumor effects and reduce resistance to therapy are also explored. Finally, we have addressed emerging applications of this porphyrin, including nanoparticle-mediated delivery, controlled drug release, biosensing and G-quadruplex stabilization for tumor growth inhibition. Altogether, this work highlights the great potential and versatility that TMPyP can offer in different fields of biomedicine such us cancer treatment or antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Garcia-Sampedro
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Pond Street, NW3 2PG, London, UK
| | - Andrea Tabero
- Departament of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismahan Mahamed
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Pond Street, NW3 2PG, London, UK
| | - Pilar Acedo
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Pond Street, NW3 2PG, London, UK
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Shi S, Cho H, Sun Q, He Y, Ma G, Kim Y, Kim B, Kim O. Acanthopanacis Cortex extract: A novel photosensitizer for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:142-149. [PMID: 30836210 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to develop a novel photosensitizer from traditional plant extracts and to investigate the photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect and mechanism of action of the novel photosensitizer on KB and Hep-2 cells. METHODS Fluorescence emission, cell viability, and intracellular distribution of candidates were analyzed to screen potential photosensitizers from traditional plant extracts. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) quantification, Annexin V-FITC/PI staining, and western blotting were performed to explore the mechanism of cell death in KB and Hep-2 cells. RESULT Of 289 traditional plant extracts, 13 plant extracts with strong fluorescence were initially screened by fluorescence emission analysis. The cell viability assay and intracellular distribution of candidates showed that Acanthopanacis Cortex (AC) extract is a potential photosensitizer. Under optimal PDT conditions, high levels of ROS were produced in KB and Hep-2 cells, followed by cell death. However, there was no significant damage to HaCaT cells. Moreover, apoptosis induced by AC extract with 625 nm irradiation (IR) down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 protein and up-regulated the expression of Bax protein, as well as that of cleaved PARP-1 protein in both KB and Hep-2 cells. CONCLUSION The fluorescence intensity of AC extract at 420 nm is similar to that of the commercial Hematoporphyrin (HP). AC extract with 625 nm IR could enhance the PDT effect, induce ROS generation, and trigger apoptotic pathways in KB and Hep-2 cells. Therefore, we suggest that AC is a potential novel photosensitizer for PDT in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Shi
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea; Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hyejoung Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiaochu Sun
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuzhu He
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Guowu Ma
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Young Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Byunggook Kim
- Department of Oral Medicines, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61189, Republic of Korea
| | - Okjoon Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Berndt-Paetz M, Schulze P, Stenglein PC, Weimann A, Wang Q, Horn LC, Riyad YM, Griebel J, Hermann R, Glasow A, Stolzenburg JU, Neuhaus J. Reduction of Muscle-Invasive Tumors by Photodynamic Therapy with Tetrahydroporphyrin-Tetratosylat in an Orthotopic Rat Bladder Cancer Model. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:743-750. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Phillips D, Dhami S, Ostler R, Petrasek Z. The Dimerisation of Phthalocyanines. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/007967403322807390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we have shown that the dimerisation of phthalocyanine compounds, notably here the sulphonated aluminium phthalocyanines, is dependent upon concentration, on the medium in which the dye is dissolved, and upon pH. Complex equilibria between various monomer and dimer species are observed as a function of pH, and the probable structures of the dimers elucidated by semi-empirical and ab initio calculations. The formation of a red-shifted dimer leads to the quenching of monomer singlet state in concentrated solution, in reverse micelles, and in lipid vesicles, and this behaviour can account for the fluorescence intensity distributions and decay characteristics of phthalocyanine dyes in living cells as a function of irradiation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 1AZ, UK
| | - Suman Dhami
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 1AZ, UK
| | - Richard Ostler
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 1AZ, UK
| | - Zdenek Petrasek
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 1AZ, UK
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Brilkina AA, Dubasova LV, Sergeeva EA, Pospelov AJ, Shilyagina NY, Shakhova NM, Balalaeva IV. Photobiological properties of phthalocyanine photosensitizers Photosens, Holosens and Phthalosens: A comparative in vitro analysis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 191:128-134. [PMID: 30616037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Photobiological properties of phthalocyanine photosensitizers, namely, clinically approved Photosens and new compounds Holosens and Phthalosens were analyzed on transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (T24) and human hepatic adenocarcinoma (SK-HEP-1). Photosens is a sulfated aluminum phthalocyanine with the number of sulfo groups 3.4, which is characterized by a high degree of hydrophilicity, slow cellular uptake, localization in lysosomes and the lowest photodynamic activity. Holosens is an octacholine zinc phthalocyanine, a cationic compound with significant charge. Holosens more efficiently enters the cells; it is localized in Golgi apparatus in addition to lysosomes and exhibits a significant inhibitory effect on cell viability upon irradiation. The highest photodynamic activity was demostrated by Phthalosens. Phthalosens is a metal-free analog of Photosens with a number of sulfo groups 2.5, which determines its amphiphilicity. Phthalosens is characterized by the highest rate of cellular uptake through the outer cell membrane, localization in cell membrane as well as in lysosomes and Golgi apparatus, and the highest activity upon irradiation among the photosensitizers studied. In general, changes in the physicochemical properties of Holosens and Phthalosens ensured an increase in their efficiency in vitro compared to Photosens. The features of accumulation, intracellular distribution and their interrelation with photodynamic activity, revealed in this work, indicate the prospects of Phthalosens and Holosens for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Brilkina
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Lubov V Dubasova
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Sergeeva
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanova st, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Anton J Pospelov
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Natalia Y Shilyagina
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Natalia M Shakhova
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanova st, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Irina V Balalaeva
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia.
