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Agrawal T, Schachner A. Aesthetic Motivation Impacts Judgments of Others' Prosociality and Mental Life. Open Mind (Camb) 2023; 7:947-980. [PMID: 38111474 PMCID: PMC10727777 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to infer others' prosocial vs. antisocial behavioral tendencies from minimal information is core to social reasoning. Aesthetic motivation (the value or appreciation of aesthetic beauty) is linked with prosocial tendencies, raising the question of whether this factor is used in interpersonal reasoning and in the attribution of mental capacities. We propose and test a model of this reasoning, predicting that evidence of others' aesthetic motivations should impact judgments of others' prosocial (and antisocial) tendencies by signaling a heightened capacity for emotional experience. In a series of four pre-registered experiments (total N = 1440), participants saw pairs of characters (as photos/vignettes), and judged which in each pair showed more of a mental capacity of interest. Distractor items prevented participants from guessing the hypothesis. For one critical pair of characters, both characters performed the same activity (music listening, painting, cooking, exercising, being in nature, doing math), but one was motivated by the activities' aesthetic value, and the other by its functional value. Across all activities, participants robustly chose aesthetically-motivated characters as more likely to behave compassionately (Exp. 1; 3), less likely to behave selfishly/manipulatively (Exp. 1; 3), and as more emotionally sensitive, but not more intelligent (Exp. 2; 3; 4). Emotional sensitivity best predicted compassionate behavior judgements (Exp. 3). Aesthetically-motivated characters were not reliably chosen as more helpful; intelligence best predicted helpfulness judgements (Exp. 4). Evidence of aesthetic motivation conveys important social information about others, impacting fundamental interpersonal judgments about others' mental life and social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adena Schachner
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego
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2
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Fogiel AZ, Hermes J, Rakoczy H, Diesendruck G. Infants' biased individuation of in-group members. Cognition 2023; 239:105561. [PMID: 37454528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Adults tend to construe members of their group as "unique individuals" more than members of other groups. This study investigated whether infants exhibit this tendency, even in regard to unfamiliar arbitrary groups. Ninety-six White 1-year-olds were assigned to an Ingroup, Outgroup, or No-Group condition, based on whether or not they shared two preferences (food and shirt color) with women appearing on video sequences. In the critical trial, infants saw two women (Ingroup, Outgroup, or No-Group) - one at a time - appearing from behind a curtain. The curtain opened to reveal only one woman. Infants in the Ingroup condition looked longer at this display than infants in the other two conditions. This suggests that infants in the Ingroup condition had a stronger expectation than those in the other two conditions that there would be two women behind the curtain. In other words, infants individuated in-group members more than out-group members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Zehavi Fogiel
- Department of Psychology, Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Jonas Hermes
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Goettingen, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hannes Rakoczy
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Goettingen, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gil Diesendruck
- Department of Psychology, Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
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3
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Obasih CO, Luthra S, Dick F, Holt LL. Auditory category learning is robust across training regimes. Cognition 2023; 237:105467. [PMID: 37148640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple lines of research have developed training approaches that foster category learning, with important translational implications for education. Increasing exemplar variability, blocking or interleaving by category-relevant dimension, and providing explicit instructions about diagnostic dimensions each have been shown to facilitate category learning and/or generalization. However, laboratory research often must distill the character of natural input regularities that define real-world categories. As a result, much of what we know about category learning has come from studies with simplifying assumptions. We challenge the implicit expectation that these studies reflect the process of category learning of real-world input by creating an auditory category learning paradigm that intentionally violates some common simplifying assumptions of category learning tasks. Across five experiments and nearly 300 adult participants, we used training regimes previously shown to facilitate category learning, but here drew from a more complex and multidimensional category space with tens of thousands of unique exemplars. Learning was equivalently robust across training regimes that changed exemplar variability, altered the blocking of category exemplars, or provided explicit instructions of the category-diagnostic dimension. Each drove essentially equivalent accuracy measures of learning generalization following 40 min of training. These findings suggest that auditory category learning across complex input is not as susceptible to training regime manipulation as previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisom O Obasih
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, United States of America; Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, United States of America; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, United States of America.
