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Wildermuth B, Seifert CL, Husemann M, Schuldt A. Metabarcoding reveals that mixed forests mitigate negative effects of non-native trees on canopy arthropod diversity. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 33:e2921. [PMID: 37776039 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Averting climate change-induced forest diebacks increasingly relies on tree species planted outside of their natural range and on the addition of non-native tree species to mixed-species forests. However, the consequences of such changes for associated biodiversity remain poorly understood, especially for the forest canopy as a largely understudied forest stratum. Here, we used flight interception traps and a metabarcoding approach to study the taxonomic and functional (trophic guilds) composition and taxon richness of canopy arthropods. We sampled 15 monospecific and mixed stands of native European beech, native Norway spruce-planted outside its natural range-and non-native Douglas fir in northwest Germany. We found that the diversity of arthropods was lower in non-native Douglas fir compared with native beech stands. Taxon richness of herbivores was reduced by both conifer species. Other functional guilds, however, were not affected by stand type. Arthropod composition differed strongly between native broadleaved beech and monospecific coniferous (native spruce or non-native Douglas fir) stands, with less pronounced differences between the native and non-native conifers. Beech-conifer mixtures consistently hosted intermediate arthropod diversity and community composition compared with the respective monospecific stands. Moreover, arthropod diversity had a positive relationship with the number of canopy microhabitats. Our study shows that considering arthropod taxa of multiple functional groups reveals the multifaceted impact of non-native tree species on forest canopy arthropod communities. Contrasting with previous studies that primarily focused on the forest floor, we found that native beech hosts a rich diversity of arthropods, compared with lower diversity and distinct communities in economically attractive, and especially in non-native, conifers with few canopy microhabitats. Broadleaf-conifer mixtures did not perform better than native beech stands, but mitigated the negative effects of conifers, making such mixtures a compromise to foster both forest-associated diversity and economic yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wildermuth
- Department of Forest Nature Conservation, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carlo L Seifert
- Department of Forest Nature Conservation, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Husemann
- Museum of Nature, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schuldt
- Department of Forest Nature Conservation, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Fleming AJ, Woodley N, Smith MA, Hallwachs W, Janzen DH. Revision of Belvosia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera, Tachinidae) and 33 new species from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica with a key to known North and Mesoamerican species. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e103667. [PMID: 38327385 PMCID: PMC10848636 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e103667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This revision is part of a continuing series of taxonomic work aimed at the description of new taxa and the redescription of known taxa of the Tachinidae of Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica. Here we describe 33 new species in the genus Belvosia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera: Tachinidae). All species described here were reared from this ongoing inventory of wild-caught caterpillars spanning a variety of families (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Eupterotidae, Noctuidae, Notodontidae, Saturniidae, and Sphingidae). We provide a morphological description of each species with limited information on life history, molecular data, and photographic documentation. In addition to the new species, the authors provide a redescription of the genus Belvosia, as well as provide a key to the identification of the species present in the Meso- and North-American fauna. New information The following 33 new species of Belvosia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, all authored by Fleming & Woodley, are described: Belvosiaadrianguadamuzi Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiaanacarballoae Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiaangelhernandezi Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiabrigittevilchezae Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiaalixtomoragai Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiacarolinacanoae Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiaciriloumanai Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiadiniamartinezae Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiaduniagarciae Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiaduvalierbricenoi Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiaeldaarayae Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiaeliethcantillanoae Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiafreddyquesadai Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiagloriasihezarae Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiaguillermopereirai Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiaharryramirezi Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiahazelcambroneroae Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiajorgehernandezi Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiajosecortezi Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiajoseperezi Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiakeinoraragoni Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosialuciariosae Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiamanuelpereirai Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiamanuelriosi Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiaminorcarmonai Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiaosvaldoespinozai Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiapabloumanai Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiapetronariosae Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiaricardocaleroi Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiarobertoespinozai Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiarostermoragai Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiaruthfrancoae Fleming & Woodley sp. n., Belvosiasergioriosi Fleming & Woodley sp. n.Belvosiacanalis Aldrich, 1928 is reared and recorded from the inventory; new information relative to host is provided and the species is rediscribed.The following are proposed by Fleming & Woodley as new synonyms of Belvosia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: Brachybelvosia Townsend, 1927 syn. n., Belvosiomimops Townsend, 1935 syn. n.The following three new combinations are proposed as a result of the new synonymies: Belvosiabrasilensis (Townsend, 1927), comb. n.; and Belvosiabarbiellinii (Townsend, 1935), comb. n.The authors also propose the following new synonymies: Belvosiabrasilensis (Townsend, 1927) = Belvosiaaurulenta (Bigot, 1888), syn. n.; Belvosiapollinosa Rowe, 1933 = Belvosiaborealis Aldrich, 1928 syn. n.; Belvosiaweyenberghiana (Wulp, 1883) = Belvosiafuliginosa (Walker, 1853) syn. n.; Belvosiabrasiliensis Townsend, 1927 = Belvosiafuliginosa (Walker, 1853) syn. n.; Belvosialuteola Coquillett, 1900 = Belvosiaochriventris (Wulp, 1890) syn. n.; Belvosiasocia (Walker, 1853) = Belvosiaproxima (Walker, 1853) syn. n.; Belvosiachrysopyga (Bigot, 1887) = Belvosiaunifasciata (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) syn. n.; Belvosiachrysopygata (Bigot, 1888) = Belvosiaunifasciata (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) syn. n.
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Affiliation(s)
- AJ Fleming
- Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, CanadaAgriculture Agri-Food CanadaOttawaCanada
| | - Norman Woodley
- ARS USDA, Arizona, United States of AmericaARS USDAArizonaUnited States of America
| | - M. Alex Smith
- University of Guelph, Guelph, CanadaUniversity of GuelphGuelphCanada
| | - Winnie Hallwachs
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of AmericaDepartment of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia, PennsylvaniaUnited States of America
| | - Daniel H Janzen
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of AmericaDepartment of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia, PennsylvaniaUnited States of America
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Ortiz AS, Rubio RM, de Freina JJ, Guerrero JJ, Garre M, Yela JL. DNA barcoding and morphology reveal European and western Asian Arctiavillica (Linnaeus, 1758) as a complex of species (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae). Zookeys 2023; 1159:69-86. [PMID: 37234560 PMCID: PMC10208439 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1159.95225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the genus Arctia Schrank, 1802 includes approximately 16 species in the Palaearctic region, depending on the taxonomic interpretation. Here, populations of the Arctiavillica (Linnaeus, 1758) morphospecies complex were studied from Europe to the Middle East (Turkey, northern Iran) by molecular methods. Morphological treatment has traditionally revealed the presence of five nominal taxa: A.villica (Linnaeus, 1758), A.angelica (Boisduval, 1829), A.konewkaii (Freyer, 1831), A.marchandi de Freina, 1983, and A.confluens Romanoff, 1884. The molecular approach tests whether they represent well-delimited species. Subsequently, this study corroborates the suitability of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) marker sequence for species delimitation. In total, 55 barcodes of the Arctiavillica complex were compared, and two molecular species delimitation algorithms were applied to reveal the potential Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs), namely the distance-based Barcode Index Number (BIN) System, and the hierarchical clustering algorithm based on a pairwise genetic distances approach using the Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning (ASAP). The applied ASAP distance-based species delimitation method for the analysed dataset revealed an interspecific threshold of 2.0-3.5% K2P distance as suitable for species identification purposes of the Iberian A.angelica and the Sicilian A.konewkaii and less than 2% for the three taxa of the A.villica clade: A.villica, A.confluens, and A.marchandi. This study contributes to a better understanding of the taxonomy of the genus Arctia and challenges future revision of this genus in Turkey, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia as well as northern Iran using standard molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio S. Ortiz
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, SpainUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Rosa M. Rubio
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, SpainUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Josef J. de Freina
- Eduard Schmid-Str. 10, D-81541, München, GermanyUnaffiliatedMunichGermany
| | - Juan J. Guerrero
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, SpainUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Manuel Garre
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, SpainUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - José Luis Yela
- Grupo DITEG, Área de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda, Carlos III, s.n., Campus Real Fábrica de Armas, E-45071, Toledo, SpainUniversidad de Castilla-La ManchaToledoSpain
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Tembrock LR, Wilson CR, Zink FA, Timm AE, Gilligan TM, Konstantinov AS, Tishechkin AK. CO1 barcodes resolve an asymmetric biphyletic clade for Diabrotica undecimpunctata subspecies and provide nucleotide variants for differentiation from related lineages using real-time PCR. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:1168586. [PMID: 38469542 PMCID: PMC10926502 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1168586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Diabrotica undecimpunctata is a multivoltine polyphagous beetle species that has long been documented as a significant agricultural pest throughout its native range in North America. This beetle can vector bacterial and viral plant pathogens that result in major losses to crops such as cucumber and soybean. Many countries outside the Americas treat D. undecimpunctata as a species of quarantine importance, while in the USA only the subspecies D. u. duodecimnotata is subject to quarantine, to prevent introduction from Mexico. Identification of D. undecimpunctata on the basis of morphology alone can be complicated given the use of conflicting characters in the description of some subspecific taxa. To better understand relationships among D. undecimpunctata subspecies and other related species, we sequenced mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) and nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) DNA from individuals in different subspecific taxa and across different parts of the species range using museum samples and interceptions. When our data were combined with publicly available Diabrotica data, no pattern of divergence consistent with the currently recognized subspecific designations was found. In addition, we compared phylogenetic patterns in CO1 data from the congener D. virgifera to demonstrate the utility of mitochondrial data in resolving subspecies. From the CO1 data, a diagnostic real-time PCR assay was developed that could successfully identify all haplotypes within the large D. undecimpunctata clade for use in surveys and identification at ports of entry. These findings underscore the need to resolve molecular and morphological datasets into cogent, lineage-based groupings. Such efforts will provide an evolutionary context for the study of agriculturally important attributes of Diabrotica such as host preferences, xenobiotic metabolism, and natural and anthropogenic patterns of dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R. Tembrock
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Christina R. Wilson
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Frida A. Zink
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Alicia E. Timm
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Todd M. Gilligan
- Pest Identification Technology Laboratory, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-Science and Technology, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | - Alexey K. Tishechkin
- Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA, United States
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Kukla SP, Chelomin VP, Mazur AA, Slobodskova VV. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce DNA Damage in Sand Dollar Scaphechinus mirabilis Sperm. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070348. [PMID: 35878253 PMCID: PMC9318529 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Products containing nanomaterials are becoming more and more common in everyday life. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), meanwhile, are among the most widely used NPs. However, their genotoxic effect on the germ products of marine organisms is poorly understood. Therefore, the effects of ZnO NPs and zinc ions (20, 50, 100, 200 µg/L) on the sperm of sand dollar Scaphechinus mirabilis were compared. Comet assay showed that both tested pollutants caused an increase in DNA damage to 6.57 ± 2.41 and 7.42 ± 0.88% DNA in the comet tail, for zinc ions and ZnO NPs, respectively. Additionally, a different pattern was shown by the increase in DNA damage, with increasing concentration of pollutants, in different experimental groups.