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12
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Bridges RJ, Bradbury NA. Cystic Fibrosis, Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator and Drugs: Insights from Cellular Trafficking. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 245:385-425. [PMID: 29460152 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic cell is organized into membrane-delineated compartments that are characterized by specific cadres of proteins sustaining biochemically distinct cellular processes. The appropriate subcellular localization of proteins is key to proper organelle function and provides a physiological context for cellular processes. Disruption of normal trafficking pathways for proteins is seen in several genetic diseases, where a protein's absence for a specific subcellular compartment leads to organelle disruption, and in the context of an individual, a disruption of normal physiology. Importantly, several drug therapies can also alter protein trafficking, causing unwanted side effects. Thus, a deeper understanding of trafficking pathways needs to be appreciated as novel therapeutic modalities are proposed. Despite the promising efficacy of novel therapeutic agents, the intracellular bioavailability of these compounds has proved to be a potential barrier, leading to failures in treatments for various diseases and disorders. While endocytosis of drug moieties provides an efficient means of getting material into cells, the subsequent release and endosomal escape of materials into the cytosol where they need to act has been a barrier. An understanding of cellular protein/lipid trafficking pathways has opened up strategies for increasing drug bioavailability. Approaches to enhance endosomal exit have greatly increased the cytosolic bioavailability of drugs and will provide a means of investigating previous drugs that may have been shelved due to their low cytosolic concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Bridges
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Neil A Bradbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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Zhang X, Cai L, He J, Li X, Li L, Chen X, Lan P. Influence and mechanism of 5-aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy on the metastasis of esophageal carcinoma. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 20:78-85. [PMID: 28811223 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of esophageal cancer was more and more popularly used since it was approved for the treatment of advanced esophageal cancer in 1996. It has been reported to influence the tumor growth and metastasis via a variety of signaling pathways, but its mechanism remains to be further studied. This research studied the effects of ALA-PDT on esophageal carcinoma in vitro and in vivo, discovering its molecular regulating mechanism and the way to enhence the PDT effect. METHODS Eca-109 cells were incubated with a medium containing EGFR tyrphostin AG1478 or PI3K inhibitor LY294002, then with ALA, and the cells were irradiated with the laser 6h later. The cell viability was measured with MTT assay, and the migration ability was detected by transwell experiments 24h post-ALA-PDT. The gene and protein expression on EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was analyzed by realtime PCR and Western blotting respectively. Then, RFP-Eca-109 burdened nude mice model was constructed, and were treated with ALA-PDT when the tumor volume reached 150-350mm3. The gene and protein expression were analyzed 24h and 50days post-ALA-PDT. RESULTS Our study showed that ALA-PDT respectively combined with AG1478, LY294002 could synergistically reduce the growth and migration ability of the Eca-109 cells in vitro and significantly down-regulate the protein expression of EGFR/PI3K and PI3K/AKT, meanwhile, significantly down-regulate the gene expression of EGFR when combining with AG1478. Forthermore, ALA-PDT could significantly decrease the tumor growth and metastasis and down-regulate the gene expression of EGFR and the protein expression of EGFR and PI3K in the tumor of mice. CONCLUSION This study revealed a molecular mechanism of ALA-PDT and developed a new modality application of therapy, by combining ALA-PDT with small molecular inhibitors, for better effect in the clinical practice of esophageal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Zhang
- The sixth affiliated hospital of SUN YAT-SEN University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longmei Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingcai He
- Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- The sixth affiliated hospital of SUN YAT-SEN University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Libo Li
- Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Oncology, Panyu Central Hospital, Cancer Institute of Panyu, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ping Lan
- The sixth affiliated hospital of SUN YAT-SEN University, Guangzhou, China.
