1
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Maduna SN, Jónsdóttir ÓDB, Imsland AKD, Gíslason D, Reynolds P, Kapari L, Hangstad TA, Meier K, Hagen SB. Genomic Signatures of Local Adaptation under High Gene Flow in Lumpfish-Implications for Broodstock Provenance Sourcing and Larval Production. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1870. [PMID: 37895225 PMCID: PMC10606024 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture of the lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) has become a large, lucrative industry owing to the escalating demand for "cleaner fish" to minimise sea lice infestations in Atlantic salmon mariculture farms. We used over 10K genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to investigate the spatial patterns of genomic variation in the lumpfish along the coast of Norway and across the North Atlantic. Moreover, we applied three genome scans for outliers and two genotype-environment association tests to assess the signatures and patterns of local adaptation under extensive gene flow. With our 'global' sampling regime, we found two major genetic groups of lumpfish, i.e., the western and eastern Atlantic. Regionally in Norway, we found marginal evidence of population structure, where the population genomic analysis revealed a small portion of individuals with a different genetic ancestry. Nevertheless, we found strong support for local adaption under high gene flow in the Norwegian lumpfish and identified over 380 high-confidence environment-associated loci linked to gene sets with a key role in biological processes associated with environmental pressures and embryonic development. Our results bridge population genetic/genomics studies with seascape genomics studies and will facilitate genome-enabled monitoring of the genetic impacts of escapees and allow for genetic-informed broodstock selection and management in Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simo Njabulo Maduna
- Department of Ecosystems in the Barents Region, Svanhovd Research Station, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, 9925 Svanvik, Norway;
| | | | - Albert Kjartan Dagbjartarson Imsland
- Akvaplan-Niva Iceland Office, Akralind 6, 201 Kópavogur, Iceland; (Ó.D.B.J.); (A.K.D.I.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, High Technology Centre, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Lauri Kapari
- Akvaplan-Niva, Framsenteret, 9296 Tromsø, Norway;
| | | | | | - Snorre B. Hagen
- Department of Ecosystems in the Barents Region, Svanhovd Research Station, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, 9925 Svanvik, Norway;
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2
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Chang SL, Ward HGM, Elliott LD, Russello MA. Genotyping-in-Thousands by sequencing panel development and application for high-resolution monitoring of introgressive hybridization within sockeye salmon. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3441. [PMID: 35236892 PMCID: PMC8891347 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Stocking programs have been widely implemented to re-establish extirpated fish species to their historical ranges; when employed in species with complex life histories, such management activities should include careful consideration of resulting hybridization dynamics with resident stocks and corresponding outcomes on recovery initiatives. Genetic monitoring can be instrumental for quantifying the extent of introgression over time, however conventional markers typically have limited power for the identification of advanced hybrid classes, especially at the intra-specific level. Here, we demonstrate a workflow for developing, evaluating and deploying a Genotyping-in-Thousands by Sequencing (GT-seq) SNP panel with the power to detect advanced hybrid classes to assess the extent and trajectory of intra-specific hybridization, using the sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) stocking program in Skaha Lake, British Columbia as a case study. Previous analyses detected significant levels of hybridization between the anadromous (sockeye) and freshwater resident (kokanee) forms of O. nerka, but were restricted to assigning individuals to pure-stock or “hybrid”. Simulation analyses indicated our GT-seq panel had high accuracy, efficiency and power (> 94.5%) of assignment to pure-stock sockeye salmon/kokanee, F1, F2, and B2 backcross-sockeye/kokanee. Re-analysis of 2016/2017 spawners previously analyzed using TaqMan® assays and otolith microchemistry revealed shifts in assignment of some hybrids to adjacent pure-stock or B2 backcross classes, while new assignment of 2019 spawners revealed hybrids comprised 31% of the population, ~ 74% of which were B2 backcross or F2. Overall, the GT-seq panel development workflow presented here could be applied to virtually any system where genetic stock identification and intra-specific hybridization are important management parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Chang
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Hillary G M Ward
- Lands and Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Penticton, BC, Canada
| | - Lucas D Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.,UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Michael A Russello
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
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3
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Folio DM, Gil J, Caudron A, Labonne J. Genotype-by-environment interactions drive the maintenance of genetic variation in a Salmo trutta L. hybrid zone. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2698-2711. [PMID: 34815748 PMCID: PMC8591331 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Allopatric gene pools can evolve in different directions through adaptive and nonadaptive processes and are therefore a source of intraspecific diversity. The connection of these previously isolated gene pools through human intervention can lead to intraspecific diversity loss, through extirpation of native populations or hybridization. However, the mechanisms leading to these situations are not always explicitly documented and are thus rarely used to manage intraspecific diversity. In particular, genotype-by-environment (GxE) interactions can drive postzygotic reproductive isolation mechanisms that may result in a mosaic of diversity patterns, depending on the local environment. We test this hypothesis using a salmonid species (Salmo trutta) in the Mediterranean (MED) area, where intensive stocking from non-native Atlantic (ATL) origins has led to various outcomes of hybridization with the native MED lineage, going from MED resilience to total extirpation via full hybridization. We investigate patterns of offspring survival at egg stage in natural environments, based on parental genotypes in interaction with river temperature, to detect potential GxE interactions. Our results show a strong influence of maternal GxE interaction on embryonic survival, mediated by maternal effect through egg size, and a weak influence of paternal GxE interaction. In particular, when egg size is large and temperature is cold, the survival rate of offspring originating from MED females is three times higher than that of ATL females' offspring. Because river temperatures show contrast at small scale, this cold adaptation for MED females' offspring constitutes a potent postzygotic mechanism to explain small-scale spatial heterogeneity in diversity observed in MED areas where ATL fish have been stocked. It also indicates that management efforts could be specifically targeted at the environments that actively favor native intraspecific diversity through eco-evolutionary processes such as postzygotic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorinda Marie Folio
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’AdourUMR INRAE‐UPPAEcobiopSaint‐Pée‐sur‐NivelleFrance
- SCIMABIO InterfaceThonon‐les‐BainsFrance
| | - Jordi Gil
- UMR CARRTELINRAEUSMBThonon‐les‐BainsFrance
- Conservatoire des Espaces Naturels Rhône‐AlpesVogüeFrance
| | | | - Jacques Labonne
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’AdourUMR INRAE‐UPPAEcobiopSaint‐Pée‐sur‐NivelleFrance
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4
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Zimmer AM, Goss GG, Glover CN. Chemical niches and ionoregulatory traits: applying ionoregulatory physiology to the conservation management of freshwater fishes. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab066. [PMID: 34512989 PMCID: PMC8415428 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in water chemistry can challenge resident fish species. More specifically, chemical changes that disrupt ion balance will negatively affect fish health and impact physiological and ecological performance. However, our understanding of which species and populations are at risk from ionoregulatory disturbances in response to changing freshwater environments is currently unclear. Therefore, we propose a novel framework for incorporating ionoregulatory physiology into conservation management of inland fishes. This framework introduces the concepts of fundamental chemical niche, which is the tolerable range of chemical conditions for a given species based on laboratory experiments, and realized chemical niche, which is the range of chemical conditions in which a species resides based on distribution surveys. By comparing these two niches, populations that may be at risk from ionoregulatory disturbances and thus require additional conservation considerations can be identified. We highlight the potential for commonly measured ionoregulatory traits to predict fundamental and realized chemical niches but caution that some traits may not serve as accurate predictors despite being important for understanding ionoregulatory mechanisms. As a sample application of our framework, the minimum pH distribution (realized niche) and survival limit pH (fundamental niche) of several North American fishes were determined by systematic review and were compared. We demonstrate that ionoregulatory capacity is significantly correlated with a realized niche for many species, highlighting the influence of ionoregulatory physiology on fish distribution patterns along chemical gradients. Our aim is that this framework will stimulate further research in this field and result in a broader integration of physiological data into conservation management decisions for inland waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Zimmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Chris N Glover