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Genotoxic Properties of Polystyrene (PS) Microspheres in the Filter-Feeder Mollusk Mytilus trossulus (Gould, 1850). JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution of the aquatic environment is one of the most serious environmental problems today. The potential environmental risks of such particles have become growing concerns in recent years, as direct or indirect exposure to these particles leads to adverse effects on marine organisms. In this study, we investigated the potential risk of polystyrene (PS) microspheres on the genome integrity of cells of different tissues (gills and digestive gland) of the filter-feeder mollusk Mytilus trossulus, using a comet assay. With the help of the comet assay, we estimated the level of genome destruction in the cells of two different mussel tissues after short-term exposure to polystyrene. It was discovered that, despite their chemical inertness, PS microspheres that are 0.9 µm in diameter, at a concentration of 106 particles/L, exhibit genotoxic properties, which are expressed as a two-fold increase in the level of cell DNA damage of the mussel’s digestive gland. It is noted that, after exposure to PS, about half of the mussel’s digestive gland cells experienced damage in 25–35% of their DNA. In addition, the proportion of cells with significant DNA damage (50%) was about 5%. Given the unique role of the genome, DNA damage in these cells may be the earliest stage in the development of biochemical events that lead to toxic effects. These findings provide a basis for studying specific biomarkers of microplastic contamination.
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Genotoxicity of Polystyrene (PS) Microspheres in Short-Term Exposure to Gametes of the Sand Dollar Scaphechinus mirabilis (Agassiz, 1864) (Echinodermata, Echinoidea). JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse9101088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution appears to be one of the major environmental problems in the world today, and researchers have been paying special attention to the study of the impact of microplastics on biota. In this article, we studied the short-term effects of polystyrene micro-spheres on genome integrity using the gametes of the Scaphechinus mirabilis sand dollar with the comet assay method. This highly sensitive method allowed us to identify the level of genome damage in both gametes before and after short-term exposure to PS microparticles. It was shown that primary polystyrene microspheres at concentrations of 104, 105, and 106 particles/L had a genotoxic effect during short-term exposure to the sperm of the sand dollar S. mirabilis, which was expressed as a significant increase in sperm DNA damage. The highest percentage of DNA damage (more than 20%) was detected in spermatozoa exposed for 1 h in water containing 105 microspheres of plastic per 1 L. Additionally, at all concentrations of microplastic studied in the experiment, the genetic damage index (GDI) values in spermatozoa exceeded the control level. However, regardless of the level of DNA damage, spermatozoa retained the ability to fertilise eggs with up to 97% efficiency. We must acknowledge that the genotoxic property of microplastic against sperm to some extent predicts the development of long-term adverse effects of environmental significance.
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Fleming AJ, Wood DM, Smith MA, Hallwachs W, Janzen D. Revison of Metaplagia Coquillett (Diptera: Tachinidae) with description of five new species from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica. Biodivers Data J 2021; 9:e68598. [PMID: 34393585 PMCID: PMC8342401 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.9.e68598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We revise the genus Metaplagia Coquillett, 1895 and describe five new species from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. All new species were reared from an ongoing inventory of wild-caught caterpillars spanning a variety of species within the family Sphingidae (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Our study provides a concise description of each new species using morphology, life history, molecular data and photographic documentation. In addition to the new species, the authors provide a re-description of the genus and a revised key to the species of Metaplagia. New information The following five new species of Metaplagia are described: Metaplagialeahdennisae Fleming & Wood sp. n., Metaplagialindarobinsonae Fleming & Wood sp. n., Metaplagiapaulinesaribasae Fleming & Wood sp. n., Metaplagiarobinsherwoodae Fleming & Wood sp. n. and Metaplagiasvetlanakozikae Fleming & Wood sp. n. The following is proposed by Fleming & Wood as new combination of Plagiomima Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891: Plagiomimalatifrons (Reinhard, 1956) comb. n.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Fleming
- Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada Agriculture Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - D Monty Wood
- Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada Agriculture Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - M Alex Smith
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada University of Guelph Guelph Canada
| | - Winnie Hallwachs
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States of America
| | - Daniel Janzen
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States of America
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Arida E, Ashari H, Dahruddin H, Fitriana YS, Hamidy A, Irham M, Kadarusman, Riyanto A, Wiantoro S, Zein MSA, Hadiaty RK, Apandi, Krey F, Kurnianingsih, Melmambessy EHP, Mulyadi, Ohee HL, Saidin, Salamuk A, Sauri S, Suparno, Supriatna N, Suruwaky AM, Laksono WT, Warikar EL, Wikanta H, Yohanita AM, Slembrouck J, Legendre M, Gaucher P, Cochet C, Delrieu-Trottin E, Thébaud C, Mila B, Fouquet A, Borisenko A, Steinke D, Hocdé R, Semiadi G, Pouyaud L, Hubert N. Exploring the vertebrate fauna of the Bird's Head Peninsula (Indonesia, West Papua) through DNA barcodes. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:2369-2387. [PMID: 33942522 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Biodiversity knowledge is widely heterogeneous across the Earth's biomes. Some areas, due to their remoteness and difficult access, present large taxonomic knowledge gaps. Mostly located in the tropics, these areas have frequently experienced a fast development of anthropogenic activities during the last decades and are therefore of high conservation concerns. The biodiversity hotspots of Southeast Asia exemplify the stakes faced by tropical countries. While the hotspots of Sundaland (Java, Sumatra, Borneo) and Wallacea (Sulawesi, Moluccas) have long attracted the attention of biologists and conservationists alike, extensive parts of the Sahul area, in particular the island of New Guinea, have been much less explored biologically. Here, we describe the results of a DNA-based inventory of aquatic and terrestrial vertebrate communities, which was the objective of a multidisciplinary expedition to the Bird's Head Peninsula (West Papua, Indonesia) conducted between 17 October and 20 November 2014. This expedition resulted in the assembly of 1005 vertebrate DNA barcodes. Based on the use of multiple species-delimitation methods (GMYC, PTP, RESL, ABGD), 264 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) were delineated, among which 75 were unidentified and an additional 48 were considered cryptic. This study suggests that the diversity of vertebrates of the Bird's Head is severely underestimated and considerations on the evolutionary origin and taxonomic knowledge of these biotas are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evy Arida
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Hidayat Ashari
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Hadi Dahruddin
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Yuli Sulistya Fitriana
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Amir Hamidy
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Irham
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Kadarusman
- Politeknik Kelautan dan Perikanan Sorong, Jl. Kapitan Pattimura, Suprau, Indonesia
| | - Awal Riyanto
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Sigit Wiantoro
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Moch Syamsul Arifin Zein
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Renny K Hadiaty
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Apandi
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Frengky Krey
- Jurusan Perikanan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas Papua, Jl. Gunung Salju Amban, Manokwari, Indonesia
| | - Kurnianingsih
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Edy H P Melmambessy
- Program Studi Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Musamus, Jl. Kamizaun Mopah Lama, Rimba Jaya, Merauke, Indonesia
| | - Mulyadi
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Henderite L Ohee
- Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas MIPA, Universitas Cendrawasih, Jl. Kamp Wolker Waena Jayapura, Jayapura, Indonesia
| | - Saidin
- Politeknik Kelautan dan Perikanan Sorong, Jl. Kapitan Pattimura, Suprau, Indonesia
| | - Ayub Salamuk
- Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Kaimana, Jl.Utarum Kampung Coa, Kaimana, Indonesia
| | - Sopian Sauri
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Suparno
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Nanang Supriatna
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Amir M Suruwaky
- Politeknik Kelautan dan Perikanan Sorong, Jl. Kapitan Pattimura, Suprau, Indonesia
| | - Wahyudi Tri Laksono
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Evie L Warikar
- Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas MIPA, Universitas Cendrawasih, Jl. Kamp Wolker Waena Jayapura, Jayapura, Indonesia
| | - Hadi Wikanta
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Aksamina M Yohanita
- Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas MIPA, Universitas Papua Jl. Gunung Salju - Amban, Manokwari, Indonesia
| | - Jacques Slembrouck
- UMR 5554 ISEM (IRD, UM, CNRS, EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Legendre
- UMR 5554 ISEM (IRD, UM, CNRS, EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Gaucher
- USR LEEISA- Laboratoire Ecologie, Evolution, Interactions des Systèmes amazoniens, Centre de Recherche de Montabo, cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Christophe Cochet
- UMR 5554 ISEM (IRD, UM, CNRS, EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Borja Mila
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoine Fouquet
- UMR 5174 EDB CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, IRD, Toulouse, France
| | - Alex Borisenko
- Department of Integrative Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Dirk Steinke
- Department of Integrative Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Régis Hocdé
- UMR 9190 MARBEC (IRD, UM, CNRS, IFREMER), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gono Semiadi
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Laurent Pouyaud