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Photodynamic therapy with TMPyP – Porphyrine induces mitotic catastrophe and microtubule disorganization in HeLa and G361 cells, a comprehensive view of the action of the photosensitizer. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 173:522-537. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Berndt-Paetz M, Weimann A, Sieger N, Schastak S, Riyad YM, Griebel J, Arthanareeswaran VKA, Stolzenburg JU, Neuhaus J. Tetrahydroporphyrin-tetratosylat (THPTS): A near-infrared photosensitizer for targeted and efficient photodynamic therapy (PDT) of human bladder carcinoma. An in vitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 18:244-251. [PMID: 28279796 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficacy of PDT in muscle-invasive bladder cancer is hampered by low tissue penetration of most photosensitizers by short excitation wavelength. THPTS is excitable at near-infrared (760nm) allowing tissue penetration up to 15mm. We examined the cellular effects of THPTS-PDT in human bladder cancer cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used four human transitional carcinoma cell lines, epithelial bladder progenitors (HBLAK) and bladder smooth muscle cells (HBSMC). We used flow cytometry to examine pharmacokinetics of THPTS, confocal laser scanning microscopy to analyze subcellular localization and production of reactive oxidative species (ROS), examined cytotoxicity and cell death pathways (qRT-PCR). RESULTS Total uptake varied between cell lines and was significantly high in HBLAK and HBSMC. Lysosomal localization was mainly seen in cancer cells and HBLAK, while THPTS was distributed throughout the cytoplasm in HBSMC. Significant ROS production was detected 30min after THPTS-PDT. Growth arrest occurred within 4h and resulted in apoptotic and necrotic cytotoxicity after 24h. Cytotoxicity was dose-dependent and specifically high in cancer cells and HBLAK and significantly low in HBSMC. CONCLUSION THPTS-PDT induces cellular mechanisms leading to cellular growth arrest, apoptosis and necrosis in human bladder cancer cells. These effects are only partly dependent on the total amount of THPTS uptake and rather dependent on its subcellular compartmentalization. HBSMC are hardly affected by THPTS-PDT confirming tumor specificity and safety. THPTS is a promising new photosensitizer with the unique advantage of deep tissue penetration allowing the treatment of solid tumors and warranting further animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Berndt-Paetz
- Department of Urology, Research Laboratories, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Annett Weimann
- Department of Urology, Research Laboratories, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nadine Sieger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | - Yasser M Riyad
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification (IOM), Leipzig, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Jan Griebel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification (IOM), Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | | | - Jochen Neuhaus
- Department of Urology, Research Laboratories, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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16
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Jiang HN, Li Y, Cui ZJ. Photodynamic Physiology-Photonanomanipulations in Cellular Physiology with Protein Photosensitizers. Front Physiol 2017; 8:191. [PMID: 28421000 PMCID: PMC5378799 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Singlet oxygen generated in a type II photodynamic action, due to its limited lifetime (1 μs) and reactive distance (<10 nm), could regulate live cell function nanoscopically. The genetically-encoded protein photosensitizers (engineered fluorescent proteins such as KillerRed, TagRFP, and flavin-binding proteins such as miniSOG, Pp2FbFPL30M) could be expressed in a cell type- and/or subcellular organelle-specific manner for targeted protein photo-oxidative activation/desensitization. The newly emerged active illumination technique provides an additional level of specificity. Typical examples of photodynamic activation include permanent activation of G protein-coupled receptor CCK1 and photodynamic activation of ionic channel TRPA1. Protein photosensitizers have been used to photodynamically modulate major cellular functions (such as neurotransmitter release and gene transcription) and animal behavior. Protein photosensitizers are increasingly used in photon-driven nanomanipulation in cell physiology research.
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17
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Dąbrowski JM. Reactive Oxygen Species in Photodynamic Therapy: Mechanisms of Their Generation and Potentiation. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Vall-Sagarra A, McMicken B, Nonell S, Brancaleon L. Effects of Visible-Light Irradiation of Protoporphyrin IX on the Self-Assembly of Tubulin Heterodimers. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:3269-3282. [PMID: 27490308 PMCID: PMC5177992 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The formation and the effects of laser irradiation of the complex formed by protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) and tubulin was investigated. We have used tubulin as a model protein to investigate whether docked photoactive ligands can affect the structure and function of polypeptides upon exposure to visible light. We observed that laser irradiation in the Soret band prompts bleaching of the PPIX, which is accompanied by a sharp decrease in the intensity and average fluorescence lifetime of the protein (dominated by the four tryptophan residues of the tubulin monomer). The kinetics indicate non-trivial effects and suggest that the photosensitization of the PPIX bound to tubulin prompts structural alterations of the protein. These modifications were also observed through changes in the energy transfer between Trp residues and PPIX. The results suggest that laser irradiation produces localized partial unfolding of tubulin and that the changes prompt modification of the formation of microtubules in vitro. Measurements of singlet oxygen formation were inconclusive in determining whether the changes are prompted by reactive oxygen species or other excited state mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Vall-Sagarra
- Institut Quimic de Sarria, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Brady McMicken
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Quimic de Sarria, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Brancaleon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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19
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Gamaleia NF, Shton IO. Gold mining for PDT: Great expectations from tiny nanoparticles. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 12:221-31. [PMID: 25818545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Among many and various products, born by the modern nanotechnology, gold nanoparticles roused a special interest of biomedical researchers. Unique features of the nanoparticles allow to use them not only as effective transporters for therapeutic agents but also as basic components of nanocomposite preparations intended for targeted photodynamic and photothermal therapy of tumours. In the review, physical, chemical and biological properties of gold nanoparticles which can promote PDT efficiency of a designed nanocomposite, are briefly characterized, and promising trends in creation of gold-containing composite photosensitizers are analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai F Gamaleia
- Laboratory of Quantum Nanobiology, R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 45 Vasylkivska Str., Kyiv 03022, Ukraine.