| | - Sahil Luthra
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, United States of America; Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, United States of America; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, United States of America
| | - Frederic Dick
- Experimental Psychology, University College London, United Kingdom; Birkbeck/UCL Centre for NeuroImaging, United Kingdom
| | - Lori L Holt
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, United States of America; Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, United States of America; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, United States of America
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4
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Tracy RE, Zomberg D, Young SG. On the role of experience versus motivation in predicting the own-race effect. Br J Psychol 2023; 114 Suppl 1:172-187. [PMID: 36647236 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The other-race effect (ORE) is a longstanding phenomenon in experimental psychology, where recognition for same-race faces is superior than for other-race faces. The present research pits two competing theories of perceptual expertise and social motivation against each other to see which is the more robust predictor of the ORE. In Study 1, we measured Black and White participants' prior contact with individuals from the other-race (i.e. expertise) as well as their expected level of future interaction with other-race individuals (i.e. motivation). Of the two theories, anticipated interaction (i.e. motivation) emerged as a significant predictor of the ORE. Study 2 followed the same design, measuring motivation with a self-report assessment of how much participants are willing to have cross-race friendships. Here, neither experience nor motivation predicted the ORE, though an ORE was established. Differences in measures that assess motivation and the experience versus motivation debate are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Tracy
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dvora Zomberg
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven G Young
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
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5
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The impact of social motivation on the other-race effect under high and low social status. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20353. [PMID: 36437311 PMCID: PMC9701755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The other-race effect refers to the phenomenon in which the chance of individuals misidentifying faces from other races more than their own race is significantly higher. This study explored the effect of motivation on the other-race effect by manipulating the social status of faces. The results showed that: (1) compared to other-race faces with low social status, when individuals' perceptions of the social status of other-race faces increased, individuals' recognition scores for high social status other-race faces increased, and the other-race effect disappeared, and (2) when individuals' perceptions of the social status of other-race faces decreased, there was no significant difference in individuals' recognition scores of other-race faces, of either high or low social status. These findings suggest that motivation has a significant impact on the other-race effect.
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6
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Leder J, Koßmann L, Carbon CC. Perceptions of persons who wear face coverings are modulated by the perceivers' attitude. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:988546. [PMID: 36408397 PMCID: PMC9672466 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.988546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined if the effect of facial coverings on person perception is influenced by the perceiver's attitudes. We used two online experiments in which participants saw the same human target persons repeatedly appearing with and without a specific piece of clothing and had to judge the target persons' character. In Experiment 1 (N = 101), we investigated how the wearing of a facial mask influences a person's perception depending on the perceiver's attitude toward measures against the COVID-19 pandemic. In Experiment 2 (N = 114), we examined the effect of wearing a head cover associated with Arabic culture on a person's perception depending on the perceiver's attitude toward Islam. Both studies were preregistered; both found evidence that a person's perception is a process shaped by the personal attitudes of the perceiver as well as merely the target person's outward appearance. Integrating previous findings, we demonstrate that facial covers, as well as head covers, operate as cues which are used by the perceivers to infer the target persons' underlying attitudes. The judgment of the target person is shaped by the perceived attitude toward what the facial covering stereotypically symbolizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Leder
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
- Bamberg Graduate School of Affective and Cognitive Sciences (BaGrACS), Bamberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Koßmann
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Claus-Christian Carbon
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
- Bamberg Graduate School of Affective and Cognitive Sciences (BaGrACS), Bamberg, Germany
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7
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Banks J, Koban K. A Kind Apart: The Limited Application of Human Race and Sex Stereotypes to a Humanoid Social Robot. Int J Soc Robot 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12369-022-00900-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Kawakami K, Friesen JP, Fang X. Perceiving ingroup and outgroup faces within and across nations. Br J Psychol 2022; 113:551-574. [PMID: 35383905 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The human face is arguably the most important of all social stimuli because it provides so much valuable information about others. Therefore, one critical factor for successful social communication is the ability to process faces. In general, a wide body of social cognitive research has demonstrated that perceivers are better at extracting information from their own-race compared to other-race faces and that these differences can be a barrier to positive cross-race relationships. The primary objective of the present paper was to provide an overview of how people process faces in diverse contexts, focusing on racial ingroup and outgroup members within one nation and across nations. To achieve this goal, we first broadly describe social cognitive research on categorization processes related to ingroups vs. outgroups. Next, we briefly examine two prominent mechanisms (experience and motivation) that have been used to explain differences in recognizing facial identities and identifying emotions when processing ingroup and outgroup racial faces within nations. Then, we explore research in this domain across nations and cultural explanations, such as norms and practices, that supplement the two proposed mechanisms. Finally, we propose future cross-cultural research that has the potential to help us better understand the role of these key mechanisms in processing ingroup and outgroup faces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xia Fang