- UMR 5554 ISEM (IRD, UM, CNRS, EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Hubert
- UMR 5554 ISEM (IRD, UM, CNRS, EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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10
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Gonçalves LT, Bianchi FM, Deprá M, Calegaro-Marques C. Barcoding a can of worms: testing cox1 performance as a DNA barcode of Nematoda. Genome 2021; 64:705-717. [PMID: 33460338 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2020-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accurate taxonomic identifications and species delimitations are a fundamental problem in biology. The complex taxonomy of Nematoda is primarily based on morphology, which is often dubious. DNA barcoding emerged as a handy tool to identify specimens and assess diversity, but its applications in Nematoda are incipient. We evaluated cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) efficiency as a DNA barcode for nematodes scrutinising 5241 sequences retrieved from BOLD and GenBank. The samples included genera with medical, agricultural, or ecological relevance: Anguillicola, Caenorhabditis, Heterodera, Meloidogyne, Onchocerca, Strongyloides, and Trichinella. We assessed cox1 performance through barcode gap and Probability of Correct Identification (PCI) analyses, and estimated species richness through Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD). Each genus presented distinct gap ranges, mirroring the evolutionary diversity within Nematoda. Thus, to survey the diversity of the phylum, a careful definition of thresholds for lower taxonomic levels should be considered. PCIs were around 70% for both databases, highlighting operational biases and challenges in nematode taxonomy. ABGD inferred higher richness than the taxonomic labels informed by databases. The prevalence of specimen misidentifications and dubious species delimitations emphasise the value of integrative approaches to nematode taxonomy and systematics. Overall, cox1 is a relevant tool for integrative taxonomy of nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Tresoldi Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Helmintologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Filipe Michels Bianchi
- Laboratório de Entomologia Sistemática, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maríndia Deprá
- Laboratório de Drosophila, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Calegaro-Marques
- Laboratório de Helmintologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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11
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Warne CPK, Hallwachs W, Janzen DH, Smith MA. Functional and genetic diversity changes through time in a cloud forest ant assemblage. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Connor P. K. Warne
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada
- School of Environmental Sciences University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Winnie Hallwachs
- Department of Biology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Daniel H. Janzen
- Department of Biology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - M. Alex Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada
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12
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Floren A, von Rintelen T, Hebert PDN, de Araujo BC, Schmidt S, Balke M, Narakusumo RP, Peggie D, Ubaidillah R, von Rintelen K, Müller T. Integrative ecological and molecular analysis indicate high diversity and strict elevational separation of canopy beetles in tropical mountain forests. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16677. [PMID: 33028881 PMCID: PMC7541450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73519-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical mountain forests contribute disproportionately to terrestrial biodiversity but little is known about insect diversity in the canopy and how it is distributed between tree species. We sampled tree-specific arthropod communities from 28 trees by canopy fogging and analysed beetle communities which were first morphotyped and then identified by their DNA barcodes. Our results show that communities from forests at 1100 and 1700 m a.s.l. are almost completely distinct. Diversity was much lower in the upper forest while community structure changed from many rare, less abundant species to communities with a pronounced dominance structure. We also found significantly higher beta-diversity between trees at the lower than higher elevation forest where community similarity was high. Comparisons on tree species found at both elevations reinforced these results. There was little species overlap between sites indicating limited elevational ranges. Furthermore, we exploited the advantage of DNA barcodes to patterns of haplotype diversity in some of the commoner species. Our results support the advantage of fogging and DNA barcodes for community studies and underline the need for comprehensive research aimed at the preservation of these last remaining pristine forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Floren
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Hans-Martin-Weg 5, 97074, Würzburg, Germany. .,Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas von Rintelen
- Museum für Naturkunde-Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul D N Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Stefan Schmidt
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Balke
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247, Munich, Germany
| | - Raden Pramesa Narakusumo
- Zoology Division (Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense), Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM 46, Cibinong, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia.,Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstr. 13, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Djunijanti Peggie
- Zoology Division (Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense), Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM 46, Cibinong, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Rosichon Ubaidillah
- Zoology Division (Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense), Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM 46, Cibinong, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Kristina von Rintelen
- Museum für Naturkunde-Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Monjardim M, Azevedo CO, Fagundes V. DNA barcoding and hypopygium shape support delimitation of sympatric Dissomphalus species (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from the Atlantic rainforest. Zookeys 2020; 959:87-97. [PMID: 32879611 PMCID: PMC7442767 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.959.53737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissomphalus is a cosmopolitan genus of Bethylidae and has 269 Neotropical species divided into 32 species-groups, mostly defined by the genital and the tergal process structures. Dissomphalusrectilineus and D.concavatus are sympatric species in the ulceratus species-group. Members of the species-group share many similarities in the morphology of the head, hypopygium, tergal process and genitalia, but may be distinguished by the structure of the hypopygium. Previous studies have found intermediate structures of the hypopygium in the sympatric areas and raised questions about the distinctiveness of these two species. We sequenced 340 bp of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I of 29 specimens from Brazil and Paraguay, calculated the genetic divergence among specimens, and recovered the phylogenetic relationships between taxa. In addition, we compared the morphology of the hypopygium to evaluate its use as a species-specific diagnostic character using the genetic divergence values. We recovered three well-supported monophyletic groups (intraclade divergence from 1.3 to 13.4%) and three hypopygium morphologies associated with each clade, two of them associated with D.rectilineus and D.concavatus (as described in the literature); the third one is new, not associated with any known species. The divergence between the D.rectilineus and D.concavatus clades was 19%, while the third clade is divergent from each species by 19–20%. If fully described, the hypopygium shape associated with the COI sequence will represent an extremely promising approach to the diagnosis of Dissomphalus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Monjardim
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29.075-910, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Celso O Azevedo
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29.075-910, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Valéria Fagundes
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29.075-910, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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14
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DNA barcoding for identification of fish species from freshwater in Enugu and Anambra States of Nigeria. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-020-01155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWithin Enugu and Anambra States, Nigeria, identification of fishes has been based on morphological traits and do not account for existing biodiversity. For DNA barcoding, assessment of biodiversity, conservation and fishery management, 44 fish sampled from Enugu and Anambra States were isolated, amplified and sequenced with mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). Twenty groups clustering at 100% bootstrap value including monophyletic ones were identified. The phylogenetic diversity (PD) ranged from 0.0397 (Synodontis obesus) to 0.2147 (Parachanna obscura). The highest percentage of genetic distance based on Kimura 2-parameter was 37.00 ± 0.0400. Intergeneric distances ranged from 15.8000 to 37.0000%. Congeneric distances were 6.9000 ± 0.0140–28.1000 ± 0.0380, with Synodontis as the existing synonymous genus. Confamilial distances in percentage were 16.0000 ± 0.0140 and 25.7000 ± 0.0300. Forty-two haplotypes and haplotype diversity of 0.9990 ± 0.0003 were detected. Nucleotide diversity was 0.7372, while Fu and Li’s D* test statistic was 2.1743 (P < 0.02). Tajima’s D was 0.2424 (P > 0.10) and nucleotide frequencies were C (17.70%), T (29.40%), A (24.82%), G (18.04%) and A + T (54.22%). Transitional mutations were more than transversions. Twenty species (99–100%) were identified with the e-value, maximum coverage and bit-score of 1e−43, 99–100 and 185–1194, respectively. Seventeen genera and 12 families were found and Clariidae (n = 14) was the most dominant among other families. The fish species resolution, diversity assessment and phylogenetic relationships were successfully obtained with the COI marker. Clariidae had the highest number of genera and families. Phylogenetic diversity analysis identified Parachanna obscura as the most evolutionarily divergent one. This study will contribute to fishery management, and conservation of freshwater fishes in Enugu and Anambra States, Nigeria.