| | - Irina O Shton
- Laboratory of Quantum Nanobiology, R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 45 Vasylkivska Str., Kyiv 03022, Ukraine
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20
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Barata JF, Zamarrón A, Neves MGP, Faustino MAF, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JA, Röder B, Juarranz Á, Sanz-Rodríguez F. Photodynamic effects induced by meso-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole and its cyclodextrin conjugates on cytoskeletal components of HeLa cells. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 92:135-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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21
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Dąbrowski JM, Arnaut LG. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer: from local to systemic treatment. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00132c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) requires a medical device, a photosensitizing drug and adequate use of both to trigger biological mechanisms that can rapidly destroy the primary tumour and provide long-lasting protection against metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis G. Arnaut
- Chemistry Department
- University of Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
- Luzitin SA
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22
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Basic and Clinical Aspects of Photodynamic Therapy. RESISTANCE TO TARGETED ANTI-CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12730-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Scholz M, Biehl AL, Dědic R, Hála J. The singlet-oxygen-sensitized delayed fluorescence in mammalian cells: a time-resolved microscopy approach. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:700-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00339j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Microsecond kinetics of singlet-oxygen-sensitized delayed fluorescence (SOSDF) have been detected from individual living fibroblast cells as a proof-of-concept. These provide valuable information about excited state lifetimes and their changes during PDT-like treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Scholz
- Charles University in Prague
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics
- The Czech Republic
| | - Anna-Louisa Biehl
- Charles University in Prague
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics
- The Czech Republic
- On leave from Ernst-Abbe-Fachhochschule Jena
| | - Roman Dědic
- Charles University in Prague
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics
- The Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hála
- Charles University in Prague
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics
- The Czech Republic
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24
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Ytzhak S, Ehrenberg B. The effect of photodynamic action on leakage of ions through liposomal membranes that contain oxidatively modified lipids. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:796-800. [PMID: 24588634 DOI: 10.1111/php.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen, created in photosensitization, peroxidizes unsaturated fatty acids of the membrane's lipids. This generates alcoholic or aldehyde groups at double bonds' breakage points. In a previous study, we examined the leakage of a K(+) -induced cross-membrane electric potential of liposomes that undergo photosensitization. The question remains to what extent peroxidized lipids can compromise the stability of the membrane. In this study, we studied the effect of the oxidatively modified lipids PGPC and ALDOPC in the membrane on its stability, by monitoring the membrane electric potential with the potentiometric dye DiSC(2)(5). As the content of the modified lipids increases the membrane becomes less stable, and even at just 2% of the modified lipids the membrane's integrity is affected, in respect to the leakage of ions through it. When the liposomes that contain the modified lipids undergo photosensitization by hematoporphyrin, the lipid bilayer becomes even more unstable and passage of ions is accelerated. We conclude that the existence of lipids with a shortened fatty acid that is terminated by a carboxylic acid or an aldehyde and more so when photosensitized damage occurs to unsaturated fatty acids in lecithin, add up to a critical alteration of the membrane, which becomes leaky to ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shany Ytzhak
- Department of Physics and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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25
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Aubertin K, Bonneau S, Silva AKA, Bacri JC, Gallet F, Wilhelm C. Impact of photosensitizers activation on intracellular trafficking and viscosity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84850. [PMID: 24386423 PMCID: PMC3874004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular microenvironment is essential for the efficiency of photo-induced therapies, as short-lived reactive oxygen species generated must diffuse through their intracellular surrounding medium to reach their cellular target. Here, by combining measurements of local cytoplasmic dissipation and active trafficking, we found that photosensitizers activation induced small changes in surrounding viscosity but a massive decrease in diffusion. These effects are the signature of a return to thermodynamic equilibrium of the system after photo-activation and correlated with depolymerization of the microtubule network, as shown in a reconstituted system. These mechanical measurements were performed with two intracellular photosensitizing chlorins having similar quantum yield of singlet oxygen production but different intracellular localizations (cytoplasmic for mTHPC, endosomal for TPCS2a). These two agents demonstrated different intracellular impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Aubertin
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Bonneau
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin-CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Amanda K. A. Silva
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Bacri
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - François Gallet
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Claire Wilhelm
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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26