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Krumhuber EG, Wang X, Guinote A. The powerful self: How social power and gender influence face perception. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02798-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWhile ample evidence supports an association between power and dominance, little is still known about how temporary experiences of power influence the way people come to see themselves and others. The present research investigates the effect of social power on self- and other-face recognition, and examines whether gender modulates the direction of this effect. Male and female participants were induced to feel either powerful or powerless and had to recognize their own face and those of same-sex strangers from a series of images ranging from a dominant to a submissive version of the original. Results showed that males more frequently chose a dominant self-image under high power, whereas females selected a submissive self-image under low power. When presented with faces of same-sex targets female participants relied on low-power features (i.e., submissiveness) of the self in the perception of others (assimilation effect), whereas male participants more often selected a dominant image of strangers when feeling powerless (constrast effect). The effects of power did not extend to more deliberate judgments of dominance and likability, suggesting that respective biases in face recollection operated at an implicit level. This research underscores the cognitive and motivational underpinnings of power and related gender gaps in power attainment.
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10
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Hinzman L, Lloyd EP, Maddox KB. The stigmatized perceiver: Exploring the implications of social stigma for cross‐race face processing and memory. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Hinzman
- Department of Psychology Tufts University Medford Massachusetts USA
| | - E. Paige Lloyd
- Department of Psychology University of Denver Denver Colorado USA
| | - Keith B. Maddox
- Department of Psychology Tufts University Medford Massachusetts USA
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11
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12
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Murphy DH, Silaj KM, Schwartz ST, Rhodes MG, Castel AD. An own-race bias in the categorisation and recall of associative information. Memory 2021; 30:190-205. [PMID: 34756154 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2021.1999982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTPeople tend to better remember same-race faces relative to other-race faces (an "own-race" bias). We examined whether the own-race bias extends to associative memory, particularly in the identification and recall of information paired with faces. In Experiment 1, we presented white participants with own- and other-race faces which either appeared alone or accompanied by a label indicating whether the face was a "criminal" or a "victim". Results revealed an own-race facial recognition advantage regardless of the presence of associative information. In Experiment 2, we again paired same- and other-race faces with either "criminal" or "victim" labels, but rather than a recognition test, participants were asked to identify whether each face had been presented as a criminal or a victim. White criminals were better categorised than Black criminals, but race did not influence the categorisation of victims. In Experiment 3, white participants were presented with same- and other-race faces and asked to remember where the person was from, their occupation, and a crime they committed. Results revealed a recall advantage for the associative information paired with same-race faces. Collectively, these findings suggest that the own-race bias extends to the categorisation and recall of information in associative memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon H Murphy
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katie M Silaj
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shawn T Schwartz
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew G Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alan D Castel
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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13
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Thorstenson CA, Pazda AD, Krumhuber EG. The influence of facial blushing and paling on emotion perception and memory. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-021-09910-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Krumhuber EG, Hyniewska S, Orlowska A. Contextual effects on smile perception and recognition memory. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01910-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMost past research has focused on the role played by social context information in emotion classification, such as whether a display is perceived as belonging to one emotion category or another. The current study aims to investigate whether the effect of context extends to the interpretation of emotion displays, i.e. smiles that could be judged either as posed or spontaneous readouts of underlying positive emotion. A between-subjects design (N = 93) was used to investigate the perception and recall of posed smiles, presented together with a happy or polite social context scenario. Results showed that smiles seen in a happy context were judged as more spontaneous than the same smiles presented in a polite context. Also, smiles were misremembered as having more of the physical attributes (i.e., Duchenne marker) associated with spontaneous enjoyment when they appeared in the happy than polite context condition. Together, these findings indicate that social context information is routinely encoded during emotion perception, thereby shaping the interpretation and recognition memory of facial expressions.