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15
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Parslow BA, Schwarz MP, Stevens MI. Molecular diversity and species delimitation in the family Gasteruptiidae (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea). Genome 2020; 64:253-264. [PMID: 32413273 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2019-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gasteruptiidae Ashmead is an easily recognised family of wasps with ∼589 described species worldwide. Although well characterised by traditional taxonomy, multiple authors have commented on the extreme morphological uniformity of the group, making species-level identification difficult. This problem is enhanced by the lack of molecular data and molecular phylogenetic research for the group. We used 187 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcodes to explore the efficiency of sequence data to delimitate species in Gasteruptiidae. We undertook a graphical and discussion-based comparison of six methods for species delimitation, with the success of methods judged based on known species boundaries and morphology. Both distance-based (ABGD and jMOTU threshold analysis) and tree-based (GMYC and PTP) methods compared across multiple parameters recovered variable molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs), ranging from 55 to 123 MOTUs. Tree-based methods tended to split known morphological species less than distance-based methods, with the single-threshold GMYC method the most concordant with known morphospecies. Our results suggest that the incorporation of molecular species delimitation techniques provides a powerful tool to assist in the interpretation of species and help direct informed decisions with taxonomic uncertainty in the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Parslow
- Biological Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.,Biological and Earth Sciences, South Australian Museum, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Michael P Schwarz
- Biological Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Mark I Stevens
- Biological and Earth Sciences, South Australian Museum, SA 5000, Australia.,University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia
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16
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Fleming AJ, Wood DM, Smith MA, Dapkey T, Hallwachs W, Janzen D. Revision of Telothyria van der Wulp (Diptera: Tachinidae) and twenty-five new species from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica with a key to Mesoamerican species. Biodivers Data J 2020; 8:e47157. [PMID: 32390755 PMCID: PMC7200895 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.8.e47157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We describe 25 new species in the genus Telothyria van der Wulp, 1890 from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. All species herein described were reared from an ongoing inventory of wild-caught caterpillars spanning two families (Lepidoptera: Crambidae, and Tortricidae). Our study provides a concise description of each new species using morphology, life history, molecular data, and photographic documentation; a redescription of the genus, and its type species as well as a revised key to species of Telothyria occurring in the Mesoamerican region. We also suggest seven new synonymies resulting in 11 new combinations. New information The following 25 new species of Telothyria are described: T.aidanisp. n., T.alexanderisp. n., T.auranticrussp. n., T.auriolussp. n., T.bicuspidatasp. n., T.carolinacanoaesp. n., T.clavatasp. n., T.cristatasp. n., T.diniamartinezaesp. n., T.duniagarciaesp. n., T.duvalierbricenoisp. n., T.eldaarayaesp. n., T.erythropygasp. n., T.fimbriatasp. n., T.fulgidasp. n., T.gloriashihezaraesp. n., T.griseasp. n., T.harryramirezisp. n., T.incisasp. n., T.manuelpereiraisp. n., T.obscurasp. n., T.omissasp. n., T.osvaldoespinozaisp. n., T.peltatasp. n., and T.ricardocaleroisp. n. The following are proposed by Fleming & Wood as new generic synonyms of Telothyria: Comatacta Coquillett Syn. n., Floradalia Thompson Syn. n., Ptilomyia Curran Syn. n., Ptilomyiopsis Townsend Syn. n., Ptilomyoides Curran Syn. n., EuptilomyiaSyn. n., Eutelothyria Townsend Syn. n. The following new combinations are proposed as a result of the new synonymies: Telothyriabequaerti (Curran, 1925) Comb. n., Telothyriacruenta (Giglio-Tos, 1893) Comb. n., Telothyriafrontalis (Townsend, 1939) Comb. n., Telothyriainsularis (Curran, 1927) Comb. n., Telothyriaitaquaquecetubae (Townsend, 1931) Comb. n., Telothyriamajor (Thompson, 1963) Comb. n., Telothyriamicropalpus (Curran, 1925) Comb. n., Telothyriaminor (Thompson, 1963) Comb. n., Telothyrianautlana (Townsend, 1908) Comb. n., Telothyriaplumata (Curran, 1925) Comb. n., Telothyriatrinitatis (Thompson, 1963) Comb. n., Telothyriavariegata (Fabricius, 1805) Comb. n.Muscatricincta Fabricius is synonymized under Telothyriavariegata Fabricius, Syn. n. Telothyriaschineri Fleming & Wood nom. n. is proposed as a replacement name for Miltogrammabrevipennis Schiner. Additionally we provide redescriptions of two previously named species: the type species Telothyriacupreiventris (van der Wulp) due to its being the type species, and Telothyriarelicta (van der Wulp) due to its having been reared as an outcome of the inventory.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Fleming
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - D Monty Wood
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - M Alex Smith
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada University of Guelph Guelph Canada
| | - Tanya Dapkey
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States of America
| | - Winnie Hallwachs
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States of America
| | - Daniel Janzen
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States of America
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17
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Fleming AJ, Wood DM, Smith MA, Dapkey T, Hallwachs W, Janzen D. A new genus and new species in the tribe Uramyini (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica. Biodivers Data J 2020; 8:e48907. [PMID: 32148433 PMCID: PMC7048859 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.8.e48907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We describe one new genus and its one new species from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. Our study provides a concise description of this new species using morphology, life history, molecular data and photographic documentation. New information Chorotegamyiagen. n. is described, along with its type species, Chorotegamyiaaureofaciessp. n. A modified key to the Uramyini is given to further elucidate the tribe.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Fleming
- Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada Agriculture Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - D Monty Wood
- Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada Agriculture Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - M Alex Smith
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada University of Guelph Guelph Canada
| | - Tanya Dapkey
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States of America
| | - Winnie Hallwachs
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States of America
| | - Daniel Janzen
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States of America
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18
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Fleming AJ, Wood DM, Smith MA, Dapkey T, Hallwachs W, Janzen D. Twenty-two new species in the genus Hyphantrophaga Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, with a key to the species of Mesoamerica. Biodivers Data J 2019; 7:e29553. [PMID: 31308823 PMCID: PMC6611774 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.7.e29553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We describe 22 new species in the genus Hyphantrophaga Townsend, 1892 (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in north-western Costa Rica. All species were reared from an ongoing inventory of wild-caught caterpillars spanning a variety of families (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae, Crambidae, Depressariidae, Doidae, Erebidae, Euteliidae, Gelechiidae, Geometridae, Hedylidae, Hesperiidae, Immidae, Lasiocampidae, Limacodidae, Megalopygidae, Mimaloniidae, Noctuidae, Nolidae, Notodontidae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Phiditiidae, Pterophoridae, Pyralidae, Riodinidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae, Thyrididae, Tortricidae and Zygaenidae). We provide a morphological description of each species together with information on life history, molecular data and photographic documentation. In addition to the new species, we provide a redescription of the genus, as well as the redescription of three previously described species, which were also collected within ACG during this study: Hyphantrophaga angustata (van der Wulp), Hyphantrophaga myersi (Aldrich) and Hyphantrophaga virilis (Aldrich & Webber). New information The following 22 new species of Hyphantrophaga are described: Hyphantrophaga adrianguadamuzi Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophaga albopilosa Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophaga anacordobae Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophaga calixtomoragai Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophaga calva Fleming & Wood sp. n.., Hyphantrophaga ciriloumanai Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophaga danausophaga Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophaga diniamartinezae Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophaga duniagarciae Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophaga edwinapui Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophaga eldaarayae Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophaga eliethcantillanoe Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophaga gilberthampiei Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophaga guillermopereirai Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophaga hazelcambroneroae Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophaga luciariosae Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophaga manuelriosi Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophaga morphophaga Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophaga nigricauda Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophaga osvaldoespinozai Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophaga pabloumanai Fleming & Wood sp. n. and Hyphantrophaga similis Fleming & Wood sp. n.The following are proposed by Wood as new synonyms of Hyphantrophaga Townsend, 1892: Brachymasicera Townsend, 1911 syn. n., Ommasicera Townsend, 1911 syn. n., Ophirosturmia Townsend, 1911 syn. n., Patillalia Curran, 1934 syn. n. and Ypophaemyiops Townsend, 1935 syn. n.The following nine new combinations are proposed as a result of the new synonymies: Hyphantrophaga adamsoni (Thompson, 1963), comb. n., Hyphantrophaga fasciata (Curran, 1934), comb. n., Hyphantrophaga glauca (Giglio-Tos, 1893), comb. n., Hyphantrophaga gowdeyi (Curran, 1926), comb. n., Hyphantrophaga myersi (Aldrich, 1933), comb. n., Hyphantrophaga nigripes (Townsend, 1928), comb. n., Hyphantrophaga optica (Schiner, 1868), comb. n., Hyphantrophaga polita (Townsend, 1911), comb. n., Hyphantrophaga subpolita (Townsend, 1912), comb. n.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Fleming
- Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada Agriculture Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - D Monty Wood
- Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada Agriculture Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - M Alex Smith
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada University of Guelph Guelph Canada
| | - Tanya Dapkey
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States of America
| | - Winnie Hallwachs
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States of America
| | - Daniel Janzen
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States of America
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19
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Fleming AJ, Wood DM, Smith MA, Dapkey T, Hallwachs W, Janzen DH. A new species of Trismegistomya Reinhard (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica. Biodivers Data J 2019; 7:e29130. [PMID: 31048976 PMCID: PMC6477854 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.7.e29130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The New World genus Trismegistomya Reinhard, 1967b (Diptera: Tachinidae) previously included only the type species Trismegistomyapumilis (Reinhard, 1967a) from Arizona, U.S.A. New information We describe a new species of Trismegistomya, Trismegistomyajimoharai Fleming & Wood sp. n., from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica, reared from wild-caught caterpillars of Melipotisjanuaris (Guenée, 1852) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). Our study provides a concise description of the new species using morphology, life history, molecular data and photographic documentation. In addition to the new species description, we provide a redescription of the genus, as well as of its type species Trismegistomyapumilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Fleming
- Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada Agriculture Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - D Monty Wood
- Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada Agriculture Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - M Alex Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology and the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada Department of Integrative Biology and the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario Guelph Canada
| | - Tanya Dapkey
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States of America
| | - Winnie Hallwachs
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States of America
| | - Daniel H Janzen
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States of America