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
- Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, T9S 3A3, Canada
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5
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Monk CT, Chéret B, Czapla P, Hühn D, Klefoth T, Eschbach E, Hagemann R, Arlinghaus R. Behavioural and fitness effects of translocation to a novel environment: Whole‐lake experiments in two aquatic top predators. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2325-2344. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Monk
- Department of Biology and Ecology of FishesLeibniz‐Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany
| | - Bernard Chéret
- Department of Biology and Ecology of FishesLeibniz‐Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany
| | - Philipp Czapla
- Department of Biology and Ecology of FishesLeibniz‐Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany
| | - Daniel Hühn
- Department of Biology and Ecology of FishesLeibniz‐Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany
| | | | - Erik Eschbach
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology Bremerhaven Germany
| | - Robert Hagemann
- Department of Biology and Ecology of FishesLeibniz‐Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany
| | - Robert Arlinghaus
- Department of Biology and Ecology of FishesLeibniz‐Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Integrative Research Institute for the Transformation of Human‐Environmental Systems Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
- Division of Integrative Fisheries Management Department of Crop and Animal Sciences Faculty of Life Science Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
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6
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Abstract
Salmon were among the first nonmodel species for which systematic population genetic studies of natural populations were conducted, often to support management and conservation. The genomics revolution has improved our understanding of the evolutionary ecology of salmon in two major ways: (a) Large increases in the numbers of genetic markers (from dozens to 104-106) provide greater power for traditional analyses, such as the delineation of population structure, hybridization, and population assignment, and (b) qualitatively new insights that were not possible with traditional genetic methods can be achieved by leveraging detailed information about the structure and function of the genome. Studies of the first type have been more common to date, largely because it has taken time for the necessary tools to be developed to fully understand the complex salmon genome. We expect that the next decade will witness many new studies that take full advantage of salmonid genomic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin S Waples
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98112, USA;
| | - Kerry A Naish
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5020, USA;
| | - Craig R Primmer
- Organismal & Evolutionary Biology Research Program and Biotechnology Institute, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
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7
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Miller AD, Hoffmann AA, Tan MH, Young M, Ahrens C, Cocomazzo M, Rattray A, Ierodiaconou DA, Treml E, Sherman CDH. Local and regional scale habitat heterogeneity contribute to genetic adaptation in a commercially important marine mollusc (
Haliotis rubra
) from southeastern Australia. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:3053-3072. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Miller
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia
- Deakin Genomics Centre Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Mun Hua Tan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia
- Deakin Genomics Centre Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Mary Young
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Collin Ahrens
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University Penrith New South Wales Australia
| | - Michael Cocomazzo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Alex Rattray
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Daniel A. Ierodiaconou
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Eric Treml
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Craig D. H. Sherman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia
- Deakin Genomics Centre Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia
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8
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Evans ML, Hard JJ, Black AN, Sard NM, O’Malley KG. A quantitative genetic analysis of life-history traits and lifetime reproductive success in reintroduced Chinook salmon. CONSERV GENET 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-019-01174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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9
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Genetic rescue insights from population- and family-level hybridization effects in brook trout. CONSERV GENET 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-019-01179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Sylvester EVA, Wringe BF, Duffy SJ, Hamilton LC, Fleming IA, Castellani M, Bentzen P, Bradbury IR. Estimating the relative fitness of escaped farmed salmon offspring in the wild and modelling the consequences of invasion for wild populations. Evol Appl 2019; 12:705-717. [PMID: 30976304 PMCID: PMC6439497 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout their native range, wild Atlantic salmon populations are threatened by hybridization and introgression with escapees from net-pen salmon aquaculture. Although domestic-wild hybrid offspring have shown reduced fitness in laboratory and field experiments, consequential impacts on population abundance and genetic integrity remain difficult to predict in the field, in part because the strength of selection against domestic offspring is often unknown and context-dependent. Here, we follow a single large escape event of farmed Atlantic salmon in southern Newfoundland and monitor changes in the in-river proportions of hybrids and feral individuals over time using genetically based hybrid identification. Over a three-year period following the escape, the overall proportion of wild parr increased consistently (total wild proportion of 71.6%, 75.1% and 87.5% each year, respectively), with subsequent declines in feral (genetically pure farmed individuals originating from escaped, farmed adults) and hybrid parr. We quantify the strength of selection against parr of aquaculture ancestry and explore the genetic and demographic consequences for populations in the region. Within-cohort changes in the relative proportions of feral and F1 parr suggest reduced relative survival compared to wild individuals over the first (0.15 and 0.81 for feral and F1, respectively) and second years of life (0.26, 0.83). These relative survivorship estimates were used to inform an individual-based salmon eco-genetic model to project changes in adult abundance and overall allele frequency across three invasion scenarios ranging from short-term to long-term invasion and three relative survival scenarios. Modelling results indicate that total population abundance and time to recovery were greatly affected by relative survivorship and predict significant declines in wild population abundance under continued large escape events and calculated survivorship. Overall, this work demonstrates the importance of estimating the strength of selection against domestic offspring in the wild to predict the long-term impact of farmed salmon escape events on wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma V. A. Sylvester
- Science Branch, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John’sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Brendan F. Wringe
- Science Branch, Department of Fisheries and Oceans CanadaBedford Institute of OceanographyDartmouthNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Steven J. Duffy
- Science Branch, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John’sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Lorraine C. Hamilton
- Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaBedford Institute of OceanographyDartmouthNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Ian A. Fleming
- Memorial University of NewfoundlandDepartment of Ocean SciencesSt. John’sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Marco Castellani
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Paul Bentzen
- Marine Gene Probe Laboratory, Department of BiologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Ian R. Bradbury
- Science Branch, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John’sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
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11