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15
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Bond AD, Washburn DA, Kleider‐Offutt HM. Like father, like son: Stereotypical Black facial features in children causing trouble. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alesha D. Bond
- Psychology Department Georgia State University Atlanta Georgia USA
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16
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Social categorization and joint attention: Interacting effects of age, sex, and social status. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 212:103223. [PMID: 33321406 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we examine how person categorization conveyed by the combination of multiple cues modulates joint attention. In three experiments, we tested the combinatory effect of age, sex, and social status on gaze-following behaviour and pro-social attitudes. In Experiments 1 and 2, young adults were required to perform an instructed saccade towards left or right targets while viewing a to-be-ignored distracting face (female or male) gazing left or right, that could belong to a young, middle-aged, or elderly adult of high or low social status. Social status was manipulated by semantic knowledge (Experiment 1) or through visual appearance (Experiment 2). Results showed a clear combinatory effect of person perception cues on joint attention (JA). Specifically, our results showed that age and sex cues interacted with social status information depending on the modality through which it was conveyed. In Experiment 3, we further investigated our results by testing whether the identities used in Experiments 1 and 2 triggered different pro-social behaviour. The results of Experiment 3 showed that the identities resulting as more distracting in Experiments 1 and 2 were also perceived as more in need and prompt helping behaviour. Taken together, our evidence shows a combinatorial effect of age, sex, and social status in modulating the gaze following behaviour, highlighting a complex and dynamic interplay between person categorization and joint attention.
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Sorby M, Kehn A. Juror perceptions of the stereotypical violent crime defendant. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2020; 28:645-664. [PMID: 35571602 PMCID: PMC9103609 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2020.1821827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stereotypes and prejudice have been shown to bias information processing and decision-making. There are physical traits that are stereotypically associated with criminals (i.e. tattoos, dark skin-tone, facial untrustworthiness) and have been shown to influence juror decision-making. The current research aimed to investigate the effects of tattoos, facial trustworthiness and skin tone on juror case judgments and criminal appearance ratings, while also investigating and accounting for prejudice and motivation to respond without prejudice. Participants (n = 426) were asked to act as mock jurors in a hypothetical assault case by making case judgments and responding to appearance and attitude measures. Criminal appearance ratings indirectly mediated the relationship between physical traits and verdict decisions. Additionally, a significant interaction emerged between skin tone and racial prejudice on criminal appearance ratings, suggesting that the effects of physical traits may depend on individual attitudes. Implications and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah Sorby
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Andre Kehn
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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Giannou K, Taylor JR, Lander K. Exploring the relationship between mindfulness, compassion and unfamiliar face identification. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2020.1739693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Giannou
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Jason R. Taylor
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Karen Lander
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Gier VS, Kreiner DS. The effect of educational priming on face recognition from a silver alert. The Journal of General Psychology 2019; 147:140-168. [PMID: 31545146 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2019.1656163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In a between-subjects' experimental design, we manipulated whether participants viewed an educational video on the importance of Silver Alerts before viewing an older Caucasian female in a Silver Alert. We also examined associations of target recognition with individual difference variables, including gender, ethnicity, Attitudes Towards Older People (ATOP), empathy, conscientiousness, as well as contact and experience with older adults. The results showed an advantage of the priming condition compared to the no-priming condition for correctly identifying the missing woman. Additionally, females correctly identified the missing woman more than males, and Caucasian participants correctly identified the missing woman more than African American participants. Lastly, participants who reported more experience with older adults were more likely to recognize the missing woman. The results suggest that preceding Silver Alerts with information about their importance may increase their effectiveness. Further research is needed to investigate how individual difference variables relate to recognition of missing senior citizens.