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Gibson DJ, Adamowicz SJ, Jacobs SR, Smith MA. Host Specificity in Subarctic Aphids. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:77-86. [PMID: 29186477 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants and herbivorous (or parasitic) insects form the majority of macroscopic life. The specificity of interaction between host plant and parasitic insect depends on the adaptations of both the host and the parasite. Over time, these interactions evolve and change as a result of an 'arms race' between host and parasite, and the resulting species-specific adaptations may be maintained, perpetuating these interactions across speciation events. This can lead to specialisation between species or clades. With speciation and species sorting over time, complex interactions evolve. Here, we elucidate a three-tier method to test these interactions using the aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and plants of Churchill (Manitoba, Canada) as a model system. We analyzed these interactions by testing for three patterns in host specificity: monophagy, phylogenetic clustering, and cophylogeny. We defined monophagy strictly as one species feeding exclusively upon a single host plant species (an association likely driven by arms races in morphology, chemical resistance/tolerance, and visual appearance) and observed this in 7 of 22 aphid species. In all the remaining 'polyphagous' cases, there was a strong trend toward monophagy (80% of individuals were found on a single host plant species). Second, we observed two separate examples of phylogenetic clustering where groups of closely related aphid species fed upon individual plant species. Finally, we found no support for cophylogenetic relationships where both aphids and plants cospeciate to form congruent phylogenetic trees (evidence of coadaptation through an ongoing arms race). One explanation for uncovering species-specific interactions in a recently deglaciated, subarctic locality is that the species involved in the associations moved north together. Testing different levels of specificity in the most predominant species-species interactions on the planet will allow us to elucidate these patterns accurately and gives us insight into where to direct future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gibson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Churchill Northern Studies Centre, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sarah J Adamowicz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shoshanah R Jacobs
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Alex Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Fleming AJ, Wood DM, Smith MA, Dapkey T, Hallwachs W, Janzen D. A new species of Voria Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica. Biodivers Data J 2017:e20123. [PMID: 29391853 PMCID: PMC5784236 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.5.e20123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We describe a new species in the genus Voria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera: Tachinidae: Voriini) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. It was reared as part of an ongoing inventory of wild-caught caterpillars spanning a variety of moth and butterfly families (Lepidoptera). Our study provides a concise description of the new species using morphology, life history, molecular data, and photographic documentation. In addition to the new species, we provide a diagnosis of the genus as well as new data relating to host use. New information The following new species of Voria is described: Voriaerasmocoronadoi Fleming & Wood sp. n. The following are proposed by Fleming & Wood as new synonyms of Voria: Xenoplagia Townsend, 1914 syn. n., Hystricovoria Townsend, 1928 syn. n., Afrovoria Curran, 1938 syn. n., and Anavoria Mesnil, 1953 syn. n., and Itavoria Townsend, 1931 syn. n. The following new combinations are proposed as a result of the new synonymies: Voriabakeri (Townsend, 1928), comb. n. and Voriasetosa (Townsend, 1914), comb. n.The authors also propose Voriapollyclari (Rocha-e-Silva, Lopes & Della Lucia, 1999), comb. n. based on the morphology of the holotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Fleming
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - D Monty Wood
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Tanya Dapkey
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Winnie Hallwachs
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Daniel Janzen
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
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Eagalle T, Smith MA. Diversity of parasitoid and parasitic wasps across a latitudinal gradient: Using public DNA records to work within a taxonomic impediment. Facets (Ott) 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2016-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of insect parasitoids (Hymenoptera) has long been thought to be anomalous because it doesn’t appear to increase rapidly with decreasing latitude. However, due to the presence of undiscovered cryptic species and the under-sampling of hyper-diverse tropical areas, such apparently anomalous gradients may, in fact, be artifacts of limited geographic and taxonomic sampling. We attempted to circumvent such taxonomic impediments by elucidating a diversity/latitude relationship for parasitoid wasps, using publicly available DNA sequences to quantify diversity (via a species proxy molecular operational taxonomic unit (the DNA Barcode Index Number) and phylogenetic diversity) across a latitudinal gradient of ∼5000 km. We compared these diversity values to the abiotic factors (temperature and precipitation) that may drive the diversity/latitude relationship. We found no significant relationship between either diversity measure with latitude or with the environmental variables. Although ours is the first work to enumerate different DNA-based measures of parasitoid diversity across this geographic scale in a standardized fashion using publicly available sequences, further standardized collections over long time periods and a rapid movement of sequences into the public arena are needed to facilitate the further testing of macroecological trends elucidated with public DNA sequence libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanushi Eagalle
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - M. Alex Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Koroiva R, Pepinelli M, Rodrigues ME, Roque FDO, Lorenz-Lemke AP, Kvist S. DNA barcoding of odonates from the Upper Plata basin: Database creation and genetic diversity estimation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182283. [PMID: 28763495 PMCID: PMC5538745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a DNA barcoding study of Neotropical odonates from the Upper Plata basin, Brazil. A total of 38 species were collected in a transition region of "Cerrado" and Atlantic Forest, both regarded as biological hotspots, and 130 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcodes were generated for the collected specimens. The distinct gap between intraspecific (0-2%) and interspecific variation (15% and above) in COI, and resulting separation of Barcode Index Numbers (BIN), allowed for successful identification of specimens in 94% of cases. The 6% fail rate was due to a shared BIN between two separate nominal species. DNA barcoding, based on COI, thus seems to be a reliable and efficient tool for identifying Neotropical odonate specimens down to the species level. These results underscore the utility of DNA barcoding to aid specimen identification in diverse biological hotspots, areas that require urgent action regarding taxonomic surveys and biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Koroiva
- Ecology and Conservation Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mateus Pepinelli
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marciel Elio Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Organismos Aquáticos, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabio de Oliveira Roque
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Aline Pedroso Lorenz-Lemke
- Laboratório de Evolução e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sebastian Kvist
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Mitchell G, Cuthill G, Haine A, Zadoks R, Chaudhry U, Skuce P, Sargison N. Evaluation of molecular methods for the field study of the natural history of Dicrocoelium dendriticum. Vet Parasitol 2017; 235:100-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chen F, Coates B, He KL, Bai SX, Zhang TT, Wang ZY. Effects of Wolbachia on mitochondrial DNA variation in populations of Athetis lepigone (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2016; 28:826-834. [DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2016.1197216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA – CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Brad Coates
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kang-Lai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA – CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Xiong Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA – CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA – CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA – CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
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Fleming AJ, Wood DM, Smith MA, Janzen DH, Hallwachs W, Dapkey T. A new species of Phosocephala Townsend, 1908 (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica. Biodivers Data J 2016:e7863. [PMID: 27226748 PMCID: PMC4867709 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.4.e7863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We describe a new species of Phosocephala Townsend, and provide a new collection record, and description of the previously unknown male, of Phosocephalametallica Townsend, from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. All ACG specimens were reared from wild-caught Lepidoptera larvae (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Nolidae). We provide a concise description of both species using morphology, life history, molecular data, and photographic documentation. The new species is authored and described by Fleming and Wood. New information Phosocephalaalexanderisp. n.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Fleming
- Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - M Alex Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology and the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | - Daniel H Janzen
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Winnie Hallwachs
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Tanya Dapkey
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
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Steinke D, Connell AD, Hebert PDN. Linking adults and immatures of South African marine fishes. Genome 2016; 59:959-967. [PMID: 27653340 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2015-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The early life-history stages of fishes are poorly known, impeding acquisition of the identifications needed to monitor larval recruitment and year-class strength. A comprehensive database of COI sequences, linked to authoritatively identified voucher specimens, promises to change this situation, representing a significant advance for fisheries science. Barcode records were obtained from 2526 early larvae and pelagic eggs of fishes collected on the inshore shelf within 5 km of the KwaZulu-Natal coast, about 50 km south of Durban, South Africa. Barcodes were also obtained from 3215 adults, representing 946 South African fish species. Using the COI reference library on BOLD based on adults, 89% of the immature fishes could be identified to a species level; they represented 450 species. Most of the uncertain sequences could be assigned to a genus, family, or order; only 92 specimens (4%) were unassigned. Accumulation curves based on inference of phylogenetic diversity indicate near-completeness of the collecting effort. The entire set of adult and larval fishes included 1006 species, representing 43% of all fish species known from South African waters. However, this total included 189 species not previously recorded from this region. The fact that almost 90% of the immatures gained a species identification demonstrates the power and completeness of the DNA barcode reference library for fishes generated during the 10 years of FishBOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Steinke
- a Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Allan D Connell
- b South African Institute of Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, South Africa 6140
| | - Paul D N Hebert
- a Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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28
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Fleming AJ, Wood DM, Smith MA, Hallwachs W, Janzen D, Dapkey T. Two new species of Erythromelana Townsend, 1919 (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica. Biodivers Data J 2016:e7386. [PMID: 27226745 PMCID: PMC4867687 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.4.e7386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We describe two new species in the genus Erythromelana Townsend, 1919 from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. Both species were reared from wild-caughtcaterpillars of Eois spp. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). We provide a concise description of each species using morphology, life history, molecular data, and photographic documentation. New information Erythromelanajimmychevezi Fleming & Wood sp. nov. Erythromelanaglenriverai Fleming & Wood sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Fleming
- Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - M Alex Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology and the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | - Winnie Hallwachs
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Daniel Janzen
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Tanya Dapkey
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