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12
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Hagen IJ, Jensen AJ, Bolstad GH, Diserud OH, Hindar K, Lo H, Karlsson S. Supplementary stocking selects for domesticated genotypes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:199. [PMID: 30643117 PMCID: PMC6331577 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Stocking of hatchery produced fish is common practise to mitigate declines in natural populations and may have unwanted genetic consequences. Here we describe a novel phenomenon arising where broodstock used for stocking may be introgressed with farmed individuals. We test how stocking affects introgression in a wild population of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) by quantifying how the number of adult offspring recaptured in a stocked river depend on parental introgression. We found that hatchery conditions favour farmed genotypes such that introgressed broodstock produce up to four times the number of adult offspring compared to non-introgressed broodstock, leading to increased introgression in the recipient spawning population. Our results provide the first empirical evidence that stocking can unintentionally favour introgressed individuals and through selection for domesticated genotypes compromise the fitness of stocked wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingerid J Hagen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), P.O. Box 5685 Torgarden, 7485, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Arne J Jensen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), P.O. Box 5685 Torgarden, 7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Geir H Bolstad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), P.O. Box 5685 Torgarden, 7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ola H Diserud
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), P.O. Box 5685 Torgarden, 7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjetil Hindar
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), P.O. Box 5685 Torgarden, 7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard Lo
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 5695 Torgarden, 7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sten Karlsson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), P.O. Box 5685 Torgarden, 7485, Trondheim, Norway
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13
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Hamoutene D, Perez-Casanova J, Burt K, Lush L, Caines J, Collier C, Hinks R. Early life traits of farm and wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and first generation hybrids in the south coast of Newfoundland. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:2271-2288. [PMID: 28488356 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined fertilization rates, survival and early life-trait differences of pure farm, wild and first generation (F1) hybrid origin embryos after crossing farm and wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Results show that despite a trend towards higher in vitro fertilization success for wild females, differences in fertilization success in river water are not significantly different among crosses. In a hatchery environment, wild females' progeny (pure wild and hybrids with wild maternal parent) hatched 7-11 days earlier than pure farm crosses and hybrids with farm maternal parents. In addition, pure wild progeny had higher total lengths (LT ) at hatch than pure farm crosses and hybrids. Directions in trait differences need to be tested in a river environment, but results clearly show the maternal influence on early stages beyond egg-size differences. Differences in LT were no longer significant at 70 days post hatch (shortly after the onset of exogenous feeding) showing the need to investigate later developmental stages to better assess somatic growth disparities due to genetic differences. Higher mortality rates of the most likely hybrids (farm female × wild male hybrids) at egg and fry stages and their delayed hatch suggest that these F1 hybrids might be less likely to survive the early larval stages than wild stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hamoutene
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, P. O. Box 5667, St John's, NL, A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - J Perez-Casanova
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, P. O. Box 5667, St John's, NL, A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - K Burt
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, P. O. Box 5667, St John's, NL, A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - L Lush
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, P. O. Box 5667, St John's, NL, A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - J Caines
- Northern Harvest Sea Farms NL Ltd., P. O. Box 190, St Alban's, NL, A0H 2E0, Canada
| | - C Collier
- Gray Aqua Group Limited, P. O. Box 275, Conne River, NL, A0H 1J0, Canada
| | - R Hinks
- Natural Resources Miawpukek First Nations, MiawpukekMi'kamaweyMawi'omi, P. O. Box 10, Conne River, NL, A0H 1J0, Canada
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14
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Wells ZRR, McDonnell LH, Chapman LJ, Fraser DJ. Limited variability in upper thermal tolerance among pure and hybrid populations of a cold-water fish. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow063. [PMID: 27990291 PMCID: PMC5156897 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
As climate warming threatens the persistence of many species and populations, it is important to forecast their responses to warming thermal regimes. Climate warming often traps populations in smaller habitat fragments, not only changing biotic parameters, but potentially decreasing adaptive potential by decreasing genetic variability. We examined the ability of six genetically distinct and different-sized populations of a cold-water fish (brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis) to tolerate acute thermal warming and whether this tolerance could be altered by hybridizing populations. Critical thermal maximum (CTmax) assays were conducted on juveniles from each population to assess thermal tolerance, and the agitation temperature was recorded for assessing behavioural changes to elevated temperatures. An additional metric, which we have called the 'CTmax-agitation window' (CTmax minus agitation temperature), was also assessed. The CTmax differed between five out of 15 population pairs, although the maximal CTmax difference was only 0.68°C (29.11-29.79°C). Hybridization between one large population and two small populations yielded no obvious heterosis in mean CTmax, and no differences in agitation temperature or CTmax-agitation window were detected among pure populations or hybrids. Summer variation in temperature within each stream was negatively correlated with mean CTmax and mean CTmax-agitation window, although the maximal difference was small. Despite being one of the most phenotypically divergent and plastic north temperate freshwater fishes, our results suggest that limited variability exists in CTmax among populations of brook trout, regardless of their population size, standing genetic variation and differing natural thermal regimes (temperature variation, minimum and maximum). This study highlights the level to which thermal tolerance is conserved between isolated populations of a vertebrate species, in the face of climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery R. R. Wells
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4B 1R6
| | - Laura H. McDonnell
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Lauren J. Chapman
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Dylan J. Fraser
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4B 1R6
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15
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Crotta M, Ferrari N, Guitian J. Qualitative risk assessment of introduction of anisakid larvae in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) farms and commercialization of products infected with viable nematodes. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Attard CRM, Brauer CJ, Van Zoelen JD, Sasaki M, Hammer MP, Morrison L, Harris JO, Möller LM, Beheregaray LB. Multi-generational evaluation of genetic diversity and parentage in captive southern pygmy perch (Nannoperca australis). CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0873-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Using genetic monitoring to inform best practice in a captive breeding programme: inbreeding and potential genetic rescue in the freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera. CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Le Cam S, Perrier C, Besnard AL, Bernatchez L, Evanno G. Genetic and phenotypic changes in an Atlantic salmon population supplemented with non-local individuals: a longitudinal study over 21 years. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2014.2765. [PMID: 25608883 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