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Lucas HD, Creery JD, Hu X, Paller KA. Grappling With Implicit Social Bias: A Perspective From Memory Research. Neuroscience 2019; 406:684-697. [PMID: 30742963 PMCID: PMC6511463 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is now widespread consensus that social biases often influence actions independently of the actor's intention or awareness. The notion that we are sometimes blind to the origins of our thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors also features prominently in research into domain-general human memory systems, which has a long history of distinguishing between implicit and explicit repercussions of past experience. A shared challenge across these fields of study is thus to identify techniques for effectively managing the contents of our memory stores, particularly those aspects into which we have limited metacognitive insight. In the present review, we examine recent developments in the cognitive neuroscience of human memory that speak to this challenge as it applies to the social domain. One area of progress pertains to the role of individuation, the process of attending to and representing in memory unique characteristics of individuals, which can limit the influence of generalizations based on social categories. A second body of work concerns breakthroughs in understanding memory consolidation, which determines the fate of newly encoded memories. We discuss the promise of each of these developments for identifying ways to become better stewards of our social minds. More generally, we suggest that, as with other forms of learning and memory, intentional practice and rehearsal may be critical in learning to minimize unwanted biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Lucas
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Jessica D Creery
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ken A Paller
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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21
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Bjornsdottir RT, Yeretsian S, West GL, Rule NO. When words become borders: Ingroup favoritism in perceptions and mental representations of Anglo-Canadian and Franco-Canadian faces. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430218789495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Language is critical to social identity, including nationality. However, some nations encompass multiple languages, raising questions about how their citizens perceive members of their national versus linguistic groups. We explored perceptions of Canadian nationality, which consists of two linguistic groups: Anglo-Canadians and Franco-Canadians. In Study 1, we used reverse correlation methods to visualize how Anglo- and Franco-Canadians mentally represent the faces of linguistic ingroup and outgroup members, and of Canadians in general. Structural similarity analyses and subjective ratings of the resulting images showed that both groups mentally represented Canadians as more similar to their own linguistic ingroup. In Study 2, Anglo-Canadians and Franco-Canadians rated photos of real Anglo- and Franco-Canadian targets. Both samples showed some ingroup favoritism when inferring their traits but only Anglo-Canadians could accurately differentiate group members. Differences between Anglo-Canadians and Franco-Canadians therefore extend beyond language, with linguistic groups impacting impressions before any words are spoken.
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22
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About face: Memory for transgender versus cisgender targets' facial appearance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Wang X, Guinote A, Krumhuber EG. Dominance biases in the perception and memory for the faces of powerholders, with consequences for social inferences. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sutherland CAM, Rhodes G, Young AW. Facial Image Manipulation. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550617697176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clare A. M. Sutherland
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gillian Rhodes
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew W. Young
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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Facial biases on vocal perception and memory. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2017; 177:54-68. [PMID: 28477455 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Does a speaker's face influence the way their voice is heard and later remembered? This question was addressed through two experiments where in each, participants listened to middle-aged voices accompanied by faces that were either age-appropriate, younger or older than the voice or, as a control, no face at all. In Experiment 1, participants evaluated each voice on various acoustical dimensions and speaker characteristics. The results showed that facial displays influenced perception such that the same voice was heard differently depending on the age of the accompanying face. Experiment 2 further revealed that facial displays led to memory distortions that were age-congruent in nature. These findings illustrate that faces can activate certain social categories and preconceived stereotypes that then influence vocal and person perception in a corresponding fashion. Processes of face/voice integration are very similar to those of music/film, indicating that the two areas can mutually inform one another and perhaps, more generally, reflect a centralized mechanism of cross-sensory integration.
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Marsh BU, Pezdek K, Ozery DH. The cross-race effect in face recognition memory by bicultural individuals. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2016; 169:38-44. [PMID: 27219532 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Social-cognitive models of the cross-race effect (CRE) generally specify that cross-race faces are automatically categorized as an out-group, and that different encoding processes are then applied to same-race and cross-race faces, resulting in better recognition memory for same-race faces. We examined whether cultural priming moderates the cognitive categorization of cross-race faces. In Experiment 1, monoracial Latino-Americans, considered to have a bicultural self, were primed to focus on either a Latino or American cultural self and then viewed Latino and White faces. Latino-Americans primed as Latino exhibited higher recognition accuracy (A') for Latino than White faces; those primed as American exhibited higher recognition accuracy for White than Latino faces. In Experiment 2, as predicted, prime condition did not moderate the CRE in European-Americans. These results suggest that for monoracial biculturals, priming either of their cultural identities influences the encoding processes applied to same- and cross-race faces, thereby moderating the CRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin U Marsh
- Claremont Graduate University, 150 East 10th Street, Claremont, CA 91711, United States; Azusa Pacific University, 901 E Alosta Ave, Azusa, CA 91702, United States.