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Haupt S, Malik Z, Ehrenberg B. Comparative kinetics of damage to the plasma and mitochondrial membranes by intra-cellularly synthesized and externally-provided photosensitizers using multi-color FACS. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 13:38-47. [PMID: 24173598 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50189b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer involves inflicting lethal damage to the cells of malignant tumors, primarily by singlet oxygen that is generated following light-absorption in a photosensitizer molecule. Dysfunction of cells is manifested in many ways, including peroxidation of cellular components, membrane rupture, depolarization of electric potentials, termination of mitochondrial activity, onset of apoptosis and necrosis and eventually cell lysis. These events do not necessarily occur in linear fashion and different types of damage to cell components occur, most probably, in parallel. In this report we measured the relative rates of damage to two cellular membranes: the plasma membrane and the mitochondrial membrane. We employed photosensitizers of diverse hydrophobicities and used different incubation procedures, which lead to their different intra-cellular localizations. We monitored the damage that was inflicted on these membranes, by employing optical probes of membrane integrity, in a multi-color FACS experiment. The potentiometric indicator JC-1 monitored the electric cross-membrane potential of the mitochondria and the fluorometric indicator Draq7 monitored the rupture of the plasma membrane. We show that the electric depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane and the damage to the enveloping plasma membrane proceed with different kinetics that reflect the molecular character and intracellular location of the sensitizer: PpIX that is synthesized in the cells from ALA causes rapid mitochondrial damage and very slow damage to the plasma membrane, while externally added PpIX has an opposite effect. The hydrophilic sensitizer HypS4 can be taken up by the cells by different incubation conditions, and these affect its intracellular location, and as a consequence either the plasma membrane or the mitochondria is damaged first. A similar correlation was found for additional extracellularly-provided photosensitizers HP and PpIX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Haupt
- Department of Physics and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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27
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Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a PDT active BODIPY–NLS conjugate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3204-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Ytzhak S, Weitman H, Ehrenberg B. The Effect of Lipid Composition on the Permeability of Fluorescent Markers from Photosensitized Membranes. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:619-24. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shany Ytzhak
- Department of Physics and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials; Bar Ilan University; Ramat Gan; Israel
| | - Hana Weitman
- Department of Physics and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials; Bar Ilan University; Ramat Gan; Israel
| | - Benjamin Ehrenberg
- Department of Physics and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials; Bar Ilan University; Ramat Gan; Israel
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29
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Abu-Yousif AO, Moor ACE, Zheng X, Savellano MD, Yu W, Selbo PK, Hasan T. Epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted photosensitizer selectively inhibits EGFR signaling and induces targeted phototoxicity in ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2012; 321:120-7. [PMID: 22266098 PMCID: PMC3356439 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Targeted photosensitizer delivery to EGFR-expressing cells was achieved in the present study using a high purity, targeted photoimmunoconjugate (PIC). When the PDT agent, benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD) was coupled to an EGFR-targeting antibody (cetuximab), we observed altered cellular localization and selective phototoxicity of EGFR-positive cells, but no phototoxicity of EGFR-negative cells. Cetuximab in the PIC formulation blocked EGF-induced activation of the EGFR and downstream signaling pathways. Our results suggest that photoimmunotargeting is a useful dual strategy for the selective destruction of cancer cells and also exerts the receptor-blocking biological function of the antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan O. Abu-Yousif
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology (Bartlett Hall 314), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anne C. E. Moor
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology (Bartlett Hall 314), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology (Bartlett Hall 314), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark D. Savellano
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology (Bartlett Hall 314), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Weiping Yu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology (Bartlett Hall 314), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology (Bartlett Hall 314), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- IAN J. MACDONALD
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - THOMAS J. DOUGHERTY
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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31
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Sanz-Rodríguez F, Casas A, González S, Espada J, Jaén P, Regadera J, Blázquez-Castro A, Zamarrón A, Bagazgoitia L, Iglesias de la Cruz C, Juarranz Á. Preclinical photodynamic therapy research in Spain 4: Cytoskeleton and adhesion complexes of cultured tumor cells as targets of photosensitizers. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609000565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cell death induced by photodynamic therapy (PDT) with different photosensitizers (PSs) is due to the selective damage of several membranous organelles including mitochondria, lysosomes and Golgi apparatus. Other cell structures such as the cytoskeleton (CSK) (microtubules, actin microfilaments and cytokeratin intermediate filaments) and the cell adhesion components (cadherins and integrins) are also implicated in cell death induced by PSs. CSK and adhesion components are responsible for many cellular functions such as the maintenance of morphology, motility, division and adhesion, all of them of fundamental importance for growth and dissemination of tumors. Therefore, they are considered very important targets for anticancer therapies, including PDT. In addition, similarly to the rest of the anticancer therapies, PDT often leaves a significant number of surviving tumor cells. The reorganization of CSK as well as the adhesion proteins in the PDT resistant cells affect their invasive migratory capabilities. Taking into account all these features, both CSK and adhesion proteins are crucial targets of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sanz-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Casas
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP) y Hospital de Clínicas José San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Salvador González
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Ramón Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Dermatology Unit, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jesús Espada
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Jaén
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Ramón Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Regadera
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/ Arzobispo Morcillo, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Blázquez-Castro
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Zamarrón
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ángeles Juarranz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