While introductions and supplementations using non-native and potentially domesticated individuals may have dramatic evolutionary effects on wild populations, few studies documented the evolution of genetic diversity and life-history traits in supplemented populations. Here, we investigated year-to-year changes from 1989 to 2009 in genetic admixture at 15 microsatellite loci and in phenotypic traits in an Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) population stocked during the first decade of this period with two genetically and phenotypically distinct source populations. We detected a pattern of temporally increasing introgressive hybridization between the stocked population and both source populations. The proportion of fish returning to the river after a single winter at sea (versus several ones) was higher in fish assigned to the main source population than in local individuals. Moreover, during the first decade of the study, both single-sea-winter and multi-sea-winter (MSW) fish assigned to the main source population were smaller than local fish. During the second decade of the study, MSW fish defined as hybrids were lighter and smaller than fish from parental populations, suggesting outbreeding depression. Overall, this study suggests that supplementation with non-local individuals may alter not only the genetic diversity of wild populations but also life-history traits of adaptive significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Le Cam
- INRA, UMR 0985 Ecology and Health of Ecosystems, Rennes 35042, France Agrocampus Ouest, 65 Rue de Saint-Brieuc, Rennes 35042, France Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7144, Roscoff Cedex 29688, France Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, CNRS, UMR 7144, Roscoff Cedex 29688, France
| | - Charles Perrier
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne-Laure Besnard
- INRA, UMR 0985 Ecology and Health of Ecosystems, Rennes 35042, France Agrocampus Ouest, 65 Rue de Saint-Brieuc, Rennes 35042, France
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Evanno
- INRA, UMR 0985 Ecology and Health of Ecosystems, Rennes 35042, France Agrocampus Ouest, 65 Rue de Saint-Brieuc, Rennes 35042, France
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O'Toole CL, Reed TE, Bailie D, Bradley C, Cotter D, Coughlan J, Cross T, Dillane E, McEvoy S, Ó Maoiléidigh N, Prodöhl P, Rogan G, McGinnity P. The signature of fine scale local adaptation in Atlantic salmon revealed from common garden experiments in nature. Evol Appl 2015; 8:881-900. [PMID: 26495041 PMCID: PMC4610385 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the extent, scale and genetic basis of local adaptation (LA) is important for conservation and management. Its relevance in salmonids at microgeographic scales, where dispersal (and hence potential gene flow) can be substantial, has however been questioned. Here, we compare the fitness of communally reared offspring of local and foreign Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from adjacent Irish rivers and reciprocal F1 hybrid crosses between them, in the wild ‘home’ environment of the local population. Experimental groups did not differ in wild smolt output but a catastrophic flood event may have limited our ability to detect freshwater performance differences, which were evident in a previous study. Foreign parr exhibited higher, and hybrids intermediate, emigration rates from the natal stream relative to local parr, consistent with genetically based behavioural differences. Adult return rates were lower for the foreign compared to the local group. Overall lifetime success of foreigners and hybrids relative to locals was estimated at 31% and 40% (mean of both hybrid groups), respectively. The results imply a genetic basis to fitness differences among populations separated by only 50 km, driven largely by variation in smolt to adult return rates. Hence even if supplementary stocking programs obtain broodstock from neighbouring rivers, the risk of extrinsic outbreeding depression may be high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciar L O'Toole
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomas E Reed
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Deborah Bailie
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Caroline Bradley
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | | | - Jamie Coughlan
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Tom Cross
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Eileen Dillane
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Sarah McEvoy
- Marine Institute, Furnace Newport, Co. Mayo, Ireland
| | | | - Paulo Prodöhl
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Ger Rogan
- Marine Institute, Furnace Newport, Co. Mayo, Ireland
| | - Philip McGinnity
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
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Moreau DTR. Ecological risk analysis and genetically modified salmon: management in the face of uncertainty. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2015; 2:515-33. [PMID: 25384154 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The commercialization of growth hormone transgenic Atlantic salmon for aquaculture has become a controversial public policy issue. Concerns exist over the potential ecological effects of this biotechnology should animals escape captivity. From within an ecological risk-analysis framework, science has been sought to provide decision makers with evidence upon which to base regulatory decisions pertaining to genetically modified salmon. Here I review the available empirical information on the potential ecological and genetic effects of transgenic salmon and discuss the underlying eco-evolutionary science behind the topic. I conclude that data gaps and irreducible epistemic uncertainties limit the role of scientific inference in support of ecological risk management for transgenic salmon. I argue that predictive uncertainties are pervasive in complex eco-evolutionary systems and that it behooves those involved in the risk-analysis process to accept and communicate these limitations in the interest of timely, clear, and cautious risk-management options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darek T R Moreau
- Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, Government of Newfoundland & Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada, A1B 4J6; ; Twitter: @darekmoreau
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Sundt-Hansen L, Huisman J, Skoglund H, Hindar K. Farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. parr may reduce early survival of wild fish. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 86:1699-1712. [PMID: 25929354 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The study examined the density-mediated effects on growth, survival and dispersal of wild and farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar offspring in the period immediately following emergence, using a substitutive design. In small confined stream channels, wild parr coexisting with farmed parr had a significantly poorer survival, than wild parr alone. Density did not affect this relationship. In larger unconfined stream channels, wild parr coexisting with farmed parr entered a downstream trap in higher numbers than wild parr in allopatry. The results suggests that during the earliest life stages, farmed S. salar can outcompete wild S. salar, resulting in a reduced survival of wild S. salar.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sundt-Hansen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), N-7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - J Huisman
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - H Skoglund
- Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (LFI-Uni Environment), Uni Research, N-5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - K Hindar
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), N-7485 Trondheim, Norway
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Stelkens RB, Schmid C, Seehausen O. Hybrid breakdown in cichlid fish. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127207. [PMID: 25996870 PMCID: PMC4440740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies from a wide diversity of taxa have shown a negative relationship between genetic compatibility and the divergence time of hybridizing genomes. Theory predicts the main breakdown of fitness to happen after the F1 hybrid generation, when heterosis subsides and recessive allelic (Dobzhansky-Muller) incompatibilities are increasingly unmasked. We measured the fitness of F2 hybrids of African haplochromine cichlid fish bred from species pairs spanning several thousand to several million years divergence time. F2 hybrids consistently showed the lowest viability compared to F1 hybrids and non-hybrid crosses (crosses within the grandparental species), in agreement with hybrid breakdown. Especially the short- and long-term survival (2 weeks to 6 months) of F2 hybrids was significantly reduced. Overall, F2 hybrids showed a fitness reduction of 21% compared to F1 hybrids, and a reduction of 43% compared to the grandparental, non-hybrid crosses. We further observed a decrease of F2 hybrid viability with the genetic distance between grandparental lineages, suggesting an important role for negative epistatic interactions in cichlid fish postzygotic isolation. The estimated time window for successful production of F2 hybrids resulting from our data is consistent with the estimated divergence time between the multiple ancestral lineages that presumably hybridized in three major adaptive radiations of African cichlids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corinne Schmid
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Macroevolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry (CEEB), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Ole Seehausen
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Macroevolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry (CEEB), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