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Thormann B, Ahrens D, Marín Armijos D, Peters MK, Wagner T, Wägele JW. Exploring the Leaf Beetle Fauna (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of an Ecuadorian Mountain Forest Using DNA Barcoding. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148268. [PMID: 26849826 PMCID: PMC4744027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tropical mountain forests are hotspots of biodiversity hosting a huge but little known diversity of insects that is endangered by habitat destruction and climate change. Therefore, rapid assessment approaches of insect diversity are urgently needed to complement slower traditional taxonomic approaches. We empirically compare different DNA-based species delimitation approaches for a rapid biodiversity assessment of hyperdiverse leaf beetle assemblages along an elevational gradient in southern Ecuador and explore their effect on species richness estimates. Methodology/Principal Findings Based on a COI barcode data set of 674 leaf beetle specimens (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of 266 morphospecies from three sample sites in the Podocarpus National Park, we employed statistical parsimony analysis, distance-based clustering, GMYC- and PTP-modelling to delimit species-like units and compared them to morphology-based (parataxonomic) species identifications. The four different approaches for DNA-based species delimitation revealed highly similar numbers of molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) (n = 284–289). Estimated total species richness was considerably higher than the sampled amount, 414 for morphospecies (Chao2) and 469–481 for the different MOTU types. Assemblages at different elevational levels (1000 vs. 2000 m) had similar species numbers but a very distinct species composition for all delimitation methods. Most species were found only at one elevation while this turnover pattern was even more pronounced for DNA-based delimitation. Conclusions/Significance Given the high congruence of DNA-based delimitation results, probably due to the sampling structure, our study suggests that when applied to species communities on a regionally limited level with high amount of rare species (i.e. ~50% singletons), the choice of species delimitation method can be of minor relevance for assessing species numbers and turnover in tropical insect communities. Therefore, DNA-based species delimitation is confirmed as a valuable tool for evaluating biodiversity of hyperdiverse insect communities, especially when exact taxonomic identifications are missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Thormann
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Dirk Ahrens
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Diego Marín Armijos
- Museo de Colecciones Biológicas MUTPL, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Marcell K. Peters
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wagner
- Abteilung Biologie, Institut für Integrierte Naturwissenschaften, Universität Koblenz–Landau, Koblenz, Germany
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Wirta H, Várkonyi G, Rasmussen C, Kaartinen R, Schmidt NM, Hebert PDN, Barták M, Blagoev G, Disney H, Ertl S, Gjelstrup P, Gwiazdowicz DJ, Huldén L, Ilmonen J, Jakovlev J, Jaschhof M, Kahanpää J, Kankaanpää T, Krogh PH, Labbee R, Lettner C, Michelsen V, Nielsen SA, Nielsen TR, Paasivirta L, Pedersen S, Pohjoismäki J, Salmela J, Vilkamaa P, Väre H, von Tschirnhaus M, Roslin T. Establishing a community-wide DNA barcode library as a new tool for arctic research. Mol Ecol Resour 2015; 16:809-22. [PMID: 26602739 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA sequences offer powerful tools for describing the members and interactions of natural communities. In this study, we establish the to-date most comprehensive library of DNA barcodes for a terrestrial site, including all known macroscopic animals and vascular plants of an intensively studied area of the High Arctic, the Zackenberg Valley in Northeast Greenland. To demonstrate its utility, we apply the library to identify nearly 20 000 arthropod individuals from two Malaise traps, each operated for two summers. Drawing on this material, we estimate the coverage of previous morphology-based species inventories, derive a snapshot of faunal turnover in space and time and describe the abundance and phenology of species in the rapidly changing arctic environment. Overall, 403 terrestrial animal and 160 vascular plant species were recorded by morphology-based techniques. DNA barcodes (CO1) offered high resolution in discriminating among the local animal taxa, with 92% of morphologically distinguishable taxa assigned to unique Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) and 93% to monophyletic clusters. For vascular plants, resolution was lower, with 54% of species forming monophyletic clusters based on barcode regions rbcLa and ITS2. Malaise catches revealed 122 BINs not detected by previous sampling and DNA barcoding. The insect community was dominated by a few highly abundant taxa. Even closely related taxa differed in phenology, emphasizing the need for species-level resolution when describing ongoing shifts in arctic communities and ecosystems. The DNA barcode library now established for Zackenberg offers new scope for such explorations, and for the detailed dissection of interspecific interactions throughout the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wirta
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 5, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - G Várkonyi
- Finnish Environment Institute, Natural Environment Centre, Friendship Park Research Centre, Lentiirantie 342B, 88900, Kuhmo, Finland
| | - C Rasmussen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - R Kaartinen
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - N M Schmidt
- Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - P D N Hebert
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - M Barták
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 21, Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - G Blagoev
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - H Disney
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - S Ertl
- Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Gjelstrup
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, Silkeborg, DK-8600, Denmark
| | - D J Gwiazdowicz
- Department of Forest Pathology, University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, Poznan, 60625, Poland
| | - L Huldén
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoology Unit, University of Helsinki, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13, 00100, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Ilmonen
- Metsähallitus, Parks & Wildlife Finland, PO Box 94, 01301, Vantaa, Finland
| | - J Jakovlev
- Finnish Environment Institute, Mechelininkatu 34A, 00250, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Jaschhof
- Station Linné, Ölands Skogsby 161, 38693, Färjestaden, Sweden
| | - J Kahanpää
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoology Unit, University of Helsinki, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13, 00100, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Kankaanpää
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 5, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P H Krogh
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, Silkeborg, DK-8600, Denmark
| | - R Labbee
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - C Lettner
- Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - V Michelsen
- Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S A Nielsen
- Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, PO Box 260, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | | | - S Pedersen
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J Pohjoismäki
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 11, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - J Salmela
- Metsähallitus, Ounasjoentie 6, 96101, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - P Vilkamaa
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoology Unit, University of Helsinki, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13, 00100, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Väre
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, Botany Unit, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 44, 00140, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M von Tschirnhaus
- Fakultät Biologie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - T Roslin
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 5, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Camargo LF, Brito RA, Penteado-Dias AM. Redescription of Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron, 1886) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae), parasitoid of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 75:989-98. [PMID: 26675917 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.04914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) is a voracious pest of numerous crops of economic importance throughout the New World. In Brazil, its larvae are attacked by several species of parasitoid wasps, making them potential candidate as biological control agents against this pest. A survey of the parasitoid fauna on S. frugiperda in maize crops throughout Brazil reveals two species of Campoletis, which are morphologicaly very similar species. In this paper we combine these data with pictures from the type material of C. sonorensis and C. flavicincta, as well as their descriptions to provide a redescription to Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron, 1886) using for this both morphological characters and DNA Barcoding (Hebert et al., 2003) information, in an attempt to help with the correct identification of the taxa to improve biological control studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Camargo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - R A Brito
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - A M Penteado-Dias
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Fleming AJ, Wood DM, Janzen DH, Hallwachs W, Smith MA. Three new species of Trigonospila Pokorny (Diptera: Tachinidae), from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, with a key for their identification. Biodivers Data J 2015:e4595. [PMID: 26379456 PMCID: PMC4563158 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.3.e4595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe three new species of Trigonospila Pokorny (Tachinidae: Blondeliini) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. All were reared from various species of ACG caterpillars during an ongoing inventory of caterpillars, their food plants and their parasitoids in dry forest, rain forest and cloud forest. By coupling morphology, photographic documentation, life history and molecular data, we provide a clear and concise description of each species. All species published as new, are known to be previously undescribed as a result of careful study of the genus by DMW. This study builds on the current knowledge of the genus by adding three new species to the current 7 described in the New World. Trigonospilaedwinbermudezisp. n., Trigonospilauniformissp. n., and Trigonospilajosemariamoragaisp. n. are all authored and described as new by Fleming and Wood, with a key to their identification. The authors also offer a new record and description of the previously unknown male of Trigonospilapanamensis (Townsend), reared from ACG caterpillars.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Fleming
- Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Daniel H Janzen
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Winnie Hallwachs
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - M Alex Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, Guelph, Canada
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Fleming AJ, Wood DM, Smith MA, Hallwachs W, Janzen D. Three new species of Ametadoria Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Biodivers Data J 2015:e5039. [PMID: 26379458 PMCID: PMC4562168 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.3.e5039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe three new species in the genus Ametadoria Townsend from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica. All three were reared from wild-caught Zygaenidae and Lacturidae caterpillars. We provide a concise description of each species using morphology, life history and molecular data, with photographic documentation. The new species are authored and described by Fleming and Wood: Ametadoriakarolramosaesp. nov., Ametadorialeticiamartinezaesp. nov., and Ametadoriamauriciogurdianisp. nov. The following are proposed by Wood as new synonyms of Ametadoria Townsend: Adidyma Townsend syn. nov., and Abolodoria Townsend syn. nov. The following new combinations occur as a result of these new synonymies: Ametadoriaabdominalis (Townsend) comb. nov., Ametadoriaaustrina (Coquillett) comb. nov., Ametadoriahumilis (Wulp) comb. nov., Ametadoriamisella (Wulp) comb. nov.Ametadoriaadversa (Townsend) is proposed as a junior synonym of Ametadoriaunispinosa Townsend, syn. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Fleming
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - D Monty Wood
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - M Alex Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology and the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | - Winnie Hallwachs
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Daniel Janzen
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
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Schwarzfeld MD, Sperling FAH. Comparison of five methods for delimitating species in Ophion Fabricius, a diverse genus of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 93:234-48. [PMID: 26265257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
DNA taxonomy has been proposed as a method to quickly assess diversity and species limits in highly diverse, understudied taxa. Here we use five methods for species delimitation and two genetic markers (COI and ITS2) to assess species diversity within the parasitoid genus, Ophion. We searched for compensatory base changes (CBC's) in ITS2, and determined that they are too rare to be of practical use in delimiting species in this genus. The other four methods used both COI and ITS2, and included distance-based (threshold analysis and ABGD) and tree-based (GMYC and PTP) models. We compared the results of these analyses to each other under various parameters and tested their performance with respect to 11 Nearctic species/morphospecies and 15 described Palearctic species. We also computed barcode accumulation curves of COI sequences to assess the completeness of sampling. The species count was highly variable depending on the method and parameters used, ranging from 47 to 168 species, with more conservative estimates of 89-121 species. Despite this range, many of the Nearctic test species were fairly robust with respect to method. We concluded that while there was often good congruence between methods, GMYC and PTP were less reliant on arbitrary parameters than the other two methods and more easily applied to genetic markers other than COI. However, PTP was less successful at delimiting test species than was GMYC. All methods, as well as the barcode accumulation curves, indicate that several Palearctic species remain undescribed and that we have scarcely begun to appreciate the Nearctic diversity within this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla D Schwarzfeld