The photosensitizing and pharmacokinetic properties of porphyrin-type compounds have been investigated for nearly a century. In the last decade, two porphyrin derivatives were approved in the U.S.A. and in several other countries for the photodynamic treatment of various lesions. An overview of the different mechanisms for preferential porphyrinoid localization in malignant tumors is presented herein. Several uptake pathways are possible for each photosensitizer, which are determined by its structure, mode of delivery and tumor type. Comparisons of the different mechanisms and correlations with the structure of the sensitizer are presented. Current delivery systems for porphyrin sensitizers are described, as well as recent strategies for enhancing their tumor-specificity, including conjugation to a carrier system that selectively targets a tumor-associated receptor or antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Osterloh
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - M. Graça H. Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Diprotonation process of meso-tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives designed for Photodynamic Therapy of cancers: From Multivariate Curve Resolution to predictive QSPR modeling. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 705:306-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zamadar M, Ghosh G, Mahendran A, Minnis M, Kruft BI, Ghogare A, Aebisher D, Greer A. Photosensitizer drug delivery via an optical fiber. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:7882-91. [PMID: 21539365 PMCID: PMC3329778 DOI: 10.1021/ja200840p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An optical fiber has been developed with a maneuverable mini-probe tip that sparges O(2) gas and photodetaches pheophorbide (sensitizer) molecules. Singlet oxygen is produced at the probe tip surface which reacts with an alkene spacer group releasing sensitizer upon fragmentation of a dioxetane intermediate. Optimal sensitizer photorelease occurred when the probe tip was loaded with 60 nmol sensitizer, where crowding of the pheophorbide molecules and self-quenching were kept to a minimum. The fiber optic tip delivered pheophorbide molecules and singlet oxygen to discrete locations. The 60 nmol sensitizer was delivered into petrolatum; however, sensitizer release was less efficient in toluene-d(8) (3.6 nmol) where most had remained adsorbed on the probe tip, even after the covalent alkene spacer bond had been broken. The results open the door to a new area of fiber optic-guided sensitizer delivery for the potential photodynamic therapy of hypoxic structures requiring cytotoxic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matibur Zamadar
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210
| | - Adaickapillai Mahendran
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210
| | - Mihaela Minnis
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210
| | - Bonnie I. Kruft
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210
| | - Ashwini Ghogare
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210
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Ytzhak S, Wuskell JP, Loew LM, Ehrenberg B. Lipid composition affects the rate of photosensitized dissipation of cross-membrane diffusion potential on liposomes. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:10097-104. [PMID: 20536150 DOI: 10.1021/jp103355m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobic or amphiphilic tetrapyrrole sensitizers are taken up by cells and are usually located in cellular lipid membranes. Singlet oxygen is photogenerated by the sensitizer, and it diffuses in the membrane and causes oxidative damage to membrane components. This damage can occur to membrane lipids and to membrane-localized proteins. Depolarization of the Nernst electric potential on cells' membranes has been observed in cellular photosensitization, but it was not established whether lipid oxidation is a relevant factor leading to abolishing the resting potential of cells' membranes and to their death. In this work, we studied the effect of liposomes' lipid composition on the kinetics of hematoporphyrin-photosensitized dissipation of K(+)-diffusion electric potential that was generated across the membranes. We employed an electrochromic voltage-sensitive spectroscopic probe that possesses a high fluorescence signal response to the potential. We found a correlation between the structure and unsaturation of lipids and the leakage of the membrane, following photosensitization. As the extent of nonconjugated unsaturation of the lipids is increased from 1 to 6 double bonds, the kinetics of depolarization become faster. We also found that the kinetics of depolarization is affected by the percentage of the unsaturated lipids in the liposome: as the fraction of the unsaturated lipids increases, the leakage through the membrane is enhanced. When liposomes are composed of a lipid mixture similar to that of natural membranes and photosensitization is being carried out under usual photodynamic therapy (PDT) conditions, photodamage to the lipids is not likely to cause enhanced permeability of ions through the membrane, which would have been a mechanism that leads to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shany Ytzhak
- Department of Physics and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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36
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Machado AHA, Moraes KCM, Soares CP, Junior MB, da Silva NS. Cellular Changes After Photodynamic Therapy on HEp-2 Cells Using the New ZnPcBr8 Phthalocyanine. Photomed Laser Surg 2010; 28 Suppl 1:S143-9. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2009.2561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen C. M. Moraes
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), NUPEB, DECBI, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Allison RR, Sibata CH. Oncologic photodynamic therapy photosensitizers: a clinical review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2010; 7:61-75. [PMID: 20510301 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A myriad of naturally occurring and synthetic structures are capable of transferring the energy of light. Few, however, allow for this energy transfer to enable a type II photochemical reaction which, as currently practiced, is a fundamental component of photodynamic therapy. Even fewer of these agents, aptly termed photosensitizers, have found success in the treatment of patients. This review will focus on the oncologic photosensitizers that have come to clinical trial with outcomes published in peer reviewed journals. Based on a clinical orientation the qualities of successful photosensitizers will be examined, how current drugs fare and potential future options explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron R Allison
- 21st Century Oncology, Greenville, NC 27834-3764, USA
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38