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Early life-history consequences of growth-hormone transgenesis in rainbow trout reared in stream ecosystem mesocosms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120173. [PMID: 25807001 PMCID: PMC4373795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is persistent commercial interest in the use of growth modified fishes for shortening production cycles and increasing overall food production, but there is concern over the potential impact that transgenic fishes might have if ever released into nature. To explore the ecological consequences of transgenic fish, we performed two experiments in which the early growth and survival of growth-hormone transgenic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were assessed in naturalized stream mesocosms that either contained predators or were predator-free. We paid special attention to the survival bottleneck that occurs during the early life-history of salmonids, and conducted experiments at two age classes (first-feeding fry and 60 days post-first-feeding) that lie on either side of the bottleneck. In the late summer, the first-feeding transgenic trout could not match the growth potential of their wild-type siblings when reared in a hydrodynamically complex and oligotrophic environment, irrespective of predation pressure. Furthermore, overall survival of transgenic fry was lower than in wild-type (transgenic = 30% without predators, 8% with predators; wild-type = 81% without predators, 31% with predators). In the experiment with 60-day old fry, we explored the effects of the transgene in different genetic backgrounds (wild versus domesticated). We found no difference in overwinter survival but significantly higher growth by transgenic trout, irrespective of genetic background. We conclude that the high mortality of GH-transgenic trout during first-feeding reflects an inability to sustain the basic metabolic requirements necessary for life in complex, stream environments. However, when older, GH-transgenic fish display a competitive advantage over wild-type fry, and show greater growth and equal survival as wild-type. These results demonstrate how developmental age and time of year can influence the response of genotypes to environmental conditions. We therefore urge caution when extrapolating the results of GH-transgenesis risk assessment studies across multiple life-history or developmental stages.
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Marsh PC, Dowling TE, Kesner BR, Turner TF, Minckley WL. Conservation to Stem Imminent Extinction: The Fight To Save Razorback SuckerXyrauchen texanusin Lake Mohave and Its Implications for Species Recovery. COPEIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1643/ot-14-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fry J, Casanova PJ, Hamoutene D, Lush L, Walsh A, Couturier C. The Impact of Egg Ozonation on Hatching Success, Larval Growth, and Survival of Atlantic Cod, Atlantic Salmon, and Rainbow Trout. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2015; 27:57-64. [PMID: 26306334 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2014.983278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The direct exposure of fish eggs to ozonated water has generated interest as a means of ensuring pathogen-free eggs without the use of harsh chemicals. However, there are numerous knowledge gaps, including safe contact times, exposure levels, and potential long-term effects on aquaculture species in both freshwater and seawater. The effect of different ozone (O3) doses (0.5-1.0, 1.5-2.0, and 2.5-3.0 mg of O3/L for 90 s) on recently fertilized eggs of Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua and eyed eggs of Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar and Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was evaluated in comparison with the effects of two commercial disinfectants: Perosan (0.004 mg/L) and Ovadine (100 mg/L). The impact of ozone application was evaluated based on hatching success, larval nucleic acid concentration, larval growth, and survival. Overall, results indicated that ozonation of Atlantic Cod eggs at a dose less than 3.0 mg/L for 90 s produced no negative effect on the larvae up to 30 d posthatch. Furthermore, ozonation of Atlantic Salmon and Rainbow Trout eggs generated no negative effect on the larvae, based on monitoring until 85% yolk sac re-absorption (16 d posthatch).
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26
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López A, Vera M, Planas M, Bouza C. Conservation genetics of threatened Hippocampus guttulatus in vulnerable habitats in NW Spain: temporal and spatial stability of wild populations with flexible polygamous mating system in captivity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117538. [PMID: 25646777 PMCID: PMC4315495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was focused on conservation genetics of threatened Hippocampus guttulatus on the Atlantic coast of NW Iberian Peninsula. Information about spatial structure and temporal stability of wild populations was obtained based on microsatellite markers, and used for monitoring a captive breeding program firstly initiated in this zone at the facilities of the Institute of Marine Research (Vigo, Spain). No significant major genetic structure was observed regarding the biogeographical barrier of Cape Finisterre. However, two management units under continuous gene flow are proposed based on the allelic differentiation between South-Atlantic and Cantabrian subpopulations, with small to moderate contemporary effective size based on single-sample methods. Temporal stability was observed in South-Atlantic population samples of H. guttulatus for the six-year period studied, suggesting large enough effective population size to buffer the effects of genetic drift within the time frame of three generations. Genetic analysis of wild breeders and offspring in captivity since 2009 allowed us to monitor the breeding program founded in 2006 in NW Spain for this species. Similar genetic diversity in the renewed and founder broodstock, regarding the wild population of origin, supports suitable renewal and rearing processes to maintain genetic variation in captivity. Genetic parentage proved single-brood monogamy in the wild and in captivity, but flexible short- and long-term mating system under captive conditions, from strict monogamy to polygamy within and/or among breeding seasons. Family analysis showed high reproductive success in captivity under genetic management assisted by molecular relatedness estimates to avoid inbreeding. This study provides genetic information about H. guttulatus in the wild and captivity within an uncovered geographical range for this data deficient species, to be taken into account for management and conservation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena López
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, Lugo, Spain
| | - Manuel Vera
- Laboratori d’Ictiologia Genètica, Departament of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, Girona, Spain
| | - Miquel Planas
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Carmen Bouza
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, Lugo, Spain
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Moore JS, Bourret V, Dionne M, Bradbury I, O'Reilly P, Kent M, Chaput G, Bernatchez L. Conservation genomics of anadromous Atlantic salmon across its North American range: outlier loci identify the same patterns of population structure as neutral loci. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:5680-97. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Sébastien Moore
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes; Université Laval; 1030 Avenue de la Médecine Québec Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Vincent Bourret
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes; Université Laval; 1030 Avenue de la Médecine Québec Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
- Direction de la Protection de la Faune; Ministère des Forêts; de la Faune et des Parcs; Québec Québec G1S 4X4 Canada
| | - Mélanie Dionne
- Direction de la Faune Aquatique; Ministère des Forêts; de la Faune et des Parcs; Québec Québec G1S 4X4 Canada
| | - Ian Bradbury
- Science Branch; Fisheries and Oceans Canada; 80 East White Road St. John's Newfoundland A1C 5X1 Canada
| | - Patrick O'Reilly
- Science Branch; Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Bedford Institute of Oceanography; 1 Challenger Drive Dartmouth Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2 Canada
| | - Matthew Kent
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE); Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences (IHA); Norwegian University of Life Sciences; PO Box 5003 1432 Aas Norway
| | - Gérald Chaput
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada; PO Box 5030 Moncton New Brunswick E1C 9B6 Canada
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes; Université Laval; 1030 Avenue de la Médecine Québec Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
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28