| | - Kathy Pezdek
- Claremont Graduate University, 150 East 10th Street, Claremont, CA 91711, United States
| | - Daphna Hausman Ozery
- Claremont Graduate University, 150 East 10th Street, Claremont, CA 91711, United States
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Musambira GW, Raymond L, Hastings SO. A comparison of college students’ perceptions of older and younger tattooed women. J Women Aging 2016; 28:9-23. [DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2014.950894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Scroggins WA, Mackie DM, Allen TJ, Sherman JW. Reducing Prejudice With Labels. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2015; 42:219-29. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167215621048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In three experiments, we used a novel Implicit Association Test procedure to investigate the impact of group memberships on implicit bias and implicit group boundaries. Results from Experiment 1 indicated that categorizing targets using a shared category reduced implicit bias by increasing the extent to which positivity was associated with Blacks. Results from Experiment 2 revealed that shared group membership, but not mere positivity of a group membership, was necessary to reduce implicit bias. Quadruple process model analyses indicated that changes in implicit bias caused by shared group membership are due to changes in the way that targets are evaluated, not to changes in the regulation of evaluative bias. Results from Experiment 3 showed that categorizing Black targets into shared group memberships expanded implicit group boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glyn W. Humphreys
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jie Sui
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Zhou G, Pu X, Young SG, Tse CS. Effects of divided attention and social categorization on the own-race bias in face recognition. VISUAL COGNITION 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2014.998324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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DeLozier S, Rhodes MG. The impact of value-directed remembering on the own-race bias. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2015; 154:62-8. [PMID: 25499056 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Learners demonstrate superior recognition of faces of their own race or ethnicity, compared to faces of other races or ethnicities; a finding termed the own-race bias. Accounts of the own-race bias differ on whether the effect reflects acquired expertise with own-race faces or enhanced motivation to individuate own-race faces. Learners have previously been motivated to demonstrate increased recall for highly important items through a value-based paradigm, in which item importance is designated using high (vs. low) point values. Learners receive point values by correctly recalling the corresponding items at test, and are given the goal of achieving a high total point score. In two experiments we examined whether a value-based paradigm can motivate learners to differentiate between other-race faces, reducing or eliminating the own-race bias. In Experiment 1, participants studied own- and other-race faces paired with high or low point values. High point values (12-point) indicated that face was highly important to learn, whereas low point values (1-point) indicated that face was less important to learn. Participants demonstrated increased recognition for high-value own-race (but not other-race) faces, suggesting that motivation alone is not enough to reduce the own-race bias. In Experiment 2, we examined whether participants could use value to enhance recognition when permitted to self-pace their study. Recognition did not differ between high-value own- and other-race faces, reducing the own-race bias. Such data suggest that motivation can influence the own-race bias when participants can control encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah DeLozier
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Matthew G Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Fu S, He H, Hou ZG. Learning Race from Face: A Survey. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE 2014; 36:2483-2509. [PMID: 26353153 DOI: 10.1109/tpami.2014.2321570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Faces convey a wealth of social signals, including race, expression, identity, age and gender, all of which have attracted increasing attention from multi-disciplinary research, such as psychology, neuroscience, computer science, to name a few. Gleaned from recent advances in computer vision, computer graphics, and machine learning, computational intelligence based racial face analysis has been particularly popular due to its significant potential and broader impacts in extensive real-world applications, such as security and defense, surveillance, human computer interface (HCI), biometric-based identification, among others. These studies raise an important question: How implicit, non-declarative racial category can be conceptually modeled and quantitatively inferred from the face? Nevertheless, race classification is challenging due to its ambiguity and complexity depending on context and criteria. To address this challenge, recently, significant efforts have been reported toward race detection and categorization in the community. This survey provides a comprehensive and critical review of the state-of-the-art advances in face-race perception, principles, algorithms, and applications. We first discuss race perception problem formulation and motivation, while highlighting the conceptual potentials of racial face processing. Next, taxonomy of feature representational models, algorithms, performance and racial databases are presented with systematic discussions within the unified learning scenario. Finally, in order to stimulate future research in this field, we also highlight the major opportunities and challenges, as well as potentially important cross-cutting themes and research directions for the issue of learning race from face.