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Felix A H Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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DNA barcodes for ecology, evolution, and conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 30:25-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Fleming A, Wood DM, Smith MA, Janzen D, Hallwachs W. A new species of Cordyligaster Macquart, reared from caterpillars in Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica. Biodivers Data J 2014:e4174. [PMID: 25535485 PMCID: PMC4266961 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.2.e4174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a new species of Cordyligaster Macquart (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. Cordyligastercapelliisp. n., is described and photographed. All specimens of C.capellii were reared from Syngamiaflorella (Stoll, 1781) (Lepidoptera, Crambidae, Spilomelinae), a leaf-rolling caterpillar collected in ACG rain forest. By coupling morphology, photographic documentation, life history and molecular data, we provide a clear and concise description of this new species. In addition the authors provide new distribution and host records for C.fuscipennis (Macquart) reared in ACG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aj Fleming
- Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - M Alex Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Daniel Janzen
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Winnie Hallwachs
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
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Blagoev GA, Nikolova NI, Sobel CN, Hebert PDN, Adamowicz SJ. Spiders (Araneae) of Churchill, Manitoba: DNA barcodes and morphology reveal high species diversity and new Canadian records. BMC Ecol 2013; 13:44. [PMID: 24279427 PMCID: PMC4222278 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-13-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arctic ecosystems, especially those near transition zones, are expected to be strongly impacted by climate change. Because it is positioned on the ecotone between tundra and boreal forest, the Churchill area is a strategic locality for the analysis of shifts in faunal composition. This fact has motivated the effort to develop a comprehensive biodiversity inventory for the Churchill region by coupling DNA barcoding with morphological studies. The present study represents one element of this effort; it focuses on analysis of the spider fauna at Churchill. RESULTS 198 species were detected among 2704 spiders analyzed, tripling the count for the Churchill region. Estimates of overall diversity suggest that another 10-20 species await detection. Most species displayed little intraspecific sequence variation (maximum <1%) in the barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, but four species showed considerably higher values (maximum = 4.1-6.2%), suggesting cryptic species. All recognized species possessed a distinct haplotype array at COI with nearest-neighbour interspecific distances averaging 8.57%. Three species new to Canada were detected: Robertus lyrifer (Theridiidae), Baryphyma trifrons (Linyphiidae), and Satilatlas monticola (Linyphiidae). The first two species may represent human-mediated introductions linked to the port in Churchill, but the other species represents a range extension from the USA. The first description of the female of S. monticola was also presented. As well, one probable new species of Alopecosa (Lycosidae) was recognized. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first comprehensive DNA barcode reference library for the spider fauna of any region. Few cryptic species of spiders were detected, a result contrasting with the prevalence of undescribed species in several other terrestrial arthropod groups at Churchill. Because most (97.5%) sequence clusters at COI corresponded with a named taxon, DNA barcoding reliably identifies spiders in the Churchill fauna. The capacity of DNA barcoding to enable the identification of otherwise taxonomically ambiguous specimens (juveniles, females) also represents a major advance for future monitoring efforts on this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergin A Blagoev
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Woodcock TS, Boyle EE, Roughley RE, Kevan PG, Labbee RN, Smith ABT, Goulet H, Steinke D, Adamowicz SJ. The diversity and biogeography of the Coleoptera of Churchill: insights from DNA barcoding. BMC Ecol 2013; 13:40. [PMID: 24164967 PMCID: PMC3819705 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-13-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coleoptera is the most diverse order of insects (>300,000 described species), but its richness diminishes at increasing latitudes (e.g., ca. 7400 species recorded in Canada), particularly of phytophagous and detritivorous species. However, incomplete sampling of northern habitats and a lack of taxonomic study of some families limits our understanding of biodiversity patterns in the Coleoptera. We conducted an intensive biodiversity survey from 2006-2010 at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada in order to quantify beetle species diversity in this model region, and to prepare a barcode library of beetles for sub-arctic biodiversity and ecological research. We employed DNA barcoding to provide estimates of provisional species diversity, including for families currently lacking taxonomic expertise, and to examine the guild structure, habitat distribution, and biogeography of beetles in the Churchill region. RESULTS We obtained DNA barcodes from 3203 specimens representing 302 species or provisional species (the latter quantitatively defined on the basis of Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units, MOTUs) in 31 families of Coleoptera. Of the 184 taxa identified to the level of a Linnaean species name, 170 (92.4%) corresponded to a single MOTU, four (2.2%) represented closely related sibling species pairs within a single MOTU, and ten (5.4%) were divided into two or more MOTUs suggestive of cryptic species. The most diverse families were the Dytiscidae (63 spp.), Staphylinidae (54 spp.), and Carabidae (52 spp.), although the accumulation curve for Staphylinidae suggests that considerable additional diversity remains to be sampled in this family. Most of the species present are predatory, with phytophagous, mycophagous, and saprophagous guilds being represented by fewer species. Most named species of Carabidae and Dytiscidae showed a significant bias toward open habitats (wet or dry). Forest habitats, particularly dry boreal forest, although limited in extent in the region, were undersampled. CONCLUSIONS We present an updated species list for this region as well as a species-level DNA barcode reference library. This resource will facilitate future work, such as biomonitoring and the study of the ecology and distribution of larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Woodcock
- School of Environmental Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth E Boyle
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario & Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Robert E Roughley
- Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Peter G Kevan
- School of Environmental Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Renee N Labbee
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario & Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew B T Smith
- Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Henri Goulet
- Canadian National Collection, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dirk Steinke
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario & Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah J Adamowicz
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario & Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Golding
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1 Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Jin Q, Han H, Hu X, Li X, Zhu C, Ho SYW, Ward RD, Zhang AB. Quantifying species diversity with a DNA barcoding-based method: Tibetan moth species (Noctuidae) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64428. [PMID: 23741330 PMCID: PMC3669328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the ongoing loss of biodiversity, there is a great need for fast and effective ways to assess species richness and diversity: DNA barcoding provides a powerful new tool for this. We investigated this approach by focusing on the Tibetan plateau, which is one of the world's top biodiversity hotspots. There have been few studies of its invertebrates, although they constitute the vast majority of the region's diversity. Here we investigated species diversity of the lepidopteran family Noctuidae, across different environmental gradients, using measurements based on traditional morphology as well as on DNA barcoding. The COI barcode showed an average interspecific K2P distance of 9.45±2.08%, which is about four times larger than the mean intraspecific distance (1.85±3.20%). Using six diversity indices, we did not detect any significant differences in estimated species diversity between measurements based on traditional morphology and on DNA barcoding. Furthermore, we found strong positive correlations between them, indicating that barcode-based measures of species diversity can serve as a good surrogate for morphology-based measures in most situations tested. Eastern communities were found to have significantly higher diversity than Western ones. Among 22 environmental factors tested, we found that three (precipitation of driest month, precipitation of driest quarter, and precipitation of coldest quarter) were significantly correlated with species diversity. Our results indicate that these factors could be the key ecological factors influencing the species diversity of the lepidopteran family Noctuidae on the Tibetan plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilin Han
- School of Forestry, Experiment Center, Northeast Forestry University, Haerbin, People's Republic of China
| | - XiMin Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - XinHai Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - ChaoDong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Simon Y. W. Ho
- School of Biological Sciences, University Of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert D. Ward
- Wealth from Oceans Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ai-bing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Laforest BJ, Winegardner AK, Zaheer OA, Jeffery NW, Boyle EE, Adamowicz SJ. Insights into biodiversity sampling strategies for freshwater microinvertebrate faunas through bioblitz campaigns and DNA barcoding. BMC Ecol 2013; 13:13. [PMID: 23557180 PMCID: PMC3651337 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-13-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biodiversity surveys have long depended on traditional methods of taxonomy to inform sampling protocols and to determine when a representative sample of a given species pool of interest has been obtained. Questions remain as to how to design appropriate sampling efforts to accurately estimate total biodiversity. Here we consider the biodiversity of freshwater ostracods (crustacean class Ostracoda) from the region of Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. Through an analysis of observed species richness and complementarity, accumulation curves, and richness estimators, we conduct an a posteriori analysis of five bioblitz-style collection strategies that differed in terms of total duration, number of sites, protocol flexibility to heterogeneous habitats, sorting of specimens for analysis, and primary purpose of collection. We used DNA barcoding to group specimens into molecular operational taxonomic units for comparison. RESULTS Forty-eight provisional species were identified through genetic divergences, up from the 30 species previously known and documented in literature from the Churchill region. We found differential sampling efficiency among the five strategies, with liberal sorting of specimens for molecular analysis, protocol flexibility (and particularly a focus on covering diverse microhabitats), and a taxon-specific focus to collection having strong influences on garnering more accurate species richness estimates. CONCLUSIONS Our findings have implications for the successful design of future biodiversity surveys and citizen-science collection projects, which are becoming increasingly popular and have been shown to produce reliable results for a variety of taxa despite relying on largely untrained collectors. We propose that efficiency of biodiversity surveys can be increased by non-experts deliberately selecting diverse microhabitats; by conducting two rounds of molecular analysis, with the numbers of samples processed during round two informed by the singleton prevalence during round one; and by having sub-teams (even if all non-experts) focus on select taxa. Our study also provides new insights into subarctic diversity of freshwater Ostracoda and contributes to the broader "Barcoding Biotas" campaign at Churchill. Finally, we comment on the associated implications and future research directions for community ecology analyses and biodiversity surveys through DNA barcoding, which we show here to be an efficient technique enabling rapid biodiversity quantification in understudied taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Laforest
- Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Amanda K Winegardner
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield, Montréal, QC, H2X 2K6, Canada
| | - Omar A Zaheer
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nicholas W Jeffery
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth E Boyle