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Outbreeding Depression in Atlantic Salmon Revealed by Hypoxic Stress During Embryonic Development. Evol Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-014-9289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fraser DJ. Evolutionary hypotheses for a constraint to life-history resilience in depleted Salmo salar populations. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 85:119-131. [PMID: 24766616 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity underlies much of the variation in life-history expression in fishes. An understanding of potential constraints on life-history plasticity thus may be critical for assessing the resiliency of populations or species to environmental change. Here, several evolutionary hypotheses are formulated for why a depleted lineage of Canadian Atlantic salmon Salmo salar populations continues to express an apparently maladaptive life history in the face of severe marine mortality. These hypotheses include: (1) reduced genetic variability for expressing plasticity, (2) constraints from genetic architecture, (3) constraints from gene flow, (4) phylogenetic constraints or irreversible evolutionary transitions, (5) environmental constraints to plasticity and (6) a restriction to population rescue from evolutionary-demographic feedbacks. This S. salar lineage is intriguing to consider for understanding resilience or the lack thereof, because it has life-history attributes that should favour resilience (e.g. a high degree of iteroparity, variable age at maturity and the presence of both long- and short-distance migration ecotypes). In particular, the discussion centres on the question of why S. salar females, in contrast to males, do not adopt a non-anadromous life history and mature in fresh water, given extremely high marine mortality among anadromous individuals of both sexes. A salient implication, with possibly significant conservation ramifications, is that fishes may exhibit substantial plasticity and potential for adapting to environmental change, but still be incapable of responding to certain environmental changes due to sex-specific constraints to life-history plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Fraser
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
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30
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Lamaze FC, Pavey SA, Normandeau E, Roy G, Garant D, Bernatchez L. Neutral and selective processes shape MHC gene diversity and expression in stocked brook charr populations (Salvelinus fontinalis). Mol Ecol 2014; 23:1730-48. [PMID: 24795997 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of an individual to battle infection is an important fitness determinant in wild vertebrate populations. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are crucial for a host's adaptive immune system to detect pathogens. However, anthropogenic activities may disrupt natural cycles of co-evolution between hosts and pathogens. In this study, we investigated the dynamic sequence and expression variation of host parasite interactions in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) in a context of past human disturbance via population supplementation from domestic individuals. To do so, we developed a new method to examine selection shaping MHC diversity within and between populations and found a complex interplay between neutral and selective processes that varied between lakes that were investigated. We provided evidence for a lower introgression rate of domestic alleles and found that parasite infection increased with domestic genomic background of individuals. We also documented an association between individual MHC alleles and parasite taxa. Finally, longer cis-regulatory minisatellites were positively correlated with MHC II down-regulation and domestic admixture, suggesting that inadvertent selection during domestication resulted in a lower immune response capacity, through a trade-off between growth and immunity, which explained the negative selection of domestic alleles at least under certain circumstances.
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Lehnert SJ, Love OP, Pitcher TE, Higgs DM, Heath DD. Multigenerational outbreeding effects in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Genetica 2014; 142:281-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-014-9774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ljungfeldt LER, Espedal PG, Nilsen F, Skern-Mauritzen M, Glover KA. A common-garden experiment to quantify evolutionary processes in copepods: the case of emamectin benzoate resistance in the parasitic sea louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:108. [PMID: 24885085 PMCID: PMC4057923 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of pesticide resistance represents a global challenge to food production. Specifically for the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry, parasitic sea lice and their developing resistance to delousing chemicals is challenging production. In this study, seventeen full sibling families, established from three strains of Lepeophtheirus salmonis displaying differing backgrounds in emamectin benzoate (EB) tolerance were produced and quantitatively compared under a common-garden experimental design. Lice surviving to the preadult stage were then exposed to EB and finally identified through the application of DNA parentage testing. RESULTS With the exception of two families (19 and 29%), survival from the infectious copepod to preadult stage was very similar among families (40-50%). In contrast, very large differences in survival following EB exposure were observed among the families (7.9-74%). Family survival post EB exposure was consistent with the EB tolerance characteristics of the strains from which they were established and no negative effect on infection success were detected in association with increased EB tolerance. Two of the lice families that displayed reduced sensitivity to EB were established from a commercial farm that had previously used this chemical. This demonstrates that resistant alleles were present on this farm even though the farm had not reported treatment failure. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this represents the first study where families of any multi-cellular parasite have been established and compared in performance under communal rearing conditions in a common-garden experiment. The system performed in a predictable manner and permitted, for the first time, elucidation of quantitative traits among sea lice families. While this experiment concentrated on, and provided a unique insight into EB sensitivity among lice families, the experimental design represents a novel methodology to experimentally address both resistance development and other evolutionary questions in parasitic copepods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Per Gunnar Espedal
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Frank Nilsen
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Kevin Alan Glover
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
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33
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Stelkens RB, Pompini M, Wedekind C. Testing the effects of genetic crossing distance on embryo survival within a metapopulation of brown trout (Salmo trutta). CONSERV GENET 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-013-0545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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34
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Kapusta A, Partyka K, Szczepkowska B, Jarmołowicz S, Hopko M, Piotrowska I, Kowalska A, Zakęś Z. Impact of diet and culture conditions on the body shape of crucian carp (Carassius carassiusL.). JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2013.792738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Solberg MF, Zhang Z, Nilsen F, Glover KA. Growth reaction norms of domesticated, wild and hybrid Atlantic salmon families in response to differing social and physical environments. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:234. [PMID: 24165438 PMCID: PMC4231500 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Directional selection for growth has resulted in the 9-10th generation of domesticated Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. outgrowing wild salmon by a ratio of approximately 3:1 when reared under standard hatchery conditions. In the wild however, growth of domesticated and wild salmon is more similar, and seems to differ at the most by a ratio of 1.25:1. Comparative studies of quantitative traits in farmed and wild salmon are often performed by the use of common-garden experiments where salmon of all origins are reared together to avoid origin-specific environmental differences. As social interaction may influence growth, the large observed difference in growth between wild and domesticated salmon in the hatchery may not be entirely genetically based, but inflated by inter-strain competition. This study had two primary aims: (i) investigate the effect of social interaction and inter-strain competition in common-garden experiments, by comparing the relative growth of farmed, hybrid and wild salmon when reared together and separately; (ii) investigate the competitive balance between wild and farmed salmon by comparing their norm of reaction for survival and growth along an environmental gradient ranging from standard hatchery conditions to a semi-natural environment with restricted feed. Results The main results of this study, which are based upon the analysis of more than 6000 juvenile salmon, can be summarised as; (i) there was no difference in relative growth between wild and farmed salmon when reared together and separately; (ii) the relative difference in body weight at termination between wild and farmed salmon decreased as mortality increased along the environmental gradient approaching natural conditions. Conclusions This study demonstrates that potential social interactions between wild and farmed salmon when reared communally are not likely to cause an overestimation of the genetic growth differences between them. Therefore, common-garden experiments represent a valid methodological approach to investigate genetic differences between wild and farmed salmon. As growth of surviving salmon of all origins became more similar as mortality increased along the environmental gradient approaching natural conditions, a hypothesis is presented suggesting that size-selective mortality is a possible factor reducing growth differences between these groups in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Favnebøe Solberg
- Section of Population Genetics and Ecology, Institute of Marine Research, P,O, Box 1870, Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway.