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Harrison SA, Gauthier I, Hayward WG, Richler JJ. Other-race effects manifest in overall performance, not qualitative processing style. VISUAL COGNITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2014.918912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Osborne D, Davies PG. Crime Type, Perceived Stereotypicality, and Memory Biases: A Contextual Model of Eyewitness Identification. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Osborne
- School of Psychology; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Paul G. Davies
- Department of Psychology; University of British Columbia; Kelowna British Columbia Canada
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36
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Kramer RSS, Jones AL, Sharma D. Sequential effects in judgements of attractiveness: the influences of face race and sex. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82226. [PMID: 24349226 PMCID: PMC3857852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In perceptual decision-making, a person’s response on a given trial is influenced by their response on the immediately preceding trial. This sequential effect was initially demonstrated in psychophysical tasks, but has now been found in more complex, real-world judgements. The similarity of the current and previous stimuli determines the nature of the effect, with more similar items producing assimilation in judgements, while less similarity can cause a contrast effect. Previous research found assimilation in ratings of facial attractiveness, and here, we investigated whether this effect is influenced by the social categories of the faces presented. Over three experiments, participants rated the attractiveness of own- (White) and other-race (Chinese) faces of both sexes that appeared successively. Through blocking trials by race (Experiment 1), sex (Experiment 2), or both dimensions (Experiment 3), we could examine how sequential judgements were altered by the salience of different social categories in face sequences. For sequences that varied in sex alone, own-race faces showed significantly less opposite-sex assimilation (male and female faces perceived as dissimilar), while other-race faces showed equal assimilation for opposite- and same-sex sequences (male and female faces were not differentiated). For sequences that varied in race alone, categorisation by race resulted in no opposite-race assimilation for either sex of face (White and Chinese faces perceived as dissimilar). For sequences that varied in both race and sex, same-category assimilation was significantly greater than opposite-category. Our results suggest that the race of a face represents a superordinate category relative to sex. These findings demonstrate the importance of social categories when considering sequential judgements of faces, and also highlight a novel approach for investigating how multiple social dimensions interact during decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin S. S. Kramer
- School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Alex L. Jones
- School of Psychology, Adeilad Brigantia, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
| | - Dinkar Sharma
- School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
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Ghavami N, Peplau LA. An Intersectional Analysis of Gender and Ethnic Stereotypes. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684312464203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We compared perceived cultural stereotypes of diverse groups varying by gender and ethnicity. Using a free-response procedure, we asked 627 U.S. undergraduates to generate 10 attributes for 1 of 17 groups: Asian Americans, Blacks, Latinos, Middle Eastern Americans, or Whites; men or women; or 10 gender-by-ethnic groups (e.g., Black men or Latina women). Based on intersectionality theory and social dominance theory, we developed and tested three hypotheses. First, consistent with the intersectionality hypothesis, gender-by-ethnic stereotypes contained unique elements that were not the result of adding gender stereotypes to ethnic stereotypes. Second, in support of an ethnicity hypothesis, stereotypes of ethnic groups were generally more similar to stereotypes of the men than of the women in each group. Third, a gender hypothesis postulated that stereotypes of men and women will be most similar to stereotypes of White men and White women, less similar to ethnic minority men and ethnic minority women, and least similar to Black men and Black women. This hypothesis was confirmed for target women, but results for target men were mixed. Collectively, our results contribute to research, theory, and practice by demonstrating that ethnic and gender stereotypes are complex and that the intersections of these social categories produce meaningful differences in the way groups are perceived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Ghavami
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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38
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Quinn KA, Rosenthal HE. Categorizing others and the self: How social memory structures guide social perception and behavior. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Baldwin M, Keefer LA, Gravelin CR, Biernat M. Perceived importance of cross-race targets facilitates recall: Support for a motivated account of face memory. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430212460893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cross-race effect (CRE) is the tendency to remember same-race (SR) faces better than cross-race (CR) faces. While there has been debate about the causes of the CRE, recent perspectives suggest that a lack of motivation to remember CR faces causes this effect. We provide direct support for this model across two studies manipulating the perceived importance of target faces. In Study 1 participants were outcome-dependent on a Black or White research partner. When participants were dependent on a Black partner compared with a White partner, the CRE was reduced through an increase in Black face recognition. In Study 2 we used a novel procedure to increase the perceptual size of target faces. According to conceptual metaphor theory, targets that appear subjectively large will be perceived as more important. We found that the CRE was eliminated when CR faces appeared larger than SR faces.