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sarah J Adamowicz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Martínez JJ, Zaldívar-Riverón A. Seven new species of Allorhogas (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) from Mexico. REV MEX BIODIVERS 2013. [DOI: 10.7550/rmb.31955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Stahlhut JK, Fernández-Triana J, Adamowicz SJ, Buck M, Goulet H, Hebert PDN, Huber JT, Merilo MT, Sheffield CS, Woodcock T, Smith MA. DNA barcoding reveals diversity of Hymenoptera and the dominance of parasitoids in a sub-arctic environment. BMC Ecol 2013; 13:2. [PMID: 23351160 PMCID: PMC3565895 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-13-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insect diversity typically declines with increasing latitude, but previous studies have shown conflicting latitude-richness gradients for some hymenopteran parasitoids. However, historical estimates of insect diversity and species richness can be difficult to confirm or compare, because they may be based upon dissimilar methods. As a proxy for species identification, we used DNA barcoding to identify molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) for 7870 Hymenoptera specimens collected near Churchill, Manitoba, from 2004 through 2010. Results We resolved 1630 MOTUs for this collection, of which 75% (1228) were ichneumonoids (Ichneumonidae + Braconidae) and 91% (1484) were parasitoids. We estimate the total number of Hymenoptera MOTUs in this region at 2624-2840. Conclusions The diversity of parasitoids in this sub-Arctic environment implies a high diversity of potential host species throughout the same range. We discuss these results in the contexts of resolving interspecific interactions that may include cryptic species, and developing reproducible methods to estimate and compare species richness across sites and between surveys, especially when morphological specialists are not available to identify every specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Stahlhut
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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45
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Stahlhut JK, Gibbs J, Sheffield CS, Alex Smith M, Packer L. Wolbachia (Rickettsiales) infections and bee (Apoidea) barcoding: a response to Gerth et al. SYST BIODIVERS 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2012.753488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie K. Stahlhut
- a Biodiversity Institute of Ontario , University of Guelph , 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario , Canada
| | - Jason Gibbs
- b Department of Entomology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York , USA
| | - Cory S. Sheffield
- c Royal Saskatchewan Museum , 2340 Albert Street, Regina , Saskatchewan , Canada
| | - M. Alex Smith
- a Biodiversity Institute of Ontario , University of Guelph , 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario , Canada
| | - Laurence Packer
- d Department of Biology , York University , 4700 Keele Street, Toronto , Ontario , Canada
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46
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Alex Smith M, Fernández‐Triana JL, Eveleigh E, Gómez J, Guclu C, Hallwachs W, Hebert PDN, Hrcek J, Huber JT, Janzen D, Mason PG, Miller S, Quicke DLJ, Rodriguez JJ, Rougerie R, Shaw MR, Várkonyi G, Ward DF, Whitfield JB, Zaldívar‐Riverón A. DNA barcoding and the taxonomy of
M
icrogastrinae wasps (
H
ymenoptera,
B
raconidae): impacts after 8 years and nearly 20 000 sequences. Mol Ecol Resour 2012; 13:168-76. [PMID: 23228011 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Alex Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology and the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 2W1
| | - J. L. Fernández‐Triana
- Department of Integrative Biology and the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 2W1
- Research Centre Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada 960 Carling Avenue Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A 0C6
| | - E. Eveleigh
- Atlantic Forestry Centre Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service Fredericton New Brunswick Canada E3B 5P7
| | - J. Gómez
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Barrio María Auxiliadora San Cristóbal de Las Casas Chiapas CP 29290, Mexico
| | - C. Guclu
- Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture Atatürk University Erzurum 25240 Turkey
| | - W. Hallwachs
- Department of Biology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - P. D. N. Hebert
- Department of Integrative Biology and the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 2W1
| | - J. Hrcek
- Faculty of Science Czech Academy of Sciences University of South Bohemia and Biology Center Branisovska 31 Ceske Budejovice 37005 Czech Republic
| | - J. T. Huber
- Natural Resources Canada c/o Canadian National Collection of Insects Research Centre Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada 960 Carling Avenue Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A 0C6
| | - D. Janzen
- Department of Biology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - P. G. Mason
- Research Centre Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada 960 Carling Avenue Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A 0C6
| | - S. Miller
- National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution PO Box 37012 MRC 105 Washington DC 20013‐7012 USA
| | - D. L. J. Quicke
- Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus Ascot Berkshire SL5 7PY UK
- Department of Entomology The Natural History Museum Cromwell Rd London SW7 5DB UK
| | - J. J. Rodriguez
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis University of California Santa Barbara 735 State St. Suite 300 Santa Barbara CA 93101 USA
| | - R. Rougerie
- Laboratoire ECODIV Université de Rouen Batiment IRESE A Place Emile Blondel F‐76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex France
| | - M. R. Shaw
- Honorary Research Associate National Museums of Scotland Chambers Street Edinburgh EH1 1JF UK
| | - G. Várkonyi
- Finnish Environment Institute Friendship Park Research Centre, Lentiirantie 342B FI‐88900 Kuhmo Finland
| | - D. F. Ward
- New Zealand Arthropod Collection Landcare Research Private Bag 92170 Auckland New Zealand
| | - J. B. Whitfield
- Department of Entomology University of Illinois Urbana IL 62801 USA
| | - A. Zaldívar‐Riverón
- Colección Nacional de Insectos Instituto de Biología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 3er. circuito exterior s/n Cd. Universitaria AP 70‐233 Copilco Coyoacán DF CP 04510 México
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47
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Renaud AK, Savage J, Adamowicz SJ. DNA barcoding of Northern Nearctic Muscidae (Diptera) reveals high correspondence between morphological and molecular species limits. BMC Ecol 2012; 12:24. [PMID: 23173946 PMCID: PMC3537539 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-12-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various methods have been proposed to assign unknown specimens to known species using their DNA barcodes, while others have focused on using genetic divergence thresholds to estimate "species" diversity for a taxon, without a well-developed taxonomy and/or an extensive reference library of DNA barcodes. The major goals of the present work were to: a) conduct the largest species-level barcoding study of the Muscidae to date and characterize the range of genetic divergence values in the northern Nearctic fauna; b) evaluate the correspondence between morphospecies and barcode groupings defined using both clustering-based and threshold-based approaches; and c) use the reference library produced to address taxonomic issues. RESULTS Our data set included 1114 individuals and their COI sequences (951 from Churchill, Manitoba), representing 160 morphologically-determined species from 25 genera, covering 89% of the known fauna of Churchill and 23% of the Nearctic fauna. Following an iterative process through which all specimens belonging to taxa with anomalous divergence values and/or monophyly issues were re-examined, identity was modified for 9 taxa, including the reinstatement of Phaonia luteva (Walker) stat. nov. as a species distinct from Phaonia errans (Meigen). In the post-reassessment data set, no distinct gap was found between maximum pairwise intraspecific distances (range 0.00-3.01%) and minimum interspecific distances (range: 0.77-11.33%). Nevertheless, using a clustering-based approach, all individuals within 98% of species grouped with their conspecifics with high (>95%) bootstrap support; in contrast, a maximum species discrimination rate of 90% was obtained at the optimal threshold of 1.2%. DNA barcoding enabled the determination of females from 5 ambiguous species pairs and confirmed that 16 morphospecies were genetically distinct from named taxa. There were morphological differences among all distinct genetic clusters; thus, no cases of cryptic species were detected. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal the great utility of building a well-populated, species-level reference barcode database against which to compare unknowns. When such a library is unavailable, it is still possible to obtain a fairly accurate (within ~10%) rapid assessment of species richness based upon a barcode divergence threshold alone, but this approach is most accurate when the threshold is tuned to a particular taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs K Renaud
- Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bishop’s University, Sherbrooke, Québec J1M 1Z7, Canada
| | - Jade Savage
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bishop’s University, Sherbrooke, Québec J1M 1Z7, Canada
| | - Sarah J Adamowicz
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario & Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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48
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Young MR, Behan-Pelletier VM, Hebert PDN. Revealing the hyperdiverse mite fauna of subarctic Canada through DNA barcoding. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48755. [PMID: 23133656 PMCID: PMC3487733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mites are one of the most abundant and diverse groups of arthropods, they are rarely targeted for detailed biodiversity surveys due to taxonomic constraints. We address this gap through DNA barcoding, evaluating acarine diversity at Churchill, Manitoba, a site on the tundra-taiga transition. Barcode analysis of 6279 specimens revealed nearly 900 presumptive species of mites with high species turnover between substrates and between forested and non-forested sites. Accumulation curves have not reached an asymptote for any of the three mite orders investigated, and estimates suggest that more than 1200 species of Acari occur at this locality. The coupling of DNA barcode results with taxonomic assignments revealed that Trombidiformes compose 49% of the fauna, a larger fraction than expected based on prior studies. This investigation demonstrates the efficacy of DNA barcoding in facilitating biodiversity assessments of hyperdiverse taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica R Young
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario and Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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49
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Veijalainen A, Wahlberg N, Broad GR, Erwin TL, Longino JT, Sääksjärvi IE. Unprecedented ichneumonid parasitoid wasp diversity in tropical forests. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:4694-8. [PMID: 23034706 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The megadiverse parasitoid wasp family Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) is classically considered an exception to the extensively studied latitudinal diversity gradient: the majority of ichneumonid species are described from temperate regions. The gradient has been hypothesized to be dependent on the biology of the wasps, but recently questions of sampling and description biases have been raised. Here, we show with primary data that the species richness of Ichneumonidae is markedly underestimated in tropical areas and that latitudinal diversity patterns in the family remain uncharacterized. We discovered a startling 177 likely undescribed orthocentrine species with relatively low sampling effort in the forests of Central America and Amazonian Ecuador, over three times the previously known orthocentrine diversity in the world's tropics. Species accumulation curves reveal that we are just beginning to unveil the true extent of tropical orthocentrine diversity. We also found evidence for cryptic species; our DNA analysis revealed additional species not easily distinguishable using morphological characteristics. The difficulty in establishing species richness patterns of Ichneumonidae probably follows from the relative lack of taxonomic expertise and the low density of ichneumonid species throughout the landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Veijalainen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
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50
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Leite LAR. Mitochondrial pseudogenes in insect DNA barcoding: differing points of view on the same issue. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1676-06032012000300029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular tools have been used in taxonomy for the purpose of identification and classification of living organisms. Among these, a short sequence of the mitochondrial DNA, popularly known as DNA barcoding, has become very popular. However, the usefulness and dependability of DNA barcodes have been recently questioned because mitochondrial pseudogenes, non-functional copies of the mitochondrial DNA incorporated into the nuclear genome, have been found in various taxa. When these paralogous sequences are amplified together with the mitochondrial DNA, they may go unnoticed and end up being analyzed as if they were orthologous sequences. In this contribution the different points of view regarding the implications of mitochondrial pseudogenes for entomology are reviewed and discussed. A discussion of the problem from a historical and conceptual perspective is presented as well as a discussion of strategies to keep these nuclear mtDNA copies out of sequence analyzes.
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