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Parental influences on pathogen resistance in brown trout embryos and effects of outcrossing within a river network. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57832. [PMID: 23451273 PMCID: PMC3579773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity can increase tolerance to heterogeneous environments but the elevations and slopes of reaction norms are often population specific. Disruption of locally adapted reaction norms through outcrossing can lower individual viability. Here, we sampled five genetically distinct populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta) from within a river network, crossed them in a full-factorial design, and challenged the embryos with the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas fluorescens. By virtue of our design, we were able to disentangle effects of genetic crossing distance from sire and dam effects on early life-history traits. While pathogen infection did not increase mortality, it was associated with delayed hatching of smaller larvae with reduced yolk sac reserves. We found no evidence of a relationship between genetic distance (W, FST) and the expression of early-life history traits. Moreover, hybrids did not differ in phenotypic means or reaction norms in comparison to offspring from within-population crosses. Heritable variation in early life-history traits was found to remain stable across the control and pathogen environments. Our findings show that outcrossing within a rather narrow geographical scale can have neutral effects on F1 hybrid viability at the embryonic stage, i.e. at a stage when environmental and genetic effects on phenotypes are usually large.
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Solberg MF, Skaala Ø, Nilsen F, Glover KA. Does domestication cause changes in growth reaction norms? A study of farmed, wild and hybrid Atlantic salmon families exposed to environmental stress. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54469. [PMID: 23382901 PMCID: PMC3561353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important traits linked with the successful domestication of animals is reducing their sensitivity to environmental stressors in the human controlled environment. In order to examine whether domestication selection in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., over approximately ten generations, has inadvertently selected for reduced responsiveness to stress, we compared the growth reaction norms of 29 wild, hybrid and domesticated families reared together under standard hatchery conditions (control) and in the presence of a stressor (reduced water level twice daily). The experiment was conducted for a 14 week period. Farmed salmon outgrew wild salmon 1:2.93 in the control tanks, and no overlap in mean weight was displayed between families representing the three groups. Thus, the elevation of the reaction norms differed among the groups. Overall, growth was approximately 25% lower in the stressed tanksl; however, farmed salmon outgrew wild salmon 1:3.42 under these conditions. That farmed salmon maintained a relatively higher growth rate than the wild salmon in the stressed tanks demonstrates a lower responsiveness to stress in the farmed salmon. Thus, flatter reaction norm slopes were displayed in the farmed salmon, demonstrating reduced plasticity for this trait under these specific experimental conditions. For all growth measurements, hybrid salmon displayed intermediate values. Wild salmon displayed higher heritability estimates for body weight than the hybrid and farmed salmon in both environments. This suggests reduced genetic variation for body weight in the farmed contra wild salmon studied here. While these results may be linked to the specific families and stocks investigated, and verification in other stocks and traits is needed, these data are consistent with the theoretical predictions of domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Favnebøe Solberg
- Section of Population Genetics and Ecology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Øystein Skaala
- Section of Population Genetics and Ecology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frank Nilsen
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kevin Alan Glover
- Section of Population Genetics and Ecology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
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38
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Côte J, Roussel JM, Le Cam S, Bal G, Evanno G. Population differences in response to hypoxic stress in Atlantic salmon. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:2596-606. [PMID: 23107024 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding whether populations can adapt to new environmental conditions is a major issue in conservation and evolutionary biology. Aquatic organisms are increasingly exposed to environmental changes linked with human activities in river catchments. For instance, the clogging of bottom substratum by fine sediments is observed in many rivers and usually leads to a decrease in dissolved oxygen concentrations in gravel beds. Such hypoxic stress can alter the development and even be lethal for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) embryos that spend their early life into gravel beds. In this study, we used a common garden experiment to compare the responses to hypoxic stress of four genetically differentiated and environmentally contrasted populations. We used factorial crossing designs to measure additive genetic variation of early life-history traits in each population. Embryos were reared under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, and we measured their survival, incubation time and length at the end of embryonic development. Under hypoxic conditions, embryos had a lower survival and hatched later than in normoxic conditions. We found different hypoxia reaction norms among populations, but almost no population effect in both treatments. We also detected significant sire × treatment interactions in most populations and a tendency for heritability values to be lower under stressful conditions. Overall, these results reveal a high degree of phenotypic plasticity in salmon populations that nevertheless differ in their adaptive potential to hypoxia given the distinct reaction norms observed between and within populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Côte
- INRA, UMR 985 Ecologie et Santé des Ecosystèmes, Rennes, France.