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Van Bavel JJ, Cunningham WA. A social identity approach to person memory: group membership, collective identification, and social role shape attention and memory. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2012; 38:1566-78. [PMID: 22914991 DOI: 10.1177/0146167212455829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that superior memory for own-group versus other-group faces (termed own-group bias) occurs because of social categorization: People are more likely to encode own-group members as individuals. The authors show that aspects of the perceiver's social identity shape social attention and memory over and above mere categorization. In three experiments, participants were assigned to a mixed-race minimal group and showed own-group bias toward this minimal group, regardless of race. Own-group bias was mediated by attention toward own-group faces during encoding (Experiment 1). Furthermore, participants who were highly identified with their minimal group had the largest own-group bias (Experiment 2). However, social affordances attenuated own-group bias-Memory for other-group faces was heightened among participants who were assigned to a role (i.e., spy) that required attention toward other-group members (Experiment 3). This research suggests that social identity may provide novel insights into person memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place, Room 752, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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41
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Van Bavel JJ, Swencionis JK, O'Connor RC, Cunningham WA. Motivated social memory: Belonging needs moderate the own-group bias in face recognition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Gender effects in pain detection: Speed and accuracy in decoding female and male pain expressions. Eur J Pain 2012; 15:985.e1-985.e11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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McLean MA. Getting to know you: The prospect of challenging ableism through adult learning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ace.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Young SG, Hugenberg K, Bernstein MJ, Sacco DF. Perception and Motivation in Face Recognition. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2011; 16:116-42. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868311418987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although humans possess well-developed face processing expertise, face processing is nevertheless subject to a variety of biases. Perhaps the best known of these biases is the Cross-Race Effect—the tendency to have more accurate recognition for same-race than cross-race faces. The current work reviews the evidence for and provides a critical review of theories of the Cross-Race Effect, including perceptual expertise and social cognitive accounts of the bias. The authors conclude that recent hybrid models of the Cross-Race Effect, which combine elements of both perceptual expertise and social cognitive frameworks, provide an opportunity for theoretical synthesis and advancement not afforded by independent expertise or social cognitive models. Finally, the authors suggest future research directions intended to further develop a comprehensive and integrative understanding of biases in face recognition.
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45
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Inconsistent individual personality description eliminates the other-race effect. Psychon Bull Rev 2011; 18:870-6. [DOI: 10.3758/s13423-011-0127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cassidy KD, Quinn KA, Humphreys GW. The influence of ingroup/outgroup categorization on same- and other-race face processing: The moderating role of inter- versus intra-racial context. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Young SG, Hugenberg K. Individuation Motivation and Face Experience Can Operate Jointly to Produce the Own-Race Bias. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550611409759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The own-race bias (ORB) is the tendency for perceivers to better recognize own-race than cross-race (CR) faces. Perceptual approaches to understanding this effect suggest that perceivers typically have low levels of processing experience with CR faces, resulting in poor recognition memory. However, social–cognitive models have demonstrated that perceiver motivation can also influence CR recognition accuracy. The current work bridges these two literatures by exploring how participants' CR experience might facilitate the ability to recognize CR faces when combined with perceiver motivation. In Experiment 1, we demonstrate that motivation translates into superior CR recognition only for perceivers who have relatively extensive prior experience with individuating CR faces. In Experiment 2, we find that a lack of experience with CR faces can be overcome in situations where perceivers are highly motivated to individuate CR faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G. Young
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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Ratcliff NJ, Hugenberg K, Shriver ER, Bernstein MJ. The allure of status: high-status targets are privileged in face processing and memory. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2011; 37:1003-15. [PMID: 21606215 DOI: 10.1177/0146167211407210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current research tests the hypothesis that face processing is attuned to high-status faces. Across three experiments, faces of high-status targets were better recognized than faces of low-status targets. In Experiment 2, this memory advantage for high-status targets also extended to an attentional bias toward high-status targets and to stronger sociospatial memory (identity-location link) for high-status targets. Finally, Experiment 3 finds that high-status faces received more expert-style holistic processing than did low-status faces. This suggests that high-status faces also benefit more from the strategic deployment of expert face processing resources than low-status faces. Taken together, these data indicate that perceivers strategically allocate face processing resources to targets perceived to be high in status.
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Young SG, Sacco DF, Hugenberg K. Vulnerability to disease is associated with a domain-specific preference for symmetrical faces relative to symmetrical non-face stimuli. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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