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Reiners JJ, Agostinis P, Berg K, Oleinick NL, Kessel D. Assessing autophagy in the context of photodynamic therapy. Autophagy 2010; 6:7-18. [PMID: 19855190 DOI: 10.4161/auto.6.1.10220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a procedure that has applications in the selective eradication of neoplasia where sites of malignant lesions are clearly delineated. It is a two-step process whereby cells are first sensitized to light and then photoirradiated. This results in the formation of singlet molecular oxygen and other reactive oxygen species that can cause photodamage at sites where the photosensitizing agent has localized. Photosensitizers found to be clinically useful show affinity for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, lysosomes, or combinations of these sites. The induction of apoptosis and/or autophagy in photosensitized cells is a common outcome of PDT. This report explores the following issues: (1) Does the induction of autophagy in PDT protocols occur independent of, or in association with, apoptosis? (2) Does the resulting autophagy play a prosurvival or prodeath role? (3) Do photosensitizers damage/inactivate specific proteins that are components of, or that modulate the autophagic process? (4) Can an autophagic response be mounted in cells in which lysosomes are specifically photodamaged? In brief, autophagy can occur independently of apoptosis in PDT protocols, and appears to play a prosurvival role in apoptosis competent cells, and a prodeath role in apoptosis incompetent cells. Mitochondrial and ER-localized sensitizers cause selective photodamage to some (i.e., Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L), mTOR) proteins involved in the apoptotic/autophagic process. Finally, an aborted autophagic response occurs in cells with photodamaged lysosomes. Whereas autophagosomes form, digestion of their cargo is compromised because of the absence of functional lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Reiners
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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39
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Valdez R, Johnson EM, Belcher JA, Fuini JF, Brancaleon L. Porphyrins affect the self-assembly of tubulin in solution. Biophys Chem 2009; 145:98-104. [PMID: 19819610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of tubulin heterodimers in solution has been studied in the past to predict the effects that ligands and/or conformational changes have on the formation of tubulin filaments. Self-assembly of tubulin in solution has produced formations similar to cellular microtubules (MTs). The present study reports on the effects that two porphyrins (protoporphyrin IX, PPIX and tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin, TPPS) produce on the self-assembly of tubulin alpha,beta-heterodimers in buffer solution. The study shows that, when incubated simultaneously with MT-stabilizing ligands (i.e., paclitaxel and guanosine triphosphate, GTP), porphyrins do not affect the ability of tubulin to form MT. However, if paclitaxel and GTP are added after tubulin has been allowed to self-assemble in the presence of either porphyrin, the ability to form MT-like structures is reduced or suppressed. We suggest that this effect is due to the formation of porphyrin-mediated aggregates that cannot be broken or elongated by the addition of GTP or paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Valdez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
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40
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Holmes RT, Lu J, Mwakwari C, Smith KM. Syntheses of protoporphyrin-IX derivatives bearing extended propionate side-chains. ARKIVOC : FREE ONLINE JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009; 2010:5-16. [PMID: 20161404 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2009.2010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the relationship between depth within membranes of singlet oxygen generation and effectiveness of photodynamic therapy of tumors, analogs of protoporphyrin-IX 1 bearing five 4 and seven 5 carbon atoms (in place of the 3-carbon atom chain in 1) were synthesized from monopyrrole precursors.
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41
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Ho YF, Wu MH, Cheng BH, Chen YW, Shih MC. Lipid-mediated preferential localization of hypericin in lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:1287-95. [PMID: 19366588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Subcellular localization of a photosensitizer is critical to its therapeutic outcome during photodynamic therapy (PDT). We delineated the distribution of hypericin, a new generation photosensitizer, in model membrane systems to identify the operating principles of its subcellular accumulation. Results from fluorescence microscopy indicated preferential incorporation of hypericin in lipid of giant unilamellar vesicles. Monolayer fluorescence measurements further identified cholesterol as the key determinant for the observed selectivity of hypericin. The emission spectra of hypericin in lipid monolayers varied in a lipid-dependent manner and Stoke's shift behavior suggests that hypericin may form closely packed structure with cholesterol. Overall, our data lead to the conclusion that cholesterol is the major origin of the selectivity for hypericin in membrane systems. A hypothetical model depicting the intracellular and intravascular co-transport of hypericin and cholesterol because of their high affinity is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunn-Fang Ho
- School of Pharmacy and Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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42
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Enzyme-assisted photosensitization activates different apoptotic pathways in Rose Bengal acetate treated HeLa cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 131:391-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Fernandez NF, Sansone S, Mazzini A, Brancaleon L. Irradiation of the porphyrin causes unfolding of the protein in the protoporphyrin IX/beta-lactoglobulin noncovalent complex. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:7592-600. [PMID: 18517238 PMCID: PMC3514890 DOI: 10.1021/jp710249d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins such as protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) are known to occasionally cause conformational changes in proteins for which they are specific ligands. It has also been established that irradiation of porphyrins noncovalently intercalated between bases or bound to one of the grooves can cause conformational effects on DNA. Conversely, there is no evidence reported in the literature of conformational changes caused by noncovalently bound PPIX to globular proteins for which the porphyrin is not a specific ligand. This study shows that the irradiation of the porphyrin in the PPIX/lactoglobulin noncovalent complex indeed causes a local and limited (approximately 7%) unfolding of the protein near the location of Trp19. This event causes the intrinsic fluorescence spectrum of the protein to shift to the red by 2 nm and the average decay lifetime to lengthen by approximately 0.5 ns. The unfolding of lactoglobulin occurs only at pH >7 because of the increased instability of the protein at alkaline pH. The photoinduced unfolding does not depend on the presence of O2 in solution; therefore, it is not mediated by formation of singlet oxygen and is likely the result of electron transfer between the porphyrin and amino acid residues.