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40
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Byrne A, Copeland T. Parr Production from Adult Hatchery Steelhead Outplanted in Two Tributaries to the Headwaters of the Salmon River, Idaho. NORTHWEST SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.3955/046.086.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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Genetic evaluation of the initiation of a captive population: the general approach and a case study in the endangered pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus). CONSERV GENET 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-012-0381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Perrier C, Baglinière JL, Evanno G. Understanding admixture patterns in supplemented populations: a case study combining molecular analyses and temporally explicit simulations in Atlantic salmon. Evol Appl 2012; 6:218-30. [PMID: 23798972 PMCID: PMC3689348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2012.00280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic admixture between wild and introduced populations is a rising concern for the management of endangered species. Here, we use a dual approach based on molecular analyses of samples collected before and after hatchery fish introduction in combination with a simulation study to obtain insight into the mechanisms of admixture in wild populations. Using 17 microsatellites, we genotyped pre- and post-stocking samples from four Atlantic salmon populations supplemented with non-native fish to estimate genetic admixture. We also used individual-based temporally explicit simulations based on realistic demographic and stocking data to predict the extent of admixture. We found a low admixture by hatchery stocks within prestocking samples but moderate to high values in post-stocking samples (from 12% to 60%). The simulation scenarios best fitting the real data suggested a 10-25 times lower survival of stocked fish relative to wild individuals. Simulations also suggested relatively high dispersal rates of stocked and wild fish, which may explain some high levels of admixture in weakly stocked populations and the persistence of indigenous genotypes in heavily stocked populations. This study overall demonstrates that combining genetic analyses with simulations can significantly improve the understanding of admixture mechanisms in wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Perrier
- INRA, UMR 0985 Ecology and Health of Ecosystems Rennes, France ; Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, France ; INRA, UMR 1313 Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology, Domaine de Vilvert Jouy-en-Josas, France ; Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec QC, Canada
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Genetic diversity in the Snake River sockeye salmon captive broodstock program as estimated from broodstock records. CONSERV GENET 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-012-0363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xu L, Wang C, Wang J, Dong Z, Ma Y, Yang X. Selection pressures have driven population differentiation of domesticated and wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:3222-35. [DOI: 10.4238/2012.september.12.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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45
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Vandersteen W, Biro P, Harris L, Devlin R. Introgression of domesticated alleles into a wild trout genotype and the impact on seasonal survival in natural lakes. Evol Appl 2011; 5:76-88. [PMID: 25568031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the fitness consequences of introgression of fast-growing domesticated fish into a wild population. Fry from wild and domesticated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) crosses, F1 hybrids, and first- and second-generation backcrosses were released into two natural lakes. Parentage analysis using microsatellite loci facilitated the identification of survivors, so fitness was estimated in nature from the first-feeding stage. Results indicated that under certain conditions, domesticated fish survived at least as well as wild fish within the same environment. Relative growth and survival of the crosses, however, were highly dependent on environment. During the first summer, fastest-growing crosses had the highest survival, but this trend was reversed after one winter and another summer. Although the F1 hybrids showed evidence of outbreeding depression because of the disruption of local adaptation, there was little evidence of outbreeding depression in the backcrosses, and the second-generation backcrosses exhibited a wild-type phenotype. This information is relevant for assessing the multigenerational risk of escaped or released domesticated fish should they successfully interbreed with wild populations and provides information on how to minimize detrimental impacts of a conservation breeding and/or management programme. These data also further understanding of the selection pressures in nature that maintain submaximal rates of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Vandersteen
- Centre for Aquaculture and Environmental Research, Fisheries & Oceans Canada West Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pete Biro
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University Waurn Ponds, Vic., Australia
| | - Les Harris
- Centre for Aquaculture and Environmental Research, Fisheries & Oceans Canada West Vancouver, BC, Canada ; Fisheries & Oceans Canada Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Robert Devlin
- Centre for Aquaculture and Environmental Research, Fisheries & Oceans Canada West Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Perrier C, Guyomard R, Bagliniere JL, Evanno G. Determinants of hierarchical genetic structure in Atlantic salmon populations: environmental factors vs. anthropogenic influences. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:4231-45. [PMID: 21917045 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Disentangling the effects of natural environmental features and anthropogenic factors on the genetic structure of endangered populations is an important challenge for conservation biology. Here, we investigated the combined influences of major environmental features and stocking with non-native fish on the genetic structure and local adaptation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations. We used 17 microsatellite loci to genotype 975 individuals originating from 34 French rivers. Bayesian analyses revealed a hierarchical genetic structure into five geographically distinct clusters. Coastal distance, geological substrate and river length were strong predictors of population structure. Gene flow was higher among rivers with similar geologies, suggesting local adaptation to geological substrate. The effect of river length was mainly owing to one highly differentiated population that has the farthest spawning grounds off the river mouth (up to 900km) and the largest fish, suggesting local adaptation to river length. We detected high levels of admixture in stocked populations but also in neighbouring ones, implying large-scale impacts of stocking through dispersal of non-native individuals. However, we found relatively few admixed individuals suggesting a lower fitness of stocked fish and/or some reproductive isolation between wild and stocked individuals. When excluding stocked populations, genetic structure increased as did its correlation with environmental factors. This study overall indicates that geological substrate and river length are major environmental factors influencing gene flow and potential local adaptation among Atlantic salmon populations but that stocking with non-native individuals may ultimately disrupt these natural patterns of gene flow among locally adapted populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Perrier
- INRA, UMR 0985 Ecology and Health of Ecosystems, 35042 Rennes, France.
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47
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Analysis of gene origin in the first adult returns to the Cultus sockeye salmon captive breeding program. CONSERV GENET 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-011-0246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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48
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Moreau DTR, Conway C, Fleming IA. Reproductive performance of alternative male phenotypes of growth hormone transgenic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Evol Appl 2011; 4:736-48. [PMID: 25568019 PMCID: PMC3352541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) transgenic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is one of the first transgenic animals being considered for commercial farming, yet ecological and genetic concerns remain should they enter the wild and interact reproductively with wild fish. Here, we provide the first empirical data reporting on the breeding performance of GH transgenic Atlantic salmon males, including that of an alternative male reproductive phenotype (i.e. small, precocially mature parr), in pair-wise competitive trials within a naturalised stream mesocosm. Wild anadromous (i.e. large, migratory) males outperformed captively reared transgenic counterparts in terms of nest fidelity, quivering frequency and spawn participation. Similarly, despite displaying less aggression, captively reared nontransgenic mature parr were superior competitors to their transgenic counterparts in terms of nest fidelity and spawn participation. Moreover, nontransgenic parr had higher overall fertilisation success than transgenic parr, and their offspring were represented in more spawning trials. Although transgenic males displayed reduced breeding performance relative to nontransgenics, both male reproductive phenotypes demonstrated the ability to participate in natural spawning events and thus have the potential to contribute genes to subsequent generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darek T R Moreau
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology, Memorial University of Newfoundland St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Corinne Conway
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Ian A Fleming
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology, Memorial University of Newfoundland St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Marie AD, Bernatchez L, Garant D. Empirical assessment of software efficiency and accuracy to detect introgression under variable stocking scenarios in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis). CONSERV GENET 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-011-0224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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50
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Stocking of captive-bred fish can cause long-term population decline and gene pool replacement: predictions from a population dynamics model incorporating density-dependent mortality. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-011-0128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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