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44
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Kascakova S, Nadova Z, Mateasik A, Mikes J, Huntosova V, Refregiers M, Sureau F, Maurizot JC, Miskovsky P, Jancura D. High level of low-density lipoprotein receptors enhance hypericin uptake by U-87 MG cells in the presence of LDL. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:120-7. [PMID: 18173711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The dependence of the uptake of hypericin (Hyp) by human glioma U-87 MG cells on the level of expression of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors has been studied in this work. A special role of the LDL receptor-pathway for Hyp delivery to U-87 MG cells in the presence of LDL was revealed by the substantial increase of Hyp uptake in the situation, when the number of LDL receptors on the cell surface was elevated. Moreover, the colocalization experiments showed the lysosomal localization of Hyp following the uptake and that the concentration of Hyp in these organelles was enhanced in the cells with elevated number of LDL receptors when the incubation medium contained LDL. Both these findings suggest that LDL and LDL receptor-pathway play an important role in the delivery and accumulation of Hyp into the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavka Kascakova
- Department of Biophysics, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
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45
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Allison RR, Mota HC, Bagnato VS, Sibata CH. Bio-nanotechnology and photodynamic therapy--state of the art review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2008; 5:19-28. [PMID: 19356632 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and bio-nanotechnology (NT) show striking similarities in clinical design and mechanistics. The PDT paradigm of photosensitizer application, light activation and singlet oxygen generation does in fact occur on the nanoscale level as does the resultant outcomes. NT has the ability to explain as well as modify each of the critical steps of PDT particularly photosensitizer design and delivery, light source miniaturization and optimization, location and intensity of the photodynamic reaction as well as offering a far greater insight into dosimetry and mechanisms of action. This review will explore the current and potential future interactions and modifications NT may have on PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Allison
- Brody School of Medicine at ECU, Radiation Oncology, 600 Moye Blvd LJCC172, Greenville, NC 28758, USA
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46
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Ball DJ, Mayhew S, Wood SR, Griffiths J, Vernon DI, Brown SB. A Comparative Study of the Cellular Uptake and Photodynamic Efficacy of Three Novel Zinc Phthalocyanines of Differing Charge. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb03303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Vittar NBR, Prucca CG, Strassert C, Awruch J, Rivarola VA. Cellular inactivation and antitumor efficacy of a new zinc phthalocyanine with potential use in photodynamic therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:2192-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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48
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Tian F, Johnson EM, Zamarripa M, Sansone S, Brancaleon L. Binding of Porphyrins to Tubulin Heterodimers. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:3767-78. [DOI: 10.1021/bm700687x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249
| | - Eric M. Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249
| | - Miguel Zamarripa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249
| | - Samuel Sansone
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249
| | - Lorenzo Brancaleon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249
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49
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Rancan F, Helmreich M, Mölich A, Jux N, Hirsch A, Röder B, Böhm F. Intracellular Uptake and Phototoxicity of 31,32-Didehydrophytochlorin-fullerene Hexaadducts. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 83:1330-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Soldani C, Croce AC, Bottone MG, Fraschini A, Biggiogera M, Bottiroli G, Pellicciari C. Apoptosis in tumour cells photosensitized with Rose Bengal acetate is induced by multiple organelle photodamage. Histochem Cell Biol 2007; 128:485-95. [PMID: 17849139 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-007-0333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rose Bengal (RB) is a very efficient photosensitizer which undergoes inactivation of its photophysical and photochemical properties upon addition of a quencher group-i.e. acetate-to the xanthene rings. The resulting RB acetate (RB-Ac) derivative behaves as a fluorogenic substrate: it easily enters the cells where the native photoactive molecule is restored by esterase activities. It is known that the viability of RB-Ac-loaded cells is strongly reduced by light irradiation, attesting to the formation of intracellular RB. The aim of this study was to identify the organelles photodamaged by the intracellularly formed RB. RB-Ac preloaded rat C6 glioma cells and human HeLa cells were irradiated at 530 nm. Fluorescence confocal imaging and colocalization with specific dyes showed that the restored RB molecules redistribute dynamically through the cytoplasm, with the achievement of a dynamic equilibrium at 30 min after the administration, in the cell systems used; this accounted for a generalized damage to several organelles and cell structures (i.e. the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, the mitochondria, and the cytoskeleton). The multiple organelle damage, furthermore, led preferentially to apoptosis as demonstrated by light and electron microscopy and by dual-fluorescence staining with FITC-labelled annexin V and propidium iodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Soldani
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Piazza Botta